Basic concepts, processes, patterns and their consequences

Agro-industrial complex (AIC)- a set of interrelated sectors of the economy involved in the production and processing of agricultural products and bringing it to the consumer.

Unified Energy System (UES) is a system of energy sources united by means of energy transmission. It provides the ability to quickly maneuver energy capacities, transfer energy or energy carriers (gas) to where energy consumption increases.

intensive farming(from lat. intensio- "tension, strengthening") - an economy that develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and better organization of labor with high labor productivity. With intensive farming, output increases without increasing the number of jobs, without plowing up new areas, without a significant increase in the consumption of natural resources.

Combine(from lat. combinatus- "connected") - an association of industrial enterprises of different industries, in which the products of one serve as a raw material or semi-finished product for another. Several specialized enterprises are connected by a technological chain that sequentially processes raw materials. The combination creates favorable opportunities for the most complete use of raw materials, the use of production waste and the reduction of environmental pollution.

Machine building complex— the most important complex industry manufacturing industry, including machine tool building, instrument making, energy, metallurgical and chemical engineering; agricultural machine building together with tractor building; transport engineering of all kinds; electrical industry; radio electronics and computer technology.

Intersectoral complex- This is a system of enterprises of various industries, united by the release of certain products (or the production of certain services).

Research and Production Territorial Complex (NPTK)- a combination of scientific, experimental design institutions and industrial enterprises on the same territory.

Market economy- an economy based on the laws of the market, i.e., the supply of goods and the demand for them across the country and the world economy, and the balance of prices based on the law of value (regulates the exchange of goods in accordance with the amount of labor spent on their production). In a market economy, a commodity economy is developing, focused on the sale and purchase of goods, in contrast to a subsistence economy, in which labor products are produced to meet the needs of producers.

Territorial production complex (TPK)- an interconnected and interdependent combination of branches of material production in a certain territory, which is part of the economic complex of the whole country or any economic region.

Fuel and energy complex (FEC)- the totality of the mining (fuel) industry and the electric power industry. The fuel and energy complex provides the activity of all branches of industry, transport, agriculture, household needs of the population. The fuel and energy complex includes the extraction of coal, oil (as a raw material for fuel), gas, oil shale, peat, uranium ores (as a raw material for nuclear energy), as well as the generation of electricity.

Transport node- a point where at least 2-3 lines of any type of transport converge; complex transport hub - a point of convergence of communication routes for different types of transport, for example, a river port with railways and highways approaching it. Such nodes usually serve as places for transferring passengers and transshipping goods from one mode of transport to another.

Human Resources- part of the population of the country, capable of working in the economy of the country. The composition of the labor force includes: the entire working-age population, part of the disabled population (working disabled people and preferential pensioners who retired at a relatively young age), working adolescents aged 14-16 years, a significant part of the working population older than the working age.

Economically active population part of the country's labor force. Includes the number of people employed in the economy (employed or self-employed) and unemployed.

economic region- a territorially and economically integral part of the national economy of the country ( region), characterized by the peculiarity of natural and economic conditions, historically established or purposefully created by the specialization of the economy on the basis of geographical division of labor, the presence of intra-regional stable and intensive economic ties.

Extensive farming(from lat. extensivus- "expanding, lengthening") - an economy that develops through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of untouched natural resources, and an increase in the number of workers. An extensive economy at first brings good results with a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to the exhaustion of natural and labor resources. With an increase in the scientific and technical level of production, an extensive economy gives way to intensive au pair.

Brief information (data)

The area of ​​the land- 17.125 million km 2 (first place in the world).

Population— 143.3 million people (2013).

Form of government- republic, form of administrative-territorial structure - federation.

