Try to write a comment in book style!!!

Greetings, dear readers! Pavel Yamb is in touch. A captivating plot, an interesting presentation, an inimitable, unlike anything style - and it is impossible to tear yourself away from the work. By all indications, this is an artistic style of the text or a kind of book style, since it is most often used in literature, for writing books. It mostly exists in written form. This is the reason for its features.

There are three genres:

• Prose: story, fairy tale, novel, story, short story.
• Dramaturgy: play, comedy, drama, farce.
• Poetry: poem, poem, song, ode, elegy.

Who hasn't done it yet? Leave any comment and download my book, which contains a fable, a parable and a story about copywriters and writers. Look at my art style.

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1. Task 1 of 10

   1 .

   - Yes, he drank the entire scholarship. Instead of buying a “computer” for yourself a new one, or at least a “laptop”

2. Task 2 of 10

   2 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   "Varenka, such a sweet, good-natured and sympathetic girl, whose eyes always shone with kindness and warmth, with a calm look of a real demon, walked to the Ugly Harry bar with a Thompson machine gun at the ready, ready to roll these vile, dirty, smelly and slippery types into the asphalt, who dared stare at her charms and drool lewdly."

3. Task 3 of 10

   3 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   “But I don’t love him, I don’t love him, that’s all!” And I will never love. And what am I to blame?

4. Task 4 of 10

   4 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   “Based on the results of the experiment, we can conclude that simplicity is the key to success”

5. Task 5 of 10

   5 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   “The transition to a multi-tier architecture of Internet-oriented client-server applications has presented developers with the problem of distributing data processing functions between the client and server parts of the application.”

6. Task 6 of 10

   6 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   "Yasha was just a petty dirty trickster, who, nevertheless, had a very great potential. Even in his pink childhood, he masterfully poked apples from Aunt Nyura, and not even twenty years had passed, when he switched to banks in twenty-three countries around the world, and managed to clean them so skillfully that neither the police nor Interpol could ever catch him red-handed. "

7. Task 7 of 10

   7 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   “Why did you come to our monastery? - he asked.

   - What do you care, get out of the way! the stranger snapped.

   “Uuuu…” the monk pointedly drawled. Looks like you weren't taught manners. Okay, I'm in the mood today, I'll teach you some lessons.

   - You got me, monk, angard! hissed the uninvited guest.

   “My blood is starting to play!” the churchman groaned with delight, “Please try not to disappoint me.”

8. Task 8 of 10

   8 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   "I ask you to grant me a week's leave to travel abroad for family reasons. I enclose my wife's health certificate. October 8, 2012."

9. Task 9 of 10

   9 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   “I am a student of the 7th grade, I took the book “Alice in Wonderland” from the school library for a literature lesson. I promise to return it on January 17th. January 11, 2017"

10. Task 10 of 10

    10 .

    What style of text does this passage refer to:

    “During the war in 45 out of 77 houses survived in Borovoye. Collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs. Most of the gardens on household plots, as well as an orchard with a total area of ​​2.7 hectares, belonging to the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, were cut down. The damage caused by the German fascist invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers is estimated at approximately 230,700 rubles.

The ability to write in this style gives a good advantage when making money writing articles for a content exchange.

The main features of the artistic style

High emotionality, the use of direct speech, an abundance of epithets, metaphors, colorful narration are features of the literary language. Texts act on the imagination of readers, "turning on" their fantasy. It is no coincidence that such articles have gained popularity in copywriting.

Main features:

Artistic style is a way of self-expression of the author, so they write plays, poems and poems, novels, stories, novels. He is not like the others.

• Author and narrator are the same person. In the work, the author's "I" is expressed clearly.
• Emotions, the mood of the author and the work are conveyed with the help of all the richness of the means of the language. Metaphors, comparisons, phraseological units are always used when writing.
• Elements of colloquial style and journalism are used to express the author's style.
• With the help of words, artistic images are not just drawn, they have a hidden meaning, thanks to the ambiguity of speech.
• The main task of the text is to convey the author's emotions, to create the appropriate mood in the reader.

