Three features characterizing society as a dynamic system. Legal protection of nature

Man is a rational being. He chooses housing, food and where to apply his strength. However, it is pointless to have freedom of choice if no one evaluates your choice.

We need a community. Nature has endowed us with an invariable feature - the thirst for communication. Thanks to this feature, we think not only about ourselves. Within a family or a whole planet, a person makes decisions for the sake of common progress. Thanks to the thirst for communication, we push the world forward.

As soon as our ancestors descended from the palm tree, they faced the increasing hostility of nature. The little primate could not defeat the mammoth. Natural skin is not enough to keep warm in winter. Sleeping outdoors is triple dangerous.

The emerging consciousness understood - we can only survive together. The forefathers created a primitive language to understand each other. They gathered in communities. Communities were divided into castes. The strong and fearless went hunting. The offspring were raised soft and understanding. The shacks were built smart and practical. Even then, a person was doing what he was predisposed to.

But nature gave only rough raw materials. You can't build a city out of stones alone. Stones are hard to kill an animal. The ancestors learned how to process materials in order to work more efficiently and live longer.

Broadly defined society- a part of nature that has tamed nature, using the will and consciousness for survival.

In a group, we can not scatter on superficial knowledge. We each have our own inclinations. A professional plumber will not be happy to grow bonsai even for a million dollar salary - his brains are technically sharpened. The union allows us to do what we love and leave the rest to others.

Now we understand the narrow definition societies - a conscious gathering of individuals to work towards a common goal.

Society as a dynamic system

We are cogs in the social mechanism. Goals are not set by just one person. They come as common needs. Society, at the expense of the strength of its individual members, solves an endless stream of problems. The search for solutions makes society better and gives rise to new complex problems. Mankind builds itself, which characterizes society as a dynamic system capable of self-development.

Society has a complex dynamic structure. Like any system, it consists of subsystems. Subsystems in the group are divided into spheres of influence. Sociologists note four subsystems of society:

  1. Spiritual- Responsible for culture.
  2. Political- regulates relations by laws.
  3. Social- caste division: nation, class, social stratum.
  4. Economic- production and distribution of goods.

Subsystems are systems in relation to their individual members. They only work when all elements are in place. Both subsystems and individual parts are inextricably linked. Without production and regulation, spiritual life loses its meaning. Without a person, life is not sweet to another.

The social system is constantly moving. It is set in motion by subsystems. Subsystems move at the expense of elements. Elements are divided into:

  1. Material - factories, dwellings, resources.
  2. Ideal - values, ideals, beliefs, traditions.

Material values ​​are more characteristic of subsystems, while ideal values ​​are a human trait. Man is the only indivisible element in the social system. A person has a will, aspirations and beliefs.

The system works thanks to communication - social relations. Social relations are the main link between people and subsystems.

People play roles. In the family, we play an exemplary father. At work, we are expected to obey unquestioningly. In the circle of friends we are the soul of the company. We don't choose roles. They are dictated to us by society.

Each person has more than one personality, but several at once. Each person behaves differently in different situations. You can't scold your boss like you would a child, right?

Animals have a fixed social role: if the leader “said” that you would sleep below and eat last, it would be like that for the rest of your life. And even in another pack, an individual will never be able to take on the role of leader.

Man is universal. Every day we put on dozens of masks. Thanks to this, we can easily adapt to different situations. You are the master of what you know. You will never demand obedience from a competent leader. Great survival gear!

Scientists divide social relations:

  • between individuals;
  • within the group;
  • between groups;
  • local (indoors);
  • ethnic (within a race or nation);
  • within the organization;
  • institutional (within the boundaries of a social institution);
  • inside the country;
  • international.

We communicate not only with whom we want, but also when necessary. For example, we do not want to communicate with a colleague, but he sits with us in the same office. And we must work. So relationships are:

  • informal- with friends and relatives whom we ourselves have chosen;
  • formalized- with whom we are obliged to contact if necessary.

You can communicate with like-minded people and with enemies. there are:

  • cooperative- cooperation relations;
  • competitive- confrontations.

