Any production activity is accompanied by environmental pollution, including one of its main components - atmospheric air. Emissions from industrial enterprises, power plants and transport into the atmosphere have reached such a level that pollution levels significantly exceed the permissible sanitary standards.

According to GOST 17.2.1.04-77, all sources of air pollution (ISA) are divided into natural and anthropogenic origin. In turn, sources of anthropogenic pollution are stationary and mobile. Mobile sources of pollution include all types of transport (with the exception of pipelines). Currently, due to changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of improving regulation in the field of environmental protection and the introduction of economic incentives for economic entities to introduce the best technologies, it is planned to replace the concept of "stationary source" and "mobile source".

Stationary sources of pollution can be pinpoint, linear and areal.

Point source pollution is a source emitting air pollutants from an established opening (chimneys, ventilation shafts).

Linear pollution source- this is a source that emits air pollutants along an established line (window openings, rows of deflectors, fuel overpasses).

Areal source of pollution is a source emitting air pollutants from a fixed surface ( tank farms, open evaporation surfaces, storage and transfer sites for bulk materials, etc. ) .

By the nature of the organization of the release, there can be organized and unorganized.

Organized Source pollution is characterized by the presence of special means of removing pollutants into the environment (mines, chimneys, etc.). In addition to organized removal, there are fugitive emissions, penetrating into the atmospheric air through leaks in process equipment, openings, as a result of spillage of raw materials and materials.

By appointment, ISA is divided into technological and ventilation.

Depending on the height of the mouth on the surface of the earth, there are 4 types of API: high (height over 50 m), medium (10 - 50 m), low(2 - 10 m) and ground (less than 2 m).

According to the mode of action, all IZA are divided into continuous action and volley.

Depending on the temperature difference between the emission and the ambient air, they emit heated(hot) springs and cold.

Dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere.

At the initial moment, the pollutant emitted from the pipe is a puff of smoke (emission plume). If the substance has a density less than or approximately equal to the density of air, then most likely the direction of movement of the pollutant (PS) will coincide with the speed and direction of air movement, if the substance is heavier than air, then it will settle. Industrial emissions are usually a mixture of air with relatively few pollutants. The most common case is the movement of a contaminated jet along with the horizontal movement of air masses.

The change in the concentration of pollutants with distance from the mouth of the source of pollution depends on the height and intensity of mixing of air masses. As you move away from the pipe, the concentration along the axis of the torch decreases, and the dimensions of the torch in the direction perpendicular to the axis increase. The initial point of contact of the jet of polluted air with the earth's surface is the beginning of the pollution zone, after which the concentration of pollutants above the earth's surface begins to increase, reaching a maximum at distances of 10–40 pipe heights, which is associated with the precipitation of impurities from the torch that reach the earth's surface at the moment, and also impurities that have previously reached the ground and continue their movement in the direction of the wind. The wind speed at a given height, at which the surface concentration from the source of the impurity reaches its maximum value, is called dangerous wind speed. With calm and low wind speeds, the ejection torch rises to a great height and does not fall into the surface layers of air. In strong winds, the smoke plume is actively mixed with a large volume of air. Thus, between calm and high wind speed there is such a dangerous wind speed at which a smoke plume, clinging to the ground at a certain distance X m, creates the highest value of surface concentration with m .

After reaching the maximum value, the concentration of pollutants begins to decrease rapidly at first, and then slowly, usually in inverse proportion to the distance from the source. The maximum concentration is directly proportional to the productivity of the source and inversely proportional to the distance from the source.

Many factors influence the dispersion of pollutants. First of all, it depends on the height of the pipe H and from the height of the rise of flue gases above the mouth of the pipe. The height of the rise of gases depends on the speed of the exit of the gas-air mixture  0 . Harmful substances spread in the direction of the wind within a sector limited by a rather small flame opening angle near the chimney exit of 10–20°. If we assume that the opening angle does not change with distance, then the cross-sectional area of ​​the torch should increase in proportion to the square of the distance (the torch broadens).

