A military doctor is one of the oldest professions, the origins of which are known from the papyri of ancient Egypt. This is a specialist in demand by the RF Armed Forces equally in peacetime and in combat operations. Despite the absence of strict criteria for physical fitness, candidates for employment must have high intelligence, psychological and emotional endurance.

The labor contract stipulates that a citizen can be sent to hot spots to fulfill his duties. By signing the contract, the specialist independently agrees with this direction. A doctor cannot refuse a business trip.

Introduction to the topic

• prevention of diseases of soldiers and mass epidemics;
• control over the implementation of sanitary standards;
• provision of medical care;
• organizing lectures with soldiers on first aid;
• conducting medical examinations;
• organizing the evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield;
• surgical treatment of those injured in combat operations.

In general, we can say that these are both controlling functions, and preventive, and therapeutic.

Military ranks for military medics

As noted above, only the applicant who has the rank of lieutenant can take the position of a military physician. Further, the assignment of military ranks is carried out in accordance with the rules adopted for other categories of the military.

If the applicant for service graduated from a civilian university and completed military service, then the maximum rank that you can count on is sergeant. Regardless of education with such a title, you can take one of the following positions:

• nurse (nurse);
• paramedic;
• orderly

In order to further move up the career ladder, it is necessary to complete education at a special university to obtain the lowest officer rank.

To date, the issue of filling the vacant positions of a military doctor is very relevant. This is due to the fact that 8 years ago there was a wave of reductions in existing staff. Thus, it was planned to reduce funding, instead the problem arose of a lack of specialists for labor.

If you have experience working as a military doctor or you studied at universities in this area, then share it with other users in the "Comments" column.

MILITARY DOCTOR- a doctor in active military service. In the USSR, professional V. century. prepare in the higher voen. - medical. educational institutions. Doctors who graduated from medical institutes and who voluntarily chose the profession of V. century can also be enrolled in active military service. The civil doctors who received voen.-med. training in medical schools, as well as doctors with an officer rank and dismissed from active military service, but fit for health reasons to serve in the army in wartime, are liable for military service and are in the reserve of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

Doctors liable for military service are enrolled in active military service in accordance with the USSR Law on universal military duty of 1967.

Information about the first warrior-doctors is contained in Homer's Iliad. Describing the Trojan War (12th century BC), Homer names the warrior-doctors Machaon and Podaliria, who provided medical assistance to the wounded in battle. There is information about the presence of doctors in the troops of Ancient Greece (9th century BC), Ancient Egypt, Persia (6th century BC), in the army of Alexander the Great (4th century BC), Ancient Rome. In the regular army of the Roman Empire (1st century BC) there were permanent military troops. as part of cohorts, legions, military garrisons.

In the medieval fighting squads of the European feudal lords, constant warfare. did not have. V. in. were available only in the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and in France, but they were with the highest military leaders. Warriors and lower commanders were served by barbers, practicing surgeons and healers.

With the advent of mercenary troops, and then regular armies, there was an urgent need to organize medical care for soldiers and, consequently, to staff the troops of prof. V. in. So, in Spain in the 14th century. each infantry regiment had full-time V. V. - a physician and a surgeon. For a long time in armies of the European states V. of century, as well as civil doctors, were subdivided into physicians (general practitioners), to-rye received honey. education in educational institutions, and the surgeons who received practical training in the order of handicraft apprenticeship, and from 16 -17 centuries - in surgical schools at to lay down. institutions. Only in the late 18th and early 19th century. in large European states, preparations for V. century began. in internal medicine and surgery.

In the Russian princely military squads (9th - 16th centuries) there were no full-time military officers. In the annals of that time there are only references to the healers who accompanied the squads. More often these were foreigners, to-rye served mainly the governor, and the provision of medical care to ordinary soldiers was assigned to artisan healers, chiropractors, healers. There is information about sending foreign doctors to the troops by Boris Godunov in 1605. The mention of a doctor who was constantly with the army dates back to 1615, and the list of doctors in the regiment paid by the treasury dates back to 1616.

In 1654, in connection with the growing need for V. century. and the high cost of hiring foreign doctors, the training of domestic doctors was organized under the Apothecary order (see). For this, 30 students were recruited, of which 13 of the most successful were already released as doctors in 1658 and sent to the regiments. Domestic and foreign doctors who were with the army were not on the staff list, although they were paid from the treasury.

