the state created by the participants of the 1st crusade after their capture of Jerusalem in 1099. It consisted of I.K. itself and vassal states: Tripoli and Edessa and the principality of Antioch. The first ruler is Gottfried of Bouillon. The main military forces - the orders of St. John and the Templars - could not withstand the onslaught of the Muslims, which intensified from the middle of the 12th century. In 1187, the Egyptian sultan Salazh-addin captured Jerusalem. In 1291, the last stronghold of the crusaders fell - the city of Acre.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Kingdom of Jerusalem

the state created by the participants of the 1st Crusade after their capture of Jerusalem in 1099. Territorially took shape at the beginning of the 12th century. after the new conquests of the Crusaders in the Eastern Mediterranean. In addition to Jerusalem proper, the Kingdom of Jerusalem included the counties of Tripoli and Edessa and the Principality of Antioch. The first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was Gottfried of Bouillon. The crusaders erected many castles and fortresses on the territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, cities and trade were significantly developed. The favorable geographical position of the Kingdom of Jerusalem contributed to the development of relations with Western European states, Byzantium and the Muslim East. In 1137 Byzantium was subjected to the Principality of Antioch, in 1144 the Seljuk Turks captured Edessa. The unstable position of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was aggravated by internal strife of the main military forces - the orders of St. John and the Templars, the rivalry of Italian merchants and others. In 1187, the Egyptian sultan Salah ad-Din occupied Jerusalem and most of the kingdom. At the end of the 13th century almost all the cities were captured by the Egyptian Mamluks. In 1291, Acre fell - the last stronghold of the crusaders.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM

state, main European feudal lords as a result of the 1st crusade in 1099 in Palestine and Syria and existed until the end. 12th c. It consisted of Israel proper (Palestine) and 3 vassal states that actually retained their independence: the Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa, and the County of Tripoli. Main The bulk of the working people in I. k. were serfs (Villans) from the subjugated population. The size of their duties often depended on the arbitrariness of the lords. Slavery also existed in I. k. On the territory I. to. there were large feuds. possessions, vassal to the king; they were subdivided into smaller fiefs, inheritances. the owners of which were obliged to the military. service to the suzerain and enjoyed great political power on their estates. independence. Often, along with land (or instead of it), various types of income from trade (collection of duties) complained to knights in a feud. Korolev. power was limited by the High Chamber - military-political. council of queens. vassals. In the 60s. 12th c. attempts were made to strengthen the queens. power through direct subjugation of all the fiefs to the crown, but these attempts were unsuccessful. Influence power in I. to. was the highest Catholic. the clergy, who owned vast estates, selected, in particular, from the Muslims. and local Christians. churches. Cities did not have self-government; the exception was the privileged settlements of Italian merchants in the port cities (Acre, Tire, Jaffa, etc.) controlled by consuls and subordinated to their metropolises, which became important centers of Levantine trade. Uprisings of the brutally exploited local population, especially peasants and artisans, in feudal conditions. fragmentation and few chivalry, rivalry and conflicts between the feudal lords-crusaders, wars of states-in the crusaders with each other, with Muslims. state-you and with Byzantium, finally, the fluidity of the knightly population, the lack of regular support from the West. Europe - all this led to the fragility and fragility of I. to. Its main. the force was made up of the military-monastic orders of the Templars and St. John, to-rye, being at enmity with each other, could not effectively repulse the onslaught of the Muslims, which had intensified from the middle. 12th c. In 1144 a battle took place, as a result of which Edessa was captured by the Seljuks. In 1187, Sultan Salah ad-Din defeated the crusader army at Hattin, near Lake Tiberias, after which he captured Jerusalem and the b. h. kingdom. The remains of the possessions of the crusaders were conquered by Egypt. mamluks in con. 13th century, the capital of this so-called. 2nd I. k. - the city of Acre - fell in 1291. Lit .: Zaborov M. A., Crusades, M., 1956; Richard J., Le royaume latin de J?rusalem, P., 1953. M. A. Zaborov. Moscow. -***-***-***- Kingdom of Jerusalem in the XI - XIII centuries.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom that emerged in the Levant in 1099 after the completion of the First Crusade. It was destroyed in 1291 with the fall of Acre.

Founding and early history

The kingdom was created after the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099. Gottfried of Bouillon, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, was elected the first king. He refused to accept this title, not wanting to wear a royal crown where the Savior wore a thorny one; instead, he assumed the title of Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri ("Defender of the Holy Sepulcher"). Godfried died the following year, his brother and heir, Baldwin I, was not so pious and immediately assumed the title "King of Jerusalem".

Baldwin successfully expanded the kingdom, capturing the port cities of Acre, Sidon and Beirut, as well as asserting his suzerainty over the crusader states in the North - the county of Edessa (founded by him), the principality of Antioch and the county of Tripoli. Under him, the number of inhabitants increased - the Latins who came with the Rearguard Crusade, and also a Latin patriarch appeared. The Italian city-states (Venice, Pisa and Genoa) began to play an important role in the kingdom. Their fleet participated in the capture of ports, where they received their quarters for trade.