The art style does not tell, it shows: the reader feels the situation, as if transported to the places that are being narrated. The mood is created thanks to the author's experiences. The artistic style successfully combines explanations of scientific facts, and imagery, and attitude to what is happening, the author's assessment of events.

Language diversity of style

Compared to other styles, language means are used in all their diversity. There are no restrictions: even scientific terms alone can create vivid images if there is an appropriate emotional mood.

It is clear and easy to read the work, and the use of other styles is only to create color and authenticity. But when writing articles in an artistic style, you will have to carefully monitor the language: it is the book language that is recognized as a reflection of the literary language.

Language features:

• Using elements of all styles.
• The use of language means is completely subordinated to the author's intention.
• Language means perform an aesthetic function.

There is no officiality and dryness here. There are no value judgments. But the smallest details are conveyed to create the appropriate mood for the reader. In copywriting, thanks to the artistic style, hypnotic texts appeared. They create an amazing effect: it is impossible to tear yourself away from reading, and reactions arise that the author wants to evoke.

Mandatory elements of the artistic style are:

• Transfer of author's feelings.
• Allegory.
• Inversion.
• Epithets.
• Comparisons.

Consider the main features of the style. Artwork has a lot of detail.

To form the reader's attitude to the characters or what is happening, the author conveys his own feelings. Moreover, his attitude can be both positive and negative.

Artistic style owes saturation of vocabulary to epithets. Usually these are phrases where one or more words complement each other: unspeakably happy, brutal appetite.

Brightness and imagery are a function of metaphors, combinations of words or individual words used in a figurative sense. Classical metaphors were especially widely used. Example: His conscience gnawed at him for a long time and insidiously, from which cats scratched his soul.

Without comparison, artistic style would not exist. They bring a special atmosphere: hungry like a wolf, unapproachable like a rock - these are examples of comparisons.

Borrowing elements of other styles is most often expressed in direct speech, dialogues of characters. The author can use any style, but the most popular is colloquial. Example:

“How beautiful this landscape is,” the writer said thoughtfully.

“Well, really,” his companion snorted, “so-so picture, not even ice.

To strengthen a passage or give a special color, reverse word order or inversion is used. Example: It is out of place to compete with stupidity.

The best in language, its strongest possibilities and beauty are reflected in literary works. This is achieved through artistic means.

Each author has their own style of writing. Not a single random word is used. Each phrase, each punctuation mark, the construction of sentences, the use or, on the contrary, the absence of names and the frequency of the use of parts of speech are means of achieving the author's intention. And every writer has his own way of expressing himself.

One of the features of the artistic style is color painting. The writer uses color as a way to show the atmosphere, to characterize the characters. The palette of tones helps to dive deep into the work, to present the picture depicted by the author more clearly.

The peculiarities of the style include intentionally the same construction of sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals. Rhetorical questions are interrogative in form, but they are narrative in essence. The messages in them are always associated with the expression of the author's emotions:

What is he looking for in a distant country?

What did he throw in his native land?

(M. Lermontov)

Such questions are needed not to get answers, but to draw the reader's attention to a phenomenon, subject, expression of a statement.

Appeals are often used. In their role, the writer uses proper names, animal names and even inanimate objects. If in a colloquial style the appeal serves to name the addressee, then in the artistic style they often play an emotional, metaphorical role.

It involves both all the elements at the same time, and some of them. Everyone has a certain role, but the goal is common: filling the text with colors to maximize the transmission of the transmitted atmosphere to the reader.

Features of speech

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The world of fiction is the world that the author sees: his admiration, preferences, rejection. This is what causes the emotionality and diversity of the book style.

Vocabulary features:

1. When writing, template phrases are not used.
2. The words are often used in a figurative sense.
3. Intentional mix of styles.
4. The words are emotional.

The basis of vocabulary, first of all, is figurative means. Highly specialized combinations of words are used only slightly, to recreate a reliable situation in the description.

Additional semantic shades - the use of polysemantic words and synonyms. Thanks to them, an author's, unique, figurative text is formed. Moreover, not only expressions accepted in the literature are used, but also colloquial phrases, vernacular.

