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The Russian princes gathered for a large meeting, listening attentively to Monomakh's speech. “Let us unite with one heart and we will sacredly guard the Russian land!” - said the prince. This happened in 1103. Druzhinnikov was led on a campaign by Prince Monomakh himself. The Russian soldiers fought bravely against the enemy and won a victory over the Polovtsians. Vladimir Monomakh became the Grand Duke of the Russian Land.
Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavovich was only 19 years old at that time, but he was already an experienced warrior. From childhood, Alexander easily controlled a horse, wielded a sword, did a lot of physical exercises, and went on long trips with his father. Despite his young age, the prince was smart, educated and resourceful.
The Swedish knights landed on the banks of the Neva River. Their leader sent a formidable letter to Prince Alexander: "If you can, resist, know that I am already here and will captivate your land." The prince was not shy. The battle was difficult, many Novgorodians were killed. But the Russian army defeated the "uninvited guests". Only a few Swedish ships managed to return home. It was in 1240.
Battle on Lake Peipus In the spring of 1242, the German knights entered the Russian land. They walked under the banner with a black cross, for which they were called crusaders. Prince Alexander Nevsky decided to give battle to the German knights on the ice of Lake Peipus. This happened on April 5, 1242.
When the Russian army approached the Don, the army of Mamai, the chief military leader of the Golden Horde, was already standing on the other side of the river. Here on the Kulikovo field on September 8, 1380, a fierce battle took place, in which the Russians defeated the Mongol-Tatar warriors.
- drawings, reproductions of paintings Text - Vinogradova N.F.. Kalinova G.S. The world around: a textbook for students in grade 4 of educational institutions. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2008.
Who are the Polovtsy?
Polovtsy (11-13 century) - nomadic peopleTurkic origin, which became one
of the main serious political
opponents of the princes of ancient Russia.
Polovtsy at the beginning of the 11th century moved out of
Zavolzhye, where they lived before, in
side of the Black Sea steppes, displacing
along the way the tribes of the Pechenegs and Torks. The people also have the names "Kipchaks" and
"cumans". Each term has its own
value and appeared in special conditions,
so common in the territory of Ancient
Russia, the name of the Polovtsians came from the word
"stripes", which means "yellow" and entered into
use due to the fact that the early
representatives of this people had bright
yellow hair. The concept of "Kipchak" was for the first time
taken after a serious
civil war in the 7th century among
Turkic tribes, when the loser
know began to call themselves Kipchak -
"ill-fated". "Kumans" of the Polovtsy
called in Byzantine and
Western European chronicles. History of the people
The Polovtsians were
an independent people
for several centuries, however
by the middle of the 13th century they became part of
Golden Horde and assimilated
Tatar-Mongolian conquerors,
giving them part of their culture and
your language. In 1103 they were again defeated by the Russians.
army under the leadership of Svyatopolk and
Vladimir and were forced to leave earlier
occupied territories and go to
service to the Caucasus to the local king.
The Cumans were finally defeated in 1111
year by Vladimir Monomakh and the thousandth
Russian army, which undertook a crusade
campaign against their longtime enemies and
invaders of Russian territories. To avoid
final ruin, Polovtsian tribes
were forced to go back across the Danube and into Georgia
(tribe divided). However, after death
Vladimir
Famous princes of Russia
Rurik (862-879)Oleg (879-912)
Igor (912-945)
Olga (945-957)
Vladimir St. Equal-to-the-Apostles (980-1015)
Svyatopolk (1015-1019)
Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054)
Izyaslav (1054-1078)
Svyatoslav (957-972)
Vsevolod - III (1176-1212)
Constantine - I (1212-1219)
Yuri - II (1219-1238)
Yaroslav - II (1238-1252)
Alexander Nevsky (1252-1263)
Daniel - I (1229-1264)
Famous princes of Russia
Vsevolod - I (1078-1093)Svyatopolk - II (1093-1113)
Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)
Mstislav - I (1125-1132)
Yaropolk (1132-1139)
Vsevolod - II (1139-1146)
Izyaslav - II (1146-1154)
Yuri Dolgoruky (1154-1157)
Mstislav - II (1157-1169)
Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169-1174)
Yaroslav - III (1264-1272)
Basil - I (1272-1276)
Dmitry - I (1276-1294)
Andrew - II (1294-1304)
Saint Michael (1304-1319)
Yuri - III (1320-1326)
Dmitry - II (1326)
Alexander of Tver (1326-1338)
John - I Kalita (1320-1341)
Simeon the Proud (1341-1353)
John - II (1353-1359)
Raids on Russia Polovtsy
Prepared by the teacher
primary school MBOU "Secondary school No. 2 named after. E. V. Kamysheva
Yurieva Elena Gennadievna
![](https://i2.wp.com/fsd.multiurok.ru/html/2017/05/28/s_592a6165dc72c/img1.jpg)
AT XII century Russia divided for several independent principalities sometimes at odds with each other. The strongest were Vladimir, Chernigov, Galicia, Smolensk principalities and Novgorod land.
