General characteristics of the city of Orenburg

The city of Orenburg is the administrative center of the Orenburg region, the foundation stone of which was laid during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna on April 19 (30), 1743, between the Yaik and Sakmara rivers.

Orenburg was laid down three times. For the first time in 1735 - on the site of the present city of Orsk, located in the east of the modern Orenburg region. In 1739, Orenburg was moved to a new place - Krasnaya Gora, which, after some time, was also considered a place that was not very convenient. And, finally, our city began to be built on the banks of the Yaik River, later renamed the Ural.

The fate of Orenburg is unusual. It became a provincial and regional center four times, a district center three times, was renamed three times, was awarded the highest awards of the Motherland three times, was the center of the district of the Middle Volga Territory, the "steppe capital" of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSR from 1920 to 1925.

Orenburg can also be called special because it is located simultaneously in two parts of the world: Europe and Asia.

Since its inception, Orenburg has carried out important state tasks to protect the southeastern borders of Russia, has been an international trade center and a conductor of the Eurasian policy of the Russian state. The Great Silk Road passed here. During the Great Patriotic War, more than 40 large industrial enterprises from the western regions of the country were evacuated to Orenburg.

The visiting card of Orenburg is the downy products of local craftswomen, the fame of which has spread all over the world. Hand patterned knitting has been common here since the 18th century. Unique Orenburg goat down shawls are unmatched. Fine workmanship, original pattern, beauty of finishing, strength and ability to retain heat are the main characteristics of Orenburg down products.

Today, Orenburg is the largest political, industrial center not only of the Orenburg region, but of the entire Ural-Volga region. Modern Orenburg is a center of science and higher education.

Remarkable architectural monuments that have been preserved since the founding of the city, monumental art, local traditions create a special unique atmosphere of the city, and rightfully allow us to consider Orenburg a unique and inimitable city with a rich and carefully preserved culture.

After the discovery of the Orenburg gas condensate field in the late 1960s, Orenburg began to actively grow and develop. It was in those years that the main volumes of the housing stock available today were erected, and the basic engineering infrastructure was created. For 50 years, the population of the city has doubled and today is over 560 thousand people.

Modern Orenburg is one of the largest industrial centers, logistics commodity and transport hubs, which is of great interest to industrialists and entrepreneurs interested in bringing their products and goods to the markets of Central and Central Asia, as well as in the opposite direction to the European part of Russia.

Orenburg has highly qualified labor, production and intellectual resources necessary for the development of innovative sectors of the economy, agriculture, and manufacturing industries.

Basic information about the city of Orenburg:

status - regional center, city district

area of ​​the territory - 916.91 sq. km (91.6 thousand ha)

population at the end of the year - 563.8 thousand people.

main water arteries: r. Ural, r. Sakmara

international dialing code: +7(3532)

zip code: 460000

distance to Moscow: 1478 km

time difference with Moscow: +2 hours

The territory of the city of Orenburg consists of urban lands, adjacent public lands, lands necessary for the development of the city, and other lands within its boundaries, regardless of the form of ownership and purpose.

The territory includes the territories of rural settlements:

- settlements: Berdyanka, Kargala, Nizhnesakmarsky, Samorodovo, Cold Keys;

- villages: Settlement, Krasnokholm, Ponds, Red Partisan, Trinity.

The territory of the city is divided into two territorial units - districts:

- Southern district (Leninsky, Central districts);

- Northern district (Dzerzhinsky, Industrial districts)

Orenburg is the capital of the Orenburg region in the South Ural region of Russia near the border with Kazakhstan. It is a link between Europe and Asia. The territory of Orenburg is 916.91 km2.

The city is located at 51°47¢ north latitude, 55°07¢ east longitude. Orenburg is located in the South Ural region on the Sakmar-Ural and Kindel-Sakmar watersheds.

The climate in the city is sharply continental. The average duration of the frost-free period is 147 days. According to the amount of precipitation, the region of Orenburg belongs to the zone of unstable moisture.

2,500 deposits have been explored in the bowels of the Orenburg region. More than 70 types of minerals are mined, including gas, oil, brown coal, copper pyrite, iron ores, rock salt, non-ferrous and rare metals, marble, jasper, sand, clay, limestone, and others. There are springs of mineral water. Almost the entire periodic table is presented in the Orenburg land.

The Orenburg gas condensate field is of particular importance. Natural gas production is carried out at Europe's largest Orenburg gas condensate hydrogen sulfide-helium field, which is characterized by multi-component and gas saturation. The composition of the gas, in addition to methane, gas condensate, includes ethane, butane, propane, helium, hexane, pentane, methyl, nitrogen, sulfur, mercaptans.

Natural gas from the Orenburg region is supplied to many regions of the country and European countries.

The city is located at the nodal point of automobile, aviation and railway routes connecting almost all regions with the capital of Russia, the Urals and the Far East, the Black Sea coast, Central Asia, countries of near and far abroad.

Automobile roads connect Orenburg with the largest cities of Russia.

Federal roads:

entrance to the city of Orenburg from M-5 "Ural" (Samara-Orenburg) with a total length of 275 km;

Orenburg-Ilek-Uralsk - 126.8 km.

Main territorial (regional) roads:

Ufa-Orenburg - 77 km;

Orenburg-Orsk-Shilda-border of the Chelyabinsk region. - 406 km;

Orenburg-Sol-Iletsk-Akbulak-border of the Aktobe region. - 150.1 km;

Kazan-Chistopol-Bugulma-Orenburg - 276.2 km;

Bugulma-Uralsk - 337.3 km;

Orenburg bypass road (within the city) - 22.5 km.

Direct bus service operates with the cities of Kazan, Ufa, Nizhny Novgorod, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Meleuz. Twice a week, residents of the city and its guests can travel to Moscow in a comfortable bus. Flights to Germany and Poland are also organized.

The republican highway to Moscow and Kazan passes through Orenburg, reliable roads connect the city with Kazakhstan (Aktobe, Uralsk) and the Middle Urals.

In addition, daily bus service from the regional center operates with all regional centers of the Orenburg region and many nearby villages and towns.

The city of Orenburg is a major railway junction connecting Central Europe with Asia. From here, routes lead to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, to Siberia and the Far East, to the South of Russia and to Ukraine. Trains from Moscow, Bishkek, Tashkent, Akmola, Kyiv, Minsk, Ufa, Novokuznetsk, Irkutsk, Adler, Mineralnye Vody, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Saratov, Samara pass through the regional center. Today, trains of the Orenburg formation "Orenburg-Moscow", "Orenburg-Yekaterinburg", "Orenburg-Samara" and others operate. In addition, direct compartment cars run to Adler, Minsk, Mineralnye Vody, Simferopol and Tashkent.

Suburban communication is carried out by suburban trains (in the direction of Iletsk, Akbulak and Muraptalovo) and electric trains (to the East to Orsk, Mednogorsk, Kuvandyk and Saraktash).

Located 25 kilometers from the city International airport "Central", which is part of the State Unitary Aviation Enterprise "Orenburg Airlines".

