A compound nominal predicate is more diverse than a compound verbal predicate in terms of composition and meaning of both the main part and the auxiliary.
Auxiliary part. The auxiliary part includes: a) the copula verb to be, expressing only modal-temporal meanings: The highest patriotism is a passionate desire for the good of the motherland (Chernyshevsky); The word is the clothing of all facts, all thoughts (Gorky); The truth is brighter than the sun (proverb); The table was already set on the veranda with colored glass, which is why the sugar in the sugar bowl was green, the cucumbers were red, the bread turned yellow ... (Kochetov).
In the present tense, the copula is usually absent ("null copula form"). The use of the link to indicate the present tense has a stylistic coloring: Any contradiction is a source of the funny and comic (Belinsky); Human speech is the completion of a complex spiritual and physical process (A. N. Tolstoy).
In colloquial speech (also found in other styles), constructions such as Life is life are very common, which are built according to a stable scheme, but are characterized by relative freedom of lexical content. “The alogism of tautology,” writes N. A. Nikolina, “is defeated in the language due to the idiomatic semantics, due to the semantic increments that these statements acquire in a situation of communication.” It is known that from Nice A. Chekhov sent instructions to replace Andrei's long monologue about his wife with the sentence "A wife is a wife." “In this short phrase,” A. Chekhov wrote, “if you think about it more deeply, everything that was said in a long, two-page monologue is contained.” Wed See also: Poems are like poetry, but not a word of truth (Tvardovsky); We take purity, simplicity from the ancients, we drag sagas, fairy tales from the past because good remains good in the past, future and present (Vysotsky). lt;...gt;
Nominal part. Attention to the nominal type of the sentence, to the nominal predicate, to the nominal part of the predicate is not accidental. Predicativity as the main property of a sentence was usually associated with verb sentences, and in Russian the number of nominal sentences is huge. As studies of recent years show, the schemes of nominal sentences are rich and varied, the shades in language and speech semantics are specific, expressed using various schemes.
The most common ways of expressing the nominal part of the predicate are: adjective, noun, short passive participle, whole phrases and phraseological units: Life is excellent, full of exciting tasks and goals (Serebryakova); Popular friendship and brotherhood is more precious than any wealth (proverb); The longer the silence, the more amazing the speech (N. Ushakov); But in the song of the brave and strong in spirit, you will always be a living example, a proud call to freedom, to light! (Bitter); The river was quiet, with a lazy course and dense thickets along the banks (Paustovsky); This essay was written on the mezzanine of a village house (Paustovsky); The snows were immense, white, streaked with dirty lashes of roads (Simonov); And once he seemed to her a hero, a knight without fear and reproach (N. Ostrovsky); Igor is a greenhouse plant, and Kolka is clean and fresh, like a wild flower (Panova).
Let us single out the following questions: what are the shades in the meaning of the short and full forms of adjectives? How are they different. and tv. n. nouns and adjectives as part of the nominal part?
Researchers note the spread of the full form of the adjective in the function of the predicate, as a result of which the short form had to make room. And in general, the short form of the adjective in Russian, as in many other Slavic languages, gives way to the full one. Short forms that remain in the function of the predicate develop a temporary meaning: they express not a permanent, but a temporarily inherent feature of the subject. In this regard, the short adjectives are closest to the verb forms glad, ready, must and under., which have lost their correlative full ones and, despite their small number, are used quite often in speech.
Short forms of adjectives that remain connected with correlative full ones do not denote a sign, but rather, “a qualitative state that flows or occurs in time”, and the full forms of adjectives denote a constant attribute, i.e. a sign “thinkable outside of time, but in a given context related to a specific time. So, in the following sentences, short forms can be replaced by full ones and vice versa, without significant changes in the lexical meaning, but with some shades in the nature of the temporal reference of the feature: ... It is well built and strong, and beautiful with ancient Russian beauty (Fadeev); Your fathers did a lot to make it (life. - V. B.) beautiful and complete (Poltoratsky).
In some cases, short and long forms, despite the preservation of correlation, diverge in lexical meanings. Wed: The girl is very good and The girl is very good.
According to the observations of V. I. Chernov, “in terms of the present tense, with a zero connection, only short forms and full forms of the nominative case are used (Lake is deep, Lake is deep); in other modal-temporal plans, with a pronounced abstract copula, in addition, the full form of the instrumental case is used (The lake was deep, The lake was deep, The lake was deep); this form is almost the only one possible or does not know competition in constructions with semi-significant connective verbs and in constructions with the infinitive of any connective verb (The lake became deep; The lake seemed deep; Here the lake can be deep), while in constructions with significant connectives, full nominative form (He came tired).
The attention of researchers was attracted by the use of them. and tv. cases of a noun in the nominal part of the predicate. In sentences with a zero form of a copula, the noun has the form of the nominative case: My brother is a teacher, in sentences with auxiliary verbs, “along with the historically original form of the nominative case of the noun, the form of the instrumental case functions grammatically regularly.” For example: Green was a stern storyteller and poet of sea lagoons and ports... Green spent almost his entire life in doss houses, in penny and overwork, in poverty and malnutrition. He was a sailor, a loader, a beggar, a bath attendant, a gold digger, but above all a loser (Paustovsky). To some extent, they. n. denotes a sign more permanent than tv. but this distinction is not always clearly recognized and maintained. Compare: Green was not only a great landscape painter and master of the plot, but he was also a very subtle psychologist (Paustovsky).

