Heraldry
Coat of arms
Malinsky district
The shield has the shape of a quadrangle with rounded lower corners and sharpening at the base. The field is divided into green and blue. The shield depicts a golden flax flower and an embroidered Ukrainian towel with a Polissya ornament.
In the upper part of the coat of arms there is an inscription "Malinsky district".
Coat of arms
the city of Malin
The main background of the coat of arms is green, which symbolizes both Polesye, on which the city is located, and its Drevlyane history. The colors of the Ukrainian national flag are vertically depicted in the center of the background. In the upper part is the name of the city - "Malin".
A scroll is placed in the center of the emblem, it also has a double meaning: the ancient origin of the city and the main industry - the production of paper, which is developed in the city of Malin, as well as a dove - a symbol of peace and Drevlyan history.
Flag
the city of Malin
The flag of the city is a rectangle with a ratio of the width of the flag to its length of 1: 2. The main background of the flag is green, which symbolizes both Polissya, on which the city is located, and its Drevlyane history. The colors of the Ukrainian national flag are depicted vertically against a green background.
The emblem of the city is depicted in the upper left corner of the flag.
Malinsky district
Malinsky district(Ukr. Malinsky district) is an administrative unit in the east of the Zhytomyr region of Ukraine. The administrative center - the city of Malin, is not part of it.
Located in the east of the region.
It borders in the south with the Radomyshlsky district, in the west with Korostensky and Vololdarsko-Volynsky, in the north with the Narodichesky districts of the Zhytomyr region in the east with the Ivankovsky and Borodyansky districts of the Kyiv region.
Population: 19,417 (as of 01.01.2014)
Area: 1406 km. sq.
(Ukrainian: Malin) - a city of regional significance in the Zhytomyr region of Ukraine, the administrative center of the Malinsky district
It is located on the banks of the Irsha River, a tributary of the Teterev, 103 km northeast of Zhytomyr, 3 km from the Kyiv-Kovel railway and the Kyiv-Brest highway.
Other settlements are not part of the Malinsky City Council.
Telephone code: 4133
History of Raspberry
Three kilometers southeast of Malin, the remains of an ancient Russian settlement have been preserved. Some scientists consider the remains of the city, which, allegedly in the 10th century, were owned by the Drevlyansky prince Mal, from whose name the name of the city comes.
In the lustration of 1471, the lands around Malin are mentioned as being used for fishing, beekeeping, and hunting. At the same time, they were settled by peasant colonization. At that time the village belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
In 1648, like the entire Ukrainian people, the inhabitants of Malin rebelled against the Polish-gentry oppression, for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. They killed the master, burned his estate. Many residents joined the peasant-Cossack army, headed by Bogdan Khmelnitsky, and in its composition smashed the gentry. Malin repeatedly became a place of hostilities, therefore, during the war years, it received significant destruction. To avoid the bullying of the Polish gentry, almost the entire population moved to the Left Bank. Even at the end of the 17th century in Malin there were only 9 households.
After the Andrusovo truce of 1667, Malin remained part of Poland. In particular, fearing that he would suffer the same fate as his predecessor, the new owner Malina M. Yelets arrived at his ruined estate only in 1691.
Malin was under Polish rule until 1793. After the reunification of Right-Bank Ukraine with Russia, it became part of the Radomyshl district of the Kyiv province. Malin passed from one owner to another.
In the middle of the XIX century. in Malin there were 130 households. In the early 1940s, a handicraft iron foundry and two mills operated here. Every year a fair was held in the village. They traded horses, cattle, bread, skins, fabrics, salt, tar, various products made of cast iron, iron and wood.
The authorities did not care about the medical care of the population. Healers and whisperers were engaged in treatment here. There was only an elementary school for the whole city and the surrounding villages.
In 1866 Malin became a volost center. In 1873, the Malinsky estate was acquired by K.S. Miklukho is the mother of the famous Russian traveler and scientist K. S. Miklukhi-Maclay, who had previously lived in St. Petersburg. She was a woman of advanced views for that time. Malin is often mentioned in the letters of Miklukha-Maclay, which are published in the 4th volume of his collected works. The traveler came here in 1886 and in 1887. He wrote dozens of letters to his relatives who lived here.
After the reform of 1861, the development of industry accelerated. A leather and distillery began to operate here.