The flight geography covers the whole of Europe and Asia from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Main directions: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Anapa, Mineralnye Vody, Krasnodar, Sochi, CIS countries, as well as Germany, Turkey, Greece, China.

Recently, the program of charter flights has been actively expanding, work is underway to resume flights from Orenburg to traditional destinations, including the CIS countries.

Border, customs and sanitary-quarantine control of persons and aircraft performing international flights is organized at the airport. International flights are carried out: "Orenburg-Hannover", "Orenburg-Dusseldorf", "Orenburg-Tel Aviv", etc.

The population of the city of Orenburg, taking into account the rural settlements included in the city of Orenburg, is 563.8 thousand people.

Population density - 615.5 people. per kV. km. The share of the economically active population is about 52.9%, which is higher than in economically developed countries.

According to expert assessment, at the end of the year, the composition of the population by age will be distributed as follows:

of working age - 64.8%;

younger than working age - 15.5%;

older than working age - 19.7%.

Our city is multinational in terms of population. Cultural societies of Tatars, Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Germans, Ukrainians have been created and are functioning. Holidays of national cultures have become traditional. At the junction of Western and Eastern cultures, different religions coexist peacefully. Orthodox cathedrals and churches, churches, mosques and synagogues operate in the city.

The national composition of the population as a percentage of the total population: Russians - 82.9%, Tatars - 7.6%, Ukrainians - 2.9%, Kazakhs - 1.4%, Bashkirs - 1.0%, Mordovians - 0.6% , Germans - 0.4%, Belarusians - 0.4%, Chuvash - 0.3%, Jews - 0.2% and others - 2.3%.

At the junction of Western and Eastern cultures, different religions coexist peacefully. Orthodox cathedrals and churches, churches, mosques and synagogues operate in the city.

The geography of foreign economic and international relations of the administration of Orenburg is very extensive and diverse: the USA, Poland, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Holland, Denmark, the Czech Republic, Finland and other countries.

The city of Orenburg actively cooperates with a number of Russian and international organizations: the Russian Union of Historical Cities and Regions (ROSSIGR); The International Association of Twin Cities, etc. The closest cooperation has been established with the International Assembly of Capitals and Large Cities (IAC), which unites dozens of cities in the Russian Federation and CIS countries.

The city administration has a positive experience of interaction with trade missions and embassies of foreign countries, international organizations, financial institutions. Direct contacts are established with foreign partners. On the territory of the city of Orenburg, in order to develop integration, exhibitions-fairs are constantly held with the participation of manufacturers and suppliers from various regions of Russia and the CIS countries.

Agreements on economic, scientific, technical and socio-cultural cooperation were signed between the administration of the city of Orenburg and the Prefecture of the Southwestern Administrative District of Moscow, the cities of Kazan, Ufa, Yekaterinburg, Uralsk and others; quadripartite Agreement on intermunicipal cooperation in the economic, social and cultural fields between the administrations of the municipalities "city of Orenburg", "city of Orsk", "city of Novotroitsk" and "city of Buzuluk".

The administration of the city of Orenburg concluded agreements with sister cities: Blagnac (France), Legnica (Poland), Orlando (USA), Khujand (Tajikistan).

Agricultural enterprises of the municipality "city of Orenburg" have available agricultural land on an area of ​​58.4 thousand hectares, of which 39.9 thousand hectares are arable land.

Today, the agro-industrial complex of the municipality "city of Orenburg" is represented by agricultural producers of various forms of ownership.

There are 12 agricultural enterprises, 29 supply marketing agricultural consumer cooperatives, 123 peasant farms, 2329 personal subsidiary plots and 36 thousand garden plots are cultivated by the townspeople.

The main task of the agricultural sector of the city of Orenburg is the uninterrupted supply of municipal institutions with environmentally friendly food products, as well as the sale of products in markets and weekend fairs for residents of the city, region and regions of Russia.

There are 49 hotel complexes in the city of Orenburg with a total capacity of more than 2,000 beds. Purposeful work is being carried out in the city to develop hotel complexes, including attracting private investment in projects for the reconstruction and construction of hotels, which will turn Orenburg into a major business center. The average cost of a standard single room is from 1000 to 2000 rubles per day, studio rooms - from 2200 to 4000 rubles per day, deluxe rooms - from 4500 to 7800 rubles per day, apartments - 12700 - 12800 rubles per day. Also in the hotel complexes of the city there are rooms for conferences.

Banking organizations operate in the city, of which five city and regional banks (“Niko-bank”, “Orenburg”, “Rus”, “Forshtadt”), other branches of leading Russian banks (Sberbank of Russia, Avangard, Avtovazbank ”, “Bank of Moscow”, “Alfa-Bank”, “Gazprombank”, “Svyaz-Bank”, etc.)

The system of non-cash payments using plastic microprocessor and magnetic cards, which are part of the Russian and International plastic systems for ruble and foreign currency accounts, is widely developed. All banks have currency exchange offices.

The insurance market in the city is provided by a sufficient number of insurance companies, of which the most significant are: Rosgosstrakh-Povolzhye, UralSib, Our City, ROSNO, Military Insurance Company, Sogaz, Ingosstrakh and others that carry out a full range of types of insurance.

Telecommunications is one of the fastest growing areas of technological progress. Computer telecommunications, the Internet, cellular communications - all these information technologies can significantly increase the efficiency of the workflow.

Companies such as Rostelecom, Megafon, Beeline, Mobile TeleSystems, Corbina Telecom, and others operate in the telecommunications and communications market of the city of Orenburg, providing all possible types of services in this industry.

Currently, 2692 stationary trade and public catering enterprises, more than 1000 non-stationary trade network enterprises, 23 markets, 15 shopping malls and 1 market-fair operate in the city.

The industry plays a significant role in attracting investment and creating new jobs. More than 70 thousand people work at trade and public catering enterprises, which is about 20% of the total number of people employed in the city's economy. Every year new jobs are created in these areas, which makes the consumer market one of the main sources of employment of labor resources in the city's economy.

The share of locally produced goods in the assortment list of goods in the food segment remains approximately at the level of 25%.

The market of the city of Orenburg is of interest to many large retailers and operators who, having mastered large cities, will soon look for an opportunity to enter the markets of cities with a population of more than 500 thousand people.

Food and processing industry enterprises, whose goods are not represented in large retail chains, will look for new sales markets and strive to develop their network of branded stores in the "walking distance" format.

The city of Orenburg is a regional center, which is a kind of “junction” between Europe and Asia, which is visited by a large number of different categories of the population, and therefore there is a need to provide a wide format of trade and catering services.

Currently, more than 2,500 organizations (including individual entrepreneurs) with a reception network and branches provide household services to the population.

Among them: service stations - 312, ateliers - 103, dry cleaners - 42, hairdressers and salons - 533, household appliances repair shops - 109, funeral services - 53, pawnshops - 64, photo services salons - 88, workshops for shoe repair - 138.

