Social psychologists have studied specific conditions where the settings will affect the behavior.

1. Russell Fazio and his colleagues believe that installations are cognitive schemas and, like other schemas, are stored in memory and therefore are present in the mind not always, but only as needed. Sometimes we don't have a real attitude towards something, i.e. our memory does not store any evaluation of the given object. In this case, inaccessible attitudes will not really guide our behavior.

On the contrary, when the setting becomes accessible to understanding, then the probability that it will cause a certain behavior increases . Russell Fazio found that easily accessible attitude defines behavior. Easily accessible attitude- is one in which object evaluation arises in my head right away almost instantly we just have to meet him.

One of the processes that activates certain settings in the individual's working memory is priming. To call the priming process and activate the installation can, first of all, view of the object itself or mention of him. * So, for example, a person who sees himself in a mirror may activate a self-awareness scheme - an attitude towards himself. And if this happens in a supermarket, then perhaps this individual will give up the intention to take something away from the store without paying for product. The activation of self-awareness can encourage the individual to remember that he is aware of himself as an honest, decent person, not a thief.

The frequent implementation of attitude in behavior, as well as the frequent verbal expression of attitude, makes it easily accessible.

2. Research shows that installation defines behavior better when it is strong. Russell Fazio and Mark Zanna conducted many experiments to study the influence of direct experience on attitude-behavioral communication and revealed that attitudes that were formed on the basis of direct personal experience also have more accessibility, and therefore more influence, than attitudes formed indirectly. for example, through borrowing.

3.In work Aizen and Fishbein It is noted that both attitudes and behavior can be characterized by four different elements:

Ø Action. Determines what kind of behavior carried out, for example, the behavior of the voter; the behavior of helping someone or buying something.

Ø An object. Determines to which object sent behavior: For example, a certain political candidate, a close friend, or a new product.

Ø Context. Determines in what context carried out behavior: for example, in a totalitarian or democratic political system, publicly or privately, with a full or empty wallet.

Ø Time Components. Determines what time behavior is carried out: for example, in the spring of 2003, immediately, or within the next 2 years.

According to Aizen and Fishbein close relationship between attitude and behavior can only be found when both indicators (behavior and attitude) agreed according to their specificity, i.e. when both indicators match each other to a high degree. * For example, setting in relation to the general concept of "you need to lead a healthy lifestyle", cannot predict what exercises and diet will be used. Whether people will jog or not will determine the value and benefits of jogging.

Do attitudes determine behavior?

To what extent and under what conditions do the attitudes of the soul induceour actions? Why were social psychologists initially struck by the seeming lack of connection between attitudes and actions!

The problem of whether attitudes determine behavior raises a fundamental question about human nature: what is the relationship between what we have in our hearts and what we actually do? Philosophers, theologians and educators have for a long time talked about the relationship between thought and action,

* Yadov V.A. Decree. op. S. 95.

* Myers D. Social Psychology. St. Petersburg: Piter, 1997. S. 155-163, 176-194.

character and behavior, personal world and public affairs. Most parenting teachings, advice, and techniques are based on the premise that personal beliefs and feelings determine our social behavior. Therefore, if we want to change the way people act, we must change their soul and way of thinking.

Are we all hypocrites?

At the very beginning of their journey, social psychologists decided that people's attitudes could predict their actions. But in 1964, Leon Festinger, considered by some to be the most important figure in the field of social psychology, came to the conclusion that research data did not support the hypothesis of behavioral change due to the emergence of new attitudes. Festinger suggested that the attitude-behavior relationship operates in exactly the opposite way. Our behavior is the horse, and the attitude is the cart. As Robert Abelson put it, we are "very well trained and very good at finding reasons for what we do, but not very good at doing things we find reasons for." A further blow to the alleged power of attitudes was dealt in 1969, when the social psychologist Alan published dozens of scientific studies covering a wide range of attitudes and behaviors of a wide variety of people, and made a startling conclusion: it is unlikely that, according to the attitudes that people talk about, behavior can be predicted. Student attitudes towards cheating have little to no connection with how students actually cheat. The attitudes towards the church result in hardly more than a modest presence at the Sunday church service. Self-imposed racial attitudes hardly provide a clue to explaining behavior in a real situation.

This was especially evident in the early 1930s, when many Americans were openly prejudiced against Asians. To determine the extent to which this prejudice has grown, Richard La Pierre sent a written request to 251 restaurants and hotels: “Would you agree to accept Chinese guests as guests?” 128 establishments responded. 92% of them rejected the offer and only one response was positive. But by that time, La Pierre and the “charming” couple of Chinese newlyweds had already been traveling all over the country for six months, where they were everywhere received with a warm welcome, with the exception of a single case. Face-to-face with specific people who completely did not fit the stereotype that had developed in society, hoteliers put aside their prejudiced attitude and showed courtesy.

If people don't do what they say, it's not surprising that attempts to change behavior by changing attitudes often fail.

are crashing. Smoking warnings have the least effect on actual smokers. The gradual realization by the public of the fact that the demonstration of violence on television leads to a dulling of feelings and the awakening of cruelty, prompted many to come out openly to demand that such programs be reduced. And yet, they continue to watch television murders as often as they used to. Calls to be careful on the roads had less effect on reducing the number of accidents than speed limits, segregation of traffic and penalties for drunk driving.