In addition to the paper mill, in Malin at the beginning of the 20th century. there were two workshops for bent furniture, a dubbing, brick and brewery, a steam mill, a mill, and four forges. The revival of industrial life was facilitated by the laying of the Kyiv-Kovel railway near Malin in 1902. However, the main place in the economy of Malin continued to be occupied by agriculture.
At the beginning of the XX century. for the whole city and the surrounding villages there was only a zemstvo hospital, where a doctor, a paramedic and a midwife worked. There was a pharmacy.
The children of workers received education in a two-year rural school.
In the spring of 1920, a threatening situation again developed in Ukraine. Poland attacked on 25 April. Moving along the Kovel-Kyiv railway, on April 26 they approached Malin and surrounded him. On April 27, 1920, under pressure from the Polish cavalry, the Soviet units left the town. However, before the invaders had time to gain a foothold in Malin, the 7th Infantry Division liberated Malin with a swift counterattack and forced them to retreat, capturing many prisoners, 8 guns and 23 machine guns.
Only having brought up significant forces, the interventionists again entered the town on April 28, but not for long. In the second half of June, the fourteenth cavalry division and the 131st Tarashchan brigade liberated Malin.
During the civil war, Malin suffered great destruction. The paper mill was burned down by the manufacturers themselves. Only one small room has survived.
On June 22, 1941, the perfidious attack of fascist Germany on the Soviet Union interrupted peaceful life. Already in early July, the front approached Malin and fierce battles broke out on the outskirts of the city. On July 22, the Nazis managed to capture Malin. Malin station changed hands four times.
530 inhabitants of the city died defending from fascist invaders.
One of the oldest and undoubtedly beautiful cities in Belgium, Mechelen or Malin, a city with a surprisingly interesting history and rich architecture. The city of two Margaritas, which made it the capital of the then Netherlands, Malin is a city with a rich past. This wealth is carefully preserved and we admire the residence Margaret of Austria, the Jesuit Church, main cathedral city with a tower, which is included in the world heritage UNESCO. We admire the main square and the splendor of Flemish architecture.
Today Malin center of Catholicism in Belgium where is located archbishop's residence. But the most important thing that the city is famous for is its bells, or rather carillons. Malinsky carillons. Famous all over the world for their unusual iridescent, pearly chime. It was from Malin that this expression came to Russia - raspberry ring. In Malin there is a school of bell ringers, which has the richest traditions, where people from all over the world come to learn the art of bell ringing.
During the tour we will see two old monasteries, what is called beguinage and where the Beguinka nuns used to live. In one of the beguinages is now old brewery where (optionally) we can have a great time, tasting local beers and/or local Belgian cuisine. For example, meat goulash in beer sauce.
Many Russian cities are sister cities to Malin. Much connects Malin with Russia, and therefore, walking around Malin and admiring medieval architecture, do not be surprised and do not think that you have an auditory hallucination when you hear such a melodious and beautiful Russian melody sound in the magnificent performance of the carillon of the main cathedral - "Step yes steppe all around.
Under the shadow of the cathedral
In a cozy quiet little cafe,
We enjoyed the ringing of bells
Heavenly harp with a gentle chime
And the blue of the Malinsky sky.
The waiter showed his courtesy,
Grossed funny Rrrrossiya, horrrosho!
And we, already loving, his Belgian slowness,
said sankyu, buy, merci and dunk shon!
Limes flirted in colorful dresses,
The streets are empty, where else is it empty?
Autumn evening gave us hugs,
And Malin saw off his guests ....
(I tried to convey the mood of a recent trip to Malin. Such a small dedication to this wonderful city and wonderful people with whom we have a good time for the second time. Valera and Irina from Nizhny Novgorod, hello to you from Belgium. :)
M alin Ivan Gavrilovich - squad leader of a foot reconnaissance platoon of the 203rd Guards Red Banner Rifle Regiment of the 70th Guards Red Banner Rifle Division of the 13th Army of the Central Front, guard foreman.
Born on July 6, 1897 in the village of Perviye Gorodtsy, Trubchevsky District, Bryansk Region. Russian. Member of the CPSU since 1932.
Received primary education. Participated in the civil war on the Southern Front. He worked in Kazakhstan as a party organizer of the state farm named after S.M. Kirov Taldy-Kurgan region.
He served in the Red Army in 1918-1921 and 1942-1945. From May 1943 until the victory over Germany, he fought on the Central, 1st and 4th Ukrainian fronts. He took part in the Battle of Kursk, the liberation of Ukraine and Czechoslovakia.