Small business plays a decisive role in the development of consumer services for the population.

In recent years, Orenburg has seen a steady increase in the volume of sales of personal services.

There is a growing demand for services, the main consumers of which are groups of the population with high and middle incomes.

In the period from 2012 to 2014, it is expected to build more than 30 consumer services and services in the city of Orenburg.

Infrastructure of housing and communal services.

The total area of ​​the housing stock is 11987 thousand square meters. m, including the area under the control of managing organizations and HOAs - 9022 thousand square meters. m or 75% of the total volume. Of these, the share of the housing stock in municipal ownership of 1036.2 thousand square meters. m or 11.5%. The number of apartment buildings is 4565 units.

There are 220 organizations working in the field of management and maintenance of the housing stock, including:

in the field of management - 27 managing organizations of private ownership;

118 HOA and 35 housing cooperatives.

At present, the regional target program "Modernization of communal infrastructure facilities of the Orenburg region for the period 2012-2016" has been formed. In order to participate in the program for organizing the communal complex, Orenburg Heat Generating Company OJSC and Orenburg Vodokanal LLC are developing investment projects.

Within the framework of the signed Agreement of the Ministry of Regional Development and City Administration dated 09.03.2010 No. 27/2010 “On the implementation of the Project “Reform of Housing and Communal Services in Russia”, the first stage of the Housing and Utilities Reform program has been completed. An investment plan has been developed.

Investments will be directed to:

reconstruction of the South Ural water intake;

reconstruction of treatment facilities;

technical re-equipment of central heating points;

replacement of street lighting lamps with LED lamps.

Since 2009, the municipal targeted program “Step-by-step transition to the supply of utility resources to consumers in accordance with the readings of collective (general house) metering devices has been operating.

The municipal education system of the city of Orenburg is a developed network of institutions of various types and kinds. The system ensures the availability of preschool, general, special (correctional), additional education for students, the placement of children who have lost parental care.

There are 85 general education schools in the city of Orenburg with 49,200 students.

Of the 85 general education schools, 82 are municipal, including: 8 lyceums, 7 gymnasiums, 8 schools with in-depth study of individual subjects, 1 general education boarding school with initial flight training.

The most important component of the educational space of the city is the system of additional education for children. There are 18 institutions of additional education in the city, 58853 pupils are engaged in them, 1883 teachers of additional education work.

The city has an integrated system of preschool education. This education system ensures the availability of preschool educational services and is represented by 131 institutions.

In 2011, after a major overhaul, 2 preschool educational institutions were put into operation: kindergarten No. 118 for 240 children and kindergarten No. 35 for 280 children. An additional 220 places were introduced in existing kindergartens due to the internal redevelopment of the premises.

The implementation of the priority national project "Education" continues successfully. Innovative educational programs, the best teachers, talented youth are actively supported.

The informatization of education is also a priority. One of the main directions in the development of general education is the improvement of catering for students in general education institutions.

Healthcare of the city of Orenburg today is represented by 17 municipal health care institutions, which include:

55 outpatient departments for 9035 visits per shift;

4 medical and obstetric points;

3 medical outpatient clinics;

2 rural district hospitals;

11 round-the-clock hospitals with a bed capacity of 3258 beds, incl. for children 884.

A new area of ​​work is the implementation of the Healthcare Modernization Program, which includes the overhaul of a number of health care institutions, the provision of medical equipment, the introduction of modern information systems in health care, the introduction of standards for the provision of medical care and increasing the availability of outpatient care, including that provided by medical specialists.

In order to provide high-quality and affordable medical care to the population of the city of Orenburg and develop the industry in the future, it is necessary to build new outpatient clinics (4 polyclinics for adults, 2 for children, women's consultation), an increase in round-the-clock hospitals for therapeutic profile.

For the development of rehabilitation structures for children, it is necessary to overhaul or build new buildings in the suburban area "Dubki" (department of rehabilitation treatment of MAUZ "DGKB" in Orenburg) and the allocation of the first floor for the organization of a rehabilitation department for children who underwent surgical treatment of congenital heart defects, in the case of building a building on the street. Red Banner.

The structure of bodies and institutions of social protection of the population of the city of Orenburg includes 5 institutions of the department of social protection of the population, the MKU "Center for Social Assistance to Families and Children", the MKUSO "Social Orphanage for Children "Luchik", the MKU "Center for Social Payments of the City of Orenburg", the MBU " Comprehensive Center for Social Services to the Population" - 4 institutions, MBUSON "Rehabilitation Center for Children and Adolescents with Disabilities" Protalinka ".

More than 180 thousand people are covered by various measures of social support. Much attention is paid to the issues of social services for the population, and equally to the elderly, the disabled and families with children.

Within the framework of the “Program for the formation of an accessible environment for people with limited mobility”, measures are being taken to provide disabled people with equal opportunities with all citizens in using residential and public buildings, receiving services from social and cultural institutions by creating conditions for accessibility to all spheres of public life (installation ramps, handrails, call buttons, etc.).

Every year, more than 21,000 residents of the city are provided with material assistance in the form of cash payments and in kind.

In the structure of the department for culture and art of the administration of the city of Orenburg, there are 20 institutions with over 700 employees.

Within the framework of the program "Development of culture and art of the city of Orenburg for 2010-2012", projects were developed for the restoration of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance: the building of the Guardhouse (Museum of the History of Orenburg), the monument to V.I. Lenin on the square of the same name and the monument to V.I. Lenin in the park to them. Lenin, as well as the restoration of an object of cultural heritage of regional significance - the building of the Children's Art School at 24 Parkovoy Ave. Currently, restoration work is underway in the building of the Guardhouse.

In 2012, the budget provides financial resources for the modernization of municipal libraries. It is planned to carry out activities for the design and creation of a unified information and telecommunication system of the MBU "Library Information System" in Orenburg, which will improve the quality of services provided to the public in the field of library services.

A significant event in the cultural life of the city of Orenburg in 2012 will be the X Orenburg International Competition for Young Performers. L. and M. Rostropovich. Since 2010, this music forum, founded by the administration of the city of Orenburg, has been a member of the Association of Russian Music Competitions.

In the city of Orenburg, there are 7 municipal budgetary educational institutions of additional education for children of children's and youth sports schools, 1 municipal budgetary educational institution of additional education for children, a specialized children's and youth sports school of the Olympic reserve No. 4 "Ural", a municipal budgetary institution of the central sports complex "Orenburg", municipal budgetary institution sports and recreation complex "Kommunalshchik", municipal autonomous institution sports and recreation complex "Zauralnaya Grove". In December of this year, it is planned to complete the construction of the second stage of the sports and recreation complex at the MBU CSK Orenburg.

In 2011, the city hosted a number of major competitions of the All-Russian and international scale, among them: the stage of the European Cup in judo, the Russian Championship in boxing among juniors, the All-Russian tournament in freestyle wrestling "Carpet of Hopes" dedicated to Victory Day, the European Championship in boxing among girls and girls and others.