Baldwin died in 1118 and left no heirs, his cousin Baldwin de Burk, Count of Edessa, became his successor. Baldwin II was also a capable ruler, and although he was captured by the Seljuks several times during his reign, the borders of the state expanded, and in 1124 Tire was taken.

Life in the kingdom

The new generation, born and raised in the Levant, considered the Holy Land to be their homeland and had a negative attitude towards the newly arrived crusaders. Also, they often looked like Syrians rather than Franks. Many knew Greek, Arabic and other oriental languages, married Greek or Armenian women.

As Fulcherius of Chartres wrote: “We Westerners have become Easterners; he who was a Roman or a Frank has here become a Galilean or an inhabitant of Palestine; one who lived in Reims or Chartres sees himself as a city dweller from Tyre or Antioch".

The device was largely based on the feudal order of the then Western Europe, but with many important differences. The kingdom was located in a small area, there were few lands suitable for agriculture. Since ancient times, in this region, the entire economy was concentrated in cities, in contrast to medieval Europe. The feudal lords, while owning lands, nevertheless preferred to live in Jerusalem and other cities.

As in Europe, the barons had vassals, while being vassals of the king. Agriculture was based on the Muslim version of the feudal system - iqta (the system of allotments), this order was not changed. Although Muslims (as well as Jews and Eastern Christians) were persecuted in some cities and were not allowed to live in Jerusalem, in rural areas they lived as before. "Rais", the leader of the community, was a kind of vassal of the baron who owned the land, and since the barons lived in cities, the communities had a high degree of autonomy. They supplied the troops of the kingdom with food, but did not carry out military service, unlike Europe; similarly, the Italians did not bear any duties, despite living in port cities. As a result, the army of the kingdom was not numerous and consisted of the Franks - the inhabitants of the cities.

The dominance in the area of ​​cities and the presence of Italian merchants led to the development of an economy that was more commercial than agricultural. Palestine has always been a crossroads of trade routes; trade has now spread to Europe. European goods, such as textiles from Northern Europe, appeared in the Middle East and Asia, while Asian goods were transported back to Europe. The Italian city-states received huge profits, which influenced their heyday in the following centuries.

Since the noble lords lived more in Jerusalem than in the provinces, they had a much greater influence on the king than they did in Europe. The noble barons made up the High Council, one of the earliest forms of parliament in Western Europe. The council consisted of bishops and influential barons, was responsible for the election of the king, the provision of money to the king, the mobilization of armies.

The lack of troops was largely compensated by the creation of spiritual and knightly orders. The Knights Templar and Hospitaller orders were created in the early years of the kingdom and often replaced barons in the provinces. Their leaders were based in Jerusalem, living in huge castles and often buying lands that the barons could not defend. The orders were directly under papal administration, not royal; they were largely independent and were not required to carry out military service, however, in fact, they participated in all the main battles.

Important sources of information on the life of the kingdom are the works of William of Tire and the Muslim writer Usama ibn Munkiz.

Mid 12th century

Baldwin II was succeeded by his daughter Melisende, who ruled with her husband Fulk of Anjou. During their reign, the greatest cultural and economic development was achieved, the symbol of which is the Melisende psalter, commissioned by the queen between 1135 and 1143. Fulk, the famous commander, faced a new dangerous enemy - the atabeg of Mosul Zengi. Although Fulk successfully opposed Zengi during his reign, he was criticized by Guillaume of Tire for his poor organization of frontier guards. Fulk died hunting in 1143. Zengi took advantage of this and captured the county of Edessa in 1146. Queen Melisande, who became regent under her son Baldwin III, appointed a new Manasse D'Ierzh, who led the army after Fulk's death. In 1147, participants in the Second Crusade arrived in the kingdom.

Having met in Tripoli, the leaders of the crusaders, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, decided to attack the Emir of Damascus, friendly to the kingdom, as the most vulnerable enemy, despite the agreement between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. This was in complete contradiction to the advice of Melisande and Manasseh, who considered the main enemy to be Aleppo, the victory over which made it possible to return Edessa. The crusade ended in 1148 in complete failure. Melisande ruled the country as regent until Baldwin III overthrew her government in 1153, but the very next year Baldwin appointed her regent and chief adviser. Baldwin III took Ascalon from the Fatimids, the last Egyptian outpost on the Palestinian coast. At the same time, the general situation of the crusader states worsened as Nur ad-Din captured Damascus and united Muslim Syria under his rule.

Baldwin III died in 1162, a year after his mother, and was succeeded by his brother, Amaury. His reign was accompanied by a confrontation with Nur ad-Din and insidious attempts to prevent the capture of Egypt by Saladin. Although supported by the Byzantine emperor, Manuel Komnenos, Amori failed in the military operation against Egypt. Amori and Nur-ad-Din died in 1174.

Disaster and Recovery

Amalric was succeeded by his young son, Baldwin IV. From an early age, he learned that he had leprosy. Baldwin, however, proved to be an efficient and energetic king and military commander.

Baldwin IV died in the spring of 1185, and Baldwin V became king.

Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade

The subsequent fall of Jerusalem essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. The capture of the city shocked Europe, leading to the Third Crusade, which was launched in 1189, led by Richard the Lionheart and Philip Augustus (Frederick Barbarossa died en route).