Temperature has a strong influence on the level of surface concentration. atmospheric stratification, i.e. vertical temperature distribution. Under normal conditions during the day, the earth's surface warms up and, due to convection exchange, heats the lower surface layer of air. Under these conditions, as you rise up, the temperature drops by 0.6 ° C for every 100 m. At night, in clear weather, the earth's surface gives off heat to the surrounding space. The earth's surface cools and, at the same time, cools the surface layer of air, which cools faster than the upper layers. As a result, an inversion (rotation) of the temperature distribution occurs. The air temperature rises with height.

With a normal temperature gradient, favorable conditions are created for the "floating" of emissions, ascending flows of warmer air intensify the mixing of gases. Under inversion conditions, these processes are weakened, which contributes to the accumulation of impurities in the surface layer.

Harmful substances emitted with flue gases are transported and dispersed in the atmosphere depending on meteorological, climatic, terrain and the nature of the location of the enterprise's facilities on it, the height of the chimneys and the aerodynamic parameters of the exhaust gases.

The maximum value of the surface concentration of a harmful substance with m(mg / m 3) with the release of a gas-air mixture from a single point source with a round mouth is achieved under adverse meteorological conditions at a distance x m(m) from the source and is determined by the formula

where BUT- coefficient depending on the temperature stratification of the atmosphere; M(g / s) - the mass of a harmful substance emitted into the atmosphere per unit time; F- dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the rate of settling of harmful substances in the atmospheric air; t and n- coefficients. taking into account the conditions for the exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the source of emission; H(m) - the height of the emission source above the ground level (for ground-based sources in the calculations, H= 2 m);  - dimensionless coefficient, taking into account the influence of the terrain, in the case of flat or slightly rugged terrain with a height difference not exceeding 50 m per 1 km,  = 1;  T(°C) - the difference between the temperature of the ejected gas-air mixture and the temperature of the ambient atmospheric air; V 1 (m 3 / s) - the flow rate of the gas-air mixture, determined by the formula

where D(m) - diameter of the mouth of the release source;  0 (m/s) - the average speed of the exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the emission source.

If the pipe has a square or rectangular mouth, then the equivalent diameter is calculated using the formula:

where a and b are the length and width of the pipe mouth, respectively. Meaning D eq is substituted for D into a formula.

Coefficient value BUT, corresponding to unfavorable meteorological conditions, under which the concentration of harmful substances in the atmospheric air is maximum, is taken equal to:

a) 250 - for the regions of Central Asia south of 40 ° N. sh., Buryat ASSR and Chita region;

b) 200 - for the European territory of the USSR: for regions of the RSFSR south of 50 ° N. sh., for other regions of the Lower Volga region, the Caucasus, Moldova; for the Asian territory of the USSR: for Kazakhstan. the Far East and the rest of Siberia and Central Asia;

c) 180 - for the European territory of the USSR and the Urals from 50 to 52 ° N. sh. with the exception of the regions listed above and Ukraine falling into this zone;

d) 160 - for the European territory of the USSR and the Urals north of 52° N. sh. (with the exception of the ETS Center), as well as for Ukraine (for sources located in Ukraine with a height of less than 200 m in the zone from 50 to 52 ° N - 180, and to the south of 50 ° N - 200);

e) 140 - for Moscow, Tula, Ryazan, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ivanovo regions.

F accepted for gaseous harmful substances and fine aerosols (dust, ash, etc., the rate of ordered settling of which is practically zero) - 1; for fine aerosols with an average operational emission purification factor of at least 90% - 2; from 75 to 90% - 2.5; less than 75% and in the absence of cleaning - 3.

When determining the value  T(°C) should take the temperature of the ambient air T in(°C) equal to the average maximum outdoor air temperature of the hottest month of the year according to SNiP 2.01.01-82, and the temperature of the gas-air mixture emitted into the atmosphere T G(°C) - according to the technological standards in force for this production. For boiler houses operating according to the heating schedule, it is allowed to take the values T in equal to the average outdoor air temperature for the coldest month according to SNiP 2.01.01-82.

The value of the dimensionless coefficient F accepted:

a) for gaseous harmful substances and fine aerosols (dust, ash, etc., the rate of ordered settling of which is practically zero) - 1;

b) for fine aerosols with an average operational emission purification factor of at least 90% - 2; from 75 to 90% - 2.5; less than 75% and in the absence of cleaning - 3.

