(Rose 12.11.2006 13:54:01)
But in my opinion, Stalin was simply a copy of Hitler, in the sense that his policies and political regime in the state were reminiscent of the regime in Germany under Hitler - harsh totalitarianism, dictatorship and relative stupidity (narrow-mindedness) ... in addition, he distorted Lenin’s socialism ...
But as an individual, we need to give him his due, he was truly a historical figure, it was only thanks to him that the Great Patriotic War was won...
(Andrey 20.02.2007 20:50:55)
Rose,
Closeness? Yes, Stalin had a library of 20,000 volumes! He read Plato in the original! He wrote all the speeches in perfection, but kept the numbers in his head - everyone was amazed... It was a colossal intellect, and there is no need to bullshit it. And as for the distortion of socialism... and it’s right that I distorted it. Socialism is an ideology of destruction, and our historical experience has confirmed this. If they had not retreated, they would now be living under the eagle and swastika.
(ANKA 04.05.2008 03:46:53)
Rosa, for a moment imagine yourself at the head of a great country in such a difficult (always difficult for RUSSIA) time! Without a dictate, what can you do, so - thanks to Comrade STALIN and his predecessors!
(ALex 16.10.2009 00:33:14)
For me, Stalin is a real bandit, who, with his “wise” leadership, ruined the thinking layer of the population, drove out the most working peasants, deprived the people of land and property, drove everyone into rotting collective farms, declared engineers to be pests, and rotted millions in camps. He brought the people to poverty, hunger and complete distrust of each other. And the goal of all this was very simple: hungry cattle are the easiest to manage. When you are looking for somewhere to get some money, you have no time to think about politics and is it getting better?
And those who will answer me that Stalin is a great figure, try to imagine that your mother was sent to Kolyma to dig into the ground in 40 degree frost in order to build a dugout, they put you in a cell without a bucket (you can put it in a boot, having first turned it inside out), and The children were sent to an orphanage (without the right to receive an education).
You have been deprived of your property, children, and all civil liberties! You don’t even know the laws under which you were tried, it’s simply impossible to get hold of the Criminal Code (what if you’re a spy?). There is no problem in opening a case against you, especially under Article 58!
Please read Solzhenitsyn, Orvel, Vardam Shalamov. And if you are not a stupid person (without brain abnormalities), but simply ignorant, then these books will reveal a lot to you.
(Yarik 03.11.2009 06:55:33)
Alex, who is Solzhenitsyn, a filthy Jew who will naturally write the same dregs. I read different books and so on. from 30-40, Stalin suppressed 800 thousand Jewish Bolsheviks, who wanted to turn Russia into a Jewish state. He did the right thing by spreading rot, executing Chechens, etc. (Chechens generally fought for Hitler)
Stalin put Russians in leadership positions everywhere, even in the union republics, and he wanted Russia to always be the strongest state.
Remember Peter the Terrible, etc. When the ruler kicks everyone, our country prospers, and when drunks like Yeltsin are in power, then wow.
(Andrey 07.10.2010 00:29:35)
Stalin was a sadist and had a Jesuitical character. But, in my opinion, he sincerely believed that only such methods could govern Russia. In his own way, he was a patriot. Now, looking at how the current government is resting, you inevitably remember the Boss, who himself worked 16 hours a day and demanded the same from others. Looking at their thousand-dollar suits, you inevitably remember Stalin, who was not at all chasing updates.
(IRAMAS 26.10.2010 22:37:44)
And these, in suits worth thousands of dollars, came down to us from the sky? They are the only possible product of that era, a link in a single chain of the monstrous deposition of a Personality, devoid of ALL moral guidelines and any stop signals. I can’t remember a single political figure of Mr. Dzhugashvili’s caliber who exterminated “his” people in every possible way. Although, where are foreign dictators compared to our Master of All Rus', they have nowhere to turn around, and Russia is big after all. :-) For me, the era of the “Red Terror” will forever remain a monument to the Great Betrayal of our Fatherland, which set back the development of the country for many decades back and led to its large-scale economic, political and spiritual blockade.