On the night of September 20, 1943, the guard foreman I.G. Malin was one of the first to cross the Dnieper near the village of Domantovo (Chernobyl district of the Kyiv region of Ukraine). The detachment took possession of the border, entrenched itself and during the day repelled enemy counterattacks until reinforcements arrived.
At order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 16, 1943, for the successful crossing of the Dnieper River north of Kyiv, the strong consolidation of the bridgehead on the western bank of the Dnieper River and the courage and heroism shown by the guards foreman Malin Ivan Gavrilovich was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 1814).
In 1945 I.G. Malin was demobilized. He returned to Kazakhstan, lived in the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk. In 1960 he moved to the Saratov region in the village of Sennoy, Volsky district.
He was awarded the Orders of Lenin (10/16/1943), the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree (1945), the Red Star (1943) and two medals
A memorial sign to I.G. Raspberry.
The 203rd regiment was approaching the Dnieper. Major Kovalenko summoned Sergeant Major Malin to him, and I set the task of getting behind enemy lines and capturing the captured officer. The command needed information about the crossings across the Dnieper and the defense of the enemy on the western bank of the river.
On a dark, rainy night, Malin's squad went on a mission. There was no continuous front line, and the scouts easily passed the enemy barriers. On the Oster-Gornostaipol road, the retreating Nazi troops moved in a continuous stream across the Dnieper. The scouts made an ambush near the forester's house, which stood in a forest clearing off the road.
In the courtyard of the house, the windows of a covered car, guarded by sentries, shone. “So, here is the headquarters,” Malin thought, and he decided to take the captured officer here. Soon the lights in the car went out, the sentry changed. Having silently removed the Nazi, the scouts opened the car door and attacked a group of officers who were resting. One of them still managed to fire a pistol ...
Taking away a briefcase with documents and one Nazi tied with a rope, the scouts began to retreat through the forest in the direction of the location of our troops. However, the shot woke up the Nazis, who were resting in the forester's house. The Germans began to jump out of windows and doors. They were overtaken by well-aimed bursts of Soviet intelligence officers. The entire group of Nazis was killed. Malin personally destroyed 12 enemy soldiers and officers with machine gun fire and a butt.
The scouts returned to the regiment by morning. The captured officer gave valuable information, and the captured documents told the command about the plans of the enemy.
September 25, the regiment went to the Dnieper in the area with. Teremtsy. And again, the department of Malin was given a responsible task: to be the first to force the river and divert the attention of the enemy from the section of the upcoming crossing of the main forces of the regiment.
In carrying out this task, Malin and his comrades swam across the Dnieper at night, broke into the enemy trenches and, having killed a group of resisting Nazis, captured an enemy machine gun. Having entrenched themselves on a coastal hill, Malin's scouts took the first blows from superior enemy forces, enabling the advanced units of the regiment to cross the Dnieper without significant losses and seize a bridgehead on its western bank. Throughout the day, Malin provided fire from a captured machine gun to the right flank of the regiment, while destroying more than 30 enemy soldiers and officers.
And for the ambassadors of the daring Drevlyan, and for Iskorosten, the matter ended tragically. But Malin survived, survived the Tatar-Mongol invasion, and in 1445 was again mentioned in the annals, this time Lithuanian. From ancient Russian times, only the settlement has survived in the city. Yes, and with later monuments sparsely. However, there is a kind of non-futile charm in Raspberry. In 1873, Ekaterina Miklukha from St. Petersburg appreciated him. Fulfilling the will of her late husband, the mother of five children bought a small estate here. They say that a vast park with several ponds, the one in the very center of the city, was planted at her direction.
Under the roof of your house...
Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay, an outstanding traveler, anthropologist, ethnographer, doctor, linguist, biologist and geographer, whose scientific works remain relevant to this day, not only lived and worked in Malin, but also appreciated this city, traveled around the neighborhood with pleasure Malina, interested in ancient legends and folklore, here is the grave of his mother.
The love of Nikolai Nikolaevich for the Ukrainian city is quite natural.