Coefficient values m and n determined by nomograms or calculated.

Defectoscopy UV lamps in black flasks.| Spectral distribution (a) of UV radiation from a flaw detection UV lamp (b in a black bulb with a power of 125 W.

Stationary sources, as a rule, are made unfocused, but with a reflector system that provides good uniformity of illumination of the controlled area of ​​the object surface. The design of stationary sources, as a rule, allows them to be combined into lines for organizing production lines for monitoring or for monitoring long objects.

Defectoscopy UV lamps in black flasks.| Spectral distribution (in UV radiation of a flaw detection UV lamp (b) in a black flask with a power of 125 W.

Stationary sources, as a rule, are made unfocused, but with a reflector system that provides good uniformity of illumination of the controlled area of ​​the object surface. The design of stationary sources, as a rule, allows them to be combined into lines for organizing production lines of control or for testing long objects.

Stationary sources of environmental pollution at MNI are considered to be oil pumping stations and reservoir 1 shrks, as well as underwater pipeline crossings. Of the facilities that are part of the MNP, sludge accumulators, emergency pits, settling ponds, and boiler houses are environmentally hazardous.

The definition of a stationary source is based on the definition of a stationary random process. Any source generating a stationary process is, by definition, stationary. It should be noted that with such a notation, the superscript index indicates the point in time to which the given variable refers.

In addition to stationary sources of emissions, mobile ones, primarily vehicles, have a significant impact. Waste (exhaust) gases of vehicles contain more than 200 harmful components, among which are carcinogenic and mutagenic.

In addition to stationary sources of emissions, mobile ones, primarily vehicles, have a significant impact.

Placement of stationary sources of emissions (boiler house, CPS, flare unit, etc.), taking into account the wind rose to ensure the sanitary standards of the working and residential areas.

Stationary sources of welding current include DC generators installed motionless on special foundations or support frames, as well as heavy welding transformers, the movement of which is difficult without special transport devices.

Definition 1.6. A discrete stationary source without memory is called a discrete constant source.

MPE for a specific stationary source of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the air and a legal entity as a whole or its individual production areas, taking into account all sources of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air of a given legal entity or its individual production areas, background air pollution and technical emission standards are established by the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation in the presence of a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the compliance of these maximum permissible emissions with sanitary rules.

We start with a continuously operating stationary impurity source and use the fact that the impurity flux through any plane X const must be constant. In the case of a turbulent wake, the impurity transfer velocity in the direction OX far from the streamlined body is practically equal to the velocity of the streamlined flow.

Theorem 8.5.2. Let a discrete stationary source with an alphabet of volume M have entropy H U) and produce one letter every TS seconds. Let a source letter sequence of arbitrary length L be associated with the destination via a time-continuous channel used by T LTS seconds. Let Cm be the upper bound of the average mutual information between the input and output of the channel on this interval, multiplied by 1T, taken over all probability distributions at the input.

A person leaves traces of life on earth, in the sky and on the sea: he arranges landfills, pours unnecessary liquids into reservoirs, smokes and dusts. Each direction of pollution produced has its own name: waste, discharges and emissions.

Stationary sources of emissions are a hotbed of air pollution that has arisen in the process of industrial and domestic activity and is rigidly attached to the territory.

The term is important for companies, as firms make payments to the budget for the negative impact on the world around them. Further in the article it will be understood that we are talking about the real estate of the company.

Varieties

Everything that moves and emits gases is a mobile source of emissions:

• executive car of the chief and a bus for the delivery of personnel;
• a truck for transporting goods;
• boats and yachts, ships (except sailing ones);
• aircraft;
• installations for drilling water or oil wells;
• construction machinery.

Stationary sources of emissions are things that cannot be moved: boiler pipes and ventilation shafts, open-air garages, platforms for handling bulk materials, quarries, sedimentation tanks for storing substances.

The listed objects are classified as organized and unorganized.

Organized ones have a mouth through which air spoiled by foreign inclusions is removed outside in a certain space, for example:

• chimneys of boiler rooms;
• ventilation from mechanical and carpentry workshops;
• breathable skylights.