![](https://i1.wp.com/fsd.multiurok.ru/html/2017/05/28/s_592a6165dc72c/img2.jpg)
A special place at this time is occupied by the struggle of Russia with the Polovtsians. Polovtsy - steppe nomadic people, neighbors of Russia. Back in the 11th century, Russian-Polovtsian clashes began. In memory of the Polovtsians in the south of Russia, stone statues remained on ancient burial mounds, where warriors were buried. The sculptures depict warriors or women and are called "stone women"
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Russian princes tried to repel the attacks of the Polovtsy near the walls of their fortresses. But this was of little use.
First of all, the Polovtsians could attack in a huge horde, and the forces of the city and the local prince were often not enough for defense.
Secondly sadly, the Polovtsians were often brought to Russia by the Russian princes themselves. They were at enmity with each other and used warlike nomads to attack an objectionable neighbor.
![](https://i1.wp.com/fsd.multiurok.ru/html/2017/05/28/s_592a6165dc72c/img5.jpg)
Prince Vladimir Monomakh proposed his own way of fighting the Polovtsy.
Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh
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In the 12th century Cumans lived north of the Black and Azov Seas, from the Volga and Danube. Nomads served the Grand Duke for money, were his mercenaries and at the same time plundered the southern lands.
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From 1169, the heyday of Vladimir Russia begins
Immediately after the death of Andrei Bogolyubsky (son of Yuri Dolgoruky), strife began between his brothers and nephews.
It ended with the victory of Vsevolod Yurievich, who took the throne of Vladimir for 32 years. Since the Grand Duke had a large family, the people called him Vsevolod the Big Nest. Although the Grand Duke and his sons spent their whole lives in military campaigns, under Vsevolod, Vladimir Rus reached its highest peak.
Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky
Prince Vsevolod Big Nest
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In 1185, Igor, Prince of Novgorod, the Seversk land, conceived a military campaign against the Polovtsy, who lived in the steppes south of Russia. For many years, the Russians and the Polovtsy were at enmity with each other, and it seemed that this enmity had no end and edge, because each prince dreamed only of personal glory and each principality fought the Polovtsy alone.
Prince Igor wanted to go through the entire Polovtsian steppe and reach the city of Tmutarakini, built by the Russians in the 10th century on the Taman Peninsula, between the Black and Azov Seas.
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But Igor and Vsevolod were able to restore stamina and courage to their warriors. The army went on a campaign. However, the Polovtsians lured the Russians deep into the steppe and surrounded them. By the banks of the river Kayali the battle began. The warriors fought gloriously for two days. And on the third, when the sun was at its zenith, Igor's banners fell.
V. Vasnetsov. After the battle of Igor Svyatoslavovich with the Polovtsy
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In an unequal battle, Igor himself was wounded and taken prisoner.
“The grass will droop with pity in the field, and with anguish they bowed to the ground of the tree ... Our Russian land has weakened, a groan has risen on it”
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
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Meanwhile, the news of Igor's defeat reached the city. Putivl, where Princess Yaroslavna was waiting for the return of her husband. Hearing the evil news, she climbed the city wall and began to mourn the dead Russian soldiers.
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
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The Polovtsy could not take advantage of the victory over Igor's squad. Svyatoslav of Kiev with difficulty, but managed to beat off their raid.
Kyiv Prince Svyatoslav saw a terrible dream. He dreamed of the banks of the Kayala, strewn with the bodies of dead soldiers. And he realized that trouble had happened to Igor. And he turned to all the Russian princes with a proposal to end quarrels and hostility, to unite as in the good old days against a common enemy.
![](https://i1.wp.com/fsd.multiurok.ru/html/2017/05/28/s_592a6165dc72c/img17.jpg)
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Meanwhile, Igor was able to persuade the Polovtsy Ovlur to help him escape from captivity. When the Polovtsian camp was sound asleep, Ovlur whistled for Igor to mount his horse. Despite the chase, the prince's escape was a success.
The return of Igor to Russia caused general joy. The Tale of Igor's Campaign is written about his campaign. In this poem, Igor is glorified as a commander who called on the Russian princes to unite against the enemy. But the princes did not unite, and the Polovtsy continued to attack Russian lands.
The last raid of the Polovtsy took place in 1234 year.
![](https://i0.wp.com/fsd.multiurok.ru/html/2017/05/28/s_592a6165dc72c/img20.jpg)
Sources:
1) “Illustrated history of Russia. VIII- Beginning of the XX century» Borzova L.P.
2) "Victory of the Russian army and navy" Filyushkin A.I.
3) "Ancient Russia" Aleshkov V.I.
4) "History of Russia" Golubev A.V., Telitsin V.L., Chernikova T.V.