“I know for sure that eras of garbage and lies will be carried to my grave,
but a strict wind of just force will clear it all mercilessly.”
A poetic adaptation of the words of J.V. Stalin.
It’s difficult to understand the history of the Stalin era; N.S. Khrushchov cleaned up too much, and nightingales of perestroika like Yakovlev falsified quite a few. And unfounded clichés about the activities of I.V. Stalin are implanted into the mass consciousness.
1. The sacred music of times flowed over the golden-domed Moscow of bells, rivers of milk flowed in the banks of jelly, but then the evil Bolsheviks came and ruined everything.
In fact, in Russia until 1917 there were 2 kings - the emperor and the one about whom Nekrasov said so well - famine. The Russian village was constantly starving, with the constant export of bread (we don’t have enough to eat, but we will export it) and distillation into alcohol. At the same time, there was significant overcrowding.
Russian industry looked sad. In terms of average per capita production of cast iron, Russia was on a par with Spain. The list of things that were not produced in Russia would, in principle, take up more than one page.
A dangerous expression of the internal crisis was the complete military helplessness of the Russian Empire, which was completely defeated by Japan in the Far East. Well, the First World War... Let me give you one eloquent figure: Germany produced 280 thousand machine guns during the war years, and Russia produced 28 thousand.
2. Peasants were herded into collective farms in order to rob them and build industry for ephemeral purposes.
Well, the peasants would have eaten bread under the NEP for another five to ten years, and then the population would have recovered, and with it a terrible famine every five years. The only way to feed the country was through mechanized agriculture. And for this we need a developed industry.
The most modern equipment and the newest technology were taken from the West, which, by the way, surprised the Americans a lot.
3. The population's standard of living was low.
Depending on what you compare it with, if with modern America, then yes, but in general the successes of the USSR in the social sphere aroused admiration throughout the world. Just think about what the Germans would rob in the “poor”, “hungry” USSR, but they robbed in trains. And read the memories of the fascists about the Soviet people. “People have amazing teeth and you rarely see a person wearing glasses, They eat well and enjoy excellent health at all ages,” this is a Stalinist like Martin Bormann. "If Stalin had been given another ten to fifteen years, Russia would have become the most powerful state in the world, and it would have taken two or three centuries to change the state of things. This is a unique phenomenon! He raised the standard of living - and there is no doubt about this, no one in "Russia is no longer starving. Factories have been built where only unknown villages existed a couple of years ago." - Adolf Gitler. And so on.
In my essentially hometown of Belovo, under Stalin (30s), 4 brick two-story schools, a wooden two-story building of a railway school, which was then allocated 2 brick two-story buildings for dormitories, and a hospital campus, were built on literally empty space. All this is still in use today, and during the years of the so-called “rising from the knees” nothing from social facilities was built.
Although of course there was hunger and cold, Hitler exaggerated a little. But the difference with the tsarist government, which was indifferent to the famine, not to mention any housing problems, is striking. By the way, do you know that post-war Stalin buildings will last until 2095 - 2105, and Khrushchev buildings expire in 2005 - 2020?
4. Repression.
It was, only the scale was exaggerated several times.
Well, you can write about Stalin long and deeply, and not chaotically and superficially as in my review. Stalin was a cruel, strong-willed and principled man, and these are the kind of people needed at turning points in history. But we must understand that the totalitarian regime was deeply outdated by the 60s. I respect Stalin, but I understand that Stalinism in modern times is an anachronism. The future belongs to democracy with a developed, diverse market economy. And the attempts of some modern politicians to present Stalin as their forerunner are generally ridiculous; Stalin, for all his shortcomings, was not a clown or a thief or a swindler.
Without exaggeration, it can be said that during the Great Patriotic War, Stalin was the main leader of the country; all the main levers of party and state administration were concentrated in his hands. All the most important issues of war, domestic and foreign policy were resolved under his leadership. The results of his activities were of fateful significance for the socialist state, people, and army.