In addition, organized sources can be equipped with dust and gas purification plants such as cyclone or ZIL. These designs will allow, for example, to capture solid emissions from an abrasive and metal-cutting machine and collect them in a special chamber.

Unorganized sources are, firstly, industrial territories as a whole. Secondly, and further, these are bulk sites, places for loading and unloading bulk ingredients, landfills, quarries with and without blasting.

For example, an enterprise has placed equipment on 26 hectares of land. Environmentalists have counted all the pipes and aero-lanterns, embankments on the territory. Scattering zones were determined for the considered points and sites. But, in general, the company's site is considered an unorganized source.

Examples of unorganized sources:

• dumps of the Karabash copper smelter;
• quarries of the former Ufaley nickel plant;
• a talc plant in Miass, where powder is poured from all the cracks onto nearby private courtyards and vegetable gardens;
• GOK planned for launch in Chelyabinsk;
• any dump of household waste near any settlement.

Counting and supervision

An inventory is called upon to help map the emission points of hazards in the controlled territory. The report is compiled once a year. For each problem point, the height and dimensions of the mouth, the configuration of the exhaust structure, the operating parameters of the ventilation units, the dimensions of the open areas, the technological work performed at the points, the composition of the processed raw materials and the resulting emissions are recorded.

Accounting for stationary sources of emissions makes it possible to calculate payments.

In the ecological science of pollution of nature by industrialists, three definitions of the source are considered:

• pollution - technological process;
• release of hazardous components - a machine tool, a galvanic bath, a boiler of a boiler room;
• emissions - a pipe or ventilation shaft, a breathing window on the roof of a building, a bulk material dump, a quarry.

For example, a woodworking shop is a source of pollution.

Grinding and abrasive machines, a spray booth located on the workshop area, and a boiler room that heats industrial premises and change houses are sources of emission.

Pipes of cyclones and boiler room, container with accumulated wood dust and shavings; the spray booth is a source of emissions. It is for them that the permissible amount of emitted pollution is planned.

Planning

Stationary sources of emissions into the atmosphere, together with other emitters, are reflected in the draft MPE - maximum allowable emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The project contains the results of the inventory, calculations of the mass of emitted components, instantaneous, measured in grams per second, and cumulative - tons per year. In addition, a dispersion zone is calculated for high emission sources. It is important that the sprayed components do not go beyond the calculated perimeter and do not affect residential areas.

Enterprises are faced with the challenge of maintaining the productivity of production facilities and at the same time reducing dirty exhaust.

Emissions

Stationary sources of emissions are a constant object of control by environmentalists. The forces of industrial orderlies take air samples, measure the technical parameters of dust-collecting installations - the speed of the air flow, the efficiency of trapping pollutants. The results of measurements and the conclusions of the employees of the industrial sanitary laboratory make it possible to assess the degree of cleaning and, accordingly, the degree of negative impact of each working area.

The volume of emissions from stationary sources is calculated on the basis of information about the performance of the fans and the results of measurements of two points - at the beginning of the ventilation duct and at a height of two meters from the storage bin. The calculation made is compared with the legal regulations and the issued emission permit. If more than the allowed amount of ingredients escaped into the atmosphere, the company makes increased payments to the budget.

What could be the harm?

To determine what exactly flies into the atmosphere, it is necessary to carefully study the technological process, the composition of the resulting substances.

For example, a gas boiler. Barely visible smoke comes out of the chimney. Not as scary as when running a coal or oil system.

When natural gas is burned, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide are formed, a substance of the second hazard class.

Another example of a stationary source of emission of harmful substances is a galvanic bath. Here and splashes, and vapors of chemical components. The following substances are released: nitrogen oxide and hydrogen fluoride, chromium oxide, sulfuric acid, and many other things, depending on the material being processed. These substances are dangerous for breathing. Therefore, electroplating shops are equipped with PVV systems - supply and exhaust ventilation. The air is driven through the boxes at such a speed as to remove the harm as much as possible.

How to prevent?

Based on the results of the inventory of emission sources, the volumes of pollutants released into the atmosphere are determined. These volumes do not always coincide with the release volumes in the technological operation. The fact is that stationary sources of emissions of harmful pollutants are equipped with traps.