Results

Society - complex dynamic system. People only once launched it, and now it defines every stage of our lives.

  • flexibility- regulates all spheres of life, even if they have not yet appeared;
  • mobility- constantly changing as needed;
  • complicated well-oiled mechanism from subsystems and elements;
  • independence- society itself creates the conditions for existence;
  • relationship all elements;
  • adequate response for changes.

Thanks to the dynamic social mechanism, man is the most enduring creature on the planet. For only man changes the world around him.

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Section 1. Social science. Society. Man - 18 hours.

Topic 1. Social science as a body of knowledge about society - 2 hours.

General definition of the concept of society. The essence of society. Characteristics of social relations. Human society (man) and the animal world (animal): distinctive characteristics. The main social phenomena of human life: communication, knowledge, work. Society as a complex dynamic system.

General definition of the concept of society.

In a broad sense society - it is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.

In a narrow sense society can be understood as a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity, as well as a specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.

The Essence of Society is that in the course of his life, each person interacts with other people. Such diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them), are commonly called public relations.

Characteristics of social relations.

All social relations can be conditionally divided into three large groups:

1. interpersonal (socio-psychological), by which is meant relationships between individuals. At the same time, individuals, as a rule, belong to different social strata, have different cultural and educational levels, but they are united by common needs and interests in the sphere of leisure or everyday life. The well-known sociologist Pitirim Sorokin identified the following types interpersonal interaction:

a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);

b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);

c) between four, five or more people (the singer and his listeners);

d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).

Interpersonal relations arise and are realized in society and are social relations even if they are in the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.

2. material (socio-economic), which arise and take shape directly in the course of a person's practical activity, outside the consciousness of a person and independently of him. They are divided into production, environmental and office relations.

3. spiritual (or ideal), which are formed, preliminary “passing through the consciousness” of people, are determined by their values ​​that are significant for them. They are divided into moral, political, legal, artistic, philosophical and religious social relations.

The main social phenomena of human life:

1. Communication (mostly emotions are involved, pleasant / unpleasant, I want);

2. Cognition (mostly intellect involved, true/false, I can);

3. Labor (mainly the will is involved, it is necessary / not necessary, must).

Human society (man) and the animal world (animal): distinctive characteristics.

1. Consciousness and self-consciousness. 2. Word (2nd signal system). 3. Religion.

Society as a complex dynamic system.

In philosophical science, society is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable of seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty. The system is understood as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, an element is some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.

To analyze complex systems, like the one that society represents, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.

1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution;

2) socio-political, consisting of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other, manifested in such phenomena as politics, state, law, their correlation and functioning;

3) spiritual, covering various forms and levels of social consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of the life of society, form what is commonly called spiritual culture.

"Society as a dynamic system".

Option 1.

BUT. 1. Highlighting the main elements of society, their relationship and interaction, scientists characterize society as

1)system

2) part of nature

3) material world

4) civilization

2. Society in the understanding of scientists is:

2) ways of interaction and forms of bringing people together

3) part of wildlife, subject to its laws

4) the material world as a whole

3. Are the following judgments about society correct?

A. Society is a system consisting of interrelated and interacting elements.

B. Society is a dynamic system in which new elements and connections between them constantly arise and old elements die off.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

4. Unlike nature, society

1) is a system 3) acts as a creator of culture

2) is in development 4) develops according to its own laws

5. The emergence of private ownership of the means of production has led to increased stratification of society. The connection of what aspects of the life of society was manifested in this phenomenon?