Extreme points of Russia

The largest geographical features

Land borders of Russia

Political and administrative structure of the Russian Federation

No. p / p	Name of the subject of the Russian Federation	Area, thousand km 2	Administrative center
1	2	3	4
Republic
1	Republic of Adygea (Adygea)	7,6	Maykop
2	Altai Republic	92,6	Gorno-Altaisk
3	Republic of Bashkortostan	143,6	Ufa
4	The Republic of Buryatia	351,3	Ulan-Ude
5	The Republic of Dagestan	50,3	Makhachkala
6	The Republic of Ingushetia	19,3	Magas
7	Kabardino-Balkarian Republic	12,5	Nalchik
8	Republic of Kalmykia	76,1	Elista
9	Karachay-Cherkess Republic	14,1	Cherkessk
10	Republic of Karelia	172,4	Petrozavodsk
11	Komi Republic	415,9	Syktyvkar
12	Mari El Republic	23,2	Yoshkar-Ola
13	The Republic of Mordovia	26,2	Saransk
14	The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)	3103,2	Yakutsk
15	Republic of North Ossetia-Alania	8,0	Vladikavkaz
16	Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan)	68,0	Kazan
17	Tyva Republic	170,5	Kyzyl
18	Udmurt republic	42,1	Izhevsk
19	The Republic of Khakassia	61,9	Abakan
20	Chechen Republic	19,3	Grozny
21	Chuvash Republic (Chuvashia)	18,3	Cheboksary
22	Autonomous Republic of Crimea	26,11	Simferopol
The edges
23	Altai region	169,1	Barnaul
24	Kamchatka Krai	773,8	Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
25	Krasnodar region	76,0	Krasnodar
26	Krasnoyarsk region	2339,7	Krasnoyarsk
27	Perm region	160,6	Permian
28	Primorsky Krai	165,9	Vladivostok
29	Stavropol region	66,5	Stavropol
30	Khabarovsk region	788,6	Khabarovsk
31	Zabaykalsky Krai	450,5	Chita
Areas
32	Amurskaya	361,9	Blagoveshchensk
33	Arkhangelsk	589,8	Arkhangelsk
34	Astrakhan	44,1	Astrakhan
35	Belgorodskaya	27,1	Belgorod
36	Bryansk	34,9	Bryansk
37	Vladimirskaya	29,0	Vladimir
38	Volgogradskaya	113,9	Volgograd
39	Vologda	145,7	Vologda
40	Voronezh	52,4	Voronezh
41	Ivanovskaya	21,8	Ivanovo
42	Irkutsk	767,9	Irkutsk
43	Kaliningradskaya	15,1	Kaliningrad
44	Kaluga	29,9	Kaluga
45	Kemerovo	95,5	Kemerovo
46	Kirovskaya	120,8	Kirov
47	Kostroma	60,1	Kostroma
48	Kurgan	71,0	Mound
49	Kursk	29,8	Kursk
50	Leningradskaya	83,9	St. Petersburg
51	Lipetsk	24,1	Lipetsk
52	Magadan	461,4	Magadan
53	Moscow	46,0	Moscow
54	Murmansk	144,9	Murmansk
55	Nizhny Novgorod	76,9	Nizhny Novgorod
56	Novgorod	55,3	Velikiy Novgorod
57	Novosibirsk	178,2	Novosibirsk
58	Omsk	139,7	Omsk
59	Orenburg	124,0	Orenburg
60	Orlovskaya	24,7	Eagle
61	Penza	43,2	Penza
62	Pskovskaya	55,3	Pskov
63	Rostov	100,8	Rostov-on-Don
64	Ryazan	39,6	Ryazan
65	Samara	53,6	Samara
66	Saratov	100,2	Saratov
67	Sakhalin	87,1	Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
68	Sverdlovsk	194,8	Yekaterinburg
69	Smolensk	49,8	Smolensk
70	Tambov	34,3	Tambov
71	Tverskaya	84,1	Tver
72	Tomsk	316,9	Tomsk
73	Tula	25,7	Tula
74	Tyumenskaya	1435,2	Tyumen
75	Ulyanovsk	37,3	Ulyanovsk
76	Chelyabinsk	87,9	Chelyabinsk
77	Yaroslavskaya	36,4	Yaroslavl
Cities
78	Moscow	1,081
79	St. Petersburg	2,0
80	Sevastopol	0,86
Autonomous region and autonomous regions
81	Jewish Autonomous Region	36,0	Birobidzhan
82	Nenets Autonomous Okrug	176,7	Naryan-Mar
83	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra	523,1	Khanty-Mansiysk
84	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	737,7	Anadyr
85		767,6	Salekhard

Russian climate types

Climate type	Characteristic
Arctic	Islands of the Arctic Ocean. Low temperatures throughout the year. Winter temperatures from -24 to -30 °C. Summer temperatures are close to 0 °C, and at the southern borders they rise to +5 °C. Precipitation is scarce (200-300 mm), falling mainly in the form of snow, which persists for most of the year.
Subarctic	North coast of the country. Winters are long, the severity increases from west to east. Summer is cold (from +4 to +14 °C in the south). Precipitation is frequent, but in small amounts, maximum in summer. The annual amount of precipitation is 200-400 mm, but at low temperatures and low evaporation, excessive wetting of the surface is created and waterlogging occurs.
Temperate climate temperate continental	European part of the country. Influence of humid air from the Atlantic. Winter is less severe. January temperatures are from -4 to -20 °C, in summer - from +12 to +24 °C. The maximum amount of precipitation is in the western regions (800 mm), but due to frequent thaws, the thickness of the snow cover is small.
Continental	Western Siberia. The annual amount of precipitation in the north is no more than 600 mm, in the south - 100 mm. Winters are more severe than in the west. Summers are hot in the south and quite warm in the north.
sharply continental	Eastern Siberia and Yakutia . Winter temperatures from -24 to -40 °C, significant warming in summer (up to +16 ... +20 °C, in the south up to +35 °C). The annual rainfall is less than 400 mm. The moisture coefficient is close to 1.
monsoonal	Pacific coast of Russia, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories. Winters are cold, sunny and with little snow. Summers are cloudy and cool, with a large amount of precipitation (up to 600-1000 mm) falling in the form of showers, which is associated with the influx of sea air from the Pacific Ocean.
Subtropical	South of Russia, near Sochi. Hot and dry summers, warm and humid winters. The annual amount of precipitation is 600-800 mm.

Population density in the subjects of the Russian Federation

The national composition of the population of Russia

Maximum performance		Minimum indicators
Nationality		Nationality	Share of the total population of Russia, %
Russians	79,83	Central Asian Arabs, Krymchaks,	0,0001
Tatars	3,83	Izhors, Tazis, Enets	0,0002
Ukrainians	2,03	Central Asian Gypsies, Karaites	0,0003
Bashkirs	1,15	Slovaks, Aleuts, British	0,0004
Chuvash	1,13	Cubans, Orochi	0,0005

Religious affiliation of the peoples of Russia

The largest hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) in Russia

Power station	The subject of the Russian Federation	River	Power, MW
1	2	3	4
Sayano-Shushenskaya	Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Khakassia	Yenisei	6400
Krasnoyarsk	Krasnoyarsk region	Yenisei	6000
Fraternal	Irkutsk region	Angara	4500
Ust-Ilimskaya	Irkutsk region	Angara	4320
Boguchanskaya	Krasnoyarsk region	Angara	4000 (under construction)
Volgogradskaya	Volgograd region	Volga	2563
Volzhskaya	Samara Region	Volga	2300
Bureyskaya	Amur region	Bureya	2000 (under construction)
Cheboksary	Chuvash Republic	Volga	1404
Saratov	Saratov region	Volga	1360
Zeyskaya	Amur region	Zeya	1290
Nizhnekamsk	Republic of Tatarstan	Kama	1248
Chirkeyskaya	The Republic of Dagestan	Sulak	1000