Consider an abrasive grinding machine. In the course of work the abrasive crumb and oxides of the processed metal are formed. If protective measures are not taken, it will be difficult for the worker to breathe, dust will fly into the production room. Therefore, the machine is equipped with a ventilation duct that goes to the TsN-15 type cyclone. Before sharpening, turn on the fan above the machine. Gas with impurities will be sucked out of the working area. Passing through the cyclone, the solid ingredients will settle in a special hopper with a filter, and the purified air will fly out into the pipe.

The level of cleaning in dust collecting equipment reaches 96%. This is the allowable value for setting the maximum emission mass. If the percentage is lower, then the equipment requires preventive maintenance. The technological regulations necessarily provide for the regular emptying of the chamber and the delivery of the generated waste to the landfill.

Another example: woodworking, where there is a sawmill, thicknessing and grinding machines. Here, not only large-lumpy wastes of natural wood are formed, but also chips with wood dust. To maintain the quality of air in the working space, the machine park is equipped with ventilation pipes working for suction. Chips and fine particles pass through the cyclone and are deposited in the storage hopper. As the chips are filled, they are taken out and used according to the method allowed for this waste: they are used in construction work, sold to gardeners, or simply taken to a landfill.

Regarding transfer to orchards: processors of wood raw materials should organize the ventilation system in such a way that natural wood sawdust and glue-laden chipboard waste do not mix. Machines for operations with different types of raw materials must have access to different cyclones.

Bad weather

When developing a draft MPE, it is estimated how a stationary source of emissions into the atmosphere will behave when the weather changes.

If the wind and precipitation do not allow the dispersion of emissions without harm to humans, then such weather is called "adverse meteorological conditions" or HMO.

In calm weather, smoke and other exhausts are poorly dispersed.

Plant designers take into account the wind rose in order to secure the residential area. But sometimes the wind can take an undesirable direction, and the exhaust will end up in a residential area.

These are the vagaries of the weather - calm, change of direction, hurricane - these are all unfavorable conditions.

To minimize the negative impact, the owners of the company are obliged to plan, finance and carry out technical work: install filters and traps. So that sawdust does not fly into the eyes, so that the sand from the accumulation sites does not squeak on the teeth, so that the smoke and exhaust do not poison the citizens.

Outcomes of the discussion

Stationary emission sources are:

• pipes of melting furnaces and thermal boilers;
• ventilation shafts from equipment;
• aero-lanterns on the roofs;
• bulk sites;
• careers.

Emissions from the listed real estate are subject to accounting and rationing. Emission sources must be equipped with efficient cleaning systems. Each production area is assigned a sanitary protection zone (SPZ), in which the company has the right to distribute emissions within permissible concentrations.

Along the perimeter of the sanitary protection zone at four points, employees of specialized laboratories take air samples into test tubes to measure parameters - what and how many ingredients are contained in the volume under study. Companies operating equipment with emissions of harmful substances are required to control the compliance of the actual quality of the air mixture with the planned indicators.

All sources of emissions are divided into 2 types: organized and unorganized. Organized emission sources include:

— smoke and ventilation pipes (a pipe from a boiler, a pipe from a metalworking shop, a pipe from a welding station, a pipe from a diesel power plant);

- ventilation shafts (air duct in coal mines);

– aeration lamp is a system of air ducts designed to extract polluted air. It is a group of exhaust hoods, which form a dome on the roof of the building. Aeration lamps are used in large enterprises;

- deflectors - a device that is installed on the pipe to increase the speed of the hood.

Fugitive emission sources include:

— Leaks in technological equipment (shutoff and control valves, joints of pumping equipment);

— flare installations (discharge candle, sour torch);

– open storage of fuel, materials (oil trap, fuel storage);

- imploding works;

– reloading of dusty materials (unloading crushed stone by KamAZ, earthworks);

– technological processes performed in the open air (painting work, welding work, vehicle operation, vehicle passage, waterproofing work).

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Life safety in the technosphere / Sources of environmental pollution / 6. Research of sources of air pollution

Sources of atmospheric air pollution are classified as follows:

- stationary (industrial enterprises and municipal boiler houses);

- non-stationary or mobile (transport).

in the study of stationary sources of air pollution, two groups of sources are distinguished: sources of emission and sources of emissions of harmful substances.