The first information about full-time regimental doctors in the Russian army dates back to 1711, and in the “Military Charter” of 1716, the positions of a divisional doctor and staff doctor who dealt with Ch. arr. surgery, in the regiment - the regimental doctor, in the company - the barber. The same charter also defined the duties of the regimental doctor, to-rye subsequently expanded and specified. So, in the “Code of Military Regulations” of 1869, where for the first time doctors in the army began to be called doctors, it was stated that “the senior doctor is the head of the medical unit in the regiment with its doctors, by imposing disciplinary sanctions on the latter, he enjoys the rights of the commander of a non-separate battalion . Oi reports directly to the regiment commander, but in matters related to the special medical unit, to the military medical authorities. The senior doctor was entrusted with the care of maintaining health and preventing diseases among the personnel, treating the sick, monitoring the quality of food, honey. examination of military personnel, training of the lower dignity. personnel, reporting, etc.

Russian V. v. 18th-19th centuries were often innovators in various areas of military hygiene and the organization of honey. providing troops. So, P. 3. Kondoidi for the first time in Russia developed a plan for honey. provision of troops, instructions for the leading honey. composition of the army; created the first mobile camp hospital, which made it possible to drastically reduce the death rate among the wounded. In 1793, the staff doctor E. T. Belopolsky compiled the “Rules for Medical Officers”, in which a significant place was given to measures to prevent diseases. By order of A. V. Suvorov, the rules were put into effect. This direction in honey. provision of troops was further developed in the works of M. I. Mudrov “A word about the benefits and objects of military hygiene, or the science of maintaining the health of military personnel” (1809) and I. I. Epegolm “A pocket book of military hygiene, or remarks on the health of Russian soldiers” ( 1813). Among Russian V. v. were prominent representatives of honey. sciences, including N. I. Pirogov, S. II. Botkin and many others who had a great influence on the development of domestic military medicine. With the development of military affairs and military medicine (see Military medicine) in the profession of V. century. specialization emerges.

In the 15-16 centuries. in connection with the rapid growth of the navy, the construction of large warships, naval doctors appeared. Initially, surgeons were the staff doctors on ships, who were responsible for providing medical care to the wounded and sick, taking measures to prevent diseases, and also the duties of hairdressers. This category of naval doctors was subsequently called ship's doctors, in contrast to naval hospital doctors, who appeared in the navy in the 18th century. in connection with the opening of naval hospitals and were engaged in the treatment of the wounded and sick in hospitals.

The first naval doctors on Russian warships were, as a rule, foreigners, since the scale of V.'s training. in Russia they did not meet the needs of the army and navy in these specialists. The legal and official position of naval doctors was not regulated for a long time. They received a monetary allowance by agreement, depending on the qualifications and conditions of service.

In 1762, the "Table of Ranks" was approved, according to Krom, naval doctors received the right to a military rank, a certain amount of money, wearing a uniform, and also the right to a pension.

In the 20th century in connection with the rapid development of aviation, aviation medicine was formed as a section of medicine (see). As a consequence of this, in the profession of V. c. there was one more specialty - the doctor aviation, the main duty to-rogo is honey. flight support.

With the current level of development of military affairs, honey. science and military medicine for staffing the army and navy, both in peacetime and wartime, doctors of various specialties are required.

In the Armed Forces of the USSR, military art is represented. all specialties. Soviet V. V. is a highly qualified specialist in the field of preventive, clinical and military medicine, devoted to the Soviet Motherland, well trained in matters of tactics and operational art, understanding the nature and nature of modern combat, an organizing doctor capable of successfully solving complex and responsible tasks in medical sciences. to ensure the personnel of the Soviet Army and the Navy in peacetime and in war conditions, to treat the wounded with injuries caused by modern means of armed struggle. These qualities of the Soviet V. century. manifested themselves with particular brightness during the Great Patriotic War. Personnel V. c. made up the main core of the leadership of honey. service of the Red Army. Pupils and employees of VMA among heads a dignity. departments of the fronts and their deputies accounted for 71%, chiefs of honey. army service - 61.2%, chief surgeons -60%. It should be emphasized that the success achieved in treating the wounded and sick and preventing the spread of contagious diseases in the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War primarily depended on the organizers of medical support for the troops.

The training of military doctors for a long time was carried out in the highest fashion. educational institutions that produced general practitioners, and surgical schools with a short training period, which trained surgeons trained only in the skillful performance of surgical procedures.

From the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. in a number of states V.'s preparation of century. was unified and they began to study internal medicine and surgery. In Russia, the preparation of V. century. was first organized in a school for teaching medicinal science, opened in Moscow in 1654. This school did not last long. In 1707, by decree of Peter 1 at the Moscow General Hospital (now the Main Clinical Military Hospital named after N. Y. Burdenko), for the preparation of V. century. Hospital School was opened. In 1733, three more such schools were organized: at the General Land Hospital, the Admiralty General Hospital (St. Petersburg) and in Kronstadt (see Hospital Schools). In 1798, medical and surgical academies were opened in St. Petersburg and Moscow (see Military Medical Academy), students to-rykh received a state scholarship and after graduation were required to serve in the army for 10 years. Such a system of training V. century. was introduced in a number of countries Zap. Europe.