The largest nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Russia

Power station	The subject of the Russian Federation	Number of power units	Power, MW	Interesting Facts
Kursk	Kursk region	4	4000	The Kursk NPP is located in the town of Kurchatov on the left bank of the Seim River, 40 km southwest of Kursk.
Balakovskaya	Saratov region	4	4000	It is one of the largest and most modern energy enterprises in Russia, providing a quarter of electricity production in the Volga Federal District. The electric power of the Balakovo NPP is the cheapest among all nuclear power plants and thermal power plants in Russia.
Leningradskaya	Leningrad region	4 + 2 under construction	4000	Built 80 km west of St. Petersburg in the town of Sosnovy Bor on the shores of the Gulf of Finland. Leningrad NPP is the first plant in the country with RBMK-1000 type reactors (high power channel reactor).
Kalininskaya	Tver region	4	4000	Generates 70% of the total electricity produced in the Tver region. Due to its geographical location, the station carries out high-voltage transit of electricity.
Smolensk	Smolensk region	3	3000	Smolensk NPP is the city-forming, leading enterprise of the region, the largest in the fuel and energy balance of the region. The station annually produces an average of 20 billion kWh of electricity, which is more than 80% of the total amount generated in the region.
Novovoronezhskaya	Voronezh region	3	2455	One of the oldest nuclear power plants in the Russian Federation. Novovoronezh NPP fully meets the needs of the Voronezh region in electrical energy. This is the first nuclear power plant in Russia with water-cooled power reactors (VVER).
Kola	Murmansk region	4	1760	It is located 200 km south of the city of Murmansk on the shores of Lake Imandra. It is the main supplier of electricity for the Murmansk region and Karelia.
Rostov	Rostov region	2 + 2 under construction	2000	Rostov NPP is located on the banks of the Tsimlyansk reservoir, 13.5 km from the city of Volgodonsk. It is the largest energy company in the South of Russia, providing about 15% of the annual electricity generation in the region.
Beloyarskaya	Sverdlovsk region	2 + 1 under construction	600	This is the first large-capacity nuclear power plant in the history of the country's nuclear power industry and the only one with reactors of various types on site. It is at the Beloyarsk NPP that the world's only powerful power unit with a fast neutron reactor is operated.
Bilibinskaya	Chukotka	4	48	When the air temperature drops to -50°C, the nuclear power plant operates in the heating mode and develops a heating capacity of 100 Gcal/h with a decrease in the generated electric power to 38 MW.
Obninskaya	Kaluga region			The world's first nuclear power plant. It was launched in 1954 and stopped in 2002. Currently, a museum is being created on the basis of the station.
Under construction
Baltic	Kaliningrad region	2
Academician Lomonosov	Kamchatka Krai	2

The main metallurgical bases of Russia

Base name	Share in the extraction of ferrous metal ores (%)	Share in steel production (%)	Share in rolled products production (%)	Types of metallurgical production	Major centers
Ural	16	43	42	full cycle	Magnitogorsk, Serov. Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Alapaevsk, Asha
				domain	Satka
				redistribution	Yekaterinburg, Zlatoust, Izhevsk
				ferroalloy production	Chelyabinsk, Serov
				pipe production	Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsky
Central	71	41	44	full cycle	Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol
				domain	Tula
				redistribution	Moscow, Elektrostal, St. Petersburg, Kolpino, Orel, Nizhny Novgorod, Vyksa, Volgograd
				pipe production	Volgograd, Volzhsky
Siberian	12	16	12	full cycle	Novokuznetsk
				redistribution	Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky production
				ferroalloys	Novokuznetsk
Far East			1	redistribution	Komsomolsk-on-Amur
South			1	pipe production	Taganrog

The main bases and centers of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia

Base name	Raw materials and energy base	Specialization	Major centers
Ural	Al, Cu, Ni, resource- and energy-deficient area	aluminum metallurgy	Kamensk-Uralsky, Krasnoturinsk
		titanium metallurgy	birch forests
		copper metallurgy	Mednogorsk, Revda, Karabash, Krasnouralsk
		nickel metallurgy	Orsk, Upper Ufaley
		zinc metallurgy	Chelyabinsk
Siberian	Ni, Pb, Zn, Sn, W, Mo, Au, Pt, main hydropower district	alumina metallurgy	Achinsk
		nickel and copper metallurgy	Norilsk
		aluminum metallurgy	Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelikhov, Novokuznetsk
		zinc metallurgy	Belovo
		tin metallurgy	Novosibirsk
Northwestern	Al, Ni, energy-provided area	alumina metallurgy	Boksitogorsk
		aluminum metallurgy	Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Volkhov
		nickel and copper metallurgy	Zapolyarny, Monchegorsk
Far East	Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Sn, hydropower resources	lead metallurgy	Dalnegorsk