The final stage of the Sports Summer 2011 was the holding of a sports festival at 6 courtyards, under the slogan "Beloved City - a healthy generation", which was attended by about 800 children, teenagers and residents of the city.

Work with the population of the city of Orenburg on physical culture and recreation and sports activities in 2012 will be carried out on the basis of the adopted long-term target program "Development of physical culture and sports in the city of Orenburg for 2011-2013".

The city administration pays special attention to the issues of ecology, forestry and water management. In the new structure of the administration, the department of environmental protection has been separated into an independent subdivision, the powers of which have been significantly expanded.

Green spaces play an important role in improving the ecological situation in the city. The planted area in the city is 2.2 thousand hectares, but a significant part of them requires replacement and constant rejuvenating pruning. Therefore, it was decided to develop and implement the city's comprehensive program "Orenburg - a green city", which should provide for the targeted location of landscaping objects and the calculation of greenery indicators for the territory for the future, i.e. take into account further population growth and growth in the number of vehicles.

The proposals of Russian and foreign developers of technologies for waste processing of municipal solid waste were studied. The administration of the city of Orenburg, when choosing a technology for the disposal of municipal solid waste, is guided by the following requirements: ensuring a minimum or complete absence of harmful emissions into the atmosphere of the city, maximum selection of secondary resources and their processing for sale on the market, and a minimum increase in the tariff for the removal of solid waste for the population.

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Orenburg is perhaps the most amazing city in Russia. Its peculiarity lies in its geographical location. It is located in the Urals. Almost on the border with Kazakhstan. Hence, many borrowed customs in the south. In addition, the history of Orenburg tells us that once part of the region belonged to a neighboring country.

Foundation of the city

This settlement was not formed spontaneously, as most of the settlements on the territory. The idea to build a city came to the mind of the Kazakh Khan. He promised Tsarina Anastasia to protect the integrity of the lands, protect the borders from attacks and help the merchants if in return they build a fortress that would serve as a shelter in case of danger.

This is where the history of the city of Orenburg begins. On August 31, 1735, the first stone was laid for the construction of a large and reliable fortress. This building is located at the confluence of the Or and Yaik rivers.

A funny situation happened with the choice of location. The first expedition led by I. Kirillov determined the ideal location. However, after his death, V. Tatishchev moved the construction site downstream of the Yaik. And again a miss, as the terrain turned out to be rocky and far from the river.

And only in 1739 the final version was determined and approved - the former Berd fortress. The history of Orenburg began, and the city was called thrice conceived and once born.

Name origin

The origin of the name of the place becomes clear to anyone who has at least a little delved into the geography of Russia, especially the Orenburg region. Everyone immediately associates it with the river Or and part of the "burg", which in German means "city". Literally, the name, based on this concept, is translated as “city on Ori”. There is an opinion that I. Kirillov gave such a name to the newly built settlement. He also sent a package of relevant documents on the nomination to Empress Anastasia.

Also, the history of Orenburg does not allow us to discard the version that the name comes from the Kazakh "orybor".

It is worth noting that due to misunderstandings with the location of the fortress, this name was borne by the first fortress, founded by Kirillov, for a long time. However, over time, the empress issued a decree in which the right to be called Orenburg was assigned only to the place that still bears this onym.

Since 1938, the city was renamed Chkalov, in honor of the famous pilot. By the way, the latter had nothing to do with this area. In 1957, the settlement again received its historical name.

First decades of life

The history of Orenburg, or rather, the territory of the modern city and region, has changed dramatically after the construction of the fortress. The land of nomads began to be occupied by residents of other Russian regions. And next to this fortification, dozens of protective structures were erected, ditches were dug and high walls were built.

Initially, soldiers were resettled here in the hope that they would start farming. But the history of the city of Orenburg indicates the opposite - the warriors, not burdened by relatives, did not demand much, therefore they did not have a desire to enrich themselves and get hold of the economy.

Then it was decided to create Cossack irregular troops, where even fugitive people were accepted. The steppe virgin lands began to be mastered by the peasants.

However, there were not so many artisans. The city grew and grew stronger thanks to trade and eventually became a powerful center, which turned with the adjacent lands into the Orenburg province.

World War I

In July 1917, the Alash party was formed, which discussed issues of governance and power. Representatives were delegated from it to the All-Russian Union. Thus, the history of the city of Orenburg acquired its own political force.

These years have become a difficult test for the city. The Cossack formations were repeatedly defeated by the Red Army. At that time, many regiments began to call themselves White Cossacks and did not accept the changes. In addition, the national heterogeneity of the population made itself felt.

The history of Orenburg cannot briefly mention these events. A lot of blood was shed in those days. What is the capture of the City Council, when all the people there, even women and the elderly, were cut out.

Everything changed with the advent of Soviet power. The population has increased dramatically, almost six times. Since there were no fierce battles on the territory of this region due to its remoteness, it was customary to evacuate large industrial facilities here, many of which remained here.

Throughout the Union, Orenburg became famous for its downy shawls, which was the highest sign of care to get as a gift.

During World War II, airplanes and helicopters were produced in the city. Then others appeared. For Orenburg, this meant the emergence of new jobs, therefore, over time, residents of other regions began to move here.

The history of the streets of Orenburg tells about all the changes that took place in the city.

Modern period

After the city lost its popularity for a while. This continued until the end of the twentieth century. However, in the 2000s, a course was taken to increase the prestige of Orenburg, the economy was rebuilt.

The city has become more attractive to tourists thanks to development programs. Old buildings began to be actively restored. The network held events to familiarize users with the city and its history.

The Museum of the History of Orenburg also played an important role in this matter. It contains exhibits that tell about the life of the city. Every year, a number of traditional events are held there, and field trips are also organized.

Prices for visiting are more than loyal, and convenient location is another plus that guests of the city will appreciate.

Every street and house speaks about the city. One way or another, they remind of what is happening here in different periods. To immediately cover the maximum about the area, residents, sights, it is enough to visit the Museum of the History of Orenburg.

Ghosts at the Medical Academy

Like any other locality, Orenburg has its own legends and horror stories. One of the most popular is the ghost stories that teem with the building of the Medical Academy. None of the residents can explain why the spirits are so unhappy that they cannot leave the monastery alone, nevertheless, this legend has been living for more than a century. There are even documented memories of one of the teachers. He says that once he was sent to calm the girls who were beside themselves with fear. The cadets told them about the ghosts, wanting to scare the students. However, the young people left, and the strange sounds did not stop, which made the girls raise a fuss.

Many students say that even today restless spirits roam the building, they can often be seen in the corridors or rooms.

Mystery of the first metro

There once lived a certain Gorodissky in Orenburg, who worked as a lawyer. His desire for the female sex pushed him to many folly - either he decorated the house with stucco to entertain the ladies, or he was ready to defend the honor of the lady, even if the forces are not equal.

But the legend that he allegedly built a subway under his house for fun gathered the most rumors. It was two rails and a trolley that reached the next street.

In any case, the city will not leave anyone indifferent.

