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Ethnic features of deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies

Content

• Introduction
• Chapter 2
• 2.1 Factors of professional deformation of employees of internal affairs bodies
• 2.2 The influence of ethnic characteristics on professional activities and deviant behavior
• Chapter 3
• 3.1 Organization and research methods
• A technique for diagnosing motivation for achieving success and avoiding failure. Questionnaire T. Ehlers.
• 3.1.1 Methodology for diagnosing the motivation to achieve success and avoid failure.Questionnaire T. Ehlers
• 3.2 Study of the propensity to deviant behavior of people of different ethnic cultures: analysis and interpretation of data
• 3.3 Benchmarking

Introduction

Professional deformation of the personality of an internal affairs officer is a change in the professional capabilities and personality of an employee in an asocial direction, resulting from negative features of the content, organization and conditions of work.

The phenomenon of professional deformation of the personality has a negative impact on the motivation of employees' official behavior and has a wide range of manifestations. The phenomenon of professional deformation changes the attitude towards offenders in the range from complete rejection (aggressiveness, rudeness, rudeness) to permissiveness, non-official ties with criminal elements, moral and material dependence on them, assuming illegal obligations, which ultimately leads to antisocial behavior and legal conflicts.

The extreme degree of professional deformation of the personality of an internal affairs officer is professional degradation, when violation of the law, immorality, antisocial behavior or professional impotence makes further service in the internal affairs bodies impossible.

In the systematics of personality anomalies, personality deformation refers to forms that, by their phenomenological features, go beyond the limits of the norm, but do not reach the degree of pathology. The term "personality deformation" has not yet had an unambiguous definition and, to a greater extent, is of a collective nature. In most cases, negative professional deformation begins to take on the character of deviant behavior.

The problem of deviant behavior is one of the most important for the future of Russia and all of humanity, because. after some time, having received a superficial and one-sided education, an ill-mannered generation without sufficient understanding, and sometimes with a complete absence of moral standards.

The purpose of our study is to study the ethnic characteristics of the deviant behavior of employees of the internal affairs bodies.

The object of the study is the deviant behavior of employees of the internal affairs bodies.

The subject of the study is the ethnic features of the deviant behavior of employees of the internal affairs bodies.

The hypothesis of the study is that there are differences in the manifestation of deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies of various ethnic groups.

Research objectives:

1. Conduct a theoretical analysis of the problem of deviant behavior, consider the biological and social prerequisites for the formation of deviant behavior, analyze the theory of deviant behavior.

2. Consider the factors of professional deformation and the influence of ethnic characteristics on the professional behavior of employees of the internal affairs bodies.

3. Conduct a study of the risk and manifestations of deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies of various ethnic groups.

4. To identify differences in the manifestation of deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies of various ethnic groups.

5. Formulate conclusions on the study and identify ways to prevent deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies, taking into account their ethnic groups.

Research methods: questioning, testing. Methods:

"MLO - 02" Adaptability;

Diagnosis of the need for new sensations test "Zuckerman";

Methodology for diagnosing a personality for motivation for success and avoiding failure (Ehlers);

Methodology for researching Internet addiction;

Test "Tendency to addictive behavior" Mendelevich V.D.

deviant behavior employee ethnic

Chapter 1. Theoretical analysis of the problem of deviant behavior

§ 1 The concept and signs of deviant behavior

It is common for the whole world, social being and every person to deviate from the axis of their development, existence. The reason for this deviation lies in the peculiarities of the relationship and interaction of a person with the outside world, the social environment and himself. The diversity arising on the basis of this property in the psychophysical, sociocultural, spiritual and moral state of people and their behavior is a condition for the flourishing of society, its improvement and the implementation of social development.

The process of socialization (the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social norms and values ​​necessary for his successful functioning in a given society) reaches a certain degree of completeness when the individual reaches social maturity, which is characterized by the acquisition by the individual of an integral social status (a status that determines the position of a person in society). However, in the process of socialization failures and failures are possible. A manifestation of the shortcomings of socialization is deviant (deviant) behavior - these are various forms of negative behavior of individuals, the sphere of moral vices, deviation from the principles, norms of morality and law. The main forms of deviant behavior include delinquency, including crime, drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, and suicide. Numerous forms of deviant behavior indicate a state of conflict between personal and public interests. Deviant behavior is most often an attempt to leave society, to escape from everyday life problems and hardships, to overcome a state of uncertainty and tension through certain compensatory forms. However, deviant behavior is not always negative. It may be associated with the desire of the individual for something new, an attempt to overcome the conservative, which hinders moving forward. Various types of scientific, technical and artistic creativity can be attributed to deviant behavior.

Evaluation of any behavior always involves its comparison with some kind of norm. There are various approaches to assessing the behavioral norm and deviation: normocentric, which involves assessing human activity from the standpoint of its compliance with the norm - social, psychological, ethnocultural, age, gender, professional, phenomenological and nosocentric (psychiatric), considering behavior from the position of searching for and detecting symptoms of the disease , psychopathology.

Statistically, the norm of mental health of adolescents and young men, according to most psychological tests, is somewhat different than for adults.

From the point of view of the adolescent himself, behavior considered by adults as deviant is considered "normal", reflecting the desire for adventure, recognition won, testing the boundaries of what is permitted.

Based on the key provisions of the works of domestic and foreign scientists (West, Jenkins, Nissen, Pataki, etc.), it should be recognized that it is expedient to divide deviant behavior into criminal (criminal) and immoral, immoral (not bearing criminal responsibility).

A nosocentric (psychiatric) approach came to psychology from medicine, considering behavior from the standpoint of searching for and detecting symptoms of an illness, psychopathology. In this case, the norm is the absence of pathology, and deviant behavior implies the presence of overt or covert psychopathology. Within the framework of the psychiatric approach, deviant forms of behavior are considered as premorbid (premorbid) personality traits that contribute to the formation of certain mental disorders and diseases.

It is necessary to consider various nosocentric approaches to assessing the behavioral norm and deviation. If in the natural sciences they are guided by the "norm-point" (for example, the normal temperature of the human body is 36.70C), then in the social sciences the "norm" is the interval, "the optimal zone within which the system does not go to the pathological level." I .AND. Gilinsky defines a social norm as a limit historically established in a particular society, a measure of acceptable behavior.

In accordance with the social approach, behavior that is dangerous for society and the people around should be classified as deviant.

The ethnocultural approach considers deviations through the prism of the traditions of a certain community of people: a deviant is one whose behavior differs from the norms accepted in his microsociety; those who exhibit behavioral rigidity are unable to adapt to new ethno-cultural conditions. Since the criteria for deviations are embedded in culture, the need to operate with the concept of "deviation" arises when comparing traditions with innovations, when the ongoing asocial phenomena begin to be perceived as a "new" norm.

Deviant behavior within the framework of the gender approach can be considered hyper-role behavior, inversion of gender style patterns, change in sexual orientations.

A professional approach to assessing behavioral norms and deviations is based on the idea of ​​the existence of professional and corporate behavioral styles and traditions. A professional norm is a technical standard, a set of rules for physicians, united by the "Hippocratic oath", a model of behavior for a typical representative of a certain profession. Their violation is regarded as deviation.

Behavior that does not correspond to age patterns and traditions, which is a consequence of acceleration, retardation, and heterochrony of development, can be accepted as deviant. Having a standard that fixes the typical features of a child of a certain chronological age allows us to consider each individual child as a variant, more or less deviating from the main type. Taking into account the standard - a child of the mass type of age development - L.S. Vygotsky singled out a retarded child, a primitive child with a developmental delay of sociocultural origin, and a disorganizer child (both "difficult and gifted"). An adolescent with deviant behavior is, as a rule, a disorganizer child.

The psychological approach considers deviant behavior in connection with intrapersonal conflict, destruction and self-destruction of the personality, blocking of personal growth and degradation of the personality.

The phenomenological (personal) paradigm allows us to note that in practice, psychologists often encounter not deviant, but unacceptable, rejected, rejected behavior by adults. Thus, the label "deviant" among teachers is given to undisciplined children who constantly attract attention, cause the greatest concern with the use of obscene and slang vocabulary, occasional use of alcohol, tobacco, and fights.

It should be emphasized that from the standpoint of the adolescent himself, certain age and personality characteristics make it possible to consider behavior considered by adults as deviant as "normal" game situations that reflect the desire for extraordinary situations, adventures, gaining recognition, testing the boundaries of what is permitted. The search activity of a teenager serves to expand the boundaries of individual experience.

With certain reservations, the category of gifted can also be attributed to deviants, since both of them stand out sharply among their peers, both in real life and in educational institutions among the objects of frontal pedagogical influences. It is no coincidence that a significant closeness is noted between a creative and deviant personality (especially with addictive behavior). This is a special type - "excitation seeker". The difference lies in the fact that for genuine creativity, pleasure is the process of creativity itself, and for the deviant variety of search activity, the main goal is the result - pleasure.

Consider different types of social deviations.

1. Cultural and mental deviations. Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, that is, deviations of a given social community from the norms of culture. Psychologists are interested in mental deviations from the norms of personal organization: psychoses, neuroses, and so on. People often try to associate cultural deviations with mental ones. For example, sexual deviations, alcoholism, drug addiction and many other deviations in social behavior are associated with personal disorganization, in other words, with mental deviations. However, personal disorganization is far from the only cause of deviant behavior. Usually, mentally abnormal individuals fully comply with all the rules and norms adopted in society, and, conversely, for individuals who are mentally quite normal, very serious deviations are characteristic. The question of why this happens is of interest to both sociologists and psychologists.

2. Individual and group deviations.

o individual, when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture;

o group, considered as conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture (for example, teenagers from troubled families who spend most of their lives in basements. "Basement life" seems normal to them, they have their own "basement" moral code, their own laws and cultural complexes.In this case, there is a group deviation from the dominant culture, as adolescents live in accordance with the norms of their own subculture).

3. Primary and secondary deviations. Primary deviance refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. In this case, the deviations committed by the individual are so insignificant and tolerable that he is not socially qualified as a deviant and does not consider himself as such. For him and for those around him, deviation looks like just a little prank, eccentricity, or, at worst, a mistake. Secondary deviation is a deviation from the norms existing in the group, which is socially defined as deviant.

4. Culturally acceptable deviations. Deviant behavior is always evaluated in terms of the culture accepted in a given society. It is necessary to highlight the necessary qualities and ways of behavior that can lead to socially approved deviations.

o super-intellectual. Increased intelligence can be viewed as a way of behavior that leads to socially approved deviations only when a limited number of social statuses are achieved. Intellectual mediocrity is impossible when playing the roles of a great scientist or cultural figure, at the same time, super-intelligence is less necessary for an actor, sportsman or political leader;

o special inclinations. They allow to show unique qualities in very narrow, specific areas of activity.

o overmotivation. Many sociologists believe that intense motivation often serves as a compensation for hardships or experiences suffered in childhood or adolescence. For example, there is an opinion that Napoleon had a high motivation to achieve success and power as a result of the loneliness he experienced in childhood, or Niccolò Paganini constantly strived for fame and honor as a result of the need and ridicule of his peers suffered in childhood;

o personal qualities - personality traits and character traits that help to achieve the elevation of the individual;

o happy occasion. Great achievements are not only a pronounced talent and desire, but also their manifestation in a certain place and at a certain time.

5. Culturally condemned deviations. Most societies support and reward social deviations in the form of extraordinary achievements and activities aimed at developing the generally accepted values ​​of the culture. Violation of moral norms and laws in society has always been severely condemned and punished.