Selection source- this is a technological unit (installation, device, apparatus, production line, etc.) or another object (burning rock dump) that emits harmful substances during operation (Fig. 6.1).

Emission source- this is a technical system or device (pipe, various ventilation devices), through which the emission of harmful substances into the space surrounding the enterprise is organized (Fig. 6.1). ejection organized in this way is called gas-air mixture - hot water.

With the help of such devices, by changing their parameters (height, diameter, speed of hot water supply) or by installing treatment facilities with them, it is possible to influence the magnitude of the emission, and hence the degree of environmental pollution.

From the point of view of the organization of the emission, it is customary to subdivide all sources of emissions of harmful substances into:

- organized - a pipe, deflector or any other outlet device of the ventilation system;

- unorganized - dusty territory; any installation located outdoors.

Organized sources of emissions of harmful substances have special systems for discharging emissions into the environment. Unorganized - they do not have such systems and emit harmful substances directly into the atmospheric air.

There are main characteristics of organized emission sources:

1. source height H, m;

2. hole diameter D, m;

3. DHW consumption W, m3/s;

4. DHW temperature T, °C.

Emission parameters are determined by the calculation method using special methods:

1. ejection power m, g/s;

2. gross emission М, t/year.

Main characteristics of fugitive emission sources:

1. linear dimensions - coordinates along the X, Y and Z axes, m (Fig. 6.2);

2. surface area S, m2.

Emission power and gross emission are also calculated using special methods.

Analysis of air pollution sources by calculation methods is carried out in two stages.

I. The first stage is called inventory of pollution sources. The objects of research are legal entities - enterprises, organizations. The output characteristics of this research stage for organizational sources are:

1) Ejection Options: emission rate G (g/s) and gross emission M (t/g). Emission power and gross emission calculations are based on the use of specific emissions mij per unit of run (g/km), per unit of time of this process (g/min), per unit of consumed raw material (g/kg). This method of determining gross emission and emission power is called balance sheet method.

Emission parameters can also be determined by the metrological method (methods of instrumental measurements). The measured quantities are:

is the concentration of the i-th substance at the mouth of the emission source C (mg/m3);

— DHW volume flow (volume) V (m3/s).

2) The output characteristics for fugitive sources are: gross release, release rate, size of the site from which the release is made, and coordinates.

The totality of the output characteristics of the object of study obtained during the inventory is called calculation model.

The very process of transition from a real object of study to its description using a set of parameters is called modeling.

The main purpose of the inventory of emissions of pollutants is to obtain initial data for solving the following tasks:

assessment of the degree of impact of pollutant emissions on the environment (atmospheric air);

2. development of draft standards for maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, both from enterprises as a whole and for individual sources of air pollution;

3. organization of control over compliance with established standards for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere;

4. assessment of the environmental performance of technologies used in the enterprise;

5. planning of air protection works at the enterprise.

When conducting an inventory of pollutant emissions, the Inventory Forms are filled out. Annex 2 contains the Inventory Forms for one of the divisions of the railway - the Distance of civil structures of the Far Eastern Railway. Two sites are considered as an example: Novy Urgal station and Urgal-1. Sources of environmental pollution are: a boiler room, a coal warehouse, welding, a slag site, a garage, a woodworking shop, a fuel and lubricants warehouse. The tables show which harmful substances and their gross emissions are emitted into the atmosphere.

II. Second level - development of draft standards for maximum permissible emissions (MAE). Here, the output characteristics are the fields of concentrations C (mg/m3 or in fractions of MPC) in the zone of active pollution (APA) in the area around the source under study. The concentration value C is determined on the basis of the mathematical model of Professor Berlyandt, implemented in the form of regulatory documents (OND-86 and OND-90) and application software packages "Ecolog", "Prism" and other approved programs.

The main goal of this stage of research:

1. setting standards for maximum permissible and temporarily agreed emissions;

2. definition of special modes of operation under adverse weather conditions (NMU);

3. determination of the size and boundaries of the sanitary protection zone (SPZ);

4. consideration of the prospects for the development of the enterprise;

5. analysis of all possible accidents and emergencies on the current situation and development prospects.