When Wicker and others have described attitude weakness, some personality psychologists have argued that personality traits also fail to predict people's behavior. If we need to know whether a person will be of use, we can hardly determine this with tests of self-esteem, anxiety, and self-protective tendencies. If the situation is urgent, it is best to find out how people react. In a similar vein, many psychotherapists have begun to argue that, when it comes to psychoanalysis as a therapy, it rarely "cures" problems. Instead of analyzing personality flaws, psychoanalysts are trying to change the problem of behavior.

In general, the evolved view of what determines behavior has emphasized external social influences and ignored internal ones such as attitudes and personality. Before my eyes appeared the image of small billiard balls, striped and multi-colored, which were struck by external forces. In short, the original thesis that attitudes determine behavior, in the 1960s. the antithesis was found that attitudes do not actually determine anything. Thesis. Antithesis. What about synthesis? The astonishing discovery that what people say often differs from what they do has led social psychologists to hastily figure out what's wrong. Of course, we reasoned, a distinction must sometimes be made between beliefs and feelings.

In fact, what I'm about to explain seems so obvious now that I wonder why most social psychologists (myself included) didn't think of it until the early 1970s. In doing so, however, I remind myself that the truth never seems obvious until we get to it with our minds.

When do attitudes actually predict behavior?

We sometimes violate our strongly pronounced attitudes, because both they and our behavior are subject to other influences. One social psychologist counted 40 different factors complicating the attitude-behavior relationship. If there were

the ability to neutralize extraneous influence, could we, ceteris paribus, predict behavior based on installations? Let's get a look.<...>

Reducing social influences on expressed attitudes

Unlike a physician who directly examines the heart, social psychologists have never had the opportunity to directly address attitudes. We study them, most likely, by external manifestations. Like other patterns of behavior, actions that express attitudes are subject to external influence. This was most evident in the US House of Representatives, when during the general vote, its members overwhelmingly decided to increase their salaries. A few minutes later, in a roll call vote, they rolled the same bill, again by a majority vote. Fear of criticism distorted the true feelings during the voting on the list. We sometimes say what we think others want to hear from us.

Knowing that people do not turn the soul inside out, social psychologists have long yearned to find a "way" to it. For this reason, Edward Jones and Harold Segall developed methodimaginary source of information. In one experiment set up with Richard Page, Segall asked students at the University of Rochester to hold on to a locked wheel, the arrow of which, when unlocked, could turn left and right, respectively indicating disagreement or agreement of the subject. After applying electrodes to the students' hands, the imaginary machine allegedly began to measure the smallest muscle contractions, which made the wheel turn to the left (thus showing a negative answer of the subject) or to the right (if the answer was positive). In order to demonstrate the operation of this amazing machine, the researcher asked the students a series of questions. After a few minutes of bright flashes and buzzing, the measuring device on the machine showed the subject's settings, which in fact were nothing more than the data of a forgotten study. The experience convinced everyone.

As soon as the students believed that their thoughts could not be hidden from this machine, and the device that measured the installations was hidden, they began to be asked questions about their attitude towards African Americans and were asked to guess the readings of the sensors. What do you think these white students said? Compared to students who answered the usual questionnaires, they showed a more negative attitude. In contrast to those who took written tests and rated blacks as more sensitive than other Americans, the students who participated in the imaginary source experiment expressed quite the opposite.

false opinion, as if believing: "I'd rather tell the truth, otherwise the experimenter will think that I'm at odds with myself."

Such discoveries explain why people who are first convinced that a lie detector cannot be fooled can then make a truthful confession. They also open one's eyes to why the attitude-behavior relationship is so weak: in the conditions of everyday life faced by, for example, tobacco magnates and politicians, people sometimes express attitudes that they themselves do not adhere to.

Reducing Other Influences on Behavior

Social influences color other actions in the same way. Societal impacts can be huge, huge to the extent that they encourage people to commit violence against their sincere deep beliefs. Before the crucifixion of Christ, his disciple Peter denied him. Assistants to the President may commit actions that they themselves qualify as erroneous. Prisoners of war can lie in order to win over the enemy.

In any case, we are driven not only by our internal attitudes, but also by the situation with which we are faced. Maybe averaging a large number of cases will allow us to more accurately determine the impact of our settings? Predicting people's behavior is like predicting a player's hit in a baseball game. The outcome of any single period in baseball is almost impossible to predict because it is determined not only by the batsman, but also by the pitcher and random events. However, when we gather together many cases, we neutralize these complicating factors. Knowing the players, on average, we can predict what they are capable of during the game.

Let's use an example from the study. People's attitudes towards religion in general hardly tell us whether they will go to church next Sunday or not (because the weather, the preacher, the person's well-being, and much more can also affect church attendance). But religious attitudes are quite successful in predicting the number of believers even after some time has passed. This makes it possible to define the principle of aggregation: the effects of attitude on behavior become more obvious when we consider the personality or behavior as a whole, rather than individual actions.