The following large geomorphological structures stand out in the relief: the plains of the Cis-Urals, the Ural Mountains, the Trans-Ural peneplain and the plains of the Turgai plateau. The main river is the Ural with tributaries. The region is located mainly in the steppe zone, forests occupy about 4% of the territory. The territory of the region is 124 thousand km2 (0.7% of the territory of the Russian Federation). The population is 2224 thousand people, urban - 61%. Population density - 18 people. per 1 km2.

The Orenburg region was formed on December 7, 1934. From December 26, 1938 to December 4, 1957, it was called the Chkalov region. The distance from the regional center of Orenburg to Moscow is 1478 km. Included in the Volga Federal District.

It occupies a vast territory in the southeastern outskirts of the European part of Russia. The total length of the borders of the region is about 3700 km. The territory of the region is stretched from west to east for 750 km. The extreme northern and southern points of the region are 435 km apart in latitude, while at the narrowest point the distance between the northern and southern borders of the region is only 50 km. The southern border of the region for about 1670 km is the border between Kazakhstan and Russia. Almost the entire northern border of the region falls on Bashkiria, only in the extreme northwest Tatarstan adjoins the region, and in the northeast - the Chelyabinsk region. In the west it borders on the Samara region, and the extreme western point joins the Saratov region. The region is located in two parts of the world, Europe and Asia. Historically, the border between them within the region is drawn along the Ural River. However, the physical-geographical boundary runs along the eastern foot of the Ural Range, Mukhodzhar and the Emba River.

In the west and east of the region, the relief is characterized by leveled interfluves and gentle slopes with low remnant ridges, and in the central part, in the interfluve of the Bolshaya Ik and Sakmara, it is a lowland. The highest point of the region on the Small Nakas Ridge in the Tulgansky district has a mark of 667.8 m, the lowest point is the edge of the river. Ural at the village of Early in the Tashlinsky district - 39.7 m above sea level.

The following large geomorphological structures stand out in the relief: the plains of the Cis-Urals, the Ural Mountains, the Trans-Ural peneplain and the plains of the Turgai plateau.

The main river is the Ural with tributaries. The region is located mainly in the steppe zone, forests occupy about 4% of the territory. The territory of the region is 124 thousand km2 (0.7% of the territory of the Russian Federation). The population is 2224 thousand people, urban - 61%. Population density - 18 people. per 1 km2. Live: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Mordovians, Bashkirs, Germans, Chuvashs, Belarusians.

In total there are 12 cities in the republic. The largest of them are: Orenburg, Orsk, Novotroitsk, Buzuluk, Buguruslan.

In ancient times nomadic tribes of Bashkirs and Kazakhs lived on the territory of the region. In the XIII century. these lands were conquered by the Mongol-Tatars and included in the Golden Horde. The penetration of Russians into the Orenburg steppes is associated with the beginning of the process of joining the territory of Kazakhstan to Russia in the 18th century. Here the Orenburg Cossack army was formed, which served as a border guard on the southeastern borders of the Russian Empire. In 1773-1775. the region was one of the main bases of the rebel army of E. Pugachev. By the end of the XVIII century. the process of settling the Orenburg lands by Russians intensified, and this territory became firmly part of Russia.

Orenburg was originally founded in 1735 as a fortress at the confluence of the river. Or in the river. Yaik (modern Ural River). In 1740 the city was founded in a new place - on Krasnaya Gora (downstream along the Yaik River) with the preservation of the former name; the old city was called the Orsk fortress (modern city of Orsk). In 1743 the city was moved for the third time, to the West, to the site of the Berd fortress (founded in 1737). The city on Krasnaya Gora continued to exist under the name Krasnogorsk fortress (now the village of Krasnogor, Saraktash region). In the 18th - 1st half of the 19th centuries. Orenburg is the main fortress of the Orenburg military border line (abolished in 1862). From 1744 the center of the Orenburg province, from 1782 - the Ufa governorship, at the same time the residence of the head of the Orenburg region; in 1796-1802 and since 1865 again the provincial center. Since 1748 the military and administrative center of the Orenburg Cossack army. From October 5, 1773 to March 23, 1774, it was besieged by the army of Yemelyan Pugachev. In 1850-81 Orenburg was the center of the general government; until 1868 there were institutions in charge of border affairs, the administration of the Kazakhs of the Small Zhuz; since 1868 the seat of the governor of the Turgai region. It was a major center of Russian trade with Kazakhstan and Central Asia; in Orenburg there was the Exchange Yard (built in 1749-54) and Gostiny Dvor, border customs (abolished in 1868). Industry (mainly flour-grinding, lard-making, leather-processing, and oil-pressing) began to develop with the construction of the Samara-Orenburg railway in 1877. In 1905, the Orenburg-Tashkent railway was built and the main railways and repair shops were opened. The city became a major trade and distribution center for livestock and meat (in 1894 city central slaughterhouses were opened, and from 1880 the export of fresh and frozen meat began), the so-called. Siberian ghee, lard, leather, wool, goat down; sawmilling and woodworking industries are developing. In 1920-25 Orenburg - the capital of the Kirghiz ASSR, since 1934 - the center of the Orenburg region. In 1938-57 it was named Chkalov. Orenburg was a place of political exile; poets T.G. Shevchenko, A. I. Pleshcheev, composer A. A. Alyabyev.

The region's economy combines developed industrial and agricultural production. The main industries are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and metalworking. An important place is occupied by the oil and gas, light and food industries. Copper, nickel, cobalt and gold are mined. One of the largest metallurgical plants in Russia operates in Novotroitsk. Copper is smelted in Mednogorsk, nickel and cobalt are smelted in Orsk. Large factories operate - heavy engineering (Orsk, Buzuluk), electrical products (Mednogorsk), agricultural engineering (Buzuluk). The oil refining and chemical industries are developed (fuel, oils, sulfur, nitrogen fertilizers, rubber products). Large production of building materials. A number of food and light industry enterprises are of national importance. Orenburg downy shawls have long been famous.

Agricultural land covers 87% of the region. The leading crop is spring wheat, in addition to it, rye, millet, sunflower, potatoes, vegetables, watermelons, and melons are grown. A significant place belongs to horticulture. Cattle, pigs, goats (including downy Orenburg breeds), sheep, and poultry are bred.

Main railway lines: Samara - Orenburg, Buguruslan - Ufa, Orsk - Kartaly - Chelyabinsk, Orsk - Magnitogorsk. The network of highways is developed. Air lines connect the center of the region with other major cities of Russia.

An important transport center (3 railway lines, 3 highways, airport) is the city of Orenburg.

The leading industries of the city are mechanical engineering and metalworking. Machine tools, tools, drilling equipment, machines for the food industry, electromechanical and refrigeration equipment, spare parts for tractors and combines are produced. There are large factories for rubber products, petroleum oils and for the production of building materials. There are many food industry enterprises (a large meat-packing plant stands out), leather and footwear, clothing and knitwear production is developed. A large factory for silk fabrics and a factory for hand-made and factory dressing of the well-known Orenburg downy shawls.