Consider the structure and types of deviant behavior. Some domestic and foreign researchers consider it appropriate to subdivide deviant (deviant) behavior into criminal (criminal), delinquent (pre-criminal) and immoral (immoral). These types of deviant behavior are distinguished taking into account the peculiarities of the interaction of the individual with reality, the mechanisms of the occurrence of behavioral anomalies.

A criminal is a person who has committed a crime.

Murders, rapes, inhuman acts are considered deviation all over the world, despite the fact that during the war killings are justified.

Delinquency is traditionally understood as a delinquent or unlawful act that does not carry criminal liability. In German, the concept of "delinquency" includes all cases of violation of the norms provided for by the criminal code, i.e. all legally punishable acts. Domestic scientists call the personality of a minor who committed a crime delinquent; adult - criminal.

Since the noted qualities are immoral (contradicting the norms of ethics and universal values), there is a certain difficulty in distinguishing between delinquent and immoral acts. According to many characteristics, criminal and delinquent behavior are side by side.

The difference between the concepts under consideration lies in the fact that criminal and delinquent behavior are antisocial in nature, immoral - asocial.

Within the framework of the considered types, the following forms of deviant behavior are distinguished: asocial (immoral, destructive, political crime), delinquent (criminal) and paranormal. However, it remains unclear why delinquent behavior is singled out as a separate type and whether it is not a type of asocial behavior.

N. Smelser gives the most striking examples of deviation (inhuman acts that always cause condemnation): murder, incest, rape. Highlighting three main components of deviation (a person who is characterized by a certain behavior; a norm (or expectation) that is a criterion for evaluating deviant behavior; some other person, group or organization that responds to behavior), he notes that the expectations that determine deviant behavior are change over time; there may be disagreement among the population about the legitimacy and correctness of expectations; different segments of the population may express different points of view about the deviance of certain types of behavior - smoking, drug use, traffic violations, etc. .

Belicheva S.A. among deviations from the norm, he singles out an asocial type of deviant behavior; considers social deviations of a selfish orientation (theft, theft, etc.), aggressive orientation (insult, hooliganism, beatings), socially passive type of evasion from civic duties, avoiding active social life); believes that they differ in the degree of public danger, in content and target orientation. It highlights the pre-criminogenic level, when the minor has not yet become the object of a crime, and criminogenic manifestations - asocial behavior of a criminal orientation.

Asociality is considered as the most general concept, meaning any deviation from social norms. At the same time, S. A. Belicheva distinguishes between non-socialized forms of manifestation of asociality, which act as negativism, conflict, aggressiveness, directed against many people, groups or institutions, and socialized violations that can manifest themselves in the same forms, but in relation to individuals the deviant remains loyal and does not exhibit antisocial behavior (for example, the gang does not commit theft within its group). From our point of view, both forms can be considered deviations of behavior.

Since social neglect means a steady and complete disregard for social norms, prolonged and general social neglect, anyone who is socially neglected can be considered antisocial, but not everyone who exhibits antisocial behavior is socially neglected. Such is the relationship between delinquency and social neglect.

Currently, much attention is paid to the identification and description of deviations in behavior associated with pathocharacterological personality traits. The behavior characteristic of the last of the identified forms remains less studied.

Adolescence is also characterized by various types of disturbed behavior. It is necessary to single out delinquent actions that are common among minors - drug addiction, substance abuse, alcoholism, car theft, escapes, home theft, hooliganism, teenage vandalism, aggressive and auto-aggressive behavior, overvalued hobbies, as well as typical teenage deviations that occur only in the psychopathological type - dysmorphomania, dromomania, pyromania, geboid behavior.

It should be noted a teenager - a "nerd" - a kind of "fan of study", whose obsession with educational activities turns out to be an obstacle to establishing full-fledged intimate-personal communication with peers.

On the other hand, such monochannel activity of a teenager cannot be assessed as a kind of deviant behavior, since is pro-social.

V.M. Sinaiko, A.M. Kozhina, I.V. Romanova, L.M. Gaichuk note that deviations in adolescents with antidisciplinary, antisocial, auto-aggressive behavior tend to generalize and can capture all niches of their social functioning - family, school, group of peers.

Having considered the varieties of deviations in behavior, it can be stated that there is no single point of view of researchers on the classification and typology of deviant behavior. Many scientists in their works pay special attention to certain types of deviant behavior, give preference to a certain age, which reflects the scope of their scientific interests.

The criteria for deviant behavior are ambiguous. Latent offenses (stowaways, traffic violations, petty theft, buying stolen goods) may go unnoticed. However, abrupt changes in behavior when the needs of the individual do not match the proposal; decrease in the value attitude towards oneself, one's name and body; negative attitude towards the institutions of social control; intolerance to pedagogical influences; rigor in relation to drug addiction, prostitution, vagrancy, begging, associated with a special victim experience; offenses are the most well-established signs of deviant behavior. L.B. Filonov emphasizes that it is unacceptable to attach the label of deviance to a certain type of behavior under all circumstances.

In domestic literature, deviant behavior is understood as:

1. An act, a person's actions that do not correspond to the norms officially established or actually established in a given society, "whether it be the norms of mental health, law, culture or morality."

2. A social phenomenon expressed in mass forms of human activity that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms in a given society.

In the first sense, deviant behavior is predominantly the subject of general and developmental psychology, pedagogy, and psychiatry. In the second meaning - the subject of sociology and social psychology.

Since deviant behavior has become associated with many negative manifestations, the personification of "evil" in the religious worldview, a symptom of "illness" from the point of view of medicine, "illegal" in accordance with legal norms, there has even been a tendency to consider it "abnormal".

Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the point of view of Ya.I. Gilinsky, V.N. Kudryavtsev that deviations as fluctuations in inanimate nature, mutations in living nature are a general form, a way of variability, therefore, of the life and development of any system. Since the functioning of social systems is inextricably linked with human life, in which social changes are also realized through deviant behavior, deviations in behavior are natural and necessary. They serve to enhance the individual experience. The diversity arising on the basis of this in the psychophysical, sociocultural, spiritual and moral state of people and their behavior is a condition for the improvement of society, the implementation of social development.

It should be noted the point of view of V. A. Petrovsky, E. Fromm that the growth of the constructive beginning of the human "I" is laid in nonconformism. At the same time, deviations should be of a social and creative nature: various types of scientific, technical and artistic creativity. The socially negative nature of deviations is destructive both for the individual and for society. However, it is this type of deviant behavior that arouses the greatest interest of researchers and is more often considered in the socio-psychological literature.

V.D. Mendelevich emphasizes that deviation is the border between the norm and pathology, the extreme version of the norm. Deviance cannot be determined without relying on knowledge of the norms. In medicine, the norm is a perfectly healthy person; in pedagogy - a student who succeeds in all subjects; in social life - the absence of crime. The most difficult thing is to define the "psychological norm" as a set of certain properties inherent in most people, a standard of behavior. These are norms and ideals. Since the level of internalization of norms in different social environments has significant differences, and norms are ideals, the system of core values ​​is globalized, they are difficult to apply to specific social objects.

The normativity of a person's behavior can be determined in accordance with the socio-psychological standards of society and the socio-cultural characteristics of a particular area, region.M. M. Semago notes that at present there are simply no such SPNs. It should be noted that the time of existence of norms can be short, calculated in decades and even years, which is happening at the present time (dynamic norm as a "living process"). The complexity of the analysis is associated with the lack of information about the psychological norm in the current situation of the development of society, characterized by the spread of criminal norms.

So, the norm in psychology can be considered as a standard of behavior, the adherence of a person to the moral requirements accepted in a given community at a particular time. In an ideal behavioral norm, a harmonious norm (adaptability and self-actualization) should be combined with the individual's creativity. However, the harmonious norm does not reflect the stable differences in the psychology of people of different ages, the most significant and valuable aspects of their life. Consequently, there must also be age-specific variants of it, taking into account the peculiarities of the time and place of residence of the individual, serving as guidelines for distinguishing between the norm and deviation. In the process of assessing the age-related behavioral norm, V.D. Mendelevich proposes to analyze various styles of activity that a person of a certain age must correspond to: communicative style; volitional characteristics; intellectual, emotional and psychomotor features; style of speaking and writing. But he does not give clear age characteristics of the proposed criteria, because. they can be singled out only in accordance with a certain approach to the norm and deviation.

So, behavior is considered deviant if it deviates from the norms of morality accepted in a certain society at a given level of social and cultural development, and entails sanctions: isolation, punishment, treatment, condemnation and other forms of censure of the offender. It manifests itself in the form of an imbalance in mental processes, non-adaptation, a violation of the process of self-actualization, or in the form of evasion of moral and aesthetic control over one's own behavior.

1.1 Biological and social prerequisites for the formation of deviant behavior

An important factor influencing the behavior of the individual, of course, is the internal, biological, conditions - that natural soil with which any external conditions interact. Biological prerequisites include: hereditary genetic features, innate properties of the individual (acquired during fetal development and childbirth), imprinting (imprinting in the early stages of ontogenesis).

The biological factor regulates the following characteristics of individual existence:

individual originality of the process of ontogenesis (including the rate of maturation/aging);

gender (sex) differences;

age features;

physical constitution;

health and endurance;

state and typological properties of the nervous system.

Theories explaining deviant behavior in terms of biological causes were probably among the first to emerge. Initially, researchers paid attention mainly to constitutional features. In the 19th century Italian psychiatrist and criminalist Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) proposed a biosociological theory in which he connected the criminal behavior of a person with his anatomical structure. The objects of close attention were: the skull, brain, nose, ears, hair color, tattoo, handwriting, skin sensitivity, mental properties of the criminal. Using the anthropometric method, the researcher identified approximately 37 characteristics of the "congenital criminal type", including: a prominent lower jaw, a flattened nose, a sparse beard, adherent earlobes. Later, the theory of C. Lombroso, although it entered the history of scientific thought, was recognized as scientifically untenable.

Another prominent representative of this trend is the American physician and psychologist William Sheldon (1898 - 1984), who substantiated the relationship between types of temperament (and behavior), as well as types of human somatic structure. The three leading types of physique: endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic - correlate with three types of temperament: viscerotonia, somatotonia, cerebrotonia. Their combination gives a specific psychotype. For example, somatotonia is characterized by such features as the need for pleasure, energy, the desire for dominance and power, risk appetite, aggressiveness, and insensitivity. On the contrary, with cerebrotonia, restraint, sensitivity, social phobia, and a tendency to loneliness are observed.

A special place among biological theories is occupied by an evolutionary approach based on the laws of natural selection and heredity proposed by Charles Darwin. Proponents of the evolutionary approach consider various aspects of human behavior as a manifestation of species hereditary programs, while critics of the evolutionary approach consider it unreasonable to transfer the laws of animal behavior to human psychology.

The ethological approach of Konrad Lorenz (1903 - 1989), which develops the ideas of Darwin, explains various phenomena of human behavior, such as aggression, primarily by the innate instinct of the struggle for existence. Aggression, the manifestations of which are often identified with manifestations of the death instinct, is the same instinct as all the others, and in natural conditions, just like them, serves to preserve life and species. This instinct has developed in the course of evolution as biologically expedient. The strength of aggression, according to the researcher, depends on the amount of accumulated aggressive energy and the strength of specific stimuli that trigger aggressive behavior. In humans, unlike animals, violence against members of their own species is widespread. Claiming that aggressiveness is an innate, instinctively conditioned property of all higher animals, and proving this with many convincing examples, K. Lorenz comes to the following conclusion. We have good reason to consider intraspecific aggression the most serious danger that threatens humanity in the current conditions of cultural, historical and technical development.