So, in Prussia from 1724 to 1809 there was a medical-surgical board to improve general surgical and medical. training of company surgeons, and in 1811 a medical-surgical academy was opened. In Austria, until 1785, the preparation of V. c. was held in schools at military hospitals, and in 1785 a medical-surgical academy was established in Vienna.

For the Soviet Armed Forces prof. V. in. they are trained at the Military Medical Academy and at military medical faculties (see Military Medical Faculty). In the process of studying at the academy and at the faculties, they receive the necessary specialization and are subsequently sent to serve in the troops of the corresponding branch of the USSR Armed Forces. VMA also prepares V. century. to senior positions of specialists in medical and preventive institutions, military formations and management bodies of the military medical service.

In the Soviet Armed Forces V. century. are responsible organizers of medical support for the troops. They perform military service in accordance with the regulations on the performance of military service by officers, generals and admirals of the Soviet Army and Navy and enjoy all the benefits provided by Soviet legislation to generals and officers.

Military ranks V. c. similar to combined arms with an indication of the type of service (for example, major of the medical service). The primary military rank is lieutenant of the medical service, the highest is colonel general of the medical service. Uniform - general officer (army and naval). A distinctive sign is a medical emblem (see. Medical emblem), attached to shoulder straps or to the buttonholes of a tunic (overcoat).

Bibliography: Bekshtrem A. G. Military sanitary business and public assistance in ancient Greece, Zhurn. M-va people, enlightenment, No. 3, p. 91, 1916; All-army meeting of the asset of the medical service of the Armed Forces of the USSR (April 11-13, 1972), Voyen.-med. journal, no. 6, p. 3, 1972; Zagoskin N.P. Doctors and medical practice in ancient Russia, Kazan, 1891; Zmeev L. F. The former medical Russia, book. 1, St. Petersburg, 1890; L and x t and N M. Yu. Medicine and doctors in the Moscow State, p. 53, Moscow, 1906; Rozanov P. Naval Doctor, Encyclopedia, Military Dictionary. honey., t. 1, art. 1028, M., 1946; Smirnov E. I. Soviet military doctors in the Patriotic War, M., 1945; Solovyov 3. P. Issues of military medical education, in the book: Voyen.-san. Sat, ed. 3 P. Solovieva et al., c. 1-2, p. 88, Moscow, 1924; With tr and sh at ID N. Russian doctor at war, M., 1947; With t r and sh at I. D. N and K r and h e in with to and y Ya. N. Military doctor, Encyclopedia, military dictionary. honey., t. 1, art. 1005, M., 1946; F p e l and x G. Military medicine, SPb., 1888; KhmyrovM. D. Russian military medical antiquity (1616-1762), Military medical. journal, part 104, book. 1, p. 25, book. 2, p. 71, book. 3, p. 139, book. 4, p. 217, 1869.

D. G. Kucherenko, A. I. Komarov.

In those difficult times, no one ever said bad things about doctors, nurses, medical instructors and orderlies - simply because they were worth their weight in gold and were needed like air, they were prayed for and respected ...

Komsomol military paramedic O. Maslichenko renders first aid to wounded soldiers. Southern front.


Medical instructor V. Nemtsova provides first aid to a wounded soldier on a village street on the Voronezh Front.


Shooting time: March 1943. Author: Yakov Ryumkin
Carrying the wounded in the Soviet field hospital.


Author: Anatoly Garanin
Unloading the Soviet wounded from the ZiS-5 ambulance truck in a field hospital. Kalinin front.


Shooting time: August 1943
Soviet military medic assists the residents of the liberated village.

A Soviet medical officer examines the liberated prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp. The emaciated prisoner survivor is engineer Rudolf Scherm from Vienna. But the name of the doctor is unknown ...


Location: Auschwitz, Poland. Shooting time: January 1945
The Soviet medical commission examines the released prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp.


A doctor from the Soviet medical commission examines a released prisoner of the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Doctors of the Soviet medical commission interview the released prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp.


A former prisoner of the Auschwitz concentration camp demonstrates to the Soviet medical commission her personal number stamped on her arm.


Group portrait of the wounded and doctors of evacuation hospital No. 3056 in Cheboksary. Among the fighters (presumably sitting on the right) surgeon P.P. Nikolaev.


A Soviet military doctor is talking to a civilian in Germany.


A group of wounded Soviet servicemen of the evacuation hospital No. 424 in the city of Izhevsk with the attending surgeon A.I. Vorobieva.