Russian Civilization

Orenburg region in ancient times

The earliest traces of human habitation on the territory of the modern Orenburg region date back to the Ice Age, the Old Stone Age. It was 30-15 thousand years ago. Cold steppes with islands of coniferous and deciduous forests were free from the glacier. Huge mammoths, Siberian woolly rhinos, primitive bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bears, wolves and other animals lived in the steppes.
The first people came here from more southern latitudes, probably from the borders of South Kazakhstan and Central Asia, constantly moving north in search of new hunting grounds. These were people of the modern physical type. They lived in matriarchal communities in which a woman was considered the head of the clan. Their main economic activity was hunting for mammoths, rhinos, reindeer and other large animals.
In the VIII-VII centuries. BC, the ancient inhabitants of the South Ural steppes mastered the smelting of iron ore and began to manufacture iron tools and weapons. Stone tools were completely replaced by iron ones. Copper and bronze were used to make arrowheads, various household items and jewelry. With the advent of iron tools, the Bronze Age ends and the Early Iron Age begins.
At the beginning of the VI century. A new wave of nomads from Asia, the Avars, passed through the South Ural and Caspian steppes. In the Russian chronicle, they are called images.
At the beginning of the XIII century. in the depths of Central Asia, the Mongolian state arose. Its head, Genghis Khan, and the Mongol feudal lords carried out predatory campaigns. In 1219-1222. they passed through Central Asia and Iran with fire and sword, broke into the Caucasus. In the spring of 1223 on the river. Kalke, the Mongol-Tatars defeated the combined forces of the Polovtsians and Russian princes. After that, they moved to the Volga Bulgaria, but were defeated by the Bulgarians and went to the trans-Volga steppes. Soon they reappeared on the river. Yaik and the Lower Volga.
Russia was dependent on the Golden Horde, bearing the heavy Mongol-Tatar yoke.
The growth of the power of the Russian state led by the Moscow principality, the heroic struggle of the Russian people against the Mongol-Tatar yoke, the internal struggle between the Golden Horde feudal lords for power, Timur's campaigns in 1391 and 1395. led to the weakening of the Golden Horde state and its disintegration into separate independent khanates. In the first half of the XV century. the Crimean, Astrakhan, Kazan, Siberian and Uzbek khanates and the Nogai Horde arose. In 1480 Russia finally threw off the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
At the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI centuries. the process of uniting individual Russian principalities and lands around Moscow ended. A Russian centralized state was formed.

Orenburg region in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

The voluntary accession of the Kazakhs to the Russian state put forward new major political and economic tasks for the government.
In 1734, Ober-Secretary of the Senate Ivan Kirillovich Kirilov, a native of the lower classes and a prominent scientist, submitted to the government an extensive "Representation" on Russia's tasks in the East. Its central point was the proposal to build a fortress city at the mouth of the river. Or. Khan of the Younger Zhuz Abulkhair also asked for this. It was assumed that extensive trade would be conducted through the new city not only with Kazakhstan, but also with Central Asia and with distant India. The project of I.K. Kirilov was approved, and he himself was appointed head of the expedition to found the city.
The future city was given a letter - "Privilege". It announced numerous benefits to the population. The first paragraph said: "This city ... to be built again by the appointed, be called Orenburg."
In August 1735, the expedition reached the mouth of the river. Or. On the site of the modern old Orsk, I.K. Kirilov founded a fortress on August 15, and on August 31 - the city of Orenburg. In 1738, outside the walls of the city, a wooden Exchange Yard was built, which marked the beginning of Russian trade with Kazakhs, Khiva and Tashkent merchants.
I. K. Kirilov chose the city of Samara as the place of residence of the head of the Orenburg expedition. A military garrison was stationed in Orenburg.
To ensure safe passage to Orenburg, I.K. Kirilov in 1736 founded the first small fortresses along the Yaik: Guberlinskaya (modern village of Guberlya), Ozernaya (modern village of Verkhneozernoye), Berdskaya (on the site of modern Orenburg), Kamysh-Samarskaya ( modern village of Tatishchevo). Then he laid the fortress along the river. Samara: Sorochinskaya (modern city of Sorochinsk), Totskaya (modern village of Totskoye), Buzulukskaya (modern city of Buzuluk). The road laid along the fortresses located along the river. Samara to the city of Samara and further to the Center of Russia, received the name of the Moscow road.
In 1737, after the death of Kirilov, the famous Russian scientist, public and political figure V. N. Tatishchev became his successor. In 1738, he examined Orenburg and came to the conclusion that the city must be moved to the place where in our time stands with. Krasnogor, Saraktash region. Orenburg was remote from other Russian cities, flooded in the spring, had no well-maintained roads, and there were no forests nearby. The government agreed with VN Tatishchev. By decree of August 29, 1739, it was proposed "to build the city of Orenburg on an exquisite place again at Krasnaya Gora ... and to call the former Orenburg the Orskaya Fortress."
At the beginning of 1742, I. I. Neplyuev was appointed head of the Orenburg Commission*. Having familiarized himself with the tract Krasnaya Gora, he found that it was not suitable for building a city and proposed to build Orenburg on the site of the Berd Fortress. On April 19, 1743, under the thunder of artillery cannonade, the city was founded in its present place. The Berd fortress was transferred to the left bank of the Sakmara. The fortification at the Krasnaya Gora tract became known as the Krasnogorsk fortress.
Orenburg was built as a fortress. It was surrounded by a high earthen rampart with 10 bastions and 2 semi-bastions. From the outer side of the rampart there was a deep ditch. Simultaneously with the construction of the city on its eastern side, behind the ramparts, a suburb (suburb) arose - the present Krasny Posad. It was settled by the Cossacks transferred here.
On March 15, 1744, the Orenburg province was established with the center in Orenburg.
Orenburg province in the second half of the XVIII century. occupied the vast territory of the Southern Urals, the Urals and parts of Kazakhstan. Its borders reached in the north to the river. Kamy, in the east - r. Tobol, in the south - the Caspian Sea, in the west - the river. Volga. The province included the territory of the present Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, the eastern part of the Kuibyshev regions, the Bashkir ASSR, part of the Tatar ASSR and part of the Kazakh SSR.
Power in the region belonged to the governor. In his hands was the control of the troops and the civilian population, the Yaik and Orenburg Cossack troops, Bashkiria and Kazakhstan. The provincial administration planted and strengthened the regime of military-feudal oppression, brutally suppressed popular movements.