Activities of I.V. Stalin was assessed by many historians, economists, political scientists, sociologists, and philosophers. Among the participants in the discussion we can name such researchers as O. Latsis, G. Lisichkin, I. Popov, N. Shmelev and others. The authors are similar in their assessment of Stalin as an outstanding personality who had a huge influence on the historical process on a global scale. Several approaches can be distinguished in the works of researchers: Stalin is an outstanding figure, under whose leadership the country achieved enormous victories (building socialism, defeating fascism, etc.), but at the same time he was also a person who made mistakes and miscalculations that entailed victims; Stalin is an outstanding villain, a criminal who led the country to the implementation of utopia, destroying millions of people with the help of the totalitarian system he created.
I would like to note the research of Dmitry Volkogonov. Volkogonov admits that he went through three stages in the evolution of his views: disappointment in the idea, intellectual confusion, determination to meet the truth and understand it. He believes that Lenin prepared the ground for the arrival of Stalin: “Stalin is an outstanding student of Lenin, a successor of his work. Both are fighting to realize a utopia, which is objectively doomed to failure. Stalin’s role is assessed as criminal during the Great Patriotic War.” 1
How did his closest comrades and associates evaluate the activities of I.V. Stalin during the Great Patriotic War?
Of great value in resolving this issue are K. Simonov’s records of his conversations with famous commanders. Simonov writes: “For Zhukov, Stalin during the war is a man who took upon his shoulders the most difficult position in a warring state.” 2 Speaking about Stalin’s activities as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Zhukov noted: “Stalin understood strategic issues from the very beginning of the war. Strategy was close to his usual sphere of politics, and the more directly strategic issues came into contact with political issues, the more confident he felt in them... his intelligence and talent allowed him to master the operational art so much during the war that, calling commanders to him fronts and talking with them on topics related to operations, he showed himself to be a person who understands this no worse, and sometimes better, than his subordinates. At the same time, in a number of cases he found and suggested interesting operational solutions.” 3
Already in the first difficult days of the war, Stalin without hesitation accepted immeasurable responsibility for the fate of the army, the country, for the fate of millions of Soviet people. As the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Stalin had a huge burden of direct participation in the planning, preparation, and leadership of every major operation in the theater of war, heavy, primary responsibility for their success or failure, for the fate of millions of people who participated in these operations.
The name of Stalin is associated with the solution to the grandiose problems of that era, the enthusiasm and heroism of millions of Soviet people. During the years of difficult trials, the people recognized him as a leader capable of saving the country. And Stalin showed tremendous will, firmness, unprecedented energy, and determination in leading the army and the state, in achieving victory over the enemy.
And here is what A.M. Vasilevsky said about Stalin’s activities as Supreme Commander-in-Chief: “The truth must be written about Stalin as a military leader during the war years. He was not a military man, but he had a brilliant mind. He knew how to penetrate deeply into the essence of the matter and suggest military solutions.” 4
Let us also quote Marshal I.S. Konev’s statement: “Stalin’s reaction to our proposal to award him the title of Generalissimo was very interesting. This was after the war. At the Politburo meeting where this issue was discussed, Zhukov, Vasilevsky, myself and Rokossovsky were present. Stalin initially refused, but we persistently put forward this proposal. I've talked about this twice. And I must say that at that moment I sincerely considered it necessary and deserved. We motivated by the fact that, according to the status of the Russian army, a commander who has won great victories and victoriously completed a campaign is awarded such a title.” 5
As the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Stalin had a huge burden of direct participation in the planning, preparation, and leadership of every major operation in the theater of war, heavy, primary responsibility for their success or failure, for the fate of millions of people who participated in these operations. And personal responsibility for fulfilling the main task is whether he, the commander and leader, will be able to lead the country through all the most difficult trials of the war and pave the way to final victory.
History shows that there were no commanders who did not make mistakes and miscalculations in their activities. Stalin also had them. But in general, his activity as Supreme Commander-in-Chief was characterized by a deep creative analysis of the current situation, the ability to make non-standard decisions, the originality of the strategic plan and the greatest perseverance in carrying out the planned military operations. These qualities were clearly manifested when making the most important decisions on the conduct of war, planning operations, in analyzing the state and capabilities of one’s troops, the plans and forces of the enemy, in creating groupings of troops and reserves, in choosing the directions of the main attacks, in a flexible and quick response to changes in the situation, in careful and comprehensive preparation of operations in moral, political, operational, logistical and technical terms, in the skillful selection and timely movement of personnel.