1)production, distribution, consumption and spiritual sphere

2)economics and politics

3) economics and social relations

4) economy and culture

6. Which of the following refers to the global problems of our time?

1) the formation of a socially oriented economy

2) the revival of cultural and moral values

3) the gap in the level of development between the regions of the planet

4) development of international cooperation

7. Are the following judgments about society true?

A. Among the subsystems and elements of society are social institutions.

B. Not all elements of social life are subject to change.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

8. Which of the above features characterizes an industrial society?

1) the leading role of agriculture 3) a weak level of division of labor

2) the predominance of industry 4) the decisive importance of the service sector in the economy

9. Which of the features is inherent in a traditional society?

1) intensive development of infrastructure 3) the predominance of the patriarchal type of family

2) computerization of industry 4) the secular nature of culture

10. The transition to a post-industrial society is characterized by

1) the formation of a market economy 3) the development of mass media

2) restriction of social mobility 4) organization of factory production

11. A characteristic feature of Western civilization is:

1) low social mobility

2) long-term preservation of traditional legal norms

3) active introduction of new technologies

4) weakness and underdevelopment of democratic values

12. Are the following judgments about the process of globalization correct?

A. All global processes are the result of increased international contacts.

B. The development of mass communication makes the modern world whole.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong

13. Country A. with a population of 25 million people is located in the Northern Hemisphere. What additional information will make it possible to judge whether A. belongs to post-industrial societies?

1) The country has a multi-confessional composition of the population.

2) The country has an extensive network of rail transport.

3) Society is managed by means of computer networks.

4) Traditional family values ​​are promoted in the media.

14. A characteristic feature of evolution as a form of social development is:

1) the revolutionary nature of change 3) violent methods

2) spasmodic 4) gradual

Q. 1 Read the text below with a number of words missing.

Western civilization is called ____(1). The production that has developed in the European region _____ (2) required the utmost exertion of the physical and intellectual forces of society, the constant improvement of tools and methods of influencing nature. In this regard, a new system of values ​​has been formed: active creative, ______ (3) human activity is coming to the fore.

Unconditional value has acquired _______ (4) knowledge that expands the intellectual powers of a person, his inventive capabilities. Western civilization has put forward _____(5) individuals and ______(6) property as the most important values. The main regulator of social relations are _____(7).

Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of spaces.

a) private

b) collective

c) legal norms

d) industrial

e) adaptable

g) scientific

h) transforming

i) freedom

j) religious

2. Find in the list the features of society as a dynamic system and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) isolation from nature

2) lack of interconnection of subsystems and public institutions

3) the ability for self-organization and self-development

4) isolation from the material world

5) constant change

6) the possibility of degradation of individual elements

C1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "civilization"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about civilization.

C2. Use three examples to describe the advantages of the formational approach.

C3. Read the text and do the tasks for it.

Gaining more and more strength, civilization often showed a clear tendency to impose ideas with the help of missionary activities or direct violence coming from religious, in particular Christian, traditions ... So civilization steadily spread across the planet, using all possible ways and means for this - migration, colonization, conquest, trade, industrial development, financial control and cultural influence. Little by little, all countries and peoples began to live according to its laws or created them according to the model established by it ...

The development of civilization, however, was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not come true ... At the heart of her philosophy and her actions was always elitism. And the Earth, no matter how generous it is, is still not able to accommodate an ever-growing population and satisfy its more and more new needs, desires and whims. That is why a new, deeper split has now emerged - between super-developed and underdeveloped countries. But even this rebellion of the world proletariat, which seeks to partake of the riches of its more prosperous brethren, takes place within the framework of the same dominant civilization ... It is unlikely that it will be able to withstand this new test, especially now, when its own organism is torn apart by numerous ailments. NTR, on the other hand, is becoming more and more obstinate, and it is becoming more and more difficult to pacify it. Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, NTR sometimes does not give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control. And it's time for our generation to finally understand that now it depends only on us ... the fate of not individual countries and regions, but of all mankind as a whole.

A. Peccei

1) What global problems of modern society does the author highlight? List two or three issues.

2) What does the author mean when he says: “Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, the scientific and technological revolution does not sometimes give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control”? Make two guesses.

3) Illustrate with examples (at least three) the author's statement: "The development of civilization ... was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not be realized."

4) Is it possible, in your opinion, to overcome the contrast between rich and poor countries in the foreseeable future. Justify the answer.

C4 * Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other ”(Seneca)

Compared to natural systems, human society is more subject to qualitative and quantitative changes. They happen faster and more frequently. This characterizes society as a dynamic system.