Within the framework of biocriminology, purposeful attempts were made to establish a connection between deviant (criminal) behavior and hereditary characteristics of a person. One of the evidence of this connection is the results of genetic studies by W. Pierce, conducted in the mid-60s. 20th century His research led to the conclusion that the presence of an extra 7-chromosome in men determines their predisposition to criminal behavior (among prisoners, this anomaly occurs 15 times more often than usual). At the same time, critics of this approach note that the deviance of carriers of an extra 7-chromosome may be the result not of a chromosomal anomaly, but of individual characteristics associated with it, such as high growth, rapid maturation, and low intelligence.

Other biological factors of deviant behavior can be: damage to the brain (especially the frontal lobes), organic diseases of the brain, certain properties of the nervous system.

In general, modern knowledge suggests that it is not a specific form of deviant behavior that is inherited (for example, crime), but certain individual typological properties that increase the likelihood of deviance formation, such as impulsiveness or the desire for leadership.

Internal biological processes play a role in the formation of deviant behavior. They determine the strength and nature of our reactions to any environmental influences. Despite the existence of facts confirming the existence of biological bases for deviant behavior, they operate only in the context of a certain social environment. Moreover, social conditions in themselves may well cause biological changes in the body, determining, for example, the reactivity of the nervous system or the hormonal background.

The influence of social processes and social groups on people's behavior is considered primarily within the sociological approach. (Microsocial conditions are more often the subject of psychological and pedagogical research and will be discussed in the following sections.)

Sociological theories consider deviant behavior in the context of social processes and norms approved within a given society. Social deviations are subject to social laws, they depend on time and society, they can be predicted, in some cases they can be controlled.

E. Durkheim proposed the concept of anomie to explain social deviations. The term "anomie" in French means "lack of law, organization". This is such a state of social disorganization - a social vacuum, when the old norms and values ​​no longer correspond to real relations, and the new ones have not yet been established. E. Durkheim emphasized the need to explain various forms of social pathology precisely as social phenomena. For example, the number of suicides depends not so much on the internal properties of the individual, but on the external causes that control people.

Not all people (classes) have the same conditions for success, but they can adapt to the contradiction that has arisen in several ways. As such ways of adaptation, R. Merton singled out:

Conformism (full acceptance of socially approved goals and means of their implementation);

innovation (acceptance of goals, rejection of legitimate ways to achieve them);

Ritualism (inflexible reproduction of given or familiar means);

Retreatism (passive avoidance of social norms, for example in the form of drug addiction);

Rebellion: (active rebellion - denial of social norms).

The conflict between goals and means to achieve them can lead to anemic tension, frustration and the search for illegal ways to adapt. This circumstance partly explains the relatively high crime rate among the lower social strata.

Other objective factors of social deviations are recognized: differences between the participants in social interaction and failure to meet expectations (T. Parsons); the discrepancy between the distribution of benefits and the personal qualities of people (P. Sorokin); the influence of the norms of deviant subculture and learning (R. Claward, L. Oulin). Thus, a person placed in a deviant subculture (criminal, conflict or retreat) from early childhood is likely to display appropriate forms of deviant behavior.

The influence of modern subcultures on the deviant behavior of an individual is an extremely important, although insufficiently studied issue. At the same time, it is well known that a person is always included in some social group. In some cases, group needs dominate - to be included in the group, to follow its norms, to imitate its members, to oppose oneself to other groups. A wide variety of subcultures grow on this soil - the aristocratic elite, hippies, metalheads, rockers, gays, skinheads, etc. People tend to identify with group leaders and their ideals (including destructive ones), which largely explains the existence of such mass deviations as genocide, racism, and fascism.

Another obvious gap is the vagueness of the relationship "profession - deviant behavior." The professional environment has a significant impact on a person's personality. Such negative phenomena as professional stress, professional "burnout" and professional deformation of personality are well known. Nevertheless, there are practically no publications devoted to the problem of the influence of the profession on the deviant behavior of an individual.

Along with the considered objective social factors, the so-called subjective causes of deviant behavior also operate. In accordance with the theory of stigmatization (E. Lemert, G. Becker), deviations are a consequence of the fact that society itself (or rather, a social group) sticks appropriate labels on a person by correlating the actions of a particular person with abstract rules (primary deviance). Gradually, a reputation is formed that forces the individual to adhere to a deviant role (secondary deviance).

I. Hoffman distinguishes three types of stigma: physical stigma (congenital anomalies and bodily injuries); will defects (alcoholism, drug addiction, mental illness); racial stigmas ("black").

Sutherland in 1939 formulated the theory of differentiated association, according to which deviant behavior is a complex and differentiated form of behavior. It is learned in interaction (interaction). This process includes the assimilation of deviant motivation, justification and techniques for implementing deviant behavior.

Deviant behavior can also be described using the concept of "social role", or "social function of the individual" (J. Mead, M. Deutsch, R. Krauss). A role is a system of expectations regarding a person's behavior, a person's idea of ​​​​a model of his own behavior, and finally, behavior in accordance with his position - status. In accordance with this, people can take on various roles, including the role of a deviant.

Finally, the attitude of the individual (group) to social norms can become a subjective cause of deviant behavior (G. Saik, D. Matza). For example, in order to free himself from moral requirements and justify himself, a person can "neutralize" the effect of norms in the following ways: refer to higher concepts (friendship, devotion to a group); deny the existence of the victim; justify their behavior by the deviance of the victim or provocation on her part; deny responsibility; deny the harm of their behavior.

A modern domestic researcher Yu. A. Kleiberg, using the example of adolescent deviance, also reveals deviant behavior through the attitude of the individual to cultural norms. Deviant behavior is a specific way of changing social norms and expectations by demonstrating a person's value attitude towards them. For this, special techniques are used: slang, symbolism, fashion, manner, deed, etc. Deviant actions of adolescents act as a means of achieving a significant goal, self-affirmation and relaxation.

Thus, sociological and similar socio-psychological theories consider deviant behavior as a result of social processes, complex relationships between society and a particular individual. On the one hand, we see that in society itself there are serious causes for deviant behavior, such as social disorganization and social inequality. On the other hand, we naturally come to understand the role of the individuality of a particular person in the process of socialization of his personality.

Sociological theories do not explain why, in the same social conditions, different people demonstrate fundamentally different behavior, for example, not all representatives of the poorest strata show delinquency and vice versa. It should be recognized that social conditions really determine the nature of social deviations (the extent of the spread of these phenomena in society or a social group). But they are clearly not enough to explain the causes and mechanisms of the deviant behavior of a particular person.

In general, deviant behavior of a person is the result of a complex interaction of social and biological factors, the action of which, in turn, is refracted through a system of personality relationships.

1.2 Theories of deviant behavior

Revolutionary changes in the way of life of society over the past centuries have given a large percentage of difficult-to-educate children. These categories were united under the general name "defective", which from the outside seemed quite legitimate: each defective is difficult to educate, and each difficult to educate is difficult because he has one or another defect. However, difficulty in education does not always mean defectiveness.

Modern researchers, in relation to minors with various kinds of developmental disabilities that leave a peculiar imprint on behavior, use the terms: "difficult children", "difficult teenager", which category includes children with deviations in moral development, accentuations of character, with violations in affective volitional sphere, deviations in behavior; "abnormal children" having deviations from what is typical or normal, but not including a pathological condition; "disadapted children", "children in need of special care"; children of the "risk group"; "a child with disorders in the affective sphere."

However, these terms often carry one-sided information: everyday, clinical, legal. Since there is no single practice for the use of these concepts; sometimes it is not clear which category to include a child with certain behavioral deviations. It is considered legitimate to use the terms: deviant, asocial, non-normative, illegal, criminal behavior.

The founder of the cultural aspect of deviant behavior in Russia Ya.I. Gilinsky introduced the term "deviant behavior", which is currently used on a par with the term "deviant behavior".

Foreign researchers, Durkheim, Klages, Merton, Smelser, Shibutani, Schuessler, and others, define deviance by compliance or non-compliance with social norms-expectations. Therefore, behavior that does not meet the social expectations of a given society is deviant.

Let's start the review of theories from the existential-humanistic approach, which considers the personality and its behavior in the aspect of the essential characteristics of a person. The greatest interest in this regard, in our opinion, is the concept of the Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist V. Frankl (1905-1997). In his understanding, specific human characteristics are, first of all, spirituality, freedom and responsibility. The spiritual existence of a person implies a meaningful existence in the form of free self-determination in the world of values ​​(taking into account the objective circumstances of his life), for which he is responsible to his conscience and God. Behavioral problems are somehow connected with the deficiency of the considered qualities, i.e. with manifestations of indifference.

The fundamental motivational force in people, according to V. Frankl, is the desire for meaning. People need to discover the meaning, for the sake of which it would be worth living, literally in everything. Meaning cannot be given, it must be found, because it is unique to each person and can only be realized by him. If a person does not see the meaning in something outside of himself, survival in an extreme situation is aimless, meaningless and impossible. Hyper-reflection (excessive self-reflection) and hyperintention (over-attention to satisfying one's desires) are the two main ways that people prefer to use in order not to go beyond their Self. There are three different ways to find meaning in something outside of yourself:

1) to do something, to give life (values ​​of creativity);

2) to take something from life (values ​​of experience);

3) to take a certain position in relation to the fate that cannot be changed, for example, in case of a terminal illness (relationship values). In addition, past experiences and religion are two other areas in which people can find meaning.

Then, when the desire for meaning is frustrated (something blocked), a state of existential frustration arises. Apathy and boredom are her main characteristics. Existential frustration in itself is neither pathological nor pathogenic. The anxiety of people, even their despair, due to the vain search for the meaning of life, is more of a spiritual disaster than a disease. Feeling the meaninglessness of life at the same time can be a sign of intellectual sincerity and honesty.

The normality and abnormality of a person, according to V. Frankl, are determined by the peculiarities of her position in relation to life, death and her own destiny.

The position of an abnormal personality is designated by V. Frankl as fatalistic. In this case, the person does not see himself as responsible for self-determination in values ​​and, therefore, as an active participant in his own life. As a result, he allows various - natural, social and psychological - determinants to determine his life path. The person himself in this case suffers from a sense of meaninglessness, emptiness and futility. V. Frankl called the state of inner emptiness an existential vacuum. Existential frustration and existential vacuum are the immediate causes of special "noogenic neuroses".

Thus, in accordance with the views of V. Frankl, deviant behavior occurs because people suppress their spirituality, avoid responsibility for the search for meaning. To help a person with deviant behavior means to help him realize his spiritual Self and take responsibility for his destiny, with the subsequent discovery of the meaning of his existence.

Humanistic theories are closely adjacent to existential psychology, for example, client-centered psychology (psychotherapy) by C. Rogers (1902-1987). The key place in this system is occupied by the concepts of selfhood and self-actualization. The self or concept is the totality of a person's beliefs about himself, which are the result of experience and change continuously throughout life. Self-actualization is the desire of the individual to grow and develop in accordance with the potentialities that were originally inherent in it. The tendency to self-actualization is clearly manifested in a person and is a sign of personal well-being. A self-actualizing personality has a number of specific characteristics: openness to new experience, faith in one's body, internal locus of control (independence, independence, responsibility), the desire to exist in the process (growth and development). A normal (healthy) personality is relatively close to the ideal of a self-actualizing personality.

In an abnormal personality, the process of self-actualization is blocked and exists only as a possibility. The main obstacle, according to K. Rogers, is rooted in the system of so-called conditional

values. Conditional values ​​lead to the fact that a person treats himself and other people positively only if they correspond to some conditional ideals. While with an unconditional positive attitude, a person is considered as the highest value and deserves acceptance without any conditions for his compliance with the ideals-requirements.

Conditional values ​​are formed in childhood, in the family, for example, when a mother, using the child's need for love and respect, expresses a negative attitude towards him because of his failure to fulfill her specific requirements. Further, the child's self-respect will depend on the mother's imposed values ​​and the ability to live up to them. Being under the rigid influence of imposed conditional values, the person essentially turns into a mask-mask.