Characteristics of large economic regions of Russia

Subject of the federation	Area, thousand km 2	Population, thousand people 2010	Share of urban population, % 2010	States with which it has a land border	Access to the ocean	Specialization
						industry	Agriculture
1	2	3	4	5	6		8
Northwestern economic region
Leningrad region	85,3	1629,6	66	Finland, Estonia	There is	Heavy, power, precision engineering, shipbuilding, machine tool building, chemical, light
Novgorod region	55,3	640,6	70	Not	Not
Pskov region	55,3	688,6	68	Belarus, Latvia, Estonia	Not
St. Petersburg	0,6	4600,3	100	Not	There is
Kaliningrad region
Kaliningrad region	15,1	937,9	76	Lithuania, Poland	There is	Mechanical engineering, pulp and paper	Dairy and meat cattle breeding, potato growing, flax growing
Central Black Earth economic region
Belgorod region	27,1	1530,1	66	Ukraine	Not	Iron ore mining, ferrous metallurgy, heavy, precision engineering, tractor building, equipment for the chemical and food industries, chemical, cement, sugar, oil, flour milling, mining and processing of amber	Grain farming, beet growing, sunflower cultivation
Voronezh region	52,4	2268,6	63	Ukraine	Not
Kursk region	29,8	1148,6	65	Ukraine	Not
Lipetsk region	24,1	1157,9	64	Not	Not
Tambov Region	34,3	1088,4	58	Not	Not
Central economic region
Bryansk region	34,9	1292,2	69	Belarus, Ukraine	Not	Automotive, machine tool, tractor, railway, agricultural, precision engineering, chemical, textile, cement. Artistic craft (Palekh, Khokhloma, etc.) Aviation industry, tourism	Vegetable growing, potato growing
Vladimir region	29	1430,1	78	Not	Not
Ivanovo region	23,9	1066,6	81	Not	Not
Kaluga region	29,9	1001,6	76	Not	Not
Kostroma region	60.1	688,3	69	Not	Not
Moscow	1	10 563	100	Not	Not
Moscow region	46	6752,7	81	Not	Not
Oryol Region	24,7	812,5	64	Not	Not
Ryazan Oblast	39,6	1151,4	70	Not	Not
Smolensk region	49,8	966	72	Belarus	Not
Tver region	84,1	1360,3	74	Not	Not
Tula region	25,7	1540,4	80	Not	Not
Yaroslavl region	36,4	1306,3	82	Not
Volga-Vyatka economic region
Kirov region	120,8	1391,1	72	Not	Not	Automotive, shipbuilding, tractor, machine tool, precision engineering, chemical, forestry
Nizhny Novgorod Region	74,8	3323,6	79	Not	Not
Mari El Republic	23,2	698,2	63	Not	Not
The Republic of Mordovia	26,2	826,5	61	Not	Not
Chuvash Republic	18,3	1278,4	58	Not	Not
Northern economic region
Arkhangelsk region, including the Nenets Autonomous Okrug	410,7 176,7	1254,4	74	Not	There is	Oil, gas, coal, shipbuilding, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mining and chemical, fish, butter and cheese, forestry, pulp and paper, port facilities	Flax growing, dairy and meat cattle breeding
Murmansk region	144,9	836,7	91	Finland, Norway	There is
Republic of Karelia	172,4	684,2	76	Finland	There is
Komi Republic	415,9	951,2	76	Not	Not
Volga economic region
Astrakhan region	44,1	1007,1	66	Kazakhstan	Not	Power industry, oil and gas, automotive, shipbuilding, machine tool building, equipment for the food and chemical industry, tractor building, precision engineering, chemical, cement, light, flour milling, oil milling, fish	Grain farming, sunflower cultivation, vegetable growing, meat and dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding
Volgograd region	113,9	2589,9	75	Kazakhstan	Not
Penza region	43,2	1373,2	67	Not	Not
Republic of Kalmykia	76,1	283,2	45	Not	Not
Republic of Tatarstan	68	3778,5	75	Not	Not
Samara Region	53,6	3170,1	81	Not	Not
Saratov region	100,2	2564,8	74	Kazakhstan	Not
Ulyanovsk region	37,3	1298,6	73	Not	Not
Ural economic region
Kurgan region	71	947,6	57	Kazakhstan	Not	Oil and gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy and precision engineering, car building, car building, tractor building, machine tool building, chemical, timber, cement. Extraction and processing of precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones	Grain farming, meat and dairy and dairy and meat cattle breeding
Orenburg region	124	2112,9	57	Kazakhstan	Not
Perm region	127,7	2701,2	74	Not	Not
Republic of Bashkortostan	143,6	4066	60	Not	Not
Republic of Udmurtia	42,1	1526,3	68	Not	Not
Sverdlovsk region	194,8	4393,8	83	Not	Not
Chelyabinsk region	87,9	3508,4	81	Kazakhstan	Not
North Caucasian economic region
Krasnodar region	76	5160,7	52	Georgia	There is	Gas, coal, non-ferrous metallurgy, locomotive building, agricultural, energy, precision engineering, chemical, canning, sugar, oil milling, winemaking, flour milling, traditional crafts (carpet weaving, jewelry, dishes, weapons, etc.). Tourism and recreation	Grain farming, beet growing, sunflower growing, vegetable growing, viticulture, sheep breeding, pig breeding, dairy and meat, meat and dairy cattle breeding
Republic of Adygea	7,6	443,1	53	Not	Not
The Republic of Dagestan	50,3	2737,3	42	Azerbaijan, Georgia	Not
The Republic of Ingushetia	4,3	516,7	43	Georgia	Not
Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria	12,5	893,8	56	Georgia	Not
Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia	14,1	427	43	Georgia	Not
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania	8	700,8	64	Georgia	Not
Republic of Chechnya	15	1268,1	36	Georgia	Not
Rostov region	100,8	4229,5	67	Ukraine	There is
Stavropol region	66,5	2711,2	57	Not	Not
West Siberian economic region
Altai region	169,1	2490,7	53	Kazakhstan	Not	Oil, gas, coal, ferrous, non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy, power, precision engineering, car building, tractor building, machine tool building, chemical, forestry	Grain farming, dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding
Kemerovo region	95,5	2820,6	85	Not	Not
Novosibirsk region	178,2	2649,9	76	Kazakhstan	Not
Omsk region	139,7	2012,1	69	Kazakhstan	Not
Altai Republic	92,6	210,7	27	Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia	Not
Tomsk region	316,9	1043,8	70	Not	Not
Tyumen region	161,8	3430,3	78	Kazakhstan	There is
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	523,1	1538,6	92	Not	Not
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	750,3	546,5	85	Not	There is
East Siberian economic region
Irkutsk region	745,5	2502,7	79	Not	Not	Power industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, timber	Fur harvesting
Krasnoyarsk region	2340	2893,9	76	Not	There is
The Republic of Buryatia	351,3	963,5	56	Mongolia	Not
Republic of Tyva (Tuva)	170,5	317	51	Mongolia	Not
The Republic of Khakassia	61,9	539,2	68	Not	Not
Zabaykalsky Krai	412,5	1117	64	China, Mongolia	Not
Far Eastern economic region
Amur region	363,7	860,7	65	China	Not	Non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, fisheries, shipbuilding, diamond mining, port facilities	Grain farming (soybean production), reindeer herding, ginseng cultivation
Jewish Autonomous Region	36	185	66	China	Not
Kamchatka Krai	170,8	342,3	79	Not	There is
Magadan Region	461,4	161,2	96	Not	There is
Primorsky Krai	465,9	1982	75	China, DPRK	There is
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)	3103,2	949,3	65	Not	There is
Sakhalin region	87,1	510,8	78	Not	There is
Khabarovsk Territory	788,6	1400,5	80	China	There is
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	737,7	48,6	68,4	Not	There is