In 1192 Richard the Lionheart mediated a further agreement by which Margrave Conrad of Montferrat became King of Jerusalem and Guy de Lusignan was granted Cyprus. In the same year, Conrad fell at the hands of an assassin in Tire.

After the death of Conrad, Isabella marries his relative Henry II of Champagne.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

The state was created as a result First crusade . After the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099, the royal crown was offered to one of the leaders of the crusaders, the Duke of Lower Lorraine, Gottfried of Bouillon. But he refused the high honor, accepting only the title of "defender of the Holy Sepulcher." Gottfried died a year later, and his brother Baudouin, who at that time was the count of Edessa, who succeeded him, became the first king of Jerusalem.

Ardennes dynasty, 1099-1131

Ardennes-Angevin dynasty, 1131-1186

Fulk I/V of Angevin 1131-1143

Baudouin V of Montferrat 1185-1186

Kings from different families

These kings, representatives of different dynasties, received power through marriages with heirs to the throne.

Guy (Guido) Lusignan 1186-1192

Conrad of Montferrat 1192

Henry I of Champagne 1192-1197

Amory (Amalric) II Lusignan 1197-1205

Maria-Iolanta of Montferrat 1206-1219

Jean de Brienne (husband of Marie-Iolanthe) 1210-1225

The Hohenstaufen dynasty, 1225-1268

In 1225, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II married Jean de Brienne's daughter Iolanthe (Isabella), after which he assumed the title of King of Jerusalem. The former king, Jean de Brienne, was forced to lay down the royal crown.

During the crusade in 1228/1229, Frederick II took Jerusalem from the Muslims, concluded a peace (and even allied) treaty with the Egyptian sultan, and then left the Holy Land forever, retaining, however, the title of King of Jerusalem. Conrad II and Konrad III (Konradin), who succeeded him, were also recognized as kings of Jerusalem.

Frederick II Hohenstaufen 1225/9-1250

Konrad II Hohenstaufen 1250-1254

Konrad III (Konradin) 1254-1268

Lusignan dynasty, 1243-1267

With the departure to Europe in 1229, Frederick II, the daughter of Henry 1 of Champagne and Isabella of Jerusalem, Alice, was elected regent of the kingdom. In 1243, the Hohenstaufen were deprived of the right to exercise their royal prerogatives, but the kings of Cyprus, who ruled the remnants of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, until 1269 bore only the title of ruler.

Alice of Cyprus (Champagne) 1229/43-1246

Henry I of Cyprus 1246-1253

Hugh II of Cyprus 1253-1267

Aquitano-Norman-Lusignan dynasty, 1267-1291

After the suppression of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in 1268, the ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Hugo III of Cyprus, took for himself the title of King of Jerusalem.

Hugh III of Cyprus 1267-1277/84

Charles of Anjou (nominally) 1278-1286

Henry II of Cyprus 1284/1286-1291

In 1291, the crusaders were finally expelled from Palestine. Further, the title of the kings of Jerusalem was retained in their titles by the kings of Cyprus.

Jerusalem Latin Patriarchs

during the existence of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

Arnul 1099

Daibert 1099-1102

Ebremar 1102-1105

Daibert (secondary) 1105

Ebremar (secondary) 1105-1108

Giebelin 1108-1112

Arnul 1112-1118

Gwaramund (Garmon) 1119-1128

Stephen 1128-1130

William I de Malines 1131-1145

Fulcherius 1146-1157

Amalrik 1157-1180

Heraclius... 1180-1191

Albert I (?) 1191-1193

Geimar Monk 1194-1202

Soffred 1202-1203/4

Albert II Avogardo 1204/1205-1214

Radulf (Raoul de Merencourt) 1214-1225

Thomas of Capua (not recognized as pope) 1225

Herald of Lausanne 1225-1238

Robert of Nantes 1240-1254

Obizzo, Patr. Antioch (not recognized by the Pope) 1254

James Pantaleon 1255-1261

William II d "Agen 1261-1270

Thomas Agni Kosensky 1272-1277

John of Vercellus 1278-1279

Elijah (in Rome) 1279-1287

Nicholas de Anapis 1288-1291

Used materials of the book: Sychev N.V. Book of dynasties. M., 2008. p. 350-352, 359-360.

Read further:

Jerusalem kings(genealogical table).

Jerusalem, Hebrew Jerusalem. City in Palestine.

)
Jerusalem (1229-)
Acre (1244-)

Languages) Latin, Old French and Italian (spread also Arabic and Greek) Currency unit Population Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). Form of government patrimonial monarchy Constitution The so-called "Jerusalem assizes" Story - First crusade - Second crusade - Siege of Jerusalem - Third crusade - Fall of Acre K: Appeared in 1099 K: Disappeared in 1291

Jerusalem kingdom(Old French Roiaume de Jherusalem, lat. Regnum Hierosolimitanum listen)) is a Christian state that arose in the Levant after the completion of the First Crusade. It was destroyed in the fall of Acre.

Founding and early history

The kingdom was created after the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099. Gottfried of Bouillon, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