Thus, for the normal development of a person must be the experience of self-expression. On the contrary, unrealistic, distorted self-image, conflicting experience, internal conflict between the need for self-realization and dependence on external assessments, all this inevitably causes problematic behavior. Based on this, we can conclude that in order to overcome personal and behavioral problems, it is necessary to stimulate the process of actualization by creating special conditions. For example, in the course of client-centered therapy, this is a sincere interest in a person, an unconditional positive acceptance of a person, an invaluable attitude towards him.

The concept of self-actualization of personality is also key for A. Maslow (1908-1970). According to his views, a person as an integral system acts in accordance with innate needs, which are realized under the influence of social conditions. Needs form a hierarchy - from lowest to highest:

physiological needs;

the need for security;

needs for love and affection;

needs for recognition and evaluation;

the need for self-actualization - the realization of the potentials, abilities and talents of a person.

...

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Zlokazov K.V. 2007

Pskhopogpya

offender

behavior

THE PROBLEM OF DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF ATS EMPLOYEES

Cand. psychol. Sciences K. V. Zlokazov,

doctor of philosophy Sciences, Professor V. B. Kulikov

Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia,

Yekaterinburg city

The specificity of the professional activity of police officers leads to the depletion of the psychological resources of the inner world of the individual, neuropsychic tension and, as a result, deviations in the emotional, cognitive and motivational-semantic spheres of the individual. At the same time, deviant behavior is formed, which manifests itself both in the form of single, situational reactions, and holistic strategies of behavior and life style of a particular person or social group. The main sign of such behavior is the orientation towards satisfying one's own needs as opposed to the needs of the public.

In modern psychology, starting from the second half of the 20th century, the problem of deviant behavior has been subjected to a comprehensive analysis in line with the cultural-historical, phenomenological, existential and humanistic psychological traditions and many other domestic and foreign schools. However, the problem of factors and forms of destructive behavior, methods of psychological diagnosis, correction and prevention is still relevant. Moreover, the lack of a unified psychological theoretical and methodological concept complicates theoretical and practical activities.

In this regard, we will pay attention to the theoretical provisions that we use in the course of the study of destructive behavior. These are: the concept of the essence of personality and its psychological structure (S. L. Rubinstein, 1946; B. G. Ananiev, 1966; B. M. Teplov, 1961; A. N. Leontiev, 1972; K. K. Platonov, 1975; V. P. Zinchenko, 1996), the continuum-genetic concept of personality (A. V. Brushlinsky, 1981); the doctrine of accentuated personalities and character accentuations (K. Leonhard, 1968; G. K. Ushakov, 1975; A. E. Lichko, 1983); the theory of individual behavioral stereotypes (V. V. Belous, 1968; A. V. Brushlinsky, 1977; V. N. Druzhinin, E. A. Klimov, 1968; B. S. Bratus, 1988); the concept of abnormal personality variability and borderline

abnormal personality as an intermediate range of the constitutional space (IV Boev, 1995;

O. A. Akhverdova, 1999).

Destructive behavior is considered in connection with personal characteristics: anxiety (F. B. Berezin, 1971; L. E. Panina, V. P. Sokolova, 1977; N. D. Levitov, 1978; Yu. A. Aleksandrov, 1983; and etc.), stressful conditions (Ts. P. Korolenko, 1975; O. A. Prokhorov, 1998; K. V. Sudakov, 1999; etc.); self-regulation (O. A. Konopkin, 1980; A. K. Osnitsky, 1990; V. I. Morosanova, 1995; etc.); emotional-volitional regulation (A. Ts. Puni, 1969; V. I. Selivanov, 1971; B. I. Dodonov, 1972; B. A. Vyatkin, 1998; V. P. Pryadein, 1999;

A. I. Ilyin, 2002; and etc.); the specifics of motivational-semantic and value (B.N. Almazov, 1995; V.E. Kagan, 1984; etc.) personal spheres.

We understand destructive behavior as a maladaptive-directed process of interaction between a person and the environment, mediated by the individual characteristics of the subject, having the form of external actions - actions. In the psychological sense, destructive behavior is characterized by situational reactions that deviate from conventional (generally accepted) norms, psychological states, as well as personality development, leading to maladjustment in society.

The socio-psychological maladaptation of the individual, first of all, is expressed in the inability to resolve one's own needs and claims. On the other hand, a person who has psychological adaptation disorders or complete maladjustment is not able to satisfactorily meet the requirements and expectations that the social environment and his own social role impose on him, his leading professional or other motivated from outside and inside in this environment. activity. One of the significant signs of a person's socio-psychological maladjustment is the experience of long-term internal and external conflicts without finding the mental mechanisms and forms of behavior necessary for their resolution.

Modern research shows that the adaptability of the subject depends on the severity of the integral set of multi-level mental structures that determine the processes of adaptation and stress control in the conditions of life. Literature data indicate the presence of generalized

three conditional areas of analysis of the psyche and its manifestations, containing specific factors that cause deviant behavior. In this regard, it is necessary to distinguish three areas of research of psychological problems:

The study of characterological and constitutional-biological features of the personality;

Study of personality self-regulation;

Analysis of the features of the value-semantic sphere of personality.

The selection of these groups does not exhaust all possible options for the determinants of destructive behavior, but is an illustration of the interdisciplinary and interparadigm differences that have developed in psychology at the present time.

1. The constitutional and biological properties and characterological features of a person should be considered that internal factor, an internal condition, without which the formation of the mental as a “living process” is impossible (1). The reactions of the subject to the destructive impact of social factors of professional activity depend on the degree of severity of character accentuation, psychotypological prerequisites for development. The interaction of external and internal factors contributes to the formation of personal and behavioral variability in the constitutional space from the psychological norm - accentuation to the borderline abnormal personality and further to the range of psychopathy (IV Boev, 1995).

As Ts. P. Korolenko notes, a person's adaptation to extreme conditions is largely determined by the highest adaptive psychophysiological levels that he has. The use of certain adaptation strategies is largely due to the peculiarities of a person's mental make-up (25). These psychological features are largely related to physiological characteristics. According to Yu. A. Aleksandrovsky, the individual typological originality of a person depends on the characteristics of his neuropsychic activity, a combination of congenital and acquired properties (2). An individual profile of hemispheric asymmetry is considered as one of the possible mechanisms linking the physiological characteristics of an individual with his resistance to stress. Thus, under conditions of chronic stress caused by extreme climatic and geographical conditions, the indicators of psycho-emotional stress in persons with relative dominance of the right hemisphere were 1.5 times lower than in those examined with the left hemisphere predominance, and the indicators of anxiety and aggressiveness were 2 times lower (8) .

Socially stressful, extreme factors that have a destructive effect on the constitutional and typological basis of the personality, lead to a decrease in the functional activity of the individual barrier of mental and psychological adaptation, deplete the psychobiological reserves of the personality. The overall result is an unstable adaptation of the "borderline" personality in the external environment, which manifests itself not only

personal and behavioral anomalies, but also pathological forms of destructive behavior, borderline mental disorders. O. A. Rogozhina experimentally showed that representatives of a borderline, destructively directed personality, under the influence of destructive environmental factors, are easier and faster to form states of constitutional psychological decompensation, which leads to pronounced abnormal personal variability, i.e., anomalies are recorded along the vector "norm -pathology". In the case of super-significant and life-threatening extreme impacts, the formation of borderline mental disorders of the neurotic level is observed, indicating not a gradual constitutional variability, but an abrupt transition to the “health-disease” vector (30).

2. The study of self-regulation of the individual and the totality of its components. Stressful conditions of professional activity, requiring self-regulation skills in the cognitive, emotional, volitional spheres, are significant prerequisites for the formation of destructive behavior of police officers. Neurotic states, which are a harbinger of borderline ones, are considered in clinical psychiatry as variants of a single psychogenic disease - a syndrome of mental maladaptation, interconnected by numerous transitional and mixed forms (2). The relevance of studying the mechanisms of psychological regulation and self-regulation of the individual, which contribute to the harmonious resolution of contradictions, is beyond doubt. In domestic psychology, conceptual approaches to the study of self-regulation are associated with the studies of S. L. Rubinshtein, 1989; A. V. Petrovsky, 1995;

V. I. Selivanova, 1992; G. S. Nikiforova, 1989; L. D. Stolyarenko, 1997; N. M. Peisakhova, 1997; S. A. Shapkina, 1998; A. A. Krylova, 1999; V. N. Kunitsyna, 1999; E. P. Ilyina, 2000 and others.

Personal self-regulation is a core, systemic, multi-level formation that is functionally present at various levels of mental analysis and manifests itself in the course of all human life. Self-regulation is a systematically organized process of a person's internal mental activity in initiating, building, maintaining and managing various types and forms of voluntary activity, directly realizing the achievement of goals accepted by a person (24, 54).

V. I. Morosanova considers the development of links in the structure of conscious self-regulation to be the criterion for the effectiveness of self-regulation. The author refers to the individual-typical, or stylistic features of self-regulation, two levels of regulation links:

1. Individual features of regulatory processes that implement the main parts of the self-regulation system, such as planning, modeling, programming and evaluation of results. The main lines of individual differences are in the differentiated development of these processes or in the differences in the individual "profile" of regulation.

2. Style features that characterize the functioning of all parts of the self-regulation system and are at the same time regulatory and personal properties (for example, independence, reliability, flexibility, initiative). The latter can be both prerequisites for creating a style of regulation due to their systemic nature, and neoplasms in the process of its formation.

With the severity of intrapersonal conflict in subjects with a high degree of conscious self-regulation, the use of methods of unconscious self-regulation (psychological defenses) is observed, moreover, with a predominance of their more mature types (according to the classification of E. G. Sokolova) (32). Studies have shown that if a person with a high individual level of self-regulation resorts to means of intrapsychic protection, then these will be: rationalization, which allows using intellectual operations to find arguments in favor of self-justification or discrediting the external situation, as well as isolation, which is characterized by the separation of affect from intellect. With a less developed general self-regulation, the subjects exhibit: a manifestation of rigidity, which prevents them from changing goals and ways of achieving them in a timely manner in accordance with the requirements of the real situation, identification mechanisms (with a strong other) and projections (attributing their repressed feelings to other people).

3. Study of the motivational-semantic sphere and personality orientation. It should be noted that the most important indicator of the level of personality development is the possibility of mediation, regulation of one's own behavior. The mechanisms of self-regulation are based on the transformation of semantic systems, first of all, the value-oriented sphere. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of personal functioning is directly related to the analysis of the uniqueness of the hierarchy and dynamics of the value structures of a destructively oriented personality, which is maladaptive in nature and underlies various forms of violation of personal regulation of behavior.

According to A. G. Zdravomyslov, values ​​act as an important link between society, the social environment and the individual, his inner world (18). Typologies of personality or character based on differences in value orientations in domestic (as well as in foreign) psychology were constructed mainly on the basis of focusing on some dominant value or group of values.

If there is a high motivation for committing an unlawful act, the person is already internally ready for an antisocial act in violation of all social norms. The distortion of the worldview position, the presence of the so-called antisocial attitude, which is closely related to the deformation of the value orientations of the individual, is an important indicator of a person's tendency to destructive behavior (8, 63-70).

The most consistent with modern ideas is the understanding of the criminogenic significance of mental anomalies, which mainly consist in interaction with socially acquired features.

measures facilitating the commission of an offense (17, 149-153). At the same time, personality anomalies act as internal conditions, and not the reasons for committing illegal acts.