Military doctor of the 3rd rank Antonina Fedosyevna Volodkina (year of birth - 1912) makes a report "Methods of pain relief at field medical posts" at the conference of military surgeons of the South-Western Front.


Military doctor senior lieutenant of the medical service Alexandra Georgievna Vasilyeva.

Military doctor of the 3rd rank (captain of the medical service) Elena Ivanovna Grebeneva (1909-1974), medical resident of the surgical dressing platoon of the 316th medical battalion of the 276th rifle division.

Shooting time: 02/14/1942
Soviet hospital doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Shatalin. Bryansk Front, November 1942. Signature on the back: “Dear, beloved! I am sending you my card so that you can remember me after 15 months of separation. Your Kolya. 21/1x 42 g Kaluga.

Shooting time: November 1942
Soviet hospital personnel. Pictured in glasses, Nikolai Ivanovich Shatalin, drafted into the army in 1942 to the Bryansk Front in the 19th separate company of the medical department of the 43rd Army. He finished the war in Germany with the rank of major in the medical service.


Shooting time: 1943
Military doctor E.A. Kaverina (first row in the center). Next to the nurse and the wounded Ryazantsev. 421st evacuation hospital, September 1943.


Shooting time: September 1943
Elena Andreevna Kaverina (1909-1946). In 1939 she graduated from the Military Medical Academy of the Red Army named after S.M. Kirov in Leningrad.

Elena Andreevna Kaverina (1909-1946). In 1939 she graduated from the Military Medical Academy of the Red Army named after S.M. Kirov in Leningrad. Participant of the Finnish and Great Patriotic Wars. In this picture, she is in the rank of military assistant (corresponds to the rank of lieutenant). She died of tuberculosis (the consequences of the Finnish war) in the spring of 1946. Buried in Kyiv.
Captain of the medical service Galina Alexandrovna Isakova (1915 - 2000).

Postgraduate student of the Izhevsk State Medical Institute G.A. Isakova was called up for military service in June 1941. During the war, she served as a military doctor in the field mobile hospital No. 571, the 90th Army pathoanatomical laboratory of the 22nd Army, and head of the pathoanatomical department of the 1927 sorting evacuation hospital.
Surgeon G.T. Vlasov in the Stalingrad field hospital No. 2208


Hospital №2208. During the operation, the head of the surgical department, military doctor 2nd rank Georgy Timofeevich Vlasov (year of birth - 1909), holder of three orders of the Red Star and the Order of the Patriotic War II degree, senior surgical nurse, military assistant Valentina Gavrilovna Panferova (year of birth - 1922, right), was awarded medals "For Combat Merit", Orders of the Patriotic War II and I degree, senior dressing sister Zakharova Maria Ivanovna (year of birth - 1923, left), awarded the medal "For Military Merit", the Order of the Patriotic War II degree.
Location: Stalingrad. Shooting time: 1942
Convalescent Red Army soldiers and medical staff in a field hospital. Southwestern Front.


Shooting time: June 1942. Author: Efim Kopyt
Military paramedic Lyudmila Gumilina assists a wounded soldier

The commander of the sanitary platoon of the guards separate machine-gun battalion of the 13th guards rifle division, paramedic Lyudmila Gumilina (born 1923), assists a wounded Soviet soldier.
Lyudmila Georgievna Gumilina, after completing nursing courses from October 1941, fought on the Crimean, Southern, Stalingrad, Don, Stepnoy, 2nd and 1st Ukrainian fronts, guards. military feldsher, since 1943 - lieutenant of the medical service, as a commander of a medical platoon, she reached Berlin, was wounded three times, was awarded the medal "For Courage" (11/28/1942) and the Order of the Red Star (06/06/1945).
After the war, she graduated from the Kyiv Medical Institute, worked as a neuropathologist in the Kiev hospital for war invalids, and was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.
Location: Stalingrad. Shooting time: 11/17/1942. Author: Valentin Orlyankin
Nurse Sadyk Gayfulin assists the wounded in battle. Western front.

Medical instructor assisting a wounded soldier during the battle in Stalingrad.


Location: Stalingrad. Shooting time: September-November 1942
Sanitary instructor Bryukova assists a Red Army submachine gunner who was wounded in the head during the battle for Novorossiysk.


Soviet nurse assisting a wounded Red Army soldier under enemy fire.


Sanitary instructor K.Ya. Danilova treats the leg of a wounded partisan.

Shooting time: June 1943
Nurse of the partisan detachment named after G.I. Kotovsky brigade named after S.M. Budyonny reads during night duty.


Location: Pinsk, Belarus, USSR. Shooting time: 12/23/1943
A nurse bandaging a wounded child in a hospital in besieged Leningrad.