A dynamic system is a system that is constantly in a state of motion. It develops, changing its own features and characteristics. One such system is society. A change in the state of society can be caused by influence from outside. But sometimes it is based on the internal need of the system itself. The dynamic system has a complex structure. It consists of many sublevels and elements. On a global scale, human society includes many other societies in the form of states. States constitute social groups. The unit of a social group is a person.

Society constantly interacts with other systems. For example, with nature. It uses its resources, potential, etc. Throughout the history of mankind, the natural environment and natural disasters have not only helped people. Sometimes they hindered the development of society. And even became the cause of his death. The nature of interaction with other systems is formed due to the human factor. It is usually understood as the totality of such phenomena as the will, interest and conscious activity of individuals or social groups.

Characteristic features of society as a dynamic system:
- dynamism (change of the whole society or its elements);
- a complex of interacting elements (subsystems, social institutions, etc.);
- self-sufficiency (the system itself creates the conditions for existence);
- integration (the interconnection of all components of the system); - self-governance (the ability to react to events outside the system).

Society as a dynamic system consists of elements. They can be material (buildings, technical systems, institutions, etc.). And intangible or ideal (actually ideas, values, traditions, customs, etc.). Thus, the economic subsystem consists of banks, transport, goods, services, laws, etc. A special system-forming element is a person. He has the ability to choose, has free will. As a result of the activity of a person or a group of people, large-scale changes can occur in society or its individual groups. This makes the social system more mobile.

The pace and quality of changes taking place in society can be different. Sometimes the established orders exist for several hundred years, and then changes occur quite quickly. Their scope and quality may vary. Society is constantly in development. It is an ordered integrity in which all elements are in a certain relationship. This property is sometimes called the non-additivity of the system. Another feature of society as a dynamic system is self-governance.



society as a complex dynamic system(choose)

The most familiar understanding of society is associated with the idea of ​​it as a group of people united by certain interests. So, we are talking about a society of philatelists, a society for the protection of nature, often by society we mean the circle of friends of a particular person, etc. Not only the first, but even scientific ideas of people about society were similar. However, the essence of society cannot be reduced to the totality of human individuals. It must be sought in the connections and relationships that arise in the process of joint activity of people, which is of a non-individual nature and gains strength beyond the control of individual people. Social relations are stable, constantly repeated and underlie the formation of various structural parts, institutions, and organizations of society. Social ties and relationships turn out to be objective, dependent not on a particular person, but on other, more fundamental and solid forces and principles. So, in antiquity, the cosmic idea of ​​justice was supposed to be such a force, in the Middle Ages - the personality of God, in modern times - a social contract, etc. They, as it were, streamline and cement diverse social phenomena, give their complex totality movement and development (dynamics).

Due to the variety of social forms and phenomena, society is trying to explain the economic sciences, history, sociology, demography and many other sciences about society. But the identification of the most general, universal connections, fundamental foundations, primary causes, leading patterns and trends is the task of philosophy. It is important for science to know not only what the social structure of a particular society is, what classes, nations, groups, etc. operate, what are their social interests and needs, or what economic orders dominate in this or that period of history. Social science is also interested in identifying what unites all existing and possible societies in the future, what are the sources and driving forces of social development, its leading trends and main patterns, its direction, etc. It is especially important to consider society as a single organism or system integrity, the structural elements of which are in more or less ordered and stable relations. In them, one can even single out relations of subordination, where the leading one is the connection between material factors and the ideal formations of social life.



In social science, there are several fundamental views on the essence of society, the differences between which lie in the allocation of various structural elements in this dynamic system as leading ones. The sociopsychological approach in understanding society is made up of several postulates. Society is a collection of individuals and a system of social actions. The actions of people are comprehended and determined by the physiology of the organism. The origins of social action can be found even in instincts (Freud).

Naturalistic concepts of society proceed from the leading role in the development of society of natural, geographical and demographic factors. Some determine the development of society by the rhythms of solar activity (Chizhevsky, Gumilyov), others - by the climatic environment (Montesquieu, Mechnikov), others - by the genetic, racial and sexual characteristics of a person (Wilson, Dawkins, Scheffle). Society in this concept is considered somewhat simplified, as a natural continuation of nature, which has only biological specifics, to which the features of the social are reduced.