The main thing in book styles is its imagery. Every element, every sound matters. Therefore, unhackneyed phrases, author's neologisms, for example, "nikudizm" are used. A huge number of comparisons, special accuracy in describing the smallest details, the use of rhymes. Rhythmic even prose.

If the main task of the conversational style is communication, and the scientific one is the transfer of information, the book ones are designed to have an emotional impact on the reader. And all language means used by the author serve to achieve this goal.

Appointment and its tasks

Artistic style is the building material for creating a work. Only the author is able to find the right words for the correct expression of thought, the transfer of the plot and characters. Only a writer can make readers enter the special world he created and empathize with the characters.

The literary style distinguishes the author from the rest, gives his publications a peculiarity, zest. Therefore, it is important to choose the right style for yourself. Each style has characteristic features, but each writer uses them to create his own handwriting. And it is absolutely not necessary to copy the classic writers if you like it. He will not become his own, but will only turn publications into parodies.

And the reason is that individuality has been and remains at the head of the book style. Choosing your own style is very difficult, but this is what is valued above all. So the main features of the style include sincerity, which makes readers not tear themselves away from the work.

Artistic differs from other styles in the use of linguistic means of other styles. But only for aesthetic purposes. And not the styles themselves, but their features, elements. Literary and non-literary means are used: dialect words, jargon. All the richness of speech is necessary to express the author's intention, to create a work.

Imagery, expressiveness, emotionality are the main things in book styles. But without the author's individuality and special presentation, there would be no artistic as a whole.

No need to get carried away without measure by colloquial style or include scientific terms in the text: only elements of styles are used, but all styles are not mindlessly mixed. Yes, and a description of the smallest details of the apartment, which the main character glanced at, is also useless.

Vernacular, jargon, mixing styles - everything should be in moderation. And the text written from the heart, not compressed and not stretched, will become hypnotic, attracting attention to itself. For this purpose, and serves as an artistic style.

Pavel Yamb was with you. See you!

Art style

Art style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. In this style, it affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

• Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. (Nature here is destined for us to cut a window into Europe).

• Metonymy-other Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal and etc.) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, etc.), and the metaphor is "by likeness". Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. (All flags will visit us, ”where flags replace countries)
• Epithet(from other Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (second life).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose. (timid breath; magnificent sign)

• Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. (Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird; We all look at Napoleons; In the roof for my family;

Well, sit down, luminary; Best of all, save your penny.)

• Hyperbola(from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. (I've said this a thousand times; We have enough food for six months.)
• Litota is a figurative expression that downplays the size, the strength, the meaning of what is being described. A litote is called a reverse hyperbole. (Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble).
• Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell; My house is my fortress; He walks like a gogol; An attempt is not torture.)

• In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek. περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by way of description, not naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, creation of Peter!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

• allegory (allegory)- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example: “The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose, hysterically sings over the flower. But the garden scarecrow also sheds tears, loving the rose secretly.

• personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - tropes, the assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

For example:

And woe, woe, grief! And the bast of grief was girded, The legs were entangled with bast.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you can’t run away, because it’s impossible to take your motherland with you - a suffering mother.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

• Irony(from other Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. (Where can we, fools, drink tea).
• Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “to tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it is happening. Example:

The capitalists are ready to sell us a rope with which we will hang them. If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless. Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite, while I have doubts about the first of them.

Genres of artistic speech: epic (ancient literature); narrative (novels, novels, stories); lyrical (poems, poems); dramatic (comedy, tragedy)

Fiction-Fiction

Fiction style has an aesthetic effect. It most clearly reflects the literary and, more broadly, the national language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery. In this style, all the structural aspects of the language are most widely represented: the vocabulary with all the direct and figurative meanings of words, the grammatical structure with a complex and branched system of forms and syntactic types.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Artistic style" is in other dictionaries:

art style- the way the language functions, fixed in fiction. Heading: Style Genus: Style of language Other associative links: Language of fiction Literary works that are distinguished by their artistic content and ... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

art style- a kind of literary language: one book style of speech, which is an instrument of artistic creativity and combines the language means of all other styles of speech (see functional styles of speech). However, in X. with. these pictorial... Dictionary of literary terms

artistic style of speech- (artistically pictorial, artistically fiction) One of the functional styles that characterize the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of artistic style is ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Artistic speech style- (artistically pictorial, artistically fiction). One of the functional styles that characterize the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of artistic style is ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