The study of attitudes characteristic of behavior

The presence of other conditions increases the accuracy of determining settings for predicting behavior. As Isaac Agen and Martin Fishbein emphasize, when the attitude being measured is general (for example, attitudes towards Asians) and the behavior is very specific (for example,

decision to accept or not the Chinese couple from La Pier's study), one should not expect an exact match of words and deeds. Indeed, Fishbein and Agen continue, 26 out of 27 similar scientific studies found that attitudes do not predict behavior. But, as data from all 26 studies that could be found showed, attitudes actually predicted behavior when the variable being measured was fully consistent with the situation. Therefore, attitudes towards the general concept of “you need to lead a healthy lifestyle” are unlikely to be able to predict specific exercises and diets. Whether people jog or not most likely depends on their own opinion about the value and benefits of running.

Subsequent research has confirmed that specific, relevant attitudes do indeed predict behavior. For example, attitudes toward contraception largely predicted how contraceptives would be used. And attitudes about recycled materials (by no means general attitudes about the problem of the environment) predicted its use. In order for a person to get rid of bad habits with the help of persuasion, we must change his attitude towards specific habits.

Thus, we have identified two conditions under which attitudes will predict behavior: 1) when we minimize other influences on our attitude statements and our behavior; and 2) when the attitude exactly matches the behavior being studied. There is also a third condition. A setting predicts behavior better when it is strong.

Increasing the installation force

Our attitudes often sleep when we act automatically, without stopping, without thinking. We act according to our habitual pattern, without thinking about what we are doing. When we meet acquaintances, we automatically say “hello!”. In a restaurant, to the question “Did you like our cuisine?” we reply "She's just wonderful!", even if we find her disgusting. This mindless response is adaptive. It allows our mind to do other things. As the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead said, “civilization advances by expanding the number of operations that we can carry out without even thinking.”

Bring attitudes to consciousness

In a new situation, our behavior becomes less automatic. The template disappears. We think before we act. And if you encourage people to think about their attitudes before

certain actions, will they become more honest with themselves? Mark Snyder and William Swann decided to find the answer to this question. So, two weeks after 120 students at the University of Minnesota pointed out their attitudes to the policy of decisive action in the field of employment, Snyder and Swann invited them to sit on the jury at the hearing of an impromptu sex discrimination case. If they were able to get the students to remember their pre-judgment attitudes (“Get your thoughts about the problem of decisive action in order for a few minutes”), the attitudes did predetermine the verdict. In the same way, people who, even for a few moments, recalled their past behavior expressed attitudes that better determined their future. Our attitudes guide our behavior if they come to mind.

Self-aware people usually get along with their own attitudes. This suggests another way in which experimenters can get people to focus on their inner beliefs: get people to look at themselves, even if it means looking in a mirror. Doesn't this by chance remind you of scenes from life when, entering a room with a large mirror, you suddenly begin to feel your presence with extraordinary acuteness? People's awareness of themselves in this way leads to the unity of their word and deed.

Edward Diener and Mark Wallbom note that almost all university students declare that cheating is morally unacceptable. But will they follow Shakespeare's Polonius' advice to "be sincere with yourself"? Diener and Wallbom gave students at the University of Washington a task (supposedly an IQ test) to write anagrams and finish this work as soon as the bell rang in the classroom. Left alone, 71% of students violated the instructions and continued to work after the bell.

Among the students who saw themselves in a mirror (which made them feel their own presence) and heard their own voice recorded on a tape recorder, only 7% cheated. The question arises: maybe the presence of mirrors in stores will involuntarily make people remember the installation that says that stealing is a sin? Attitudes, as we noted above, imply evaluation. A setting is a connection we create between an object and its evaluation. When this connection is strong, the attitude is perceived - a collision with an object (for example, a person of a different sexual orientation) causes the corresponding attitude. In order to strengthen the relationship between two variables, researchers have to remind subjects of their attitudes (for example, constantly telling them about their love or hatred for someone). The more one talks about attitude, the stronger becomes the thread between object and evaluation. And than

the stronger the connection, the easier it is to perceive and the stronger the love-hate attitude becomes.

Subsequently, situations can automatically trigger certain attitudes. Our unconscious evaluative reaction to a favorite or unloved group can influence our perception and interpretation of events and, consequently, our actions. The game of basketball activates the ratings of the fans of both teams, which spontaneously evokes sets of perceptual influences - who is cheating whom - and a corresponding reaction to the referee's whistles.

The power of attitudes fixed by experience

After all, we develop our attitudes in such a way that sometimes they work and sometimes they don't. A lot of experiments done by Russell Fazio and Mark Zanna show that if attitudes are the result of experience, they are more likely to become fixed and begin to determine actions. The unwitting subject in one study was Cornell University. The cutbacks in building funds forced the administration of the school to house some first-year students in dormitories for several weeks, while the rest of the students continued to enjoy the comfort and luxury of private rooms.

In a survey conducted by Denis Regan and Fazio, students in both groups were equally negative about the housing situation and about the administration's attempts to resolve the problem. When students were given the opportunity to act in accordance with their attitudes - sign petitions and collect signatures, join the committee for the study of the situation, write letters - only those whose attitudes were developed as a result of direct experience related to the housing issue , got down to business. Moreover, compared with passively formed attitudes, those whose attitudes passed the crucible of tests turned out to be more thinking, purposeful, confident, persistent and receptive.