You can endlessly quote government and military figures, scientists and writers. The essence will be the same, if they are honest and responsible persons before history - Stalin created history in the name of the good of peoples, humanity.
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a great thinker, politician, statesman, commander, he fought for the honor and independence of his country, his people. He looked far ahead, directed the course of events, and foresaw the consequences of decisions made. And he never, under any circumstances, liked to rest on his laurels, and did not allow others to do the same.
Notes:
1 D.A. Volkogonov. Seven leaders.- M., 1995.- P.117.
2 K.M. Simonov. Through the eyes of a man of my generation. - M., 1988. - P.358.
3 Ibid. - P.372.
4 Ibid.- P.451.
5 Ibid. - P.405.
Bibliography:
1. D.A. Volkogonov. Seven leaders. - M., 1995.
2. K.M. Simonov. Through the eyes of a man of my generation. - M., 1988.
, Competition "Presentation for the lesson"
Presentation for the lesson
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Epigraph:
“We question and interrogate the past so that it can explain our present and hint at our future.” V.G. Belinsky
Lesson objectives:
- introduce various assessments of Stalin’s personality, consider his influence on the era and the influence of the era on Stalin’s personality
- learn how to conduct a discussion, defend your point of view, and treat other people’s opinions correctly
- work on problem solving skills
- teach the ability to analyze various sources of information
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
- repetition and generalization of knowledge on the history of the USSR from 1922 to 1953.
- deepen students' understanding of the role of personality in history.
Educational:
- develop the ability to analyze historical facts and tables;
- compare, draw conclusions, establish cause-and-effect relationships;
- express your idea briefly and prove it;
- compare different points of view;
- encourage students to participate in discussions.
Educational:
- instill an interest in the history of your own country;
- to form students’ own ideas and opinions about events occurring in history
Equipment: presentation, map, worksheets
Problem task:“Is Stalin a product of the era or is the era a product of Stalin?”
Progress of the lesson
1) Statement of the problem.
Analysis of the poem “I come from there...” B. Chichibabina.
Students note the poet’s ambiguous assessment of the Stalin era.
Define the problem: “Is Stalin a product of the era or is the era a product of Stalin?”
The table is filled out on the board during the lesson.
2) Brief Biography of I.V. Stalin until 1922 (student message):
In 1879, a boy was born - Joseph, his father gave him his last name - Dzhugashvili. Having come a long way, he became first Koba, then Stalin. Let's listen to his short biography until 1922. (fill out the table).
3) Solving problematic problems. Acquaintance with various points of view of contemporaries on the era.
1. Dmitrievsky S. wrote: “Stalin, having gradually nullified all the beginnings of Soviet democracy that had been created in the last Leninist years, brought the autocracy of the party in the country to its extreme expression. At the same time, within the party itself, centralization was taken to its extreme expressions...”
What is your point of view on this issue?
Students are led to believe that Stalin's dictatorship was not inevitable from the start.
Student analysis of the stages of the struggle for power in the 20s. (filling out the table).
2. Philosopher A. Tsipko wrote the following about Stalin: “The omnipotence of the revolution, which came to him for no reason, completely corrupted him. But in everything he did there was a protest against everything human. What made him angry? Perhaps this is how the rebellion of mediocrity, which decided to take revenge for all its zeros, was expressed.”
What do you think? Do you agree with this approach to Stalin's personality?
Analysis of the table “Results of Stalin’s industrialization” (working with a map, table).
3. Historian R. Medvedev wrote: “I believe that only those who were imprisoned in camps or died could not be considered victims of repression. In principle, the entire people were victims of repression.”
Do you agree with the historian? Justify your opinion.
Analysis of the table “GULAG System” (filling out the table).
4. The role of Stalin in the Second World War(according to contemporaries)
Students conclude that Stalin’s role in the victory is highly appreciated by his contemporaries.