Nurse of the 174th separate anti-tank artillery battalion. Komsomol of Udmurtia Inna Vasilievna Mekhanoshina.

Wounded children in the ward of the Leningrad State Pediatric Institute.


Location: Leningrad. Shooting time: 1942. Author: Boris Kudoyarov
Children wounded during artillery shelling of Leningrad, being treated at the Leningrad State Pediatric Institute.

Nurse of the 8th Guards Rifle Division V.I. Panfilov (b. 1923). Kalinin front.

Valentina Panfilova is the daughter of the commander of the 316th Rifle Division (8th Guards Rifle Division), Major General I.V. Panfilov. The picture was taken after the death of her father in November 1941. V.I. Panfilova joined her father's division as a volunteer, immediately after graduation. She began her service in the medical battalion of the division. After the death of her father, she flatly refused to go home, and went through the entire war with the division. She was wounded three times.
Shooting time: 1942. Author: Ivan Narcissov
Praskovya Leontievna Tkacheva, senior nurse of the surgical department of the Brest Fortress hospital, with the wives and children of Red Army commanders, surrounded by German soldiers.

Location: Brest, Belarus, USSR. Shooting time: 06/25-26/1941. Author unknown.
Field hospital nurse M. Tkachev at the bed of the wounded senior sergeant A. Novikov on the Don Front. The photo was taken in the winter of 1942-1943.


Nurse of the Leningrad Naval Hospital Anna Yushkevich feeds the wounded sailor of the patrol ship V.A. Ukhov.

Medical instructor senior sergeant Arkady Fedorovich Bogdarin (born in 1911) bandages a wounded in the head sergeant F.L. Lisrata on the Northwestern Front.

Shooting time: 1942. Author: Efim Kopyt
An orderly bandaging a wounded Red Army soldier in the arm during a battle on the Southwestern Front.


Shooting time: November-December 1942. Author: Semyon Fridlyand
Voenfeldsher S.N. Bovunenko bandaging the head of a wounded Red Army soldier during a battle on the "small land" in the Novorossiysk region.

A Soviet medical officer bandaging a wounded soldier during a bombardment. The soldier is armed with a Sudayev submachine gun (PPS). Presumably, the photo was taken no earlier than 1944.

Sanitary instructor of the 125th Marine Regiment Sergeant Nina Stepanovna Burakova (born 1920) bandaging a wounded soldier in the Arctic.


Shooting time: 1942. Author: Evgeny Khaldei
Sanitary instructor of the 705th Infantry Regiment Senior Sergeant V.A. Ponomarev bandages the wounded in the head junior lieutenant N.S. Smirnova


Senior sergeant Olga Ivanovna Borozdina (born 1923) bandaging a wounded soldier on a battlefield in Poland.

Delivery of the Soviet wounded to the medical battalion on a drag with dogs. Germany, 1945


Evacuation of wounded soldiers on a U-2 plane in the Stalingrad area. Cassettes mounted on the lower wings are used to transport the wounded. The cassettes consisted of a platform for stretchers and a light roof over them.

Shooting time: September 1942
Evacuation of Soviet soldiers from the Kerch Peninsula. The wounded are loaded into a specially modified U-2 (Po-2) aircraft.


Loading the wounded into the carriage of an ambulance train at the evacuation point (EP) No. 125 in Moscow.


Location of shooting: Moscow. Shooting time: May 1942. Author: A. Khlebnikov
Carts with the wounded at the Soviet military hospital train No. 72 at the Guev Tupik station.


Location: Guev Tupik, Ukraine, USSR. Shooting time: 06/07/1944. Author: A. Khlebnikov
Medics give a blood transfusion to a wounded Soviet soldier in Berlin.


Female doctors bandaging a wounded man in the car of the Soviet military hospital train No. 111 during the Zhytomyr-Chelyabinsk flight.



Female doctors dressing the wounded in the car of the Soviet military hospital train No. 72 during the Zhytomyr-Chelyabinsk flight.



The wounded are waiting for dressing in the carriage of the Soviet military hospital train No. 72 during the Smorodino-Yerevan flight.


Shooting time: December 1943. Author: A. Khlebnikov
Installation of a catheter to a wounded man in the carriage of the Soviet medical train No. 72 during the Zhytomyr-Chelyabinsk flight.


Shooting time: June 1944. Author: A. Khlebnikov
The imposition of plaster bandages on the wounded in the car of the Soviet military hospital train No. 72 during the flight Zhitomir - Chelyabinsk.


Shooting time: June 1944. Author: A. Khlebnikov
Bandaging of the wounded in the car of the Soviet military hospital train No. 318 during the flight Nezhin-Kirov.