Maclay settled in our area, and his descendant, the ataman of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, Okhrim Makukha, in 1772 showed remarkable heroism in the capture of Ochakov, for which he received a hereditary title of nobility. The surname had to be changed somewhat for euphony. However, the newly-minted nobles perfectly remembered their roots. Nikolai Nikolayevich's uncle was friends with Nikolai Gogol - they say that it was on the basis of his stories that the plot of "Taras Bulba" was born. It is curious that in Miklukho-Maclay he took with him on his travels the image of the main character of the Gogol story, claiming that this was his ancestor. Fate threw the Mikluh family to Russia, but his father always dreamed of returning "to the land of viburnum and sunflowers." It was in Malin that the nobles of Miklukhi found their home.
The only one in Europe
The merits of Nikolai Miklukho-Maclay are highly appreciated by world science, his birthday is celebrated on the planet as a world day of ethnography. It was he, a humanist scientist, fluent in seventeen languages, who first raised his voice against racial discrimination and stubbornly defended his point of view in one hundred and sixty scientific works. It is significant that Nikolai Nikolaevich wrote and edited the first volume of his famous Travels in Malin. The indefatigable traveler lived a very short - less than 42 years - but incredibly bright life: New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, the Philippines ... In 1886 he returned from Australia, where he spent almost three years (his descendants still live and work there!) Russia, and died two years later. In distant Sydney there is a monument to a descendant of a Zaporozhian Cossack and an outstanding Russian scientist with world merit. The second (and only in Europe) monument to Miklouho-Maclay stands in the center of the small town of Malin in the Zhytomyr region. On the pedestal is only the name and dates of life. Alas, the scientist's house did not survive to this day. However, the trees planted by his mother are still noisy in the city center.
To notepad
How to get there? From Kyiv to Malin can be reached by minibus (about an hour drive) or from the railway station by electric train.
Museum. The forestry technical school has a hall with a small exposition dedicated to an outstanding fellow countryman - Nikolai Miklukho-Maclay.
Visit this wonderful city and believe me, you will be satisfied! Going to the ancient city of Malin is not difficult, and there will be many pleasant emotions from the trip.
Story
The settlement arose in the 11th century.
In 1320, Malin was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
In 1793, Malin became part of the Russian Empire and was included in the Kyiv province.
As of 1896, 2760 people lived in Malin, there was a school, a hospital, an almshouse, as well as an Orthodox church, a church, a synagogue and 2 Jewish prayer houses. In the 19th century, a city park was created in Malin.
In January 1918, Soviet power was established in the city.
In November 1929, the House of Culture was opened in the city.
In 1938, the urban-type settlement of Malin received the status of a city.
In 1953, the largest enterprise in the city was a paper mill, and there was also a forestry technical school, 2 secondary schools, a seven-year school and an elementary school.
In 1972, a monument to those who died in the Great Patriotic War - the Mound of Immortality (authors: architects D. Lyashevich and O. Yatsyuk, artist V. Kulganik) was opened in Malin. As of 1972, the population of the city was 17.9 thousand people, a paper mill, an experimental plant, a dairy plant, a vegetable drying plant, a brick plant, a bakery, a bent furniture factory and a garment factory operated in the city.
As of the beginning of 1981, a paper mill, a pilot plant, a butter and cheese plant, a vegetable drying plant, 4 crushed stone plants, a plant for non-metallic building materials, a bread plant, a furniture factory, a garment factory, a district agricultural machinery, a consumer service plant, a timber technical school, a branch of the Irpen Industrial College, a vocational school, six secondary schools, a music school, a sports school, 2 hospitals, 2 houses of culture, a cinema, 5 libraries and a historical museum.
In 1989 the population was 29,572.
In 1996, a factory for the production of banknote paper was put into operation.
Population
The population of the city has 26.5 thousand inhabitants, mainly by nationality - Ukrainians, Russians, Poles, Jews, Belarusians, Czechs and Germans (colony Malindorf), as well as representatives of more than 20 nationalities.
Economy
Today, the city is known for the country's only banknote paper mill, as well as a paper mill, which is one of the largest pulp and paper enterprises in Europe (Weidmann Malyn Paper Mill).
Also located in the city is Weidmann Malin Insulating Components, one of the largest manufacturers of insulating components in Europe.
Also, the basis of the industrial potential of the city are:
Transport
The city is connected with Kyiv and Zhytomyr by rail and road. Minibuses run to the capital with an interval of 1 hour from the Malina bus station (about an hour and a half drive), the road by electric train from the Malin railway station to Kyiv takes about two hours. The road to the regional center takes more than 1.5 hours by bus, and by rail - about 3 hours (via Korosten).