Some Conclusions

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude the following. Our attitudes determine our actions if:

other influences are reduced; the setting corresponds to the action;

An attitude is strong because something reminds us of it; because the situation activates an unconscious set that imperceptibly directs our perception of events and reactions to them, or because we did exactly what was necessary to strengthen the set.

Do these conditions seem clear to you? It makes you want to say: “Yes, we knew about it all the time.” But don't forget that this wasn't obvious to researchers in the 1970s.

So, it is now obvious that, depending on the circumstances, the range of strength of the connection between statements reflecting attitudes and behavior can range from its complete absence to its extraordinary strength. Nevertheless, we can breathe a sigh of relief, because attitudes are, after all, just one of the factors that determine our actions. Returning to our philosophical question, we can say that the connection between what is happening in our souls and what we actually create does exist, even if it is much weaker than most of us think.

Why do actions affect attitudes?

What theories can explain the phenomenon of "attitude - consequencebehavior"? How the dispute between these competing ideas illustrates the processscientific explanation?

We have seen that streams of various experimental data merge and form a river called "the influence of actions on attitudes." Is there a rational grain in these observations that answers the question: why do actions affect attitudes? Researchers working in the field of social psychology cite three theories as possible answers. According to the theory, we, for strategic reasons, express attitudes that present us as consistent individuals. According to the theory cognitive dis-sonance, to reduce discomfort, we ourselves find excuses for our actions. According to the theory self-perception, our actions are self-disclosure: when we are unsure of our feelings or beliefs, we pay attention to our behavior in the same way that others would. Let's look at each of these theories.

Self Presentation: Impression Management

The first explanation comes from the simplest question: which of us doesn't care what others think of us? We spend huge sums on clothes, diet, cosmetics, even plastic surgery, just because we care what others think of us. Making a good impression often means achieving social and material success, feeling better, and even more confident in one's social identity.

Indeed, none of us wants to look ridiculously inconsistent. To avoid this, we express attitudes that correspond to our actions. To appear consistent, we can even simulate settings in which we actually

Organizational Behavior: A Cheat Sheet Author Unknown

19. PERSONALITY

19. PERSONALITY

Settings- these are sensations, feelings and beliefs, which largely determine the perception of the external environment by employees, prompting them to plan certain actions and deeds.

Employee attitudes are of great importance to the organization. Negative attitudes are a symptom of problems that have arisen and at the same time the cause of future difficulties. The consequences of such attitudes are sudden strikes, reduced work intensity, absenteeism and high employee turnover, etc. Favorable attitudes of employees, on the contrary, have a positive impact on the results of the organization.

concept "social setting" is used to denote a one-way psychological connection of a person - with people, any animate and inanimate objects and phenomena. In social psychology, the definition given by G. Allport is more often used: "social attitude- this is a state of psychological readiness of a person to behave in a certain way in relation to an object, determined by her past experience.

The attitude as a holistic phenomenon is formed on the basis of not only the individual's own experience, but also the experience received from other people, therefore the main form of transmission of attitudes is verbal(verbal).

Installations of this type, when in his personal experience a person deals with a separate, single object, are called private(partial). generalized settings, i.e., attitudes towards a set of homogeneous objects owe their origin to interpersonal and mass communication. They serve as a factor in strengthening the attitudes of the individual, since listening to opinions that are consistent with the views of the individual strengthens him in the correctness of his own attitudes and encourages him to turn to the same source for information.

Main installation properties- stability or volatility. If an individual in all situations implements a habitual and natural way of behavior in relation to an object, then this indicates the stability of his attitude. One factor in changing attitudes is the impact of mass media. The attitude manifests its influence on behavior and activity as a practical determinant of things and phenomena to which a person's vital interests are directed and which are undesirable, unpleasant for him. Distinguish types of installations according to their modality: 1) positive (“for” the object); 2) negative (“against” the object); 3) neutral.

Main installation function- regulation of the social behavior of the individual. The system of individual attitudes provides the possibility of his orientation in social reality.

"The La Pierre Paradox": systematic discrepancy between the declared attitudes towards the object and the behavior dictated by the situation.

Protective function of social attitude is achieved by striving for uniformity of attitudes in the immediate social environment, for example, between members of the same family or work collective. Asocial the attitude protects the self-esteem of the subject in the group if he acts in a certain way and refrains from other, unauthorized behavior.

From the book These Strange Scots by Ross David

SOCIAL ATTITUDE AND VALUES Calvinist Legacy In the 17th century, for several decades, the Scots were probably the most religious nation; their fanaticism went so far that they could kill a person who opposed their Protestant or

From the book The Windows Registry author Klimov Alexander

author Shcherbatykh Yury Viktorovich

From the book Psychology author Robinson Dave

INSTALLATION Nigel and Mary invited friends over for dinner. Nigel and Bill are discussing serious problems. Nigel says: “Drugs are the main cause of problems in our country. Drugs are very bad! Never in my life would I try them!” Mary and Helen discuss

From the book Psychology: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

9. FACTORS AND MECHANISMS OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT. SIGMUND FREUD'S THEORY OF PERSONALITY Personality is formed in the conditions of social, concrete historical existence of a person, his training and education. If we talk about the driving forces of personality development, we should highlight