The calculation of gross and maximum single emissions of pollutants is carried out using specific indicators, i.e. the amount of emitted pollutants, reduced to units of time and equipment, the mass of consumable materials.

Specific indicators of pollutant emissions from technological sources are given on the basis of the results of studies and observations given by various research and design institutes.

The enterprise carries out work on the calculation of pollutant emissions either on its own or engages for this purpose a specialized organization that has a license to carry out such work. If calculations of pollutant emissions are carried out by a specialized organization, then it must require the enterprise to provide initial data on the actual quantity and type of equipment, the quantity and grades of materials used, the number of days of operation per year for each piece of equipment and its net operating time per day. The enterprise is responsible for the completeness and reliability of the inventory data.



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Chapter 3

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Wall trimming and jamb cutting - When the house lacks windows and doors, a beautiful high porch is still only in the imagination, you have to climb the stairs from the street into the house.

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Classification of pollutant emission sources.

Air pollution - change in the composition of the atmosphere as a result of the ingress of impurities into it.

Emission sources into the atmosphere are divided into natural, due to natural processes , and anthropogenic (technogenic), resulting from human activity .

Among the natural sources of air pollution include dust storms, green spaces during the flowering period, steppe and forest fires, volcanic eruptions. Impurities emitted by natural sources:

1. dust of plant, volcanic, cosmic origin, soil erosion products, particles of sea salt; fogs, smoke and gases from forest and steppe fires; gases of volcanic origin; products of plant, animal, bacterial origin.

2. Natural sources are usually areal (distributed) and operate for a relatively short time. The level of atmospheric pollution by natural sources is background and changes little over time.

Anthropogenic (technogenic) sources of atmospheric air pollution, represented mainly by emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles, are numerous and diverse (Fig. 4.3).

Rice. 4.3. Sources of air pollution:

1 - high chimney; 2 - low chimney; 3 - aeration lamp shop; 4 - evaporation from the pool surface; 5 - leaks through equipment leaks; 6 - dusting during unloading of bulk materials; 7 - car exhaust pipe; 8 - the direction of movement of air flows.

Sources of emissions from industrial enterprises are stationary(sources 1-6), when the coordinate of the source of the release does not change in time, and mobile (non-stationary)(source 7 - vehicles).

Sources of emissions into the atmosphere are divided into: point, linear and areal.

Each of them can be shaded and unshaded*

point sources(in Fig. 4.3 - 1, 2, 5, 7) are pollution concentrated in one place. These include chimneys, ventilation shafts, roof fans.

Line sources(3) have a significant length. These are aeration lanterns, rows of open windows, closely spaced roof fans. They can also include highways.

Areal Sources(4, 6). Here, the removed contaminants are dispersed along the plane of the industrial site of the enterprise. Area sources include storage areas for industrial and household waste, parking lots, fuel and lubricants warehouses.

Unshaded(1), or high, sources are located in an undeformed wind flow. These are chimneys and other sources that emit pollution to a height exceeding 2.5 times the height of nearby buildings and other obstacles.

Shadowed Springs(2-7) are located in the zone of backwater or aerodynamic shadow of a building or other obstacle.

Sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are divided into organized and unorganized.

From an organized source(1, 2, 7) pollutants enter the atmosphere through specially constructed gas ducts, air ducts and pipes.

Unorganized source the release of pollutants (5, 6) is formed as a result of a violation of the tightness of the equipment, the absence or unsatisfactory operation of equipment for the extraction of dust and gases, in places of loading, unloading or storage of the product. Unorganized sources include parking lots, warehouses of fuel and lubricants or bulk materials and other areal sources.

Article 13. Classification of emission sources

Emission sources are classified into stationary, mobile and non-stationary.

To organizedstationary sources Emissions include sources of emissions equipped with devices by means of which the localization of the entry of pollutants into the atmospheric air from sources of emission of pollutants is carried out.

To disorganizedstationary sources Emissions include sources of emissions that are not equipped with devices by means of which the localization of the entry of pollutants into the atmospheric air from sources of emission of pollutants is carried out.