In work (5) it is shown that the criminality and destructive nature of the behavior of the subject is determined not by any of their innate individual properties, but by the features of their semantic sphere, leading to violations of the motivation of behavior. Systems of value orientations and the orientation of the individual associated with them are the central link that ultimately determines the law-abidingness or illegality of human behavior.

The motivational and semantic sphere of a destructive personality, according to V. V. Luneev, “... is shifted from the public to the personal, from the social to the individual, from the objective to the subjective, from the cultural to the natural (vital), from the spiritual to the material, from the external to the internal, from the due to the desired, from the stable to the situational, from the perspective to the momentary, from the rational to the emotional” (15, 189).

Model of psychological diagnostics of destructive behavior. Destructive behavior is based on individual typological features of personality activity (features of higher nervous activity, neurobiological and psychophysiological components), which determine the orientation of the personality (need-motivational sphere) and the style of its self-regulation (emotional-volitional, cognitive, value-semantic) under the influence of negative external (natural, climatic, environmental, etc.) and social (sociocultural norms, traditions) factors.

The psychological problems of destructive behavior can be considered in a holistic set of components: constitutional-biological, which determines activity, regulatory, associated with the regulation of activity, and motivational-semantic, which determines the direction of the personality. We take these factors into account in the structural model of the diagnostic questionnaire for destructive behavior (Table).

The study of characterological, constitutional and biological features in the context of the study of destructive behavior and its psychological mechanisms makes it possible to predict, prevent and correct stressful and borderline neurotic conditions determined by the conditions of professional activity of employees of internal affairs bodies.

The concept of personality self-regulation confirms the relevance of the study of regulatory mechanisms and their components in the context of the study of destructive behavior in order to predict and prevent the early stages of maladjustment that are formed in the course of professional activity.

The study of the value-motivational sphere makes it possible to timely correct the direction of the personal development of police officers, preventing the actualization of asocial motives and values ​​and their manifestation in activities.

Structural Model of the Diagnostic Questionnaire for Destructive Behavior

Components Components

Destructiveness Professional deformation Addictiveness

Characterological features Impulsivity Rigidity Sensitivity

Features of personality self-regulation Autonomy-dependence Responsibility Defects in self-regulation

Features of the value-semantic sphere Asocial values ​​Asocial motivation Asocial attitudes

The further direction of our research involves the development of:

Diagnostic tools for the study of the determinants of destructive behavior, its versatile validation and testing for reliability in the course of a longitudinal study of the features of deviant behavior based on the study of cadets of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, with subsequent access to the general population of the study - employees of the internal affairs bodies;

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Ermakova Alina Leonidovna, 3rd year cadet of the faculty for training investigators, Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V.V. Lukyanova, Orel [email protected]

Supervisor: Maltseva Olga Alekseevna, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Lieutenant Colonel of Police, Deputy Head of the Department of Special Training, Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V.V. Lukyanova, Orel [email protected]

Deviant behavior and types of its manifestations among cadets and students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as an object of socio-psychological analysis

Annotation. The article is devoted to topical issues of deviant behavior in the cadet environment and factors influencing its occurrence. The authors also suggest ways to resolve and prevent destructive behavior among police officers. Key words: deviant behavior, educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, personality socialization, destructive factor.

Deviant behavior has recently been an urgent problem of all social sciences, in particular psychology. There are many approaches to studying the problem of deviant behavior, however, many questions remain open today. Given the insufficient development of the topic, it seems necessary to clarify the concept of "deviant behavior" in the field of law enforcement. Deviation (Latin deviation, deviance, defrom + viaroad) is understood as a deviation from certain norms, standards, prescribed rules. A number of departmental studies within the framework of the analyzed study were carried out by A.V. I. Papkin, V. M. Pozdnyakov, A. R. Ratinov, E. G. Samovichev, A. M. Stolyarenko, A. D. Safronov, N. S. Fomin, A. V. Ustyuzhanin, G. S. Chovdyrova et al. According to M.I. Maryin, deviant behavior is a set of actions that do not correspond to the norms and expectations officially fixed or actually formed in a given society and lead the violator to isolation, treatment, correction or punishment . The main types of deviant behavior, in his opinion, are crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide. It is difficult to agree with such a categorization of the types of deviant behavior, since then violations of discipline and legality, not criminal actions, that is, a whole range of offenses, are removed from the composition of such behavior, do not belong to deviant, and sometimes pre-criminal behavior. Therefore, in our opinion, his idea is more correct that very often the types of deviant behavior are so interconnected that the prerequisites for the negative behavior of any employee turn out to be much deeper than we might initially expect. According to the strength of social deviations, deviant behavior can take the form of: moral misconduct; disciplinary offence; non-criminal tort. An analysis of statistical information based on the results of 6 months of 2013 showed that, despite the measures taken by the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation to prevent and prevent violations of discipline and legality among personnel, employees continue to commit crimes that cause irreparable damage to the authority of the internal affairs bodies. So, there are violations of discipline associated with the abuse of alcohol. The increase is alarming, despite the wide range of preventive measures being taken. The indicator of the level of dismissal of graduates of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the first year of service in the territorial bodies remains high. According to statistics, every fifth cadet is expelled or brought to strict disciplinary responsibility every year already at the stage of training. The main reasons for expulsion are gross violations of discipline, expressed in the abuse of alcohol, violations of the rules of road discipline, unauthorized leaving the location of the institute, which entails all the ensuing negative consequences. Improving the personnel of internal affairs bodies is one of the priority tasks currently facing the central office and the relevant ministries and departments of internal affairs in the constituent entities of the Federation. A special role among all social subsystems is occupied by the family as the most important institution of primary socialization of the individual. The modern family as an open system is exposed to many external influences, which can influence both positively and negatively. In order to establish the nature of the influence of the family (positive or negative) on the individual, in relation to which the formation of negative attitudes and various types of deviations are determined, it is necessary: ​​1) to identify the position of the individual in the structure of intra-family communication and his attitude to the position he occupies; 2) analyze his involvement in interpersonal conflicts with any of the family members, the depth and persistence of these conflicts and their consequences for the individual; 3) determine the stage of family development and the presence of destructive moments in the family that destroy the system of family communication; 4) find out the communicative attitudes of family members, the belonging of the family to certain socio-psychological types and take into account the innovations that have taken place in the family recently and their possible role in the emergence of a risky situation. Families whose members lead an asocial lifestyle are referred to as "problem" families. The risk of deviant behavior is high, first of all, for these persons themselves, who create constant “problems” for the family, but it also exists for other family members involved in solving numerous specific “problems”. Alcoholism, drug addiction, a superficial attitude to fulfilling one's duties in relation to the family, selfish motives for choosing behavior, chronic mental illness, a predisposition to gambling and risky situations are factors that not only maladjust a person who abuses alcohol, but to a large extent has a negative impact and on other family members, creating difficult conditions for their existence and the implementation of life plans. According to I. F. Dementieva, families of asocial orientation (alcohol, drug addicts, criminogenic) should be subjected to moral pressure through negatively directed public opinion, as well as through forceful persuasion through the legal institutions of society. Families with socially determined problems, on the contrary, need state support and assistance. The resources of the social environment include extra-family ties with relatives, neighbors, work colleagues, etc., which are able to create a psychological atmosphere of belonging and support to the family (or its individual member). The system of preventive work is a set of social practices that contribute to the expansion adaptation resources of the family, restoration of the physical and mental strength of family members, as well as the preservation and stability of the family as a special social group. An important task of social prevention is the timely identification of problem families, whose members are prone to many forms of deviation. In almost all analyzed psychological and pedagogical theories and approaches, one of the most important is the problem of the formation and development of adequate motivation of students, the resolution of which is an important condition for the effectiveness of teaching. They define a number of pedagogical and psychological conditions that affect the development of learning motivation as a stable characteristic of learning activity and the personality of the student. . The Federal Law “On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies” states that enrollment in an educational organization of higher education of the federal executive body in the field of internal affairs for full-time training as a cadet, student is admission to the service in the internal affairs bodies. A variety of forms of deviant manifestations is based on the deterioration of the socio-demographic, socio-psychological, socio-economic and socio-cultural components of human potential. The current situation makes it possible to identify two groups of factors among the main factors in the production of deviant behavior in modern Russian society: 1) socio-psychological and 2) socio-pedagogical. Socio-psychological factors are primarily related to the internal well-being of a person, which is influenced by the economic, political, legal, and spiritual and moral situation in society. Socio-pedagogical factors are associated with the upbringing and education of the individual in the process of its socialization. Highlighting the economic factor in the formation of deviant manifestations in our society, the leading domestic social scientist T. I. Zaslavskaya thus identified the main results of Russian reforms: selfish interests, while small and medium-sized businesses fell into economic and legal vise and did not receive the expected development. Accordingly, a new type of owner, interested in the effective development of production, did not declare itself. Mass workers turned out to be even more alienated from the property they created and disenfranchised than in Soviet times... Acute economic contradictions leading to a deepening cultural split exist between capitals and provinces, cities and villages, regions of economic growth and economic deprivationª. Differentiation and sharp polarization of income population has led to significant social stratification of society. The decline in the standard of living and the polarization of the social structure create conditions for the growth of social tension, the marginalization of part of the population, the spread of social deviations (drug addiction, alcoholism, prostitution, crime). This situation has not bypassed the employees of the public sector, which include service in law enforcement agencies. In official activities, the "stick system" continues to take place, provoking corrupt motives for the behavior of employees. Abuse of official position continues to take place to resolve issues of a personal nature. There are frequent cases of alcohol consumption during working hours, causing inadequate actions, leading to traffic accidents, administrative and criminal offenses. The political and legal factor in the formation of various forms of deviations is associated simultaneously with the imperfection and non-execution of the current legislation and the lack of a developed system of legal and social protection, a low level of legal and political culture. As a result, there is an acute contradiction between the formal and real rights of the individual. At the same time, almost half (43%) of the police officers serve in practical units in conditions that do not meet sanitary standards. In addition, according to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of fatal occupational injuries, and service in the military sphere and law enforcement system is even more at risk and associated with extreme situations. Of no small importance is the low authority of the internal affairs bodies among the population. Thus, the results of sociological studies conducted in different regions indicate that Russian citizens do not evaluate the results of their appeal to legal institutions quite positively: there was no bureaucratic red tape;22.5% of the appeal was successful;17.1% the problem was generally solved, but not in the way we would like;10.9% the problem could not be solved due to the imperfection of the law; 8.8% the problem could not be solved due to bureaucratic red tape;5.4% the problem could not be solved due to objective reasons;7.7% the problem could not be solved due to the incompetence of the legal and law enforcement agencies to which they applied for help. Most often, the respondents encountered difficulties in the district court (12.4%), the police (13.4%), and the notary's office (4.6%). Partial compliance or non-compliance in the legislation means either the incapacity of the law, or the presence of loopholes for scholastic speculation when applying to law enforcement agencies and the court. The answers of the population to the question “Do the citizens of Russia have real opportunities to protect their rights and freedoms in case of their violation?” were distributed as follows: yes, completely 0%, yes, partially 44% of the respondents, almost none 54%, found it difficult to answer 2% of respondents. In the studies of F. E. Sherega (2001), when asked whether Russia can be considered a legal state, the vast majority of Russians answered that no, more than 80% of citizens recognize the inferiority of legal relations in the country. Doubts about the high regulatory role of law in the life of Russian society were expressed by all generations, representatives of all social groups, regardless of the level of education. In studies by sociologists V. I. Chuprov and Yu. protection by the norms of the Russian constitution, existing laws. The feeling of powerlessness and insecurity gives people a state of uncertainty and anxiety. A negative attitude towards law enforcement agencies, combined with a general distrust of state authorities and alienation from the law, gives rise to behavior patterns that are undesirable for both society and the state. The imperfection of legal mechanisms, the corruption of law enforcement agencies, politically biased media actually deprive citizens of real opportunities to protect their rights. We should also note the expanding activities of various destructive organizations, including religious sects, which are often covered in the media. Of great concern is the fact that law enforcement agencies constantly fail when faced with the criminal nature of, for example, satanic cults. In Russia, there is not a single law prohibiting the existence of destructive organizations, since the latter are skillfully disguised as religious associations permitted by law. Today there are no methods according to which the courts could qualify such crimes as "ritual" ones. The conclusion is that the alienation of people from their constitutional rights, the imperfection of the legal system, the penetration of political instability into all spheres of society's life inevitably lead not only to a narrowing the social base of ongoing Russian reforms, but also to an increase in the level of social uncertainty, dependence either on the influence of the case, the emergence of various forms of deviant manifestations and criminal attacks. Another factor that is very important in the formation of antisocial behavior is the spiritual and moral factor. The ethical and aesthetic model of behavior has changed dramatically, relations between the individual and society have deteriorated, the demographic situation has changed in a negative direction, the number of divorces has increased dramatically, and children are more often sent to boarding schools. In addition, the situation has worsened with a sharp increase in criminalization, alcoholism, drug addiction, and the spread of HIV-infected people. People stopped enjoying life, feeling its fullness, there was a dominance of the values ​​of subcultures over the traditional understanding of beauty and morality. As domestic researchers note, pessimistic moods are widespread among the masses, which manifest themselves differently in different groups. The well-known domestic sociologist Zh. T. Toshchenko, noting various paradoxes of social consciousness (and behavior), concludes that at the present time “there is an atrophy of the requirements of morality, which are being replaced by the criteria of rationality.” The sociologist rightly notes that ignoring the moral aspects of any social situation is capable of destroying the “living body of any social organization and the whole society”. The current socio-economic situation in Russia, in our opinion, is also dangerous in that it leads to the fact that a significant part of young people, when choosing a profession, are guided by such motives as: the opportunity to enter and delay military service (for young men), find a job after graduation and receive good wages, acquire a certain social status. The study, based on the "Map of studying the personality of a cadet and his social environment" by the author, showed that the vast majority do not have clearly defined life plans and professional intentions. Only 18% of the respondents have decided on their choice of profession and life goals, however, the level of activity in their implementation remains very low. 44% of the respondents defined their plans for the future as uncertain, 25.5% have no life plans at all, 8.5% of adolescents are oriented towards asocial norms of behavior and values. Considering the socio-pedagogical factors influencing the formation of deviant behavior among the younger generation, it is necessary to note the role of upbringing and education in the process of socialization of the individual. The huge role that the family plays in the process of forming a system of spiritual and moral ideas of a person is also well known. As E. G. Zamolotskikh notes, the most common problems in relation to the family (as well as the school) are: a) parents' indifference to the education of their children and unwillingness to participate in school affairs; b) excessive preoccupation of parents with material concerns, leading to a reduction in time and attention to the upbringing of children; c) low level of trust and even negative attitude towards school education; d) the low educational level of parents, the decrease in cultural needs (in particular education) for them and children. According to researchers, over 50% of adolescents aged 1315 almost completely move away from the family, losing confidence in their parents and showing a negative attitude to any requirements of elders. The absence of positive traditions in the family (for example, respect and love for work, family holidays, etc.), humane ways of resolving intergenerational conflicts, emotional contacts with each other contributes to familiarizing young people with the values ​​of "street" subcultures, which in turn often leads to deviant forms of behavior. Thus, all of the above structural and dynamic characteristics of value systems in asocial individuals who have committed offenses underlie the defectiveness of the mechanisms of self-regulation and the decrease in adaptive capabilities of these individuals. The disclosure of the regularities of the influence of value orientations on the formation of internal incentive motivation largely contributes to the determination of the mechanisms of social determination of behavior. The prospect of such disclosure is to find qualitative and quantitative indicators of the interconnectedness of the value content of consciousness and the motivation of behavior, which can be used to predict its possible transformation into a real antisocial fact.