From the book Fundamentals of Sociology and Political Science: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

9. SOCIAL ROLES OF THE INDIVIDUAL AS MECHANISMS OF INTERACTIONS OF THE PERSON AND SOCIETY A social role is a way of behavior that corresponds to the norms and rules accepted in a given society and depends on the social status of a person. First definition of social role

From the book Psychology and Pedagogy: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

7. CONCEPTS OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT. THE THEORY OF PERSONALITY OF SIGMUND FREUD Personality is formed in the conditions of social, concrete-historical existence of a person, his training and education. If we talk about the driving forces of personality development, we should highlight

From the book Sociology: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

30. FORMATION OF PERSONALITY. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY There are two main scientific approaches to the formation of personality: 1) a personality is formed and develops in accordance with its innate abilities, which play a dominant role; 2) personality is a product in the first place.

From the book Plumbing Repair the author Gorbov A M

Shower installations Showers are no longer installed in modern apartments, except perhaps only as additional equipment. Nevertheless, some people have to be content with shower installations with enameled cast-iron trays PM (small) or PG (deep). AT

From the book Diver's Handbook author author unknown

7.3. Underwater television installations Television installations are used to monitor underwater objects and the work of divers. The most widely used television installation is APT-2p with a cable communication line on a transmitting tube LI 17. Installation

From the book The Psychology of Love and Sex [Popular Encyclopedia] author Shcherbatykh Yury Viktorovich

From the book Locksmith's Guide by Phillips Bill

From the book Survival in the Wild. Loop traps. Schemes, description, principle of operation author author unknown

From the book Big Encyclopedia of Fishing. Volume 3 the author Shaganov Anton

Places and rules for setting traps Traps and traps are set: 1) at the passages - transitions; 2) at the entrance to the dwelling or hide of the animal; 3) at the place of the prey left by the animal; 4) at the place of the bait laid by the catcher. Installation of traps with bait can take place in the first two

From the book How to Get Started with RetroShare the author Fedyakin Mikhail

Ways to install networks Most of the networks are installed from boats, boats and other watercraft. You can install both together (one rows, the second etches the net), and alone - the catcher takes turns rowing with oars, then sending tackle overboard. Second

From the author's book

2.4 select the installation folder In my case, based on the above, this is not the C: Program Files RetroShare folder, which is standard for such cases, but a special directory on drive D: Press

Social attitudes and behavior

Social attitudes are an important mechanism for regulating behavior. They help explain the behavior of people in various situations. Social attitudes determine its existence in the macrosystem (society), as well as the microsystem (small group, in interpersonal interaction).

At the same time, attitudes are formed under the influence of society and at the same time influence society, determining the attitude of people towards it.

The social attitude is associated with such psychological characteristics of the individual as motivation, perception and assessment of the situation, decision-making and behavior. Attitudes contribute to the adaptation of a person to the changed requirements imposed on him by society. In this regard, the problem of social attitudes, their role in the adaptation of the individual to new conditions of life becomes especially relevant in the situation of social changes that have taken place.

In modern psychological literature, the attitude in the aspect of its relationship with behavior occupies a prominent place. Since the 20th century, it has been studied by such scientists as D.N. Uznadze, V.A. Yadov, Smith, Thomas Znanetsky, G. Olfort and other equally prominent scientists.

The relevance of the problem of social attitude and its relationship with behavior is explained by the fact that knowledge of the patterns that determine the influence of attitude on behavior and behavior on attitude makes it possible (although not in all situations and not with maximum accuracy), but still to predict people's behavior or, on the contrary, a reaction (that is, an attitude) to a particular behavior, act of another person or oneself.

The data obtained during the study of this problem can be used in the investigation of criminal cases to interpret the behavior of criminals (knowing the attitudes, it is easy to predict the behavior).

Trade is also an example.

Already now, in our days, there is a clear trend in the use of psychological facts to increase sales. For example, many manufacturers of certain goods attract well-known people who enjoy authority to advertise it. Thus, the product appears to be of higher quality, which contributes to its better sale.

This is a clear example of the use of the installation, in addition, the knowledge gained can be used to provide psychological assistance. It can be confidently assumed that due to further research of the problem raised in this work, new facts will be discovered that will be used in various spheres of human social life.

The object of this study is a social attitude in the aspect in which it is interconnected with human behavior.

The subject of the study is the concept of social attitude, the specifics of the relationship between behavior and attitude, the conditions under which the attitude determines behavior with a high degree of probability, the phenomenon that determines the change in attitude through behavior.

The goal is to summarize the data known to psychological science about the relationship between behavior and attitude.

Accordingly, the objectives of the study are to consider various theoretical approaches put forward by scientists on this issue, to identify patterns of the relationship between behavior and attitude.

The research hypothesis on the nature of the relationship between behavior and attitude is influenced by many factors. The most important of them can be considered internal factors.

This includes, first of all, a life position, which is reflected in the beliefs, interests, values ​​of the individual.

In addition to internal factors, there are also external factors. These are situational factors (for example, time), the opinions of the reference group.

The attitude determines behavior if it concerns a personally significant object, it is strong and there is a minimum of situational factors. Attitude changes through behavior when there is an inconsistency between behavior and beliefs, which causes discomfort.

social settings.