Infrastructure
There are two polyclinics, a hospital, an ambulance station, an educational complex "School-Lyceum No. 1 named after Nina Sosnina", five general education schools, an evening school of 9 preschool institutions in the city. Over 1,200 students study at the Malinsky Forestry Technical School and over 500 at the Malinsky Vocational School No. 36. The city has a station for young technicians, a center for children's creativity, a children's sports school, an art school, and 3 libraries.
Monuments
In Malin, there is the only monument in Ukraine to the traveler and anthropologist Nikolai Miklukho-Maclay. It is installed on the main street Grushevsky. and N. Miklukho-Maclay came to the city several times to visit his mother and brother, who are buried in Malin. The Mikluh family had a family estate here, but the house, damaged during the Great Patriotic War, did not survive.
At the entrance to the central park there is a pedestal to the Heroes of the Malinsky underground, 8 meters high. The city has a monument to the victims of Chernobyl and the victims of the 1930s Holodomor, as well as an alley of Glory.
Miklukho-Maklai monument in Malyn.jpg
Monument to N. N. Miklukho-Maclay
Attractions
Malinsky Underwater Museum
In May 2011, activists founded an underwater museum in (in Russian - Luzha), in August 2011 the museum was replenished with new exhibits (anchor, motorcycle), the museum is available to all divers.
The maximum depth of the quarry is 15 meters, the water temperature is 4-6 ° C all year round, the best time to visit is during the period January-June at this time the visibility in the quarry is maximum.
Exhibits available for viewing
- Motorcycle - a dummy of a German motorcycle donated by the club "Alkonavt"
- Ancient forged anchor - a gift from Odessa divers
- wooden boat
- transformer booth
- Pumping station
- Model of a Polish underwater mine
Notable residents
- Mikhail Grishchenko - Hero of the Soviet Union, military medic
- Lishanskaya, Batya (1900-1992) - Israeli sculptor.
- Samoilenko, Anatoly Mikhailovich (born 1938) - Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician, academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, director of the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine since 1988.
- Friedland, Zvi (1898-1967) Israeli stage actor and director.
- Yanait Ben-Zvi, Rachel (רחל ינאית בן-צבי) (1886-1979) - Israeli writer, teacher
Write a review on the article "Malin (Zhytomyr region)"
Notes
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
An excerpt characterizing Malin (Zhytomyr region)
Napoleon silently shook his head. Believing that denial refers to victory and not breakfast, mr de Beausset allowed himself to playfully respectfully remark that there is no reason in the world that could prevent breakfast when it can be done.- Allez vous ... [Get out to ...] - Napoleon suddenly said gloomily and turned away. A blissful smile of regret, repentance and delight shone on the face of Monsieur Bosse, and he walked with a floating step to the other generals.
Napoleon experienced a heavy feeling, similar to that experienced by an always happy player who madly threw his money, always winning, and suddenly, just when he calculated all the chances of the game, feeling that the more deliberate his move, the more sure he loses.
The troops were the same, the generals were the same, the preparations were the same, the disposition was the same, the same proclamation courte et energique [short and energetic proclamation], he himself was the same, he knew it, he knew that he was even much more experienced and more skillful now than he was before, even the enemy was the same as near Austerlitz and Friedland; but the terrible swing of the hand fell magically powerless.
All those former methods, which used to be invariably crowned with success: both the concentration of batteries on one point, and the attack of reserves to break through the line, and the attack of the des hommes de fer [iron men] cavalry - all these methods have already been used, and not only were not victory, but the same news came from all sides about the dead and wounded generals, about the need for reinforcements, about the impossibility of knocking down the Russians and about the disorder of the troops.
Previously, after two or three orders, two or three phrases, marshals and adjutants galloped with congratulations and cheerful faces, declaring the corps of prisoners of war as trophies, des faisceaux de drapeaux et d "aigles ennemis, [bunches of enemy eagles and banners,] and cannons, and carts, and Murat he asked only for permission to send cavalry to pick up the baggage trains.So it was near Lodi, Marengo, Arcole, Jena, Austerlitz, Wagram, etc., etc. Now something strange was happening to his troops.