Links to sources 1. Deviant behavior [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.itmed.ru/library/d/deviantnoe.htm (accessed 03/10/2017). Factors and conditions determining the emergence of various forms of delinquent behavior among employees of internal affairs bodies // Theory and practice of social development. Krasnodar. 2013. No. 10. P. 24.3. Dementieva IF Socialization of children in the family: theories, factors, models. M.: Genesis, 2004. S. 129130.4. Federal Law of November 30, 2011 No. 342FZ “On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation” (as amended on July 3, 2016) / / “ConsultantPlus”: [Electronic resource] http://www. consultant.ru5.Zaslavskaya TI Societal transformation of Russian society: an activity-structural concept. 2nd ed., rev. and additional M.: Delo, 2003. S. 173174.6. Bogdanov I. Ya., Kalinin A. P., Rodionov Yu. N. Economic security of Russia: figures and facts. M., 1999. S. 10.7. Sheregi F. Sociology of law: applied research. St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2002. P. 119.8. Chuprov V. I., Zubok Yu. A., Wilmas K. Youth in a risk society / Int. research 2nd ed. M.: Nauka, 2003. S. 58.9. Kozyreva P. M., Gerasimova S. B., Kiseleva I. P., Nizimova A. E. Dynamics of social well-being of Russians // Russia: a transforming society / ed. V. A. Yadova. M.: KANONpressTs, 2001. S. 252.10. Toshchenko Zh. T. Paradoxical man. M.: Gardariki, 2001. P. 241.11. Zamolotskikh EG The family as a factor in the formation of a culture of interpersonal communication in younger adolescents // Social and Humanitarian Knowledge. 2005. No. 5. S. 182.

The relevance of the study is due to the high social significance of the problem of deviant behavior, its importance for the activities of law enforcement agencies, interdisciplinary fragmentation and disintegration of approaches to the study of social deviations, the inadequacy of the current state of the theory of deviance of the social situation, as well as the tasks facing legal psychology.

The Link Between Trust and Legitimacy: Theory of Procedural Justice

Trust and legitimacy are necessary to maintain police function. Confidence comes in choosing to call the police in a given situation, in the way they read and understand the actions of the police and the consequences they derive from them. The recognized legitimacy of the police may also influence the willingness of the population to obey or, again, the choice of the police as an institution capable of dealing with a given problem. In doing so, individuals are not inclined to act in accordance with the trust they place in the police and reproduce its legitimacy.

An analysis of departmental disciplinary statistics shows that in 2007, compared with 2006, the number of employees held accountable for violations of the law increased by 9.0%, as well as by 1.8% for disciplinary violations. Of particular concern is the increase in those brought to justice for committing crimes in the divisions for combating economic crimes (by 33.3%).

They participate in social control activities that bridge the gap between formal and informal arrangements. Involving social control means explicitly recognizing that the police have the right to intervene in certain types of situations; The legitimacy of the police is deeply linked to the social production of order.

As already mentioned, trust and legitimacy are conceptually and empirically linked. Trust can be the foundation of legitimacy, and distrust can deadly undermine legitimacy. On the other hand, integrating individuals into legitimized power relationships can provide them with value stories that generate trust. In this regard, the theory of procedural justice developed by Tyler and his colleagues in the United States has had a fundamental impact on British researchers.

The aim of the study was to find the most effective ways to prevent deviant forms of behavior of police officers.

The object of the study was the employees of the units of the North-Western Department of Internal Affairs in Transport. The study involved 31 employees. Of these, a "risk group" was identified, prone to manifestations of deviant behavior in the amount of 12 people according to the results of the psychodiagnostics center.

This theory provides an empirically valid and repeatable set of assumptions about the relationship between trust, legitimacy, cooperation, and obedience. The procedural justice model, ultimately about people agreeing to institutional authority, argues that in their dealings with the police, people report that the police are behaving fairly, correctly, and honorably, before any other consideration. and confirms that any positive experience of this kind increases the legitimacy of the police.

But this model goes beyond this simple observation. Its main idea is that, through fair and proper treatment, institutions such as the police demonstrate to those who obey them that they belong to the same group as them and that they hold the same values. In other words, by following the rules of procedural justice, the police are telling people that they are "on the same side" as they are, but they are also expressing through their actions the fact that both sides have the same justice systems. values ​​and the same moral vision.

The subject of the study was the individual psychological characteristics of the personality of employees of the North-Western Department of Internal Affairs, prone to violation of discipline and the rule of law, as well as the prevention of deviant forms of behavior of employees of the North-Western Department of Internal Affairs.

The main hypothesis of the study: the lack of a system of measures to prevent deviant behavior of police officers in the methodological complex of employees of the psychological service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia makes it difficult for personnel and educational departments to work in this direction, and therefore it is necessary to identify patterns in the development of deviant behavior of police officers.

This agreement between the individual and the institution generates both evidence-based trust and institutional legitimacy, which in turn encourages or activates certain socially positive roles and behaviors: cooperation, respect, and obedience. Using essentially American data, Tyler showed that the public's perception of police fairness has more of an impact on the legitimacy of the police than on its perception of its effectiveness. Police confidence is less effective than relational confidence.

Procedural justice - fair and respectful treatment that obeys rules and results in transparent and understandable decisions - is more important to the public than achieving results that are considered good or helpful. In direct relations with the police, the quality of treatment that is provided to people is of paramount importance. Estimates of the nature of this interaction are then empirically invested in the legitimacy that people recognize in the police. Tyler explains that police with increased legitimacy encourage normative obedience to the law and that this obedience is economically more viable and stable over time than instrumental obedience, which must be accompanied by the threat of punishment and, ultimately, the use of force, the social and fiscal cost of which becomes ever greater. more unbearable.

From the results of the study carried out according to the method of A. Bass and A. Darki, it was revealed that according to most indicators of the manifestation of aggressiveness, the "risk group" prevails over the control group. And only in terms of "indirect aggression" and "guilt" the difference is in favor of the control group. However, in terms of guilt, this difference is only 1.8%, which is not a statistically significant variable.

Tyler focused on the interaction between the police and the public and how police behavior strengthens or weakens the legitimacy of an institution. But legitimacy also has other, more complex aspects. As Bepham has shown, people give legitimacy to institutions not only because they respect the rules of good behavior, but also because they believe that the actions of these institutions are part of a certain normative and ethical framework. Thus, legitimacy is granted to the institution also on the basis of shared values, "moral agreement".

According to the results of the questionnaire "Psychological defenses" (LSI), it is noted that according to most indicators of identifying the features of the functioning of psychological defense mechanisms, the "risk group" dominates over the control group. And only in terms of "reactivity" and "intellectual protection" the difference is in favor of the control group. However, according to these indicators, this difference is 1.5 and 2.3%, respectively, which are not statistically significant variables.

Institutional legitimacy is not only the result of factors such as procedural justice; it is also based on the feeling that the police share roughly the moral stance of the population. This feeling can be conveyed in many ways other than through direct contact with the police, such as through the media or even fictional stories that people associate with the real police. Of course, these perceptions may also challenge the idea that the police respect justice.

Police law and public order co-production

Tyler's work on procedural justice in the United States and recent research in the United Kingdom and Australia have shown that people who trust the procedural justice of the police also tend to give it a strong legitimacy. More likely they are collaborating with the police. In fact, cooperation with the police can be seen as part of legitimacy. When people trust the rationale behind the actions of an institution and its representatives, when they believe that the institution takes their interests seriously, they are on the same side with them and share their values, they are more likely to have a relationship with her and help her.

The results of the test "Incomplete sentences" showed that most of them revealed a positive attitude towards the family, the opposite sex, types of deviant behavior on the part of the control group. And only according to the indicators "attitude towards the opposite sex" and "attitude towards friends, acquaintances" the difference is in favor of the "risk group". According to these indicators, this difference is 84 and 52%, respectively.