Lesson summary

"Uralsky district

The purpose of the lesson

To form an idea about the Urals as a natural and economic region - the most important metallurgical base of Russia

Lesson objectives

Determine the composition of the region, the specifics of its geographical location.

Show its borderline position in natural and socio-economic terms.

Show the heterogeneity of natural conditions, the diversity of fossil wealth, the spectra of latitudinal and altitudinal zonality.

To acquaint with the natural uniqueness of the Urals.

Lesson type

Lesson and use of ICT

Type of lesson

Standard Combined Workshop

Age of students

Software

Multimedia educational program for grade 9

1. power paint.

   Microsoft Excel

Didactic material

Geography atlases for grades 8-9

Handout:

a) Handout cards for geographical dictation (can be performed in notebooks, on separate sheets, indicating only the numbers of correct answers)

b) Handout cards to consolidate the skills of working with the card and test the assimilation of knowledge.

c) Crossword text on paper.

3. Presentation of the teacher during the lesson, including geographical dictation

Presentation of the teacher on the topic "Mineral resources and natural uniqueness of the Urals."

Crossword "Nature of the Urals" on a PC in Excel

Geography of Russia. Textbook for grades 8-9, edited by A.I. Alekseev. Book two. "Economy and Geographic Areas". M. Bustard.2005

Visual aids

Maps, tables, slides of a multimedia program.

Teacher presentation slides.

Intersubject communications

History of Russia, economics, literature, physical geography, computer science.

Main content.

The composition of the region. The specifics of the geographical location. Ural as a natural and economic region. Its border position in natural and socio-economic terms. Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals. Heterogeneity of natural conditions, diversity of fossil wealth. Natural uniques. Spectra of latitudinal and altitudinal zonation.

Learning activities of students

Writing a geographical dictation.

Participation in a frontal conversation during the lesson and viewing a multimedia program.

Working with atlas maps.

Viewing the presentation "Mineral resources and natural uniqueness of the Urals"

Performing practical work No. 1 and No. 3 in a multimedia program (in the absence of such an opportunity, only No. 3 - using didactic handouts at the desk). As an option - the solution of the crossword "Nature of the Urals"

Participation in a discussion on a fundamental issue.

Planned learning outcomes.

Students should be able to:

Show and name the subjects of the Russian Federation as part of the district;

Show on the map the objects that determine the natural originality of the Urals;

Explain the features of the nature of the Urals, the originality of its individual territories in terms of nature;

Assess the EGP of the area.

Name the most important types of natural resources of the Urals, especially mineral

Basic knowledge grade 8

features of the tectonic, geological structure and relief of the country;

geological reckoning;

subsoil wealth;

connection with the tectonic and geological structure;

Volga-Ural oil and gas region; Kachkanar iron ore deposit; deposits of non-ferrous metals in the Urals;

distribution of temperatures and precipitation;

natural-anthropogenic landscapes;

natural and economic zones.

Practical work

(goal: checking the assimilation of the material + skills in working with atlas maps)

In the multimedia program:

No. 1 - Altitudinal zonality in the Urals

No. 3 - The largest and most famous mineral deposits in the Urals

When performed in notebooks - only No. 3

As an option - the solution of the crossword "Nature of the Urals" (you can offer a choice)

Homework:

Mandatory part:

similarity

Difference

Ural region

Volga region

Creative task:

Lesson Plan

Check of knowledge

The geographical position of the Urals

The composition of the district (subjects of the Russian Federation)

Climate, natural areas, inland waters

Relief, geological structure, minerals of the Urals.

Natural uniques

Homework

During the classes(Navigation chart)

« Ural region.Geographical location and nature»

Lesson stage

Teacher activity

Student activities

Note. time

Organizational stage:

Checking the readiness of the class for the lesson

The teacher checks that the students have textbooks, workbooks, atlases, writing materials.

The system administrator (one of the students in the class, prepared for this function in advance) checks the readiness of all PCs, the installation of all necessary programs, the connection of a multimedia projector

Homework check step

The teacher checks the students' homework on compiling the systematizing table "South Seas of Russia"

Students submit their work to the teacher

Stage comprehensive knowledge testing

Geographical dictation on the topic "Volga region"

The teacher distributes didactic cards to students for doing work (or notebooks for control and practical work) and displays dictation questions on the screen of a multimedia projector (see the presentation “Lesson progress”)

The students do the dictation

Physical education minute

Standard exercises are performed corresponding to the serial number of the lesson in the class schedule

Do the exercises given by the teacher

2 minutes.

The stage of preparing students for active and conscious assimilation of new material

The teacher proceeds to the next slide of the presentation "Lesson progress" and announces the topic of the lesson

Includes multimedia program "Ural" (the second section in the menu)

Write down the topic of the lesson

Listen to the introductory words of the announcer from the MMP.

Stage of assimilation of new knowledge

The next slide of the presentation with the epigraph of the lesson is shown.

The following presentation slide is shown with the fundamental question: “What features of the EGP and the nature of the Urals turned it into a stronghold of Russia, into a miner and blacksmith of the state?”

A slide with the goals and objectives of the lesson (in a prepared class, you can invite students to independently formulate the objectives of the lesson, and then adjust them by demonstrating them on the presentation slide).