In the materialistic understanding of society (Marx), people in a social organism are connected by productive forces and production relations. The material life of people, social being determine the entire social dynamics - the mechanism of the functioning and development of society, the social actions of people, their spiritual and cultural life. In this concept, social development acquires an objective, natural-historical character, appears as a natural change in socio-economic formations, certain stages of world history.

All these definitions have something in common. Society is a stable association of people, the strength and consistency of which lie in the imperious force that permeates all social relations. Society is a self-sufficient structure, the elements and parts of which are in a complex relationship, giving it the character of a dynamic system.

In modern society, there are qualitative changes in social relations and social ties between people, expanding their space and compressing the time of their course. An increasing number of people are covered by universal laws and values, and events taking place in a region or a remote province affect world processes, and vice versa. The emerging global society simultaneously destroys all boundaries and, as it were, "compresses" the world.

Section "Society". Topic #1

Society as a social system

Society- a part of the world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

In a narrower sense, society:

- the historical stage of the development of society (ancient society);

- a group of people united by a common territory

(Russian society, European society);

- a circle of people united by a common origin (noble society), interests and activities (book lovers society).

The country- a part of the world or territory that has certain boundaries and enjoys state sovereignty.

State- the central political organization of a given country, which has supreme power.

System- this is a single whole, consisting of interconnected elements, where each element performs its function.

Society is a single social system consisting of people, social groups, social institutions and social (public) relations. Also, as elements of society, one can distinguish subsystems(areas) of society:

- economic (production, distribution, exchange, consumption of material goods);

- social (interaction of social groups, layers, classes, nations;

as well as the activities of the social infrastructure of society);

– political (state forms, state power, law and order, laws, security);

- spiritual (science, education, art, morality, religion).

A person enters society through a collective, being a member of several social groups: family, school class, sports team, labor collective. Also, a person is included in larger communities of people: a class, a nation, a country.

Public relations(social relations) - diverse connections that arise between people, social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them, in the process of society's life. Public relations arise in the economic, social, political, spiritual life of society.

Public relations include:

a) subjects (individuals, social groups, social communities);

b) objects (material, spiritual);

Society as a dynamic system

Society is a dynamic system, it is constantly evolving.

1. Changing society can be seen in the following aspects:

- changing the stage of development of the whole society as a whole

(agrarian, industrial, post-industrial),

- changes occur in certain areas of society,

- social institutions are changing (family, army, education),

- some elements of society die off (serfs, feudal lords), other elements of society appear (new professional groups),

- social relations between elements of society are changing

(between state and church).

2. The nature of the development of society can be different:

Evolution is a slow, gradual, natural process of development.

The revolution- a radical, qualitative, rapid, violent change in the social system.

Reform- partial improvement in any sphere of social life, a series of gradual transformations that do not affect the foundations of the existing social system. The reform is carried out by state bodies. Modernization- a significant update, a change in accordance with modern requirements.



3. Directions for the development of society:

Progress- the process of change from simple to complex, from lower to higher. Regression- the process of change from higher to lower, the process of degradation and collapse of the system, the return to obsolete forms.

Progress is an ambiguous social phenomenon, because it has a side effect: the "reverse side of the coin" or the "price" of progress.

The founders of the theory of progress in the XVIII century (Montesquieu, Condorcet, Turgot, Comte, Spencer) believed that the main engine of progress is the human mind. They believed that with the development of science and education, society would be progressive, social injustice would be eliminated, and a “kingdom of harmony” would be established. Today, faith in progress is undermined by global problems.

What is the criterion for progress?

The most important goal of all social development is man, his all-round development. A progressive society can be considered a society in which conditions for the harmonious development of the individual are created. Proceeding from the idea of ​​humanism, progressive is what is done for the benefit of man. As humanistic criteria, such indicators of the progressive development of society are put forward: average life expectancy, mortality rate, level of education and culture, a sense of satisfaction with life, the degree of observance of human rights, attitude towards nature.