In doing so, they reaffirm their role and attribute to him the obligations they expect to see fulfilled. They also take on a role that has its own rules and responsibilities. These roles and responsibilities serve to manifest and reproduce the relationship of power recognized as legitimate between the police and the public.

Conversely, if people are not convinced that the police take their interests seriously and believe that they are protecting values ​​that are far from their own, perhaps because they or other victims of unfair treatment by police officers, they may refuse to contact with the police and refrain from assisting them. Their actions then give rise to a completely different set of relationships and roles between the police and the people and delegitimize the relationship of power.

The correlation analysis carried out in the control group and the "risk group" showed that significant relationships are observed in these groups for various factors and, therefore, in the implementation of preventive measures aimed at reducing the level of deviant behavior of employees of the P-Z ATC, the data of the study should be taken into account .

Procedural justice studies also link fairness, police legitimacy, and obedience to the law. Essentially, the idea is that the legitimacy of the police and the societal influence they exercise can influence the public's perception of possible crime. To explore this aspect of things, one can turn to the work of Erwin Goffman. Institutional contexts are an important aspect of the framework through which people perceive the world, and the nature of the structure influences what is perceived as possible or desirable and what is not.

The data obtained as a result of factor analysis made it possible to conclude that employees included in the "risk group" and employees participating in the control group, in their social, professional, individual and personal priorities, are generally based on various life principles. This provision of the study should be taken into account when implementing measures to prevent deviant behavior of law enforcement officers.

Let's take one example. Suppose the police, as a key representative group, treat people fairly. This will not only increase its legitimacy. It will also raise people's awareness of roles in important relationships that can provide some satisfaction, such as the role of a citizen, which involves reciprocal relationships with government agencies such as the police. Recalling this role, it is necessary to take into account the expectations that accompany it, it changes the frame by which people perceive possible acts of crime, and, on average, one can think that the observance of the law is one of these expectations.

Analyzing the data obtained from the results of responses to the prevention of deviant behavior in the IAB, we can conclude that in the two groups under study, they equally proportionally believe that prevention is not carried out at the proper level in their units.

The results of the study can be used to improve the psychological culture of law enforcement officers, in the field of social control of deviant behavior, as well as to prevent behavioral deviations in law enforcement agencies.

The feeling that the law is legal is connected with this activation of the role of the “conscientious law-abiding citizen”, implies the belief that it is morally right to keep the law, that laws are binding, whether they agree with their moral content.

Collective identity and the position of minorities

The police communication of information about the status of those they serve plays a very important role in the formation and discussion of social trust and legitimacy analyzed by Tyler. Shared group membership is a key mechanism of the procedural model of justice. More broadly, the juxtaposition of values ​​can be both at the center of the trust of people in the police force and the legitimacy afforded to the institution. Through their actions, the police "talk" to people about their place in society and the value for which they are valued.

Social deviation as a growing phenomenon in the social life of modern society requires not only close consideration of this problem by the scientific and psychological and pedagogical community of Russia, but also the serious participation of all state and public structures in preventive work to prevent deviant behavior of the population, including the younger generation of Russians. In this context, the internal affairs bodies of Russia (OVD), due to the functional specifics of their activities, act as an important and most effective subject for preventing and preventing deviant behavior among different segments of the population.

So much so that if this message supports the feeling that the police and the public are “on the same side”, trust based on deeds will develop and the legitimacy of the police will be strengthened. On the other hand, if what is reported to the police conveys the idea of ​​separate interests and a lack of common identity, trust will deteriorate and the legitimacy of the police will be undermined.

In this presentation we find the idea put forward by many sociologists of the question that the British police force is a symbol of the nation and a symbol of belonging. But in any multicultural society, some people and social groups may not feel like they have a common identity with the police. They may have encountered opposition to the police, or have value systems that they see or see as the dominant culture that are inconsistent with those presented by the police. Is procedural justice necessarily effective with people who may have different or even oppose police affiliations?

The activities of the Department of Internal Affairs as a state organization of executive power are strictly regulated by certain legal acts, the consideration of which may be the subject of other publications. In the context of this article, it must be remembered that the competences, powers, functions, tasks and rights of services and divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, their interaction and types of relationship with other state bodies, with public organizations and citizens are enshrined in regulations and are strictly regulated.

Is police legitimacy, cooperation and obedience based primarily on respect for the principles of due process? If not, what does that mean? Another solution may be to benefit the concerned instrumental considerations. But there is another possible conclusion that would have to push even more for due process justice with marginalized or excluded groups. Some believe that the importance of procedural justice increases as the social distance between personality and authority increases.

The functional purpose of each of the services, the structure and hierarchy of the ATS are normatively fixed. Strict regulation of all spheres of life of such structures is the guarantor of compliance with the law and the basis of functioning.

One of the most important tasks facing the Internal Affairs Directorate of Russia is the prevention and prevention of crimes.. We admit that there is no unambiguous solution to the existing problems in the prevention of various kinds of deviations.

Deviant behavior

The experience of the preventive activities of the internal affairs bodies has shown that only a comprehensive account of the interaction of objective and subjective factors that provoke deviant behavior, scientifically based forecasting of life situations that contribute to deviant behavior, can give a positive preventive effect.

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Legal pedagogy has become the theoretical basis for the prevention of deviant behavior of the population by the police department. Its sections, such as criminological, criminal and preventive, are engaged in the study of the prerequisites for deviant behavior from the point of view of pedagogy. Their main goals are to identify pedagogical causes that cause various deviations in behavior, provoke the commission of crimes, etc., as well as to develop and provide scientifically based methods for preventing and eliminating these causes.

Criminological studies conducted by many authors convincingly prove that the main reason for the emergence of deviations in human behavior is most often the psychological, social or pedagogical neglect of the individual, as well as the conditions that provoke such a state.

For example, a direct dependence of the deformed pedagogical properties of a personality on the choice of a criminal model of behavior by this personality has been revealed. There is a clear relationship between the level of education and the likelihood of committing a crime.

Stories from our readers

For example, statistics showed that in the 90s of the XX century. in Russia, the level of education of minors who committed illegal acts was significantly lower than a decade earlier. Among the pupils of children's correctional institutions of various types, there appeared children who could neither write nor read, or who had only a primary education. According to youth surveys, only 12% of those surveyed are confident in the need for higher education for success in life.

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The relationship between the level of upbringing of a person and his attitude to the norms of law, morality, ethics, etc. has been studied. The lowering of the level of many moral positions in society caused the triggering of the mechanism of illegal behavior.

Behavior that was condemned in society a few years ago is broadcast with enthusiasm and many details in modern media and communication. The lack of social rejection makes deviant or criminal behavior popular and desirable.

Unfortunately, legal nihilism and the feelings of anxiety and insecurity it generates create additional favorable conditions for the emergence of deviant behavior. Criminological pedagogy, conducting pedagogical monitoring and examination of the criminal situation, makes it possible to discover new approaches to the prevention of deviant behavior on the part of the police department. There is no doubt that many of the data of her research will be in demand not only by law enforcement specialists.

Legal pedagogy highlights the circumstances that contribute to the emergence of deviant behavior. Among them, family relationships and conditions are in a special place.

With the deterioration of these factors, the likelihood of committing an offense increases. For example, deviant teenagers and children, as a rule, have the following family problems: strong authoritarian parental power, hypertrophied feeling of love for a child, structural family disorders, negative dynamics of family relations, various types of physical or psychological violence.

The deviant or criminal lifestyle of family members is directly related to the deviant or criminal behavior of the child. There is also a connection between such characteristics of schoolchildren as poor academic performance, bullying, irritability, and delinquency on the part of these children.

The situation is aggravated by the age characteristics of schoolchildren, when the reference group acts as a measure of behavior and a role model. In a group, it is always easier to overcome the fear of violating the norms of behavior or law, since the feeling of guilt, if it arises, is distributed to all members of the group.

Legal pedagogy singles out “actually pedagogical factors that have a criminalizing effect. Among them is the weakening of the system of out-of-school education and upbringing at the place of residence; lack of a system of education and development of young specialists; pedagogical illiteracy of parents; valeological illiteracy of the majority of the population, insufficiency of valeological propaganda and agitation; decrease in professionalism and authority among the teaching staff of educational institutions, etc.

It is hard to imagine that deviant or criminal behavior will ever disappear from society. But reducing their number and nature is quite an achievable task. The Department of Internal Affairs plays an important role in its solution.

For the successful implementation of preventive activities by police officers, first of all, special pedagogical training is necessary. Professional pedagogical training of police officers includes the development of special pedagogical skills of police officers. Such training does not end with the completion of a law degree, but generally continues throughout the life of the employee.

The main directions of the Department of Internal Affairs in the prevention of deviant behavior

Currently, there are several directions for solving the problems of preventing deviant behavior of citizens by the police department. One of them can be considered the information and educational direction.

The implementation of the preventive function of the police department in this area includes educating the population through the media and communications about the facts, factors and conditions that determine deviant behavior, about the causes of violations of law and order, the causes of criminal behavior. The interaction of the Department of Internal Affairs with the media and communications performs teaching and educational functions in the legal education of the population.

There is evidence that the majority of criminals are aware of the consequences of their actions and that a lot of people who are not aware of the consequences of criminal or administrative crimes still do not commit them. Probably, the main reason for deviant deviations is not knowledge or ignorance of the law.

The pedagogical and psychological ignorance of the population and, as a result, the pedagogical neglect of children and adolescents are the main causes of most cases of deviations. It would be good if the police department also had the opportunity to provide pedagogical and psychological education to the population through the media and communications, since the specialists of certain departments of the police department have sufficient education and practical experience, which will allow them to carry out such preventive work.

The value of educational psychological and pedagogical work with the population through the media and communications lies in its mass character and general accessibility. Unfortunately, in order to increase the effectiveness of information and educational work, it is not enough to show initiative only on the part of the Department of Internal Affairs; it is necessary to increase interest in this from the side of the media and communications.

The socio-pedagogical direction of the activities of the Department of Internal Affairs as a subject for the prevention of deviant behavior is carried out in two ways: through direct communicative interaction between the employee and the citizen through the system of law-educational work of the Department of Internal Affairs.

The system of law-educational activities of the Department of Internal Affairs consists of many components, among which organizational measures occupy a significant place. First of all, this is the interaction and cooperation of the Department of Internal Affairs with local governments to address security issues, victimological prevention.

Meetings with the population of responsible officials of the Department of Internal Affairs, contributing to the formation of a positive image of police officers, performing the function of legal education, giving the opportunity for "feedback". Cooperation with public organizations, the media and communications to conduct campaigning and propaganda work, the formation of legal awareness, including with the help of public assistants of the Department of Internal Affairs.

Cooperation with outstanding or popular figures of culture and pop culture in order to increase the level and prestige of police officers. Interaction with religious concessions in order to strengthen the moral and moral foundations of the population, the development of spirituality.

The system of law-educational activities of the Department of Internal Affairs also includes components related to professional psychological and pedagogical training and retraining of personnel, educational work with young recruits from the Department of Internal Affairs and cadets of educational institutions of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

Preventive individual work of police officers with the population is carried out while maintaining public order, solving and investigating crimes, providing legal advice in understanding and applying legal norms, attracting citizens to provide assistance and assistance to police officers, etc.

So, for example, the investigator conducts preventive work during interaction with witnesses, victims, suspected defendants, “explaining in an accessible form the legal provisions of laws, the consequences of committed actions, false testimony, evidence; in this regard, carrying out certain psychological and pedagogical corrective influences.