Artistic style of speech, or artistic and graphic, artistic and fiction- - one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. s. R. – contextual translation of the word concept into the word image; specific stylistic trait - ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

speech style- ▲ style of expounding style of speech character of presentation. conversational style. book style. art style. journalistic style. scientific style. scientific. formal business style. clerical style [language]. protocol style. protocol... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

- (from the Greek stylos a stick for writing) eng. style; German Style. 1. The totality of ideological ethical norms and characteristic features of activity, behavior, method of work, lifestyle. 2. The totality of signs, traits, features inherent in h. l. (in particular … Encyclopedia of Sociology

Functional styles of speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of ​​human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. There are 5 functional styles ... Wikipedia

App., use. comp. often Morphology: artistic and artistic, artistic, artistic, artistic; more artistic; nar. artistic 1. Artistic is everything that relates to art and works of art. ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev

Lecture No. 92 Artistic and colloquial style

Typical linguistic features of artistic and colloquial styles are considered.

Artistic and conversational style

Typical linguistic features of artistic and colloquial styles are considered.

Lecture plan

92.1. The concept of artistic style

92.2. The main linguistic features of the artistic style.

92.3. The concept of conversational style

92.4. Language features of conversational style

92.1. The concept of artistic style

Art style- this is a kind of language means assigned to fiction.

Sphere of communication- aesthetic (fiction).

Speech function- aesthetic (creation of an artistic image).

Specific Features- figurativeness, emotionality, expressiveness, dynamism, inadmissibility of the standard, pronounced author's individuality.

Typical genres- novel, short story, short story, poem, lyric poem, etc.

Art style norms

Vocabulary

Heterogeneity of the lexical composition (a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, vernacular, dialectisms, jargon, etc.).

The use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to implement the aesthetic function.

The activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.

Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and lesser - abstract.

Minimal use of generic terms.

Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

The general verbal character of artistic speech and, in connection with this, the widespread use of personal verbs and personal pronouns.

Syntax

Ability to use all types of simple and complex sentences.

Relevance of syntactic constructions with redundant linguistic means, inversion; conversational structures.

The wide use of dialogue, sentences with direct speech, improperly direct and indirect.

Active use of parceling.

Inadmissibility of syntactically monotonous speech.

Using the means of poetic syntax.

Use of figurative means

The widest, in comparison with other functional styles, the use of verbal figurative means: tropes and figures.

Achieving figurativeness due to the intentional collision of different-style linguistic means.

Use of all means of the language, including neutral ones, to create a system of images.

Way of presentation

The multisubjectivity of artistic speech: the combination of the speech of the author (author-narrator, author-creator) with the speech of the characters.

Sample text art style:

Beautiful - and especially in this winter - was the Baturin estate. Stone pillars at the entrance to the yard, a snow-and-sugar yard, carved into snowdrifts by runners, silence, sunshine, in the sharp frosty air the sweet smell of children from the kitchens, something cozy, homely in the traces made from the cook's room to the house, from the human to the cooker, the stables and other services surrounding the courtyard ... Silence and brilliance, the whiteness of roofs thick with snow, winter-like low, drowned in snow, reddish blackening with bare boughs garden, visible from two sides behind the house, our cherished century-old spruce, raising its sharp black-green top into the blue bright sky from behind the roof of the house, because of its steep slope, like a snowy mountain peak, between two calmly and highly smoking chimneys ... On the pediments of the porches warmed by the sun, nuns-jackdaws sit, pleasantly huddle, usually chatty, but now very quiet; affably, squinting from the blinding, cheerful light, from the icy semi-precious play in the snow, old windows with small squares of frames look ... Creaking with frozen boots on the snow hardened on the steps, you go up to the main, right porch, pass under its canopy, open the heavy and black from time through the oak door, you pass through the dark long vestibule...