A slide with a plan for implementing the tasks of the lesson (You can also offer to draw up a plan for the students themselves based on the tasks. However, to save time, it is advisable to refuse this technique)

Lesson Plan Implementation:

• Geographical position of the Urals (MMP → Geographical position → physical and geographical boundaries of the Urals → historical and cultural → economic)

  The composition of the district (students are invited to use the map of the textbook to compile a list of subjects of the Russian Federation indicating the regional and republican centers that are part of the Ural economic region). The teacher immediately corrects the textbook and the atlas map, indicating that at present the Komi-Perm Autonomous Okrug and the Perm Region are united into the Perm Territory with the regional center the city of Perm.

*At the end of the work, the teacher invites one of the students to read the results, while demonstrating the correct option using the MMP card

Offers using the map of the textbook (upper left corner of the page) to assess the position of the region on the territory of the country

Suggests to think whether there have been changes in the position of the region on the territory of the country throughout history.

Proposes to evaluate the GP of the Urals from the point of view of its favorableness for the development of the economy. Suggests to consider whether this assessment has always been so favorable (see MMP → PRG changes)

Suggests to think, what is the manifestation of the border of the Urals?

*Includes the IMF section (Geographical position → Borders of the Urals → Factors of formation of the region). As students speak, they move to the relevant sections of the MMP. For example, the order of work might be:

The border between two parts of the world (return to the physical and geographical boundaries of the Urals)

Between different parts of the earth's crust (incl. Section IMF → Relief → Geological structure). (Sound is recommended to be turned off)

Between different landforms

Between the basins of the largest rivers

Between climatic zones and regions (incl. IMF section → Climate, natural areas, inland waters → Climate: move the mouse arrow over the symbols). The teacher proposes to evaluate the climatic conditions of the Urals in terms of their favorableness for the life and economic activity of the population

Between several natural zones of Russia (MMP → Climate → Natural zones) Confirms (or supplements the students' answer if they missed it in their answers) the students' words about the manifestation of altitudinal zonality using the MMP by pointing the mouse arrow at the highest peaks of the Ural Mountains.

Between the two largest macro-regions of Russia: European and Asian (you can go to the MMP to the section “Zoning Russia → Zoning Russia → economic zoning → economic regions of the USSR), between Russia and the Central Asian region.

It proposes to assess the provision of the area with internal waters. After listening to the students' answers, he suggests thinking about whether these rivers and lakes provide the region's needs for fresh water? The rivers of which part of the Urals (Urals or Trans-Urals) have more water content and why? He notes that numerous lakes of the Urals, especially in the south, are also saline and, unfortunately, polluted.

Offers to determine what resources of the Urals were the basis for the development of its industry? (see IMF → Relief → Minerals): move the mouse cursor over the heading list "Minerals" and click on the name "Sedimentary origin of Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals", then "Axial part of the Urals", then "Igneous origin of the eastern part of the Urals")

Offers to view the presentation "Mineral resources and natural uniqueness of the Urals"

Slideshow

Participation in the formulation of the goals and objectives of the lesson

Participation in lesson planning

Listening to MMP announcer, watching MMP

Compile a list of subjects of the Urals

Listen to the student speaking, review the MMP and correct their work

The position of the region is assessed as border, marginal, inland.

It is noted that the region turned into a marginal and border area after the collapse of the USSR, and before that it had a deep position.

Express their version

Express their version

Participate in discussions and answer teacher questions

Working with the tectonic map of Russia

Work with the second bookend of the textbook. Students note that the relief of the region consists of low, easily passable mountains and plains - Cis-Urals (East European Plain) and Trans-Urals (West Siberian Lowland)

Working with the second flyleaf of the textbook

Viewing MMP and working with fig. 119 in the textbook. They name the climatic zones and regions in which the Urals are located. It is noted that the climate changes from north to south (summers are warmer and longer in the south of the Urals), the average temperature in the north is +15º C, in the south +20º. The Cis-Urals receives more precipitation than the Trans-Urals (the reason is the Ural Mountains and the remoteness of the region from the ocean). Conclusion: The climate of the Urals is unfavorable (especially in winter), the Cis-Urals and the south of the Urals have more favorable conditions.

Name the natural zones that merge in the Urals. It is noted that altitudinal zonality is manifested in the mountains, although most of the Urals are covered with forests (coniferous and mixed in the south), in the south (Orenburg and Kurgan regions) - steppes

These macro-regions are called. Browse MMP

With the help of the physical map of the atlas, students note the provision of the region with a large number of rivers and lakes.

It is suggested that the region is experiencing a shortage of fresh water, since the rivers located in the Urals are shallow (the upper reaches of the rivers). They say that the rivers of the Cis-Urals have more water, since this region of the Urals receives more precipitation, and the food near the rivers of the Urals is dominated by rain and snow.

They answer that these were the richest mineral resources (list), look through the MMP.

Under the guidance of the teacher, they review the proposed presentation.

The stage of consolidating new knowledge and skills

The teacher invites students to perform practical work No. 1 and No. 3 on a PC (see MMP → Ural → Practice) If there is no opportunity to work on a PC, this work is carried out on paper (handout material is used). As an option, it is possible to solve a crossword puzzle on the topic "Nature of the Urals" both for a PC and on paper.

The work is carried out using maps of the atlas.

The stage of informing students about homework, briefing on its implementation

Formulates homework (see the next presentation slide "Lesson progress")

Mandatory part:

§41 Geographical position and nature.

Fill in the table "Comparison of the EGP of the Urals and the Volga region"

similarity

Difference

Ural region

Volga region

Creative task: performed at the request of the students.

See task No. 4 to § 41 (Imagine that for guests, business people, tourists visiting the Urals, you were asked to compile a list of memorable places that reflect the uniqueness of the region in order to issue postcards, badges and other souvenirs. What objects would you include in list?)

It is possible to perform a task with a presentation.