The operational police officer in the implementation of operational-search activities, voluntarily or involuntarily, conducts preventive and legal work with the population through involving him in cooperation and assistance, actively influencing the formation of the image of the police officer.

Special attention deserves the activities of services and units, whose duties include direct contact with minor children and adolescents. These include employees of the services of the state inspection for road safety (GIBDD), district commissioners, inspectors for minors.

So, for example, traffic police inspectors over the past two decades have been able to revive and give new meaning to the movement, which is called "YUID" - young traffic inspectors. Thanks to the support and assistance of state and public organizations, this movement became All-Russian. In almost every school in Russia there is a UID club.

Police departments in some regions of Russia, for example, in the Moscow region, developed this idea and began to organize and support a movement called the Young Police Assistant. Children, members of such associations, not only learn the rules of the road, behavioral and legal norms themselves, but also participate in the propaganda, propaganda and preventive activities of the police department.

The work of juvenile inspectors is based on close cooperation and contacts with state social services and school teaching staff. The provision of legal, psychological and pedagogical assistance to parents, the minors themselves is the basis for the prevention of crimes among children and minors.

Researchers of deviant behavior of minors note that the crimes committed by this category of citizens in recent decades have frankly selfish motives and are very aggressive.

Juvenile delinquency and deviance are much "rejuvenated". In some regions, mass fights of teenage groups, which are characterized by extremist manifestations, have become popular. Such deviations of children and adolescents as drunkenness, alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction, prostitution are becoming more widespread.

The police department, like no one else, is well aware of the consequences of deviations on the part of children and adolescents, therefore, preventing and suppressing them by all available means is not only the direct duty of the police officers, but often the personal civil, moral duty of each employee.

Most often, the factors, conditions and reasons for the commission of crimes by minors are their homelessness, neglect, and pedagogical neglect. This means that observation, control, socio-pedagogical and psychological assistance to children with deviant deviations was either not carried out at all, or weakened by the family, the immediate environment, school, state or public organizations. In a word, the child was “overboard” and is socialized and survives as best he can.

Social deviation as a growing phenomenon in the social life of modern society requires not only close consideration of this problem by the scientific and psychological and pedagogical community of Russia, but also the serious participation of all state and public structures in preventive work to prevent deviant behavior of the population, including the younger generation of Russians. In this context, the internal affairs bodies of Russia (OVD), due to the functional specifics of their activities, act as an important and most effective subject for preventing and preventing deviant behavior among different segments of the population.

The activities of the Department of Internal Affairs as a state organization of executive power are strictly regulated by certain legal acts, the consideration of which may be the subject of other publications. In the context of this article, it must be remembered that the competences, powers, functions, tasks and rights of services and divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, their interaction and types of relationship with other state bodies, with public organizations and citizens are enshrined in regulations and are strictly regulated.

The functional purpose of each of the services, the structure and hierarchy of the ATS are normatively fixed. Strict regulation of all spheres of life of such structures is the guarantor of compliance with the law and the basis of functioning.

One of the most important tasks facing the Internal Affairs Directorate of Russia is the prevention and prevention of crimes.. We admit that there is no unambiguous solution to the existing problems in the prevention of various kinds of deviations.

Deviant behavior

The experience of the preventive activities of the internal affairs bodies has shown that only a comprehensive account of the interaction of objective and subjective factors that provoke deviant behavior, scientifically based forecasting of life situations that contribute to deviant behavior, can give a positive preventive effect.

Legal pedagogy has become the theoretical basis for the prevention of deviant behavior of the population by the police department. Its sections, such as criminological, criminal and preventive, are engaged in the study of the prerequisites for deviant behavior from the point of view of pedagogy. Their main goals are to identify pedagogical causes that cause various deviations in behavior, provoke the commission of crimes, etc., as well as to develop and provide scientifically based methods for preventing and eliminating these causes.

Criminological studies conducted by many authors convincingly prove that the main reason for the emergence of deviations in human behavior is most often the psychological, social or pedagogical neglect of the individual, as well as the conditions that provoke such a state.

For example, a direct dependence of the deformed pedagogical properties of a personality on the choice of a criminal model of behavior by this personality has been revealed. There is a clear relationship between the level of education and the likelihood of committing a crime.

For example, statistics showed that in the 90s of the XX century. in Russia, the level of education of minors who committed illegal acts was significantly lower than a decade earlier. Among the pupils of children's correctional institutions of various types, there appeared children who could neither write nor read, or who had only a primary education. According to youth surveys, only 12% of those surveyed are confident in the need for higher education for success in life.

The relationship between the level of upbringing of a person and his attitude to the norms of law, morality, ethics, etc. has been studied. The lowering of the level of many moral positions in society caused the triggering of the mechanism of illegal behavior.

Behavior that was condemned in society a few years ago is broadcast with enthusiasm and many details in modern media and communication. The lack of social rejection makes deviant or criminal behavior popular and desirable.

Unfortunately, legal nihilism and the feelings of anxiety and insecurity it generates create additional favorable conditions for the emergence of deviant behavior. Criminological pedagogy, conducting pedagogical monitoring and examination of the criminal situation, makes it possible to discover new approaches to the prevention of deviant behavior on the part of the police department. There is no doubt that many of the data of her research will be in demand not only by law enforcement specialists.

Legal pedagogy highlights the circumstances that contribute to the emergence of deviant behavior. Among them, family relationships and conditions are in a special place.

With the deterioration of these factors, the likelihood of committing an offense increases. For example, deviant teenagers and children, as a rule, have the following family problems: strong authoritarian parental power, hypertrophied feeling of love for a child, structural family disorders, negative dynamics of family relations, various types of physical or psychological violence.

The deviant or criminal lifestyle of family members is directly related to the deviant or criminal behavior of the child. There is also a connection between such characteristics of schoolchildren as poor academic performance, bullying, irritability, and delinquency on the part of these children.

The situation is aggravated by the age characteristics of schoolchildren, when the reference group acts as a measure of behavior and a role model. In a group, it is always easier to overcome the fear of violating the norms of behavior or law, since the feeling of guilt, if it arises, is distributed to all members of the group.

Legal pedagogy singles out “actually pedagogical factors that have a criminalizing effect. Among them is the weakening of the system of out-of-school education and upbringing at the place of residence; lack of a system of education and development of young specialists; pedagogical illiteracy of parents; valeological illiteracy of the majority of the population, insufficiency of valeological propaganda and agitation; decrease in professionalism and authority among the teaching staff of educational institutions, etc.

It is hard to imagine that deviant or criminal behavior will ever disappear from society. But reducing their number and nature is quite an achievable task. The Department of Internal Affairs plays an important role in its solution.

For the successful implementation of preventive activities by police officers, first of all, special pedagogical training is necessary. Professional pedagogical training of police officers includes the development of special pedagogical skills of police officers. Such training does not end with the completion of a law degree, but generally continues throughout the life of the employee.

The main directions of the Department of Internal Affairs in the prevention of deviant behavior

Currently, there are several directions for solving the problems of preventing deviant behavior of citizens by the police department. One of them can be considered the information and educational direction.

The implementation of the preventive function of the police department in this area includes educating the population through the media and communications about the facts, factors and conditions that determine deviant behavior, about the causes of violations of law and order, the causes of criminal behavior. The interaction of the Department of Internal Affairs with the media and communications performs teaching and educational functions in the legal education of the population.

There is evidence that the majority of criminals are aware of the consequences of their actions and that a lot of people who are not aware of the consequences of criminal or administrative crimes still do not commit them. Probably, the main reason for deviant deviations is not knowledge or ignorance of the law.

The pedagogical and psychological ignorance of the population and, as a result, the pedagogical neglect of children and adolescents are the main causes of most cases of deviations. It would be good if the police department also had the opportunity to provide pedagogical and psychological education to the population through the media and communications, since the specialists of certain departments of the police department have sufficient education and practical experience, which will allow them to carry out such preventive work.

The value of educational psychological and pedagogical work with the population through the media and communications lies in its mass character and general accessibility. Unfortunately, in order to increase the effectiveness of information and educational work, it is not enough to show initiative only on the part of the Department of Internal Affairs; it is necessary to increase interest in this from the side of the media and communications.

The socio-pedagogical direction of the activities of the Department of Internal Affairs as a subject for the prevention of deviant behavior is carried out in two ways: through direct communicative interaction between the employee and the citizen through the system of law-educational work of the Department of Internal Affairs.

The system of law-educational activities of the Department of Internal Affairs consists of many components, among which organizational measures occupy a significant place. First of all, this is the interaction and cooperation of the Department of Internal Affairs with local governments to address security issues, victimological prevention.

Meetings with the population of responsible officials of the Department of Internal Affairs, contributing to the formation of a positive image of police officers, performing the function of legal education, giving the opportunity for "feedback". Cooperation with public organizations, the media and communications to conduct campaigning and propaganda work, the formation of legal awareness, including with the help of public assistants of the Department of Internal Affairs.

Cooperation with outstanding or popular figures of culture and pop culture in order to increase the level and prestige of police officers. Interaction with religious concessions in order to strengthen the moral and moral foundations of the population, the development of spirituality.

The system of law-educational activities of the Department of Internal Affairs also includes components related to professional psychological and pedagogical training and retraining of personnel, educational work with young recruits from the Department of Internal Affairs and cadets of educational institutions of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

Preventive individual work of police officers with the population is carried out while maintaining public order, solving and investigating crimes, providing legal advice in understanding and applying legal norms, attracting citizens to provide assistance and assistance to police officers, etc.

So, for example, the investigator conducts preventive work during interaction with witnesses, victims, suspected defendants, “explaining in an accessible form the legal provisions of laws, the consequences of committed actions, false testimony, evidence; in this regard, carrying out certain psychological and pedagogical corrective influences.

The operational police officer in the implementation of operational-search activities, voluntarily or involuntarily, conducts preventive and legal work with the population through involving him in cooperation and assistance, actively influencing the formation of the image of the police officer.

Special attention deserves the activities of services and units, whose duties include direct contact with minor children and adolescents. These include employees of the services of the state inspection for road safety (GIBDD), district commissioners, inspectors for minors.

So, for example, traffic police inspectors over the past two decades have been able to revive and give new meaning to the movement, which is called "YUID" - young traffic inspectors. Thanks to the support and assistance of state and public organizations, this movement became All-Russian. In almost every school in Russia there is a UID club.

Police departments in some regions of Russia, for example, in the Moscow region, developed this idea and began to organize and support a movement called the Young Police Assistant. Children, members of such associations, not only learn the rules of the road, behavioral and legal norms themselves, but also participate in the propaganda, propaganda and preventive activities of the police department.

The work of juvenile inspectors is based on close cooperation and contacts with state social services and school teaching staff. The provision of legal, psychological and pedagogical assistance to parents, the minors themselves is the basis for the prevention of crimes among children and minors.

Researchers of deviant behavior of minors note that the crimes committed by this category of citizens in recent decades have frankly selfish motives and are very aggressive.

Juvenile delinquency and deviance are much "rejuvenated". In some regions, mass fights of teenage groups, which are characterized by extremist manifestations, have become popular. Such deviations of children and adolescents as drunkenness, alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction, prostitution are becoming more widespread.

The police department, like no one else, is well aware of the consequences of deviations on the part of children and adolescents, therefore, preventing and suppressing them by all available means is not only the direct duty of the police officers, but often the personal civil, moral duty of each employee.

Most often, the factors, conditions and reasons for the commission of crimes by minors are their homelessness, neglect, and pedagogical neglect. This means that observation, control, socio-pedagogical and psychological assistance to children with deviant deviations was either not carried out at all, or weakened by the family, the immediate environment, school, state or public organizations. In a word, the child was “overboard” and is socialized and survives as best he can.