Despite the news of the capture of the flushes, Napoleon saw that it was not the same, not at all what had been in all his previous battles. He saw that the same feeling that he experienced was experienced by all the people around him, experienced in the matter of battles. All faces were sad, all eyes avoided each other. Only Bosse could not understand the meaning of what was happening. Napoleon, after his long experience of the war, knew well what it meant in the course of eight hours, after all the efforts expended, a battle not won by the attacker. He knew that this was an almost lost battle, and that the slightest chance could now - on that tense point of hesitation on which the battle stood - destroy him and his troops.
When he went over in his imagination all this strange Russian campaign, in which not a single battle was won, in which neither banners, nor cannons, nor corps of troops were taken in two months, when he looked at the covertly sad faces of those around him and listened to reports that that the Russians are still standing, - a terrible feeling, similar to the feeling experienced in dreams, seized him, and all the unfortunate accidents that could destroy him occurred to him. The Russians could attack his left wing, they could tear his middle apart, a stray cannonball could kill him himself. All this was possible. In his previous battles, he considered only the chances of success, but now countless accidents seemed to him, and he expected them all. Yes, it was like in a dream, when a villain is advancing on him, and in a dream the man swung and hit his villain with that terrible effort, which, he knows, should destroy him, and feels that his hand, powerless and soft, falls like a rag, and the horror of irresistible doom seizes the helpless man.
The news that the Russians were attacking the left flank of the French army aroused this horror in Napoleon. He sat silently on a folding chair under the barrow, his head bowed and his elbows on his knees. Berthier approached him and offered to drive along the line to see what the situation was.
- What? What are you talking about? Napoleon said. - Yes, tell me to give me a horse.
He mounted and rode to Semyonovsky's.
In the slowly dispersing powder smoke throughout the space through which Napoleon rode, horses and people lay in pools of blood, singly and in heaps. Napoleon and none of his generals had ever seen such a horror, such a number of people killed in such a small space. The rumble of guns, which did not stop for ten hours in a row and exhausted the ear, gave special significance to the spectacle (like music in live pictures). Napoleon rode out to the height of Semenovsky and through the smoke he saw rows of people in uniforms of colors unusual for his eyes. These were Russians.
The Russians stood in tight ranks behind Semyonovsky and the kurgan, and their guns ceaselessly hummed and smoked along their line. There was no more fighting. There was a continuing murder, which could lead neither the Russians nor the French to anything. Napoleon stopped his horse and fell back into that thoughtfulness from which Berthier had led him; he could not stop the deed that was being done before him and around him and which was considered to be led by him and dependent on him, and for the first time this deed, due to failure, seemed to him unnecessary and terrible.
One of the generals who approached Napoleon allowed himself to suggest that he bring the old guard into action. Ney and Berthier, who were standing beside Napoleon, exchanged glances and smiled contemptuously at the general's senseless proposal.
Napoleon lowered his head and was silent for a long time.
- A huit cent lieux de France je ne ferai pas demolir ma garde, [Three thousand two hundred miles from France, I can not let my guards be defeated.] - he said and, turning his horse, rode back to Shevardin.
Kutuzov was sitting with his gray head bowed and his heavy body lowered on a bench covered with a carpet, in the very place where Pierre had seen him in the morning. He did not make any orders, but only agreed or disagreed with what was offered to him.
“Yes, yes, do it,” he replied to various proposals. “Yes, yes, go, my dear, take a look,” he turned first to one, then to another of his associates; or: “No, don’t, we’d better wait,” he said. He listened to the reports brought to him, gave orders when it was required by his subordinates; but, listening to the reports, he did not seem to be interested in the meaning of the words of what was said to him, but something else in the expression of the persons who, in the tone of speech, informed him, interested him. He knew with many years of military experience and understood with an old mind that it was impossible for one person to lead hundreds of thousands of people fighting death, and he knew that the fate of the battle was decided not by the orders of the commander-in-chief, not by the place on which the troops stood, not by the number of guns and killed people, and that elusive force called the spirit of the army, and he followed this force and led it, as far as it was in his power.
The general expression on Kutuzov's face was concentrated, calm attention and tension, barely overcoming the fatigue of a weak and old body.
At eleven o'clock in the morning news was brought to him that the fleches occupied by the French were again recaptured, but that Prince Bagration was wounded. Kutuzov gasped and shook his head.
“Go to Prince Peter Ivanovich and find out in detail what and how,” he said to one of the adjutants and after that turned to Prince Wirtemberg, who was standing behind him:
“Would it please your Highness to take command of the First Army.”