5. Mobile sources emissions are divided into:

5.1. mechanical vehicles (with the exception of those driven by electric motors);

5.2. railway vehicles (with the exception of those driven by electric motors);

5.3. aircraft;

5.4. seagoing vessels, inland navigation vessels, mixed (river-sea) navigation vessels, small size vessels;

5.5. self-propelled vehicles.

To non-stationary emission sources include sources of emissions that are not stationary or mobile sources of emissions and are included in the list of non-stationary sources of emissions approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus.

CHAPTER 5
REQUIREMENTS IN THE FIELD OF AIR PROTECTION

Article 21

1. Legal entities, individual entrepreneurs engaged in economic and other activities related to emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air are obliged to:

1.1. comply with the requirements established by this Law and other acts of legislation on the protection of atmospheric air, on environmental protection, including those that are mandatory for compliance with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts;

1.2. develop and implement measures aimed at preventing air pollution, including in case of accidents;

1.3. not to exceed the established standards in the field of atmospheric air protection, and in case of exceeding such standards, take measures to eliminate the causes and consequences of excess emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air and immediately inform the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus about such facts from the moment their detection, and in case of a threat of emergencies, bodies and subdivisions of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus;

1.4. suspend until the identified violations are eliminated or completely stop the operation of emission sources if it is impossible to comply with standards in the field of atmospheric air protection;

1.5. develop measures to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air for a period of adverse meteorological conditions and ensure their implementation;

1.6. provide environmental information in accordance with the legislation on environmental protection;

1.7. exercise production control in the field of atmospheric air protection;

1.8. provide training (education), briefing, knowledge testing, advanced training of employees involved in the protection of atmospheric air.

2. Legal entities, individual entrepreneurs engaged in economic and other activities related to emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources of emissions, in addition to the obligations specified in the HYPERLINK clause "http://pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN \u003d H10800002 "1 of this article are required to:

2.1. develop draft standards for permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air;

2.2. obtain a permit for emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air and comply with its conditions;

2.3. to equip organized stationary sources of emissions with gas treatment plants in cases provided for paragraph 1 Article 27 of this Law;

2.4. operate gas treatment plants in a technically sound condition in accordance with the rules for the operation of gas treatment plants approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus;

keep records in the field of atmospheric air protection;

2.6. conduct an inventory of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air;

2.7. carry out analytical (laboratory) control of the quantitative and qualitative composition of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air and the quality of atmospheric air in the impact zone in cases provided for by acts of legislation on environmental protection, including those that are mandatory for compliance with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts;

2.8. equip organized stationary sources of emissions with automated systems for monitoring emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air in cases provided for by mandatory requirements of technical regulatory legal acts;

2.9. carry out independently or with the involvement of accredited laboratories with the appropriate scope of accreditation, local environmental monitoring, the object of which is emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air, in cases provided for by acts of legislation on environmental protection, including those that are mandatory for compliance with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts.

3. Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs engaged in the production of engines that are equipped with mobile emission sources, as well as mobile emission sources, are required to establish technological standards for emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air in accordance with the mandatory requirements of technical regulatory legal acts, obligations under international treaties of the Republic of Belarus .

4. Legal entities, individual entrepreneurs operating mobile emission sources, in addition to the obligations specified in paragraph HYPERLINK "http://pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=H10800002"1 of this article, are obliged to:

4.1. comply with the rules for the operation of systems for the neutralization of pollutants contained in the exhaust gases of mobile emission sources established by the manufacturer of these systems;

4.2. ensure compliance with the standards for the content of pollutants in the exhaust gases of mobile emission sources, established in accordance with paragraph HYPERLINK "http://pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=H10800002"6 of Article 18 of this Law.

5. Citizens operating motor vehicles are obliged to ensure compliance with the standards for the content of pollutants in the exhaust gases of mobile emission sources established in accordance with the HYPERLINK clause "http://pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?RN=H10800002"6 Article 18 of this Law.

Article 33

1. Operation of stationary sources of emissions by legal entities, individual entrepreneurs engaged in economic and other activities related to emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air is allowed only if there is a permit for emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus or its local authorities.

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