(I. Bunin. Life of Arseniev)

92.2. The concept of conversational style

Conversational style - this is a kind of language means, assigned to the everyday sphere of human activity.

Sphere of communication- interpersonal relations (household sphere).

Speech function- establishing interpersonal relationships.

Addressee - anyone.

Specific Features- ease, unpreparedness, dependence on the situation.

Genres- dialogue when buying, talking on the phone, family dialogues, etc.

92.3. Language features of conversational style

Phonetics

Reduction (reduction) of vowels and consonants (/ just like that/ - just, /check/ - Human, /shiisyat/- sixty).

Simplifying consonant clusters (/ kada/ - when).

Consonant lengthening as a means of expression ( Yeah! Of course!).

Vocabulary

The use of everyday, colloquial vocabulary ( son, window, telly).

Emotional vocabulary ( hands, plank, tiny etc.).

The use of emotionally colored phraseological units ( no skin, no faces, through the stump deck etc.).

Syntax

The use of the vocative form ( mom, Kol, Ir).

incomplete sentences ( Are you home? Are you on the tram? I soon).

The predominance of structures with unionless connection.

specific word order ( She was sent to school in English. Raspberries, I know you don't like).

Use of interrogative and imperative sentences.

Interjection predicates ( The blouse is not ah).

Sample text conversational style:

Another impression was that... When I was with a bear for the first time... Once I spent the night in the forest. It's scary, and it's cold - the frost is tearing to the bone. That time I met a bear. In the evening he came to the current for overhearing - it means to listen. I hear - like someone sat there. That is, such a feeling - as if there is someone there. Then a shadow covered me - an owl flies three meters above my head, flew up quietly, only slightly turned its head. Well, I think I'll slap him now - I don't need helpers!

(From colloquial speech)

Date: 2010-05-22 11:11:26

Views: 70712

Art style serves a special sphere of human activity - the sphere of verbal and artistic creativity. Like other styles, the artistic one performs all the most important social functions of the language:

1) informative (reading works of art, we get information about the world, about human society);

2) communicative (the writer communicates with the reader, conveying to him his idea of ​​the phenomena of reality and counting on a response, and unlike a publicist who addresses the masses, the writer addresses the addressee who is able to understand him);

3) affecting (the writer seeks to evoke an emotional response in the reader to his work).

But all these functions in the artistic style are subordinate to its main function -aesthetic , which consists in the fact that reality is recreated in a literary and artistic work through a system of images (characters, natural phenomena, environment, etc.). Each significant writer, poet, playwright has his own, original vision of the world, and to recreate the same phenomenon, different authors use different language means, specially selected, rethought.V. V. Vinogradov noted: “... The concept of “style” as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles, and even journalistic and scientific styles ... The language of fiction is not quite correlative with other styles, he uses them, includes them, but in peculiar combinations and in a transformed form ... "

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast, for example, to an abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality. The author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of this or that phenomenon. For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general.The world of fiction is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, etc. This is connected with emotionality, expressiveness, metaphor, and the richness of the artistic style. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, includes the figurative means of the literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life. For example, L. N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes. We will find a significant number of words from the hunting lexicon in the “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev. In the "Queen of Spades" by A. S. Pushkin there are many words related to the card game, etc.

In the artistic style, the polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech act as concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective "lead" in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, that is, the author's allocation of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive possibilities of language means, the artistic style stands above other styles, is the most complete expression of the literary language. A feature of the artistic style, its most important feature is imagery, metaphor, which is achieved by using a large number of stylistic figures and tropes.

trails - these are words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech. The main types of trails are as follows

Metaphor - trope, a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature: And my tired soul is embraced by darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Metonymy - a type of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object, which is indicated by the replaced word: The hiss of frothy goblets and blue punch flames. (A. S. Pushkin). The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class, etc.), while metaphor is based on the replacement “by similarity ".

Synecdoche – one of the types of metonymy, which is the transfer of the meaning of one object to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them: And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced. (M. Yu. Lermontov).