A social attitude (attitude) is a certain state of consciousness based on previous experience that regulates a person's attitude and behavior.

Signs of a social attitude:

• 1) the social nature of the objects with which the attitude and behavior of a person are associated;
• 2) awareness of these relationships and behavior;
• 3) the emotional component of these relationships and behavior;
• 4) the regulatory role of the social attitude.

Attitude functions:

• 1) automatic - simplification of consciousness control over activities in standard, previously encountered situations;
• 2) adaptive - directing the subject to those objects that serve to achieve his goals;
• 3) protective - contributes to the resolution of internal conflicts of the individual;
• 4) cognitive - setting helps to choose a way of behavior in relation to a particular object;
• 5) regulatory - a means of releasing the subject from internal tension;
• 6) rigid - installation makes it difficult to adapt to new situations;
• 7) stabilizing - the installation determines the sustainable, consistent, purposeful nature of the activity in changing situations.

The structure of the social attitude:

• 1) cognitive, containing knowledge, representation of a social object;
• 2) affective, reflecting the emotional and evaluative attitude towards the object;
• 3) behavioral, expressing the potential readiness of the individual to implement a certain behavior in relation to the object.

Setting levels:

• 1) simply installations that regulate behavior at the simplest, mostly everyday level;
• 2) social attitudes;
• 3) basic social attitudes, reflecting the attitude of the individual to his main spheres of life;
• 4) instrumental function, (attaching the individual to the system of norms and values ​​of the given social environment).

The installation regulates activity at three hierarchical levels:

• 1) semantic - attitudes are of a generalized nature and determine the relationship of the individual to objects that have personal significance for the individual;
• 2) target - settings determine the relatively stable nature of the course of activity and are associated with specific actions and the desire of a person to complete the work begun;
• 3) operational - setting contributes to the perception and interpretation of circumstances based on the subject's past experience in a similar situation, predicting the possibilities of adequate and effective behavior and making decisions in a particular situation.

Stages of formation of social attitudes according to J. Godefroy:

• 1) up to 12 years of age, attitudes that develop during this period correspond to parental models;
• 2) from 12 to 20 years of age, attitudes acquire a more concrete form, which is associated with the assimilation of social roles;
• 3) from 20 to 30 years - there is a crystallization of social attitudes, the formation on their basis of a system of beliefs, which is a very stable mental neoplasm;
• 4) from 30 years old - installations are characterized by significant stability, fixedness, and are difficult to change.

Changing attitudes aims to add knowledge, change attitudes, views. It depends on the novelty of information, the individual characteristics of the subject, the order of receipt of information and the system of attitudes that the subject already has. Attitudes are more successfully changed through a change in attitude, which can be achieved by suggestion, persuasion of parents, authoritative personalities, and the media.

social behavior.

Behavior is a form of interaction of an organism with the environment, the source of which is needs. Human behavior differs from the behavior of animals in its social conditioning, awareness, activity, creativity and is goal-setting, arbitrary.

Structure of social behavior:

• 1) behavioral act - a single manifestation of activity, its element;
• 2) social actions - actions performed by individuals or social groups that are of public importance and involve socially determined motivation, intentions, attitudes;
• 3) an act is a conscious action of a person who understands its social significance and is performed in accordance with the accepted intention;
• 4) act - a set of actions of a person for which he is responsible.

Types of social behavior of the individual:

• 1) according to the system of public relations:
  • a) production behavior (labor, professional);
  • b) economic behavior (consumer behavior, distributive behavior, behavior in the sphere of exchange, entrepreneurial, investment, etc.);
  • c) socio-political behavior (political activity, behavior towards authorities, bureaucratic behavior, electoral behavior, etc.);
  • d) legal behavior (law-abiding, illegal, deviant, deviant, criminal);
  • e) moral behavior (ethical, moral, immoral, immoral behavior, etc.);
  • f) religious behavior.
• 2) by the time of implementation:
  • - impulsive;
  • - variable; psychological cognitive behavior
  • - long-term implementation.

The subjects of the regulation of the social behavior of the individual are society, small groups and the individual himself.

Factors regulating behavior:

• 1) external factors:
  • a) social phenomena (social production, social relations (the broad social context of an individual's life), social movements, public opinion, social needs, public interests, public sentiment, public consciousness, social tension, socio-economic situation);
  • b) universal factors (lifestyle, lifestyle, level of well-being, traditions, rituals, customs, habits, prejudices, stereotypes, mass media, standards, work, sports, social values, etc.);
  • c) spiritual and moral factors (morality, ethics, mentality, culture, subculture, archetype, ideal, values, education, ideology, mass media, worldview, religion);
  • d) political factors (power, bureaucracy, social movements);
  • e) legal factors (law, law);
  • f) socio-psychological phenomena (large and small social groups, group phenomena (socio-psychological climate, conflict, mood, intergroup and intragroup relations, group reference, level of team development, etc.), personal components (social prestige, position, status , authority, persuasion, attitude, social desirability)).
• 2) internal regulators of behavior:
  • a) cognitive processes;
  • b) oral and written speech;
  • c) specific psychological phenomena (insight, intuition, judgments, conclusions, problem solving);
  • d) mental states (affective states, depression, expectations, relationships, moods, mood, obsessive states, anxiety, frustration, alienation, relaxation, etc.);
  • e) psychological qualities of a person (internal locus of control - motivational-need and volitional spheres of personality).
• 3) socio-psychological mechanisms (suggestion, imitation, reinforcement, infection, advertising and propaganda technologies, etc.).