Orenburg region during the Civil War

After the establishment of Soviet power, both in the center and in the regions, peaceful construction began. However, enormous difficulties arose in the way of implementing constructive plans - a civil war and intervention began.
At the new stage of the agrarian revolution, not only the landlords, the big bourgeoisie, but also the kulaks, the prosperous Cossacks, came out against the power of the Soviets, not only the middle peasants, but also the peasants hesitated. So it was in the Orenburg province.
A special role in the growth of the civil war was played by a raid on the night of April 3-4 by White Cossacks on sleeping Orenburg. Those who broke into the city committed a brutal massacre. 129 people were brutally hacked to death, including the elderly, women and children. The situation in Orenburg escalated to the limit, the workers were seized with hatred for those who committed the atrocity. It was possible that it would spread to all Cossacks, especially since there were already cases of lynching against them in the city.
Fearing new raids on Orenburg, the military command of the Reds undertook punitive expeditions to those villages, of which there were the largest number of participants in this bloody raid. In April-May, as a result of artillery shelling of 11 Cossack villages, fires broke out there, from which 2115 households suffered. Later, in one of the documents, it was even about 14 burned villages and 4110 houses. These actions were an unjustified and even criminal mistake that pushed wide sections of the Cossacks to fight against the Soviet regime.
July 2, 1918 units of the Red Army left Orenburg. The next day, the Dutovites entered here. By order No. 2, martial law was established in the city and on the territory of the province. Participants in strikes and anyone who tried to evade service in the Dutov army were sentenced to death.
An underground organization operated in Orenburg and on the territory of the province. At the head were S. A. Kichigin - Chairman of the Orenburg Provincial Committee of the RCP (b), M. Burzyantsev - Commissar of Justice of the Orenburg Provincial Executive Committee, B. Shafeev - member of the Orenburg Provincial Executive Committee, N. Lvov - worker, head of the metalworkers' trade union. N. Lvov was less known in the city, and this helped him in conspiracy. He led the underground from the end of August 1918 until the liberation of Orenburg from the Whites. N. F. Turchaninov, the editor of the newspaper Kazachya Pravda, which was published under Soviet rule, also entered the leading core of the underground. Underground workers organized subversive work on the railway, disabled telegraph and telephone communications.
Their activity disturbed the Dutovites. Ataman demanded from his counterintelligence the immediate destruction of the underground organization. On October 9, 1918, the head of the security department of the Dutov army wrote: “I have received information that Cossacks and soldiers who have escaped from captivity are arriving in Orenburg, who are dispersing through the villages and villages and are conducting propaganda in favor of the Bolsheviks there.” Dutov’s order dated November 12, 1918 noted: “Our opponents, the Bolsheviks ... began to fight underground, scattering proclamations, writing letters, generally began agitation among the troops ...”
Dutov took emergency measures to eliminate the hidden enemy, demanded a cruel reprisal against him. Among those whom the Dutovites managed to capture were Mikhail Burzyantsev and his wife. Mikhail was hacked to death immediately, and on the orders of Dutov, his wife was brutally executed along with the child after his birth. S. A. Kichigin was captured and shot.
From July 1918 to January 1919 every hundredth inhabitant of Orenburg was shot by whites. But even on the verge of death, the fighters for Soviet power believed in victory. So, shortly before the execution, the young locksmith of the Orenburg depot, Ivan Dukhanin, wrote in his last letter: “The sentence on me has already been completed, the hours of my life ... are numbered, I ask you one thing, dear parents, do not cry for me. I am sure that this power will soon drown in its blood.
A lot of work behind enemy lines was carried out by underground girls. Among them was 15-year-old Raya Martynova, the adopted daughter of the Bolshevik ID Martynov. In 1918, carrying out the tasks of the Bolsheviks, risking her life, she visited Orenburg, Ufa, Samara, Chelyabinsk.
The units of the Red Army that retreated from Orenburg were concentrated in the Aktyubinsk region and in Orsk. The coordination of actions between them was important.
By the end of September 1918, when the supply of the besieged Orsk became incredibly difficult, the command of the Turkestan army decided to leave the city. The Dutovites discovered that Orsk would be abandoned by the Reds a few hours later, and, taking their withdrawal as a defeat, they tried to organize a pursuit. Dutov took advantage of this moment to report on the victory and the complete defeat of the orsk group. Soon he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.
Red detachments under the command of N. D. Kashirin and V. K. Blucher went north from Orenburg. After Kashirin was seriously wounded on August 2, 1918, Blucher became the commander of the detachment. By this time, there were 9, and by mid-September, 12,000 fighters in the ranks of his detachment. The campaign of the South Ural detachment was incredibly difficult. Having withstood two dozen battles, paving the way with bayonets and sabers, the fighters of the detachment successfully passed 1,500 miles behind enemy lines and united in the Kungur region with the main units of the Red Army. The RVS of the 3rd Army, evaluating this campaign, emphasized that in its heroism and fearlessness it can only be compared with "Suvorov's crossing in Switzerland."
The campaign of the South Ural partisans has become one of the most notable pages in the history of the Orenburg region. Important here is the testimony of US Consul General Harris, who was in Irkutsk, who anxiously telegraphed to the Secretary of State: “The situation on the Volga front is critical, new difficulties have arisen because of the Blucherov-Kashirin troops, consisting of approximately 6,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry and 30 machine guns. These troops are well organized and able to maneuver perfectly. We don't have reliable troops against these forces."
For the brilliant completion of the raid, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee awarded V.K. Blucher the first Order of the Red Banner in the republic. Somewhat later, N. D. Kashirin was awarded the same order.
On October 7, 1918, the First Army liberated Samara, on October 28 - Buzuluk, in early November - Sorochinsk. The arrival of the Dzhangildin caravan, which delivered ammunition and money, allowed the fighters of the Turkestan Front to go on the offensive. January 22, 1919 at 15 o'clock under incredibly difficult conditions and 30-degree frost, Orenburg was taken.
By the end of 1918, the middle peasantry and even the middle peasantry Cossacks turned in the direction of Soviet power. Many facts testify to the growing dissatisfaction of the working Cossacks with the Dutovites, their unwillingness to serve in the ranks of the Whites.
A critical situation for the Soviet Republic was created again in the spring of 1919 as a result of a joint campaign organized by the Entente countries of the interventionists and the White Guards, the main striking force of which was the troops of Admiral Kolchak. The victory at Salmysh was the first serious blow to Kolchak. Bakich's corps was defeated, the onslaught on Orenburg was repulsed. The Salmysh battle diverted the attention and forces of Kolchak from Buzuluk, made it possible for the Red Army to successfully launch a counteroffensive from there in the main direction. On August 4, 1919, Troitsk was liberated by the Red Army. A significant force of Kolchak - the Southern Group under the command of General Belov, was cut off from the main forces. The retreat of this group to the south led to the separation of an independent Turkestan Front, commanded by M.V. Frunze. By the end of August, the Turkestan Front was conducting a series of operations, as a result of which the enemy's Southern Group was defeated.
On September 13, units of the Turkestan Front operating from Orenburg linked up with units of Soviet Turkestan advancing from the south. By this time, the first Cossack cavalry corps, and then the 5th and 11th infantry corps, had gone over to the side of the Reds. As a result, about 30 thousand captured infantrymen and up to 7-8 thousand Cossacks who went over to the side of the Soviets accumulated in Orenburg.
By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of October 8, 1920, it was decided "... the workers of Orenburg for their military activities, heroism and military exploits shown in the defense of the city, during the offensive of Kolchak, to award the Honorary Revolutionary Banner." On June 12, 1921, the representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, E. M. Yaroslavsky, presented the Orenburgers with the Honorary Revolutionary Red Banner and the Diploma of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Orenburg region during the Great Patriotic War