Senior surgical nurse of the surgical dressing platoon of the 106th medical battalion of the 52nd rifle division M.D. Curly

Maria Dementyevna Kucheryavaya, born in 1918, lieutenant of the medical service. At the front from 06/22/1941. In September 1941, during the fighting on the Crimean Peninsula, she received a shell shock. In September 1944 she was awarded the Order of the Red Star.
From the award list: “Lieutenant of the medical service Kucheryavaya M.D. from August 25 to August 27, 1944, in the village. Tamoy of the Kogul region of the Moldavian SSR, with a stream of seriously wounded, working for two days without leaving the operating table, personally gave anesthesia to 62 seriously wounded, in addition, she assisted in the operations of 18 seriously wounded in the stomach and chest.
Location: Sevlievo, Bulgaria. Shooting time: September 1944

In 1864, she consolidated the special neutral status of medical personnel, designating their duty to perform "exclusively medical" functions and provide "impartial" medical care to all victims of war and armed conflicts:

• Art. 1. Camp infirmaries and military hospitals will be recognized as neutral and, on this basis, will be considered inviolable and enjoy the protection of the belligerents as long as the sick or wounded are in them.

• Art. 2. The right of neutrality will apply to the personnel of hospitals and field infirmaries, including quartermaster, medical, administrative and transport units for the wounded, as well as including clergy, when it is in action and as long as there are wounded who need to be picked up or assisted.

• Art. 7. For hospitals and camp infirmaries, and during the cleansing of such, a special flag, the same for all, will be adopted. It must, in all cases, be flown together with the national flag. Similarly, for persons under the protection of neutrality, the use of a special sign on the sleeve will be allowed; but the extradition thereof will be given to the military authorities. The flag and sleeve badge will be white with a red cross.

Military doctors in antiquity

Even the ancient Greeks had special doctors with their troops. Some of them were engaged in the treatment of exclusively internal diseases, others were surgical (the very old name of the doctor meant “removing arrows”). Doctors were an invariable affiliation of the army; their opinion was asked when setting up the camp. They were educated in religious and secular medical schools.

In the first centuries of the existence of Rome, medicine bears the features of the prehistoric period; in the treatment of diseases, spells, exorcism and various superstitious schemes are used. During the war against the epidemic, prayers are appointed in the troops, priests perform various religious ceremonies. Damage received during the battles, the soldiers heal each other or use the services of random doctors. There are no permanent military doctors, since there is no permanent army. Over time, the Roman army becomes permanent and with it there are military doctors, divided into ranks. Each significant military unit, each warship had its own doctor or doctors. The representatives of the medical class were almost exclusively Greeks, who used the scientific Greek medicine they had learned.

In the Byzantine Empire, the troops also had permanent doctors, like the Roman ones, they were divided into categories and were subordinate to the chief medical inspector.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, there were no permanent doctors to treat soldiers until the 11th century, and there were also no hospitals. For the first time, hospitals began to be arranged in Italy for the returning crusaders. The large Italian cities also had their own troops and began to hire doctors for them and build infirmaries in Florence, Bologna and other places. Soon, in other states, city magistrates (in Paris, Vienna) introduced similar institutions; their example was followed by feudal princes and kings. However, there were very few doctors in the troops.

Military doctors in modern times

After the advent of firearms, the number of injuries in war increased dramatically. Military people saw that wounds often entailed death; a seemingly insignificant wound leads to extensive inflammation. For everyone, the need for doctors has become obvious, and, since the 14th century, in every large detachment there are barbers, paramedics with assistants and special surgeons and doctors. Hospitals and pharmacies are being set up for sick servicemen. Doctors did not yet treat surgical diseases, and surgeons were little better than barbers. Physicians who were equally familiar with internal medicine and surgery did not begin to graduate from medical schools until the 18th century.

The army and navy always required doctors, comprehensively educated, and, moreover, good surgeons. In the military medical schools of the 18th century, for the first time, a complete union of medicine and surgery takes place; all major branches of medicine are considered equal and are taught as fully as possible.

Training of military doctors in Russia under Peter I

Peter I set out to provide the Russian troops during the fighting with the necessary number of Russian doctors (healers). To do this, it was necessary to have a permanent source from which doctors would graduate, and Peter founded the first medical school for 50 students in Moscow and, with it, the first military hospital in Russia (now the Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N. N. Burdenko), which began to be built in 1706 and finished in 1707. The energetic and comprehensively educated doctor Nikolai Bidloo was put at the head:

... Behind the Yauza river against the German settlement, in a decent place, for the treatment of sick people. And that treatment should be for Dr. Nikolai Bidloo, and for two doctors, Andrei Repkin, and for the other - who will be sent; yes, from foreigners and from Russians, from all ranks of people - to recruit 50 people for pharmaceutical science; and for the building and for the purchase of medicines and for all sorts of things belonging to that, and the doctor, and the doctors, and the students for the salary, keep the money from the fees of the Monastic order.