Conclusion

Attitude is inextricably linked with behavior. This mutual influence largely determines the activities of both an individual person and society as a whole. The attitude is capable of programming behavior under such conditions as minimization of extraneous influences, mindfulness of the attitude, and a personally significant object of the attitude. However, a large role is given to situational factors, such as lack of time, as well as the opinions of the reference group in relation to the object of attitude. The attitude is changed through behavior when the old way of thinking causes discomfort. Moreover, most often and most easily, cognitions that do not affect the Self-concept change.

According to the objectives of our study, we got acquainted with various theoretical approaches that study the relationship between behavior and attitude, and structured the information, finding the most significant trends.

Within the framework of this study, we considered such theoretical approaches as the theory of installation by D.N. Uznadze, who says that attitude determines behavior, and behavior determines attitude. We also learned the theory of cognitive correspondence by L. Festinger that a person strives for the consistency of cognitions and behavior, and when it is violated, he seeks to resolve the conflict by changing his view of the object of installation. We got acquainted with the theory of dispositional regulation of behavior by V.A. Yadov, whose main thesis is that dispositional images have a hierarchical structure, that is, that there is a hierarchy consisting of more and less significant situations. In addition, we studied the conditions under which the attitude determines behavior, as well as the functions of attitudes, their components, and characteristic features. As a result, we have reached the goal of our study. Thus, we confirmed the initial hypothesis of the study: the nature of the relationship between behavior and attitude is influenced by many factors. The most important of them can be considered internal factors. This includes, first of all, a life position, which is reflected in the beliefs, interests, values ​​of the individual. In addition to internal factors, there are also external factors. These are situational factors (eg time, opinions of the reference group). The attitude determines behavior if it concerns a personally significant object, it is strong and there is a minimum of situational factors. Attitude changes through behavior when there is an inconsistency between behavior and beliefs, which causes discomfort.

In Western social psychology and sociology, the term "attitude" is used to denote social attitudes, which is translated into Russian as "social attitude", or is used without translation as "attitude".

In domestic psychology, the problem of attitude was the subject of research at school. D. N. Uznadze. The meaning that D. N. Uznadze invested in the concept of attitude differed from that accepted in foreign psychology. In his opinion, the installation is not a mental process and not a behavioral act, but a special kind of reflection of reality. The occurrence of the installation is conditioned by both the object and the subject, the installation arises:

1) as a reaction to a certain situation;

2) as a result of satisfaction of a certain need.

Before the implementation of any activity, according to D. N. Uznadze, a person psychologically prepares for its implementation, even if he is not aware of this process. A holistic dynamic state of the subject, a state of readiness for a certain activity, a state that is determined by two factors: the need of the subject and the corresponding objective situation, D. N. Uznadze called the installation.

Installation, in his opinion, is the primary property of the organism, the most primitive, unconscious reaction to external stimuli. Assuming that there should be another, higher level of organization of the psyche, D. N. Uznadze introduced the principle of hierarchy into psychology, considering two levels of mental activity: the level of attitude and the level of objectification.

At the level of installation, behavior is determined by the impact of the situation, immediate and urgent needs are met. At the level of objectification, activity acquires a more generalized character, independent of the situation, since a person in his actions takes into account the needs of other people, as well as social requirements.

Attitude functions. In the works of M. Smith, D. Bruner and R. White, an approach was outlined to the problem of attitude functions. Researchers have identified the following functions that a social attitude performs:

1) object evaluation function, performed by the attitude, sets "ready-made" evaluative categories and allows the subject to evaluate the incoming information with its help and correlate it with his motives, goals, values ​​and interests:

2) the function of social adaptation- the attitude helps the subject to assess how other people relate to the social object and directs him to those objects that serve to achieve the set goals. The social setting mediates interpersonal relationships: an attitude can act as a means of maintaining a person's relationship with other people, or as a means of breaking these relationships;

3) externalization (function of embodiment) is connected with the existence of internal problems and contradictions in a person and is a "spokesman" of the deep motives of a person.

D. Katz, integrating the ideas developed in behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology and cognitivism, substantiated the attitude in terms of the needs it satisfies, and singled out four functions.

instrumental function expresses the adaptive tendencies of human behavior, the attitude directs the subject to those objects that serve to achieve his goals, helps a person to earn approval and be accepted by other people.

Ego-protective function- Attitude contributes to the resolution of internal conflicts of the personality, protects people from receiving unpleasant information about themselves and about social objects that are significant to them.

Value Expression Function(function of value, self-realization) - attitude acts as a means of self-determination, liberation of the subject from internal tension, expression of himself as a person in relation to social objects, organization of his behavior.

Knowledge organization function- Attitude gives simplified instructions on how to behave in relation to a particular object, avoids a sense of uncertainty and ambiguity, sets the direction for interpreting events.