Epithet - a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. The epithet is expressed mainly by the adjective, but also by the adverb (hotly love), noun (fun noise), numeral (second Life).

Hyperbola - a trope based on explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said: Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers in such wide folds that if they were inflated, the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them (N.V. Gogol).

Litotes - a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of the described: Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no more than a thimble ... (A. S. Griboedov). A litote is also called an inverse hyperbola.

Comparison - a trope in which there is an assimilation of one object or phenomenon to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of the comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement: Anchar, like a formidable sentry, stands alone in the whole universe (A. S. Pushkin).

personification – trope, which is based on the transfer of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones:Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will reflect friskyly (A. S. Pushkin).

paraphrase – trope, in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive turnover, which indicates the signs of an object, person, phenomenon that is not directly named: the king of beasts (lion), people in white coats (doctors), etc.

Allegory (allegory) - conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

Irony - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the explicit meaning: Where can we, fools, drink tea. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems.

Sarcasm - one of the types of satirical exposure, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the deliberate exposure of the implied: Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite. Although I have doubts about the first one (A. Einstein). If the patient really wants to live, the doctors are powerless (F. G. Ranevskaya).

Stylistic figures – these are special stylistic turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expression. It should be emphasized that stylistic figures make speech information redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore for a stronger impact on the addressee.Stylistic figures include:

Rhetorical address – giving the author's intonation solemnity, irony, etc..: And you, arrogant descendants ... (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Rhetorical question - it's special construction of speech, in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. The rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement:And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom will the longed-for dawn finally rise? (A. S. Pushkin).

Anaphora - a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of related sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each parallel row, that is, in the repetition of the initial parts of two or more relatively independent segments of speech (half-lines, verses, stanzas or prose passages):

The winds did not blow in vain,
Not in vain was a thunderstorm (S. A. Yesenin).

Epiphora - a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of the same words at the end of adjacent segments of speech. Often the epiphora is used in poetic speech in the form of the same or similar endings of stanzas:

Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me
Can't find me a place in a quiet house
Near a peaceful fire (A. A. Blok).

Antithesis - rhetorical opposition, a stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, which consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common structure or internal meaning: Who was nobody, he will become everything!

Oxymoron - a stylistic figure or a stylistic error, which is a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of incongruous). An oxymoron is characterized by the intentional use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect:

gradation – grouping homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or weakening emotional and semantic significance: I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ... (S. A. Yesenin)

Default – deliberate interruption of speech, based on the guess of the reader, who must mentally complete the phrase:But listen: if I owe you ... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus ... (A. S. Pushkin).

Polyunion (polysyndeton) - a stylistic figure consisting in a deliberate increase in the number of unions in a sentence, usually to connect homogeneous members. Slowing down speech with pauses, polyunion emphasizes the role of each of the words, creating a unity of enumeration and enhancing the expressiveness of speech: And for him they resurrected again: both the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love (A. S. Pushkin).

Asyndeton (asyndeton)- stylistic figure: construction of speech, in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Asyndeton gives the statement swiftness, dynamism, helps to convey a quick change of pictures, impressions, actions: Swede, Russian, cuts, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle ... (A. S. Pushkin).

Parallelism - a stylistic figure, which is an arrangement of speech elements that are identical or similar in grammatical and semantic structure in adjacent parts of the text. Parallel elements can be sentences, their parts, phrases, words:

The stars are shining in the blue sky
In the blue sea the waves are whipping;
A cloud is moving across the sky
A barrel floats on the sea (A. S. Pushkin).

Chiasmus - a stylistic figure, consisting in a cruciform change in the sequence of elements in two parallel rows of words: Know how to love art in yourself, and not yourself in art (K. S. Stanislavsky).

Inversion - a stylistic figure, consisting in violation of the usual (direct) word order: Yes, we were very friendly (L. N. Tolstoy).