Shortly after the prince's departure, so soon that he could not yet reach Semyonovsky, the prince's adjutant returned from him and reported to his lordship that the prince was asking for troops.
Kutuzov grimaced and sent an order to Dokhturov to take command of the first army, and asked the prince, without whom, as he said, he could not do at these important moments, he asked to return to himself. When the news of the capture of Murat was brought and the staff congratulated Kutuzov, he smiled.
“Wait, gentlemen,” he said. - The battle is won, and there is nothing unusual in the capture of Murat. But it is better to wait and rejoice. “However, he sent an adjutant to pass through the troops with this news.
When Shcherbinin galloped up from the left flank with a report about the occupation of the fleches and Semenovsky by the French, Kutuzov, guessing from the sounds of the battlefield and Shcherbinin’s face that the news was bad, stood up, as if stretching his legs, and, taking Shcherbinin’s arm, took him aside .
“Go, my dear,” he said to Yermolov, “see if anything can be done.”
Kutuzov was in Gorki, in the center of the position of the Russian troops. Napoleon's attack on our left flank was repulsed several times. In the center, the French did not move further than Borodin. From the left flank, Uvarov's cavalry forced the French to flee.
At three o'clock the French attacks ceased. On all the faces coming from the battlefield, and on those who stood around him, Kutuzov read an expression of tension that reached the highest degree. Kutuzov was pleased with the success of the day beyond expectation. But physical strength left the old man. Several times his head sank low, as if falling, and he dozed off. He was served dinner.
Wing adjutant Wolzogen, the same one who, passing by Prince Andrei, said that the war should be im Raum verlegon [transferred into space (German)], and whom Bagration hated so much, drove up to Kutuzov during lunch. Wolzogen came from Barclay with a report on the progress of affairs on the left flank. The prudent Barclay de Tolly, seeing the crowds of the wounded fleeing and the disorganized behinds of the army, having weighed all the circumstances of the case, decided that the battle was lost, and with this news he sent his favorite to the commander-in-chief.
Kutuzov chewed the fried chicken with difficulty, and with narrowed, cheerful eyes looked at Wolzogen.
Wolzogen, casually stretching his legs, with a half-contemptuous smile on his lips, went up to Kutuzov, lightly touching his visor with his hand.
Wolzogen treated his Serene Highness with a certain affected carelessness, intended to show that he, as a highly educated military man, leaves the Russians to make an idol out of this old, useless man, while he himself knows with whom he is dealing. “Der alte Herr (as the Germans called Kutuzov in their circle) macht sich ganz bequem, [The old gentleman calmly settled down (German)] thought Wolzogen and, looking sternly at the plates that stood in front of Kutuzov, began to report to the old gentleman the state of affairs on the left flank as Barclay ordered him and as he himself saw and understood him.
- All points of our position are in the hands of the enemy and there is nothing to recapture, because there are no troops; they are running, and there is no way to stop them,” he reported.
Kutuzov, stopping to chew, stared at Wolzogen in surprise, as if not understanding what he was being told. Wolzogen, noticing the excitement of des alten Herrn, [the old gentleman (German)], said with a smile:
- I did not consider myself entitled to hide from your lordship what I saw ... The troops are in complete disorder ...
- Have you seen? Did you see? .. - Kutuzov shouted with a frown, quickly getting up and advancing on Wolzogen. “How dare you… how dare you…!” he shouted, making menacing gestures with shaking hands and choking. - How dare you, my dear sir, say this to me. You don't know anything. Tell General Barclay from me that his information is incorrect and that the real course of the battle is known to me, the commander-in-chief, better than to him.
Wolzogen wanted to object something, but Kutuzov interrupted him.
- The enemy is repulsed on the left and defeated on the right flank. If you have not seen well, dear sir, then do not allow yourself to say what you do not know. Please go to General Barclay and convey to him my indispensable intention to attack the enemy tomorrow, ”Kutuzov said sternly. Everyone was silent, and one could hear one heavy breathing of the out of breath old general. - Repulsed everywhere, for which I thank God and our brave army. The enemy is defeated, and tomorrow we will drive him out of the sacred Russian land, - said Kutuzov, crossing himself; and suddenly burst into tears. Wolzogen, shrugging his shoulders and twisting his lips, silently stepped aside, wondering at uber diese Eingenommenheit des alten Herrn. [on this tyranny of the old gentleman. (German)]