Already at the beginning of the 20th century, in 1907, Moskovsky Listok wrote: “Until that time, everything in Russia - from a serf to a duma boyar, was treated only by healers, and foreign doctors who came from time to time enjoyed attention only at the Court, and even then they were treated with mistrust and suspicion… Great Peter decided to create his own Russian hospital, which would be not only a place of healing, but also the first school for Russian doctors.”

During this period, a connection between the medical class and the spiritual was established for a long time: the sons of the ministers of the church joined the ranks of military doctors. It happened like this: the hospital and the school under it were under the jurisdiction of the Synod, and when there was a need for students for a new school, the Synod pointed to a source from where future doctors could be recruited - Greek-Latin schools. Of these, the required number of students for the hospital was selected, later students were sent from theological seminaries.

Schools were founded on the model of Moscow in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. In 1715, a large land hospital was opened on the embankment of the Vyborg side; in 1719, an admiralty hospital appeared near it, and in 1720 a similar hospital was founded in Kronstadt. All these hospitals were called general hospitals and it was supposed to organize medical schools with them, which was done only after the death of Peter in 1733, when surgical schools were founded in St. Petersburg at the land and admiralty hospitals and in Kronstadt. In the first two, it was supposed to have 20 students and 10 assistant doctors, and in the third, 15 students and 8 assistant doctors.

Military-medical Academy

A radical reform in the training of military doctors occurred with the formation of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy (since 1881 - the Military Medical Academy) by decree of Paul I.

Military doctors in the Red Army

By decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of September 22, 1935, the following ranks were established for military doctors:

• Senior military assistant
• Military doctor 3rd rank
• Military doctor 2nd rank
• Military doctor 1st rank
• Brigvrach
• Divvrach
• Korvrach
• Armdoctor

When entering or conscripting into the army, persons with a higher medical education were awarded the title of "Military doctor of the 3rd rank" (equivalent to the rank of captain).

see also

Notes

Sources

• Imperial Military Medical and Medico-Surgical Academy. Historical essay. Part 1. St. Petersburg, Synodal Printing House, 1902.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

• Voeikova, Alexandra Andreevna
• Paramilitary organization

See what "Military Doctor" is in other dictionaries:

Doctor- I specialist with completed higher medical education. The training of physicians in the USSR is carried out in medical institutes and at the medical faculties of universities (see Medical education) in the following specialties: general medicine; pediatrics; ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

DOCTOR- DOCTOR, a term in its modern application denoting a person who has received a completed higher medical education. Story. The name V. is found in the most ancient Russian documents. So, for example, in the charter of Prince Vladimir, referring to 996 ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

MILITARY- MILITARY, oh, oh. 1. see war. 2. Relating to military service, service to the army, military personnel. military industry. B. doctor (military doctor). Military uniform, overcoat, cap. V. person (soldier). V. town (residential complex, in which they live ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

naval doctor- military V,., serving in the Navy ... Big Medical Dictionary

Military District (Germany)- Military districts during World War II During World War II, Germany used a system of military districts (German: Wehrkreis), which effectively sleep ... Wikipedia

military- I. MILITARY oh, oh. 1. to War (1 character). At oh time. In th events. V. union. In th preparations. What a provocation. Map of military operations. In the first case (a circle of knowledge covering the theory and practice of warfare; such knowledge as a subject) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Doctors are different, among them there are those who have shoulder straps on their shoulders. A military doctor is a difficult profession, but extremely necessary. And certainly the most humane among all military specialties. Primarily military doctor- This is a man with a higher medical education and officer epaulettes on his shoulders. In principle, there are more military doctors in the army - these are private nurses, medical sergeants, and warrant officers. But only officers can be in medical positions, only the phrase “medical service” is added to their rank, for example, “senior lieutenant of the medical service”. In the not so distant past, military doctors were exclusively men. In our time, the sex ratio in the medical service has almost leveled off, some women have even reached the rank of colonel.

What does a military doctor do? The most obvious answer is healing the wounded. In fact, this is just one of the many tasks of a military doctor, and even then mainly in combat conditions. In peacetime, he has a lot of duties and not all of them are related to medicine. In short, all the medical support of the Armed Forces rests on it, and this includes medical and preventive work, and sanitary and hygienic supervision, and anti-epidemic measures, and medical supplies, and many other terrible words. In simpler terms, the military doctor must protect the soldier and officer from everything that could prevent them from performing their combat missions. Actually, therefore, doctors have never been in the army in the first roles, but have always been part of the units and support units.