On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany, violating the non-aggression pact, attacked the Soviet Union. Far from the Orenburg region, cannons rumbled, bombs exploded, fascist planes roared in the sky. But the echo of the war flew here with lightning speed.
Thousands of residents of the region - workers, engineers, doctors, people of various professions - went to the front to defend the honor and freedom of their homeland.
Under the threat of occupation, enterprises had to be urgently evacuated from west to east. With continuous raids by fascist aviation, in an environment of tank breakthroughs, encirclement, it was necessary to drive the echelons away from the enemy.
During 1941-1942, over 60 enterprises were evacuated to the Orenburg region alone. The first trains from Leningrad with equipment, workers and employees of the aviation plant began to come to us from August 1941. This plant soon began producing modern tanks. From Balaklay, Kharkov region, the Donguz plant Arsenal-1 arrived and was located at the station, producing mortars and repairing artillery pieces. A machine-tool plant was evacuated from Vitebsk, and an iron foundry from Taganrog (now the Metallist plant). From Moscow - the tool shop of the Fraser plant (now - a tool plant). From the Tula region - a plant of synthetic rubber (now - a plant of rubber - technical products). The Tula Arms Plant (now the Uralelectromotor plant) was evacuated to Mednogorsk, and the Tula Mechanical Plant was evacuated to Orsk (now its products, the Orsk refrigerator, are known all over the country). Oil plant No. 8 arrived from the Lyubertsy station near Moscow. The actions of military equipment at the front depended on its placement and launch. The enterprise is located on the territory of the Berdsky brick factory.
A silk-weaving factory began to operate on the territory of Gostiny Dvor, parachutes were sewn from its fabric.
Overcoming the incredible difficulties of wartime, not leaving the workshop for 18-20 hours, the workers restored the production of evacuated enterprises. Often, the machines were placed directly in the open air and began to work on them. Without waiting for the walls and roofs to be completed. Day or night the work did not stop. There was not enough men - women, pensioners, teenagers took up the cause.
The best buildings of the city were transferred and equipped as hospitals. Women and teenagers worked here. 1600 donors gave blood to the needy wounded. Of particular importance was the collection of warm clothes for the Red Army. They were immediately sent to the soldiers at the front. Other gifts from the inhabitants of the region also arrived in the army and partisan detachments of Belarus. For example, in 1943, the townspeople sent a flight of aircraft, rifles, mobile automatic workshops, first-aid kits, linen, food to the partisans.
Orenburgers bravely fought on all fronts of the war. In the fall of 1941, the 360th Rifle Division was formed in the region. Having started her combat path near Moscow, she fought her way to the Baltic Sea. Liberated more than 2500 settlements. For feats of arms, the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. She was given the name "Nevelskaya" for the liberation of the city of Nevel, which opened the way for the troops of the front to Vitebsk.
The 348th rifle division was also formed on the territory of the region. In November 1941, she began hostilities near Moscow, then smashed the enemy in Rogachev, Klin, Rzhev. She went through a difficult but victorious path to the Elbe. Courageous military leaders became famous throughout the country: Hero of the Soviet Union V. T. Obukhov, twice Hero of the Soviet Union A. I. Rodimtsev and many others.
220 graduates of the Orenburg Pilot School were named Heroes of the Soviet Union, and nine pilots were awarded this title twice. Thirty pupils of the school made aerial ramming. And among them, Ekaterina Zelenko is the only woman in the world who went for such a feat. She was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. One of the planets is named after her.

Orenburg region in the postwar years

In March 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the fourth five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy for 1946-1950. The task was to restore the affected areas of the country, to reach and significantly exceed the pre-war level of industry and agriculture. In our region, this had to be done mainly from internal sources: the development of socialist emulation, the more productive use of technology, the introduction of advanced labor methods, and a regime of economy.
Oil production grew in the region, mainly due to the newly discovered Baitugan and Krasnoyarsk fields. The Yuzhuralnickel plant expanded, a heavy engineering plant was built in Orsk (Yuzhuralmashzavod), and the coke shop of the Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plant began to produce products.
As a result, the output of industrial products in 1950 increased by 47% in comparison with 1945 and by 3 times in relation to 1940. Light industry output exceeded the pre-war level by 2.5 times. Increased labor productivity. The region took one of the leading places in the country in the production of non-ferrous metals.
In the 50s. the development of the region's economy accelerated. Such an acceleration became especially noticeable after the XX Congress of the CPSU, held in 1956. The Congress became a major milestone in the history of the country, gave a powerful impetus to the liberation from the negative moments in the life of society, generated by the personality cult of Stalin.
A bright page in the history of the industrial development of the region was the construction of new gigantic enterprises.
Orenburg decided to tame the river. Ural, which was very shallow in the summer and turned into a formidable element during the days of spring floods. Where the river cut its course in solid rocks, the construction of the Iriklinsky hydroelectric complex began. Construction began in the fifth five-year plan and was completed in 1957. The forty-meter dam rose above the river. The largest in the Urals, the Iriklinskoye reservoir, and the small Iriklinskaya hydroelectric power station appeared. Gone are the devastating spring floods. The industry of the Southern Urals began to be continuously supplied with water.
An important construction site in the region in the 50s. continued to be the Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plant. Since the construction of the plant proceeded slowly, in August 1954 the bureau of the Chkalovsky regional committee of the CPSU called on the builders to speed up the progress of work and outlined appropriate measures. As a result, in March 1955, blast furnace No. 1 went into operation and produced the first cast iron.
The sixties are a special time in the formation and development of the modern industry of the Orenburg region. The main emphasis was placed primarily on the further development of heavy industry and, on this basis, the expansion of light and food industries. During these years, in connection with the obvious crisis phenomena in the national economy, an attempt was made to change the economic methods of management, planning, material incentives. In general, the positive start of a set of economic measures to reform industrial production ran into stiff resistance from the command and control system. And although the reform of the national economy was not developed, the economic results of the Eighth Five-Year Plan were quite high.
The main directions of development of the region's industry were the construction and reconstruction of the Gaisky mining and processing plant, the Orenburg gas complex, the Orsk plant of tractor trailers, the Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plant.
Non-ferrous metallurgy has been developed - nickel mining and ore dressing, copper smelting, processing of non-ferrous metals.
The country needed copper, and in March 1959, the development of the Gai copper-pyrite ore deposit began in the region.
Mechanical engineering is one of the leading branches of the region. The share of its products in industrial production amounted to 20%. A high level of specialization has been achieved at the enterprises of the industry. Priority was given to heavy engineering. Basically, the reconstruction of the second largest in the Urals YuUMZ, which produced unique equipment - steel continuous casting plants, was completed. Construction began on the Orsk Tractor Trailer Plant, one of the leading enterprises in the industry.