In the creation of artistic images in a literary work, not only figurative and expressive means are involved, but also any units of language, selected and organized in such a way that they acquire the ability to activate the reader's imagination, cause certain associations. Due to the special use of linguistic means, the described, denoted phenomenon loses the features of the general, becomes concretized, turns into a single, particular one, the only idea of ​​which is imprinted in the mind of the writer and recreated by him in a literary text.Let's compare two texts:

Oak, a genus of trees in the beech family. About 450 species. It grows in the temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere and South America. The wood is strong and durable, with a beautiful pattern on the cut. Forest breed. Pedunculate oak (height up to 50 meters, lives from 500 to 1000 years) forms forests in Europe; rock oak - in the foothills of the Caucasus and Crimea; Mongolian oak grows in the Far East. Cork oak is cultivated in the subtropics. The bark of the English oak is used for medicinal purposes (contains astringents). Many species are decorative (Encyclopedic Dictionary).

There was an oak at the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birches that make up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch. It was a huge, double-girth oak, with boughs broken off long ago, apparently, and with broken bark, overgrown with old sores. With his huge clumsy, asymmetrically spread arms and fingers, he stood between the smiling birches like an old, angry and suspicious freak. Only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun (L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").

Both texts describe oak, but if the first one deals with a whole class of homogeneous objects (trees, the general, essential features of which are presented in a scientific description), then the second one speaks of one, specific tree. When reading the text, an idea arises of an oak, personifying old age immersed in itself, opposed to birch trees “smiling” in spring and the sun. Concretizing the phenomena, the writer resorts to the method of personification: at the oak huge hands and fingers, he looks old, angry, contemptuous freak. In the first text, as is typical of the scientific style, the word oak expresses a general concept, in the second it conveys the idea of ​​a particular person (author) about a particular tree (the word becomes an image).

From the point of view of the speech organization of texts, the artistic style turns out to be opposed to all other functional styles, since the fulfillment of the aesthetic function, the tasks of creating an artistic image allow the writer to use the means of not only the literary language, but also the common language (dialectisms, jargon, vernacular). It should be emphasized that the use of non-literary elements of the language in works of art must meet the requirements of expediency, moderation, and aesthetic value.The writers' free recourse to linguistic means of different stylistic coloring and different functional and stylistic correlation can create the impression of "various styles" of artistic speech. However, this impression is superficial, since the attraction of stylistically colored means, as well as elements of other styles, is subordinated in artistic speech to the performance of an aesthetic function : they are used to create artistic images, to realize the ideological and artistic intention of the writer.Thus, the artistic style, like all others, is formed on the basis of the interaction of extralinguistic and linguistic factors. Extralinguistic factors include: the sphere of verbal creativity itself, the peculiarities of the writer's worldview, his communicative attitude; to linguistic ones: the possibility of using various units of the language, which undergo various transformations in artistic speech and become a means of creating an artistic image, embodying the author's intention.

Literary and artistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, which give the narrative color, the power of depicting reality.

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Style Issues

Subtitles

Expressive and visual means of language

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. This is:

1. Tropes (comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.)
2. Stylistic figures (epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.)

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

• Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. (“Nature here is destined for us to cut a window into Europe”). Any part of speech in a figurative sense.
• Metonymy(ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or other (spatial, temporal, and so on) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, and the like), and metaphor - "by similarity." Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. (“All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries.)
• Epithet(from other Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose (“timid breath”; “magnificent sign”).

• Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. (“Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird”; “We all look at Napoleons”; “In the roof for my family”; “Well, sit down, luminary”; “Most of all, take care of a penny.”)
• Hyperbola(from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. (“I’ve said it a thousand times”; “We have enough food for six months.”)
• Litota- a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").
• Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture.”)
• In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek. περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by way of description, not naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, creation of Peter!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

• allegory (allegory)- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example:

The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose, hysterically sings over the flower.

But the garden scarecrow is shedding tears,

who secretly loved the rose.

• personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - tropes, the assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

For example:

And woe, woe, grief! And grief girded itself with a bast,

Feet are entangled with bast.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you can’t run away, because it’s impossible to take with you

Motherland - a suffering mother.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

• Irony(from other Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. (“Where can we, fools, drink tea.”)
• Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “to tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it is happening. Examples.