A compound predicate consists of two parts: bundles and the verbal or nominal part.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate consists of a connective part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions what does it do? what to do? what have you been doing? The linking part can be:

phase verb (start, continue, become, quit):

I started/continued/finishedread this book.

modal in a word (be able, able, want, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware):

He wants to enroll in the Institute. I long could not with them meet.

Some linguists distinguish a separate group of connectives called emotional.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of nominal part and linking verbs.

The most commonly used is the linking verb. be. Less commonly used, but other linking verbs are possible.

A link in a sentence can be omitted.

The nominal part of the compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

adjective: weather was good;

noun: book - true friend;

comparative degree adjective: he has character harder become;

short form of the passive communion: grass bevelled;

short adjective: evening quiet;

adverb: mistake was there;

numeral: two by two - four;

pronoun: this notebook my;

phraseological combination: is he sat in a puddle;

idiom: is he wasthe talk of the town .

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition

Definition(or attribute ) - in syntaxRussian language secondary sentence member denoting a sign, quality, property of an object. Usually expressed adjective or communion. Answers the questions what?, which?, what?, what?, what?, whose?, whose?, whose?, whose?. When parsing a sentence, it is underlined with a wavy line.

Classification

Definitions can be linked to nouns way harmonization(agreed definitions) and methods of control and adjacency ( inconsistent definitions).

Agreed definitions

Consistent with the member being defined in the form ( case, number and gender in units. h.), are expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numerals,pronouns.

« Large trees grow near paternal house"

"AT our class no lagging behind students"

"He decides this task second hour"

In modern in Russian an agreed definition in a sentence most often precedes the name being defined (see the above examples). The reverse order (agreed definition follows the name being defined) is allowed, but is used, as a rule, in special cases:

in traditional proper names and special terms: "Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky”, “Ivan Great", "name noun"," heather ordinary»;

in poetic works, the word order of which is influenced by the requirements of the form ( the size,rhyme etc.):

Baron in cloisterssad Satisfied, however, was fate, Pastora flatteryfunerary , coat of arms tombsfeudal And epitaphbad .

- A. S. Pushkin. Message to Delvig

Inconsistent definitions

They do not agree with the word being defined and are expressed by nouns in oblique cases, the comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, subordinate clause.

"The rustle of the leaves birches»

"He liked the evenings at grandma's house»

"Choose a fabric more fun with a pattern»

"Eggs for breakfast soft-boiled»

"They were united by the desire see you»

"House where I live»

In Russian, inconsistent definitions in a sentence almost always follow the name being defined, exceptions are found only in poetic works:

Yes, I remember, though not without sin, From the Aeneid two verses. He rummage didn't have hunting In the chronological dust of the Genesis of the earth: But days gone by jokes From Romulus to the present day He kept in his memory.

Circumstance

Circumstance in syntaxRussian language secondary sentence member, depending on predicate and denoting a sign of action or a sign of another sign. Usually circumstances are expressed by nouns in indirect cases or by adverbs, although some groups of circumstances can be expressed participle turnover. They can also be expressed by an infinitive, a noun in the oblique case with and without a preposition, and even by some phraseological units.

According to the meaning that is clarified by the questions, the circumstances are divided into the following main types:

Circumstances	What do they mean	Questions	Examples
		When? How long? Since when? How long?	Will come tomorrow. Once upon a time icy winter time I came out of the forest (N. Nekrasov). Sunrise to sunset the streets are seething with life (E. Trutneva)
Mode of action and degree		How? How? In what degree?	Work passionately
	Location, direction, path	Where? Where? Where	On the image
	Reason, occasion	Why? On what basis? From what? For what reason?	Didn't go due to illness
	The purpose of the action	What for? For what purpose? For what?	Leave to rest
Comparisons			Behind the stove, a cricket was ticking like clockwork (K. Paustovsky).
	Action condition	Under what condition?	Postpone your trip if the weather worsens
	Condition, contrary to what	Against what? Despite what?	Let's do it despite the difficulties

AppendixAppendix- This definition, expressed by a noun consistent with the word being defined in the case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of the cliff -giant . Applications can indicate various qualities of an object, indicate age, nationality, profession and other signs, for example:

Grandmother- old woman looks out the window.

River Don spilled

Underlined, like the definition, with a wavy line.

A proper name, when combined with a common noun, can be an application when it does not name a person. For example, in a sentence

The Uralmash district is located in the north of Yekaterinburg.

the application will be the word "Uralmash". If the proper name refers to a person:

Cosmonaut Tereshkova went into space

then the proper name is the subject, with which the predicate agrees (in the feminine gender), and the common noun astronaut is an application.

If next to the application - a common noun there is a definable word, which is also a common noun, they are usually combined with a hyphen: Magic carpet,ascetic monk.

When a common noun is followed by a proper noun, the hyphen is not used ( boxer Ivanov), but there are combinations in which the common noun follows the proper name, then there is a hyphen between them: Mother Volga,Moscow river,Ivan the Fool,nightingale the robber.

The application, as a rule, is consistent in case with the word being defined. There are exceptions in which the application can be put in a case other than the word being defined: these are names - proper names and nicknames.

If the application before the main word can be replaced by a single-root adjective, then the hyphen is not put after the application. For example: “old watchman” (application - old man, main word watchman, old man can be replaced with “old” - old watchman), and watchman-old man (the hyphen is put because the application and the main word are common nouns).