The final stage

(Grades for the lesson are set based on the results of the participation of students in the frontal conversation and the results of checking the written work of students)

The teacher offers

Recall the fundamental question of the lesson and answer it.

View the final slide of the Final Presentation, which contains lesson output:

“The Urals has (or rather had) rich natural resources that have been exploited for more than 200 years (iron ore, timber) and are significantly depleted.”

Think about what questions, based on the conclusion of the lesson, will need to be considered in the next lesson?

Note: The assessment of the economic environment and the transport situation of the Urals was deliberately transferred to the next lesson, as connecting issues with the economy of the region.

Abstract of a lesson in geography using ICT

Ustinova Tatyana Nikolaevna - teacher of geography, GBOU KSHI No. 1 First Moscow Cadet Corps

Topic: Ural economic region. Composition, EGP, natural resource potential.

The purpose of the lesson:

educational: to acquaint students with the composition of the Ural region, assess its economic and geographical position (EGP), describe the natural conditions and resources of the region.

developing: to continue work on the formation of the ability to work with various sources of geographic information.

nurturing: to promote the development of cognitive interest, creative activity of students.

Lesson type : combined

Equipment: textbook, atlases, computer, projector, presentation "Ural economic region", collection "Mineral Resources", handout (text with geographical errors, cards "Define the economic region by description", contour maps "Economic zoning"), contours of economic regions, socio-economic map of the Ural region (wall), magnetic map "Administrative-territorial division of Russia",

1. Organizational stage.

II. homework check step.

Frontal oral survey + work with the map

What two large economic zones (macro-regions) are usually distinguished in the economic zoning of Russia? Show them on the map. (Western (European Russia) and Eastern (Asian Russia)).

Into how many economic regions is the territory of Russia divided according to the “state planning division” of 1961? (11 (8 economic regions in the Western zone and 3 - in Eastern).

Find out by outline

What areas of the Western Economic Zone did we get acquainted with? By contours, try to recognize the economic region and name its main features. (Northern, Central, Volga-Vyatka, North-Western, Volga, Central Chernobyl, North Caucasian).

Frontal written survey

Determine from the description which economic region it is. What number indicates this area on the contour map?

1. This area is called the "natural amphitheatre", "health resort", "breadbasket" of the country. It stands out among other regions by the maximum number of republics in its composition. Very profitable EGP. The area is characterized by political instability. (North Caucasian)
2. The region has no access to the state borders, is poor in minerals, and is well provided with water resources. The role of the district in the economic complex of the country is determined by mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, and the timber complex. ( Volga-Vyatka)
3. Diverse, rich resource base. An ice-free port is located in the north-west of the district. Lack of labor resources. The most promising area for the construction of tidal power plants. ( Northern)
4. In the 18th century, the area was a "wild field". It is distinguished by highly developed agriculture with a processing industry and ferrous metallurgy. (Central Black Earth)
5. The smallest district in terms of the number of subjects of the Federation. One of the regions is a free economic zone. Not rich in natural resources. Specializes in multi-industry engineering. ( Northwestern)
6. In Soviet times, the area was called "the locomotive of industrialization." It has a strong scientific base and is poor in natural resources. Branches of specialization: precision and science-intensive engineering, chemical industry and textile industry. ( Central)
7. "Automotive shop of the country". A large gas condensate field has been discovered in the south of the region. Before the Great Patriotic War, there was a republic of Germans. Acute environmental problems associated with pollution of the water basin. ( Volga)

III. The stage of assimilation of new knowledge and skills.

Using the epigraph slide 1 , try to determine which economic region we are starting to get acquainted with today.

He smelled of forests and flowers
And bitter factory smoke!
S. Schipachev

Explanation

Today in the lesson we are starting to study the Ural Economic Region (UER). Slide 2. What is Ural? Slide 3. Today we will get acquainted with its composition, assess the economic and geographical position and natural resource potential. The area of ​​the district is 824 thousand square meters. km.

Working with the map

Using the map in the atlas, determine which subjects of the Russian Federation make up the CER. (Two Republics: Bashkiria (Ufa) and Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Perm Territory (since January 1, 2006, as a result of a referendum, the Perm Region merged with the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug), 4 regions: Sverdlovsk Region (Yekaterinburg), Chelyabinsk (Chelyabinsk), Kurgan (Kurgan) and Orenburgskaya (Orenburg)). slide 4

- Using the magnetic map "Administrative-territorial division of Russia", mark the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the Ural Economic Region.

Write down the composition of the district in your workbook

(The Ural economic region is located at the junction of the European and Asian parts of Russia. It borders on the Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, West Siberian economic regions. In the south it borders on Kazakhstan (close good-neighbourly relations, but the flow of drugs is a big problem). The Urals are land the region, but along the Ural, Kama, Volga and canals has access to the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas.From the east, the region receives raw materials and fuel, and the products of manufacturing products from the west, and also exports its products to all economic regions of Russia thanks to developed transport network (transit railways, roads, oil and gas pipelines)).

Using the contours of the EGP, schematically sketch in the workbooks the features of the EGP of the region.

Conversation

Compare the EGP of the Urals and the Volga region. What common? What are the differences?

Explanation

Natural conditions and resources, as well as geographical location, greatly influence the development of the region. Let's evaluate natural conditions. slide 6. Natural conditions are unfavorable. The mountain belt of the Urals influenced the climate of the region, which changes in three directions: from north to south, from west to east, and from the foothills to their peaks. In the north - permafrost, in the south - fertile soils. The Cis-Urals receives more precipitation than the Trans-Urals. Thus, the Cis-Urals and the south of the Urals have more favorable conditions.

Working with maps in the atlas + table

Using the maps in the atlas, fill in the table in the workbooks "Natural conditions of the Ural region". Slide 7.