There are two large groups of military doctors. The former are called “organizers” in military medical slang, the latter are called “healers”. How they differ should be clear from the names. The former are mainly engaged in administrative and managerial activities. The second, respectively, are treated. The first are various kinds of chiefs (the head of the first-aid post, the commander of the medical unit, the head of the medical service of the unit, etc.), the second are residents in hospitals, medical specialists, etc.

The primary link of military doctors is also called military. These are doctors and chief medical officers of battalions, brigades, etc. They are included in the staff of military units and live in the places of their permanent deployment. It is they who are responsible for the main work on prevention, as well as the earliest possible detection of diseases in soldiers, control over the quality of food, water, proper air temperature in the barracks, the regularity of washing in the bath and changing underwear. It is they who are the first to encounter outbreaks of acute respiratory viral infections or intestinal infections in units, fight infected abrasions and other skin infections, go to night firing, raise the alarm and leave with units for exercises.

How to become a military doctor? The first option is to go from cadet to lieutenant by enrolling in a specialized military university. True, after the reforms of Mr. Serdyukov in Russia, he was the only one left: the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg (VMedA). However, the second option is also possible: from the moment of graduation from a civilian medical university and up to 35 a doctor can enter the service under the contract.

Admission to the Military Medical Academy differs significantly from admission to a civilian medical university. For example, there is a strict age limit: you can enter only at the age of 16-22, and the age is considered on August 1 of the year of admission. If you turn 16 on August 2, you will have to wait a whole year, and if 23 hits on July 31, you will have to abandon the academy. Another significant difference: the receipt must be puzzled in advance. The application must be submitted to the local military registration and enlistment office no later than April 20 of the year of receipt. Here, in the local military registration and enlistment offices, the first round of selection takes place. The most important milestone to be overcome is the medical commission. It is carried out in accordance with the "Regulations on the military medical examination", more precisely, paragraph "d" of the Table of additional requirements for the state of health of citizens. Most often, vision becomes an obstacle for admission, it should be at least 0.8 / 0.5 for near without correction and at least 0.8 / 0.5 for distance with correction, and “pluses” or “minuses” in glasses should not must exceed 4 diopters. Allergy to vaccinations and antibiotics will also close the way to the shoulder straps of a military doctor. The most interesting thing is that it is possible to serve as a soldier with all the above pathologies, but it is no longer possible to become a medical officer. The second stage of selection is carried out according to the documents. The reason for refusal may be, for example, a criminal record. Applicants are invited to the third stage from July 1 to July 30 at the VMedA training center in Krasnoye Selo. Here they once again undergo an extended medical commission, professional psychological selection in the form of many hours of testing (in accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense No. 50 of 2000), and also pass physical fitness standards - 100-meter run, 3 km cross and pull-up ( Order of the Minister of Defense No. 200 of 2009). The requirements for physical training are quite strict, and the point system allows you to screen out an almost unlimited number of candidates. 170 points or more can be considered a relative guarantee. In more understandable numbers: 15 pull-ups (70 points), 3 km in 12 minutes 24 seconds (50 points), 100 m in 13.9 seconds (51 points). There are options, for example, you can pull yourself up less, but run a three-point faster. Or run a hundred meters in 11.8 seconds and get 100 points for it. For girls, who for some time now can also enter military universities, the requirements are softer. It is enough for them to run 1 km instead of 3, and pull-ups for them are replaced by torso bends. And only after all this, they look at the results of the exam in Russian, biology and chemistry, and one of them is necessarily profiling, i.e. with an equal sum of points, the advantage is for the applicant who passed better, for example, chemistry, as this year. The determination of the final admission criteria (analogous to the “passing score”) is determined by the academy annually, so it is impossible to predict in advance what your child’s chances of admission are.

Features of study. In the Military Medical Academy, at the faculties of training doctors (and there are three of them: II, where land pilots are trained, III, flight and IV, marine) study for 6 years. It takes 6 years to obtain a doctor's diploma, and another year - for primary medical specialization (internship). From 1st to 5th year - cadets (with soldier and sergeant ranks), 6th year - lieutenants.

To the complexity of studying at a medical university, "hardships and deprivations of military service" are added. Walking in formation, barracks position for the first 2 courses, early rise, mandatory morning exercises, observance of uniforms, daily outfits, etc. Therefore, young men who have big problems with the word “must” should better avoid cadet shoulder straps. Future military doctors regularly run cross-country races, undergo ski training, and pass standards in swimming and shooting. Keep in mind that if you are overweight, all this will be problematic.