5. Modern assessments of the role of Stalin.
Working with Worksheet 3 (Assessed by Historians and Political Figures of the Late 20th Century).
6. FOM assessment(preliminary task: make diagrams based on data on the website of the Public Opinion Foundation and analyze them).
Let’s solve the problematic problem: “Is Stalin a product of the era or is the era a product of Stalin?”
Students express their opinions and make a general conclusion: “The era gave birth to Stalin, and then he himself began to shape it.”
Homework: choose 1) a reasoned essay on the issue or compose a historical portrait of Stalin.
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin to this day is considered an extremely contradictory person. Opinions about its significance for the country are divided into two camps. Someone is ready to put the leader on a pedestal again, saying: “Stalin is not enough for you,” and someone supports the words of M. S. Gorbachev: “Stalin is a man covered in blood.” However, no one is indifferent. So what did this man do and not do for Russia during the almost 30-year history of his leadership? We will consider the pros and cons of Stalin's rule in history in the most important events of 1924-1953.
Collectivization
“Land to the peasants, power to the people” is the main slogan of the communists. Everything should be common, and the earth is no exception. The kulaks as a class had to be eliminated and collective farms created that would provide Soviet citizens with everything they needed. Collectivization is one of the stages on the path to industrialization.
The civil war and revolution greatly undermined the work of the peasants. As a result, 1927 was a low harvest year. This outraged Stalin, because in the USSR there could be no shortage of anything. As a result, it was decided to begin mass collectivization, that is, to make all agriculture collective. What did this lead to?
Pros and cons of Stalin's rule during the years of collectivization 1928-1937.
- Elimination of the kulaks as a class. About 15 million people were exiled to Siberia, shot and evicted from their homes.
- The terrible famine of 1932-1933, the entire harvest of the peasants was taken by the cities, as a result, according to various estimates, from 5 to 10 million people, mostly children, died from hunger.
- The private sector in agriculture was completely destroyed.
- Collectivization created the conditions for industrialization. The state received funds for industrial development.
- Livestock numbers fell by 50%.
- Grain production fell by 3%.
- 93% of peasant farms were transferred to collective farms.
- Agricultural production is completely subordinated to the state.
- Mass exodus of peasants to the city.
Constitution of 1936
The main idea of the constitution is freedom. The adopted constitution stated that the state belonged to the workers and peasants. Councils and teams have been created. The united communist party must protect the worker. And everything would be fine, but now everything, absolutely everything within the state, belongs to the state, including people.
Repression
Speaking about Stalin's rule, one cannot help but talk about repressions. Many people still justify his actions. Political crimes are the main reason for repression, or rather the reason. A political crime was expressed not only in actions, but also in words, in a glance, in relatives abroad, in the expression of an opinion different from the ideology of communism. Fear acquired such proportions that for many years after Stalin’s death it was scary to pronounce his name.
We will consider the pros and cons of Stalin's rule below.
- Formation of a cult of personality.
- Manipulation of society through fear.
- Formation of a certain social consciousness.
- About 5 million people were convicted for political reasons.
- About 800 thousand people were sentenced to capital punishment.
- About 6.5 million people were expelled from Russia.
- There was practically no corruption in Russia.
in 2007, President V.V. Putin will say about this:
We all know well that 1937 is considered the peak of repression, but it (this year 1937) was well prepared by the previous years of cruelty. Suffice it to recall the executions of hostages during the Civil War, the destruction of entire classes, the clergy, the dispossession of the peasantry, and the destruction of the Cossacks. Such tragedies have been repeated more than once in human history. And this always happened when ideals that were attractive at first glance, but empty in reality, were placed above the main value - the value of human life, above human rights and freedoms. This is a special tragedy for our country. Because the scale is colossal. After all, hundreds of thousands, millions of people were exterminated, exiled to camps, shot, tortured. Moreover, these are, as a rule, people with their own opinions. These are people who were not afraid to express it. These are the most effective people. This is the color of the nation. And, of course, we still feel this tragedy for many years. Much needs to be done to ensure that this is never forgotten.