Comparison Traits	Cis-Urals	Ural	Zauralye
Relief
Climate
Soils
Inland waters
natural areas
Conclusion

Conversation

Of the natural resources of the Urals, what resources brought him world fame? ( mineral). Slide 8

Explanation

The Urals is a vast mountainous country stretching for almost two thousand kilometers. The Ural Mountains are the only ones on Earth that divide the whole continent into two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Scientists say that today we see the remains of the once highest mountains on the planet.

The sun, wind, water and ice have destroyed these majestic mountains for millions of years. Everything that was once hidden at great depths is now practically on the surface.

The minerals of the Urals are distinguished by their richness and diversity of species. Huge deposits of most metals, valuable deposits of precious stones and inexhaustible reserves of mineral raw materials have been found here. In terms of the diversity of mineral resources, UER is unrivaled among the economic regions of Russia. There are 15 thousand mineral deposits here.The Ural economic region has both ore, fuel, and non-metallic minerals. In terms of reserves of certain types of mineral resources (copper ores, asbestos, potassium salts), the Urals occupies a leading position in the world.

The main wealth of the region is ferrous and non-ferrous ores. The Urals has long been the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country. Slide 9

And what is the distribution of minerals? (with geological structure).

Working with the map + collection of minerals

So, let's turn to the map. What part of the region is dominated by ore raw materials? (In the eastern foothills and the Trans-Urals (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions))

Explanation

slide 10. In terms of iron ore production, the Urals is second only to the Central Chernozem Economic Region. Nevertheless, the region's needs for iron ores are met by its own production only by 3/5. More than 2 thousand iron ore deposits are known in the Urals, 29 are being exploited.

Currently, the development of low-grade ores of the Kachkanar and Bakal groups of deposits is underway. Only due to the fact that ores are multicomponent and also contain vanadium and titanium, their extraction is profitable. Two thirds of the iron ore reserves of the Urals are contained in the Kachkanar deposit.

Slide 11. Copper ores: Sverdlovsk region (Krasnouralsk, Revda), Chelyabinsk region (Karabash), Orenburg region (Mednogorsk).

What are the main types of fuel resources? Slide 12. ( oil, coal, gas).

Where are the oil fields located? (Perm Territory, Udmurtia, Bashkiria, Orenburg Region).

Explanation

The largest gas condensate field in the European part of the country is located in the Orenburg region. Small reserves of coal are located in the Kizelovsky (hard coal), Chelyabinsk (lignite - Kopeysk) basins.

slide 13. The Urals has large reserves of potash and table salts. The Iletsk salt deposit in the Orenburg region should also be noted. slide 14.

The Urals are also rich in noble metals (gold, silver, platinum).

Conversation

And what wealth of the Urals does the writer Bazhov tell about in his stories? (about precious and ornamental stones).

These are minerals. Academician Fersman called the Urals "the pearl of the mineral kingdom", "a mineralogical paradise". More than 5 thousand minerals have been found here. In the Ilmensky Reserve on an area of ​​303 sq. km. 5% of all minerals of the Earth are concentrated! Here they are, the minerals that glorified the Urals! slide 15.

Student's message with a presentation about the minerals of the Urals. Slides 16-20.

Work with the textbook + diagram

We continue to characterize the resources of the Urals. Using the text of the textbook, determine what other resources the Ural region is rich in. Make a scheme "Natural resource potential of the Ural region."

(40% of the district is occupied by forests. Most of them perform recreational and sanitary functions. In the north - forests for industrial use (Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk Region, Bashkiria, Udmurtia).

Recreational resources. The unique beauty of the Ural Mountains attracts tourists from all over the country. There are many areas of health and sports tourism, recreation areas and sanatorium treatment in the Urals. On the territory of the district there are the most important centers of educational tourism, historical and architectural monuments: Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Solikamsk, Izhevsk. There are interesting objects of nature here (I show illustrations): the world-famous Kungur ice cave, 5.6 km long, consisting of 58 ice grottoes and about 60 lakes; Kapova Cave (Republic of Bashkiria) - wall paintings of an Upper Paleo-human depicting a mammoth, a horse and a rhinoceros were found in it; Chusovaya river- one of the most beautiful rivers in Russia.

The structure of land is dominated by cultivated land and pastures. Soils are depleted in some places due to a large anthropogenic impact. The most fertile soils are located in the south of the region (steppe zone). Agro-climatic resources allow farming in the warm season).

problem question

But the development of agriculture is strongly influenced by one of the most acute problems in the Urals - the lack of water. At first glance, a paradox! Take a look at the map of the area - what an abundance of rivers. There are 69 thousand of them in the Urals!

So what's the problem? (water resources are unevenly distributed, the western slope is best supplied with water. Rivers originate in the mountains, are shallow in the upper reaches. Large consumption of water by industrial enterprises (especially metallurgical and chemical)).

- What solution can you suggest for this problem? (The water problem is solved by creating ponds and reservoirs: now there are more than 300 large artificial reservoirs in the region. Large drainage systems have already been built from the Ufa River to Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk. It is planned to transfer water from the Tavda River to the latter).

Summarizing.

Many resources have been intensively exploited for almost 300 years. Therefore, it is not surprising that they were greatly depleted, but the conclusion about the impoverishment of the Urals is premature. Oddly enough, the geological region is poorly understood - its bowels have been explored to a depth of only 600-800 meters. There is where to turn around and in breadth: in the north and in the south.

IV. The stage of primary verification of understanding of the studied.

Text with geographic errors

Let's consolidate our knowledge. You need to be extremely careful and find errors in this text:

Ural economic region

The Ural economic region has a not very profitable EGP: it is located on west European part of Russia, in the south it borders on Kyrgyzstan. Proximity to the raw material bases of the Asian part of the country. The UER consists of two republics (Udmurtia and Kalmykia ), five regions (Sverdlovsk, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan) andKomi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug). The natural conditions of the Urals as a wholevery favorable, poor natural resources, except water.

V. Stage of information about homework.

§ 56, complete tasks on the Ural contour map.