Studies of attitudes carried out in modern foreign psychology have confirmed their relationship with behavior, a number of factors have been identified that weaken this relationship, and it has been revealed that strong attitudes predetermine the behavior of an individual. It has been experimentally established that the influence of attitudes on behavior is determined by the strength or accessibility of attitudes (E. Aronson). The accessibility of the attitude depends on the high degree of its awareness by the individual (M. Snyder, W. Swanney, etc.), the availability of extensive knowledge about the object of the attitude (W. Wood): the more a person knows about the object, the more accessible the assessment of this object becomes, and more likely to predict its behavior.

A social attitude becomes available for understanding and regulating behavior when it is formed in direct experience of interaction with an object or is repeatedly fixed in the memory of an individual (R. Fazio, M. Zann, D. Regan). The strength of an attitude can be determined by the speed and strength of the connection of the evaluative reaction to its object.

The extent to which attitudes can determine the behavior of a person and the ability to predict it depends not only on the strength of attitudes, but also on "internal" personal and "external" situational factors that mediate their relationship.

To "internal" personal factors, determining the relationship "attitude - behavior", researchers include the motivational factor, personal interest of a person and self-monitoring.

It was revealed that people in organizing their actions are guided by alternative attitudes, depending on how beneficial it is for them. For example, when deciding whether to advocate the closure of an environmentally harmful production, a person will evaluate not only the threat of environmental pollution, but also the fact that he may lose his job due to the closure of this enterprise. In this case, the influence motivational factors to "choose" from alternative attitudes in connection with the need to satisfy needs that are more significant for a person.

Personal interest of a person(L. Sivacek and U. Krano) is understood as a person's feeling of the degree of importance, the need for something in his life. It is determined by both motivational and value factors: the more important the result of actions is for a person, the stronger the connection between attitude and action.

Self-monitoring(M. Snyder) means a way of presenting oneself in social situations and regulating behavior in order to make the desired impression. People with a high degree of self-monitoring know how to make a good impression, constantly analyze their behavior and pay attention to the reaction of others, change their course of action if it does not achieve the expected effect in society. They behave like "social chameleons", adjusting their behavior to the situation, feeling the attitude of others, so they least of all act in accordance with their own attitudes. Possessing pronounced self-control, such people easily adapt to new work, new roles and relationships.

In contrast, people with low levels of self-monitoring are less influenced by their social environment, as a result of which they trust their own attitudes more. M. Snyder and W. Swan experimentally proved that the behavior of people with low self-monitoring is more related to attitudes than people with a high level of self-monitoring.

Thus, according to foreign researchers, "internal" personal variables (motives, values, individual characteristics) to a certain extent affect the relationship between attitude and behavior.

Personal behavior largely depends on "external", situational factors that influence both attitudes and the behavior they regulate. Foreign researchers have identified and described more than 40 different factors that determine complex and ambiguous relationships between attitude and behavior.

The results of experiments (E. Jones, G. Segall, R. Page) showed that personal attitudes and attitudes expressed externally differ from each other, since the external expression of attitudes depends on a variety of situational causes and social influences, and behavior is more directed " true" attitudes.

The specifics of the relationship "attitude - behavior" are influenced by situational factors, which are understood as both global social impacts (for example, the situation of social instability, the economic and political situation in the country, etc.), and more "private" situational influences. Allocate such levels of social influence as social and cultural, institutional and group and interpersonal. When studying the relationship between attitudes and behavior, the following situational factors are most often mentioned:

1) the impact on human behavior of the attitudes and norms of other people (the influence of significant others and group pressure);

2) the absence of an acceptable alternative, since the discrepancy between attitude and behavior is associated with the inability to realize one's attitude in reality;

3) the impact of unpredictable events encourages a person to act even contrary to his attitudes;

4) lack of time due to busyness, haste or the desire to solve several problems at once.

As we can see, behavior is determined not so much by attitudes as by the situation in which a person finds himself. Later, the researchers suggested that in order to predict behavior, it is necessary to take into account both internal and external factors, with the help of which intentions (intentions) of a person become real behavior. Relationships "attitude - intention - behavior" are disclosed by A. Aizen and M. Fishbine in the theory of cognitive mediation of action (model of justified action). They experimentally proved that it is the intentions (intentions) of a person that have the main influence on behavior. Intentions are determined by two factors:

1) attitude towards behavior;

2) subjective norms of human behavior (perception of social influence).

The "reasoned action" model is based on the idea of ​​a person rationally understanding and processing information about the consequences of actions, evaluating these consequences and his own ideas about the expediency of behavior from the point of view of other people. The model was successfully used to predict various types of behavior, although it had a number of disadvantages that are characteristic of almost all foreign "attitude" concepts.

The main disadvantage of these concepts is that in them the person acts in a situation isolated from the general social conditions of human life. Researchers do not take into account the specific historical, political, socio-economic conditions in which the behavior of the individual is realized, thereby ignoring the problem of the influence exerted by society on the individual.

Thus, the social attitude, being a systemic formation, is included in other, more complex systems that are formed according to different characteristics, and the interaction of these complex systems is the ultimate regulator of the behavior and activity of the individual. The regulation of social behavior must be interpreted in the context of the entire dispositional system of the individual, and not only from the side of one or another social attitude.