- Prisoners constituted a free labor force; at the expense of the victims of repressed labor, such facilities were created as: the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Volga-Don Canal, the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant, about ten hydroelectric power stations, the Kola Railway, the Northern Railway, highways, etc.
- A number of Russian cities were built by Gulag prisoners: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Vorkuta, Ukhta, Pechora, Nakhodka, Volzhsky, etc.
- Prisoners also contributed to agriculture.
- Migration of thousands of Russian citizens, the best minds, intelligentsia, and creative elite.
The Great Patriotic War
The pros and cons of Stalin's rule during the Second World War are very blurred. On the one hand, Stalin won the war, but on the other hand, the people under the leadership of great commanders won the war. You can argue endlessly. The whole country worked for the benefit of the front. Russia began to breathe as one large organism. Economy, industry, agriculture, transport, factories, culture - everything worked together with the goal of winning the war. People united in one common grief. All these structures worked very clearly and harmoniously, and there is no doubt about this: Russia entered the war, being “backward” in industrial terms in relation to Germany, and emerged from the war as a strong military power.
Russia lost 27 million people in the war, Germany - 7 million people. It turns out that for every German soldier, 4 Soviet soldiers were killed. This is the price of victory. Russia was not ready for war, and this is a fact. Repression of generals and officers, Stalin ignoring warnings of an attack from both intelligence officers and Churchill. As a result, in the first days of the war, hundreds of thousands of soldiers were captured and all Soviet aviation was destroyed! Can we consider that Russia won the war thanks to Stalin? Or despite his mistakes?
In the post-war period, totalitarianism reached its apogee. Control was established over all spheres of society. Repressions also continued after the war. Fear shrouded the country until the death of the leader.
Industrialization
Already in 1947, industry was completely restored, and 10 years later economic well-being almost doubled. None of the countries affected by the war had by this time reached even the pre-war level. Russia has become a great military power.
Pros and cons of the reign of Joseph Stalin:
- Under Stalin, more than 1,500 major industrial facilities, plants and factories were built. These are DneproGES, Uralmash, KhTZ, GAZ, ZIS, factories in Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Norilsk and Stalingrad.
- Nuclear missile weapons were created. Although there is still debate about Stalin's role in this area.
- A lot of agricultural resources were used for the benefit of industrialization, which significantly made the life of the peasants more difficult.
After Stalin
Joseph Stalin died at the age of 73. The cause of death still remains a mystery. Some say that he was poisoned by Khrushchev and like-minded people, others are inclined to believe that it was a heart attack. In any case, it was Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev who became the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Over the 11 years of his leadership, Russia has already had other ups and downs.
Pros and cons of the reign of Stalin and Khrushchev in comparison:
- Stalin built socialism, Khrushchev destroyed it.
- Stalin relied on industrialization, Khrushchev on agriculture.
- Khrushchev destroyed Stalin's personality cult, freed many innocent citizens from exile, but did not stop the repressions.
The pros and cons of Stalin's rule are still disputed by historians, society and witnesses of those years. The leader's contradictory personality makes his achievements contradictory. Now a lot of literature has been written and many documentaries have been shot, but these are all theoretical disputes. It is impossible to prove that either side is right.
Results
The era of Stalin is unique. For 30 years, the country experienced civil war, famine, repression, the terrible Great Patriotic War, and post-war reconstruction. It’s not for nothing that people say “Khrushchev’s thaw,” and under Stalin they said “Hammer and sickle, death and famine.” After Stalin's death, people's fear slowly began to disappear. It is impossible to briefly summarize the pros and cons of Stalin's rule. Joseph Dzhugashvili played too big a role in history.
Results of Stalin's reign, pros and cons:
- The country's resources were national: free medicine, education, recreation, housing, cultural entertainment (theaters, museums).
- Great educational reform, many schools and institutes have been built.
- Scientific progress, nuclear and missile development.
- Victory in the Second World War and the rapid economic recovery of the country.
- Industrial development, industrialization.
- The population decreased during the years of civil war, revolution, famine, repression and the Second World War.
- The blind, undeniable ideology is still alive in the minds of the Soviet generation, so great was its scale.
The great era of Stalin has ended, and everyone perceives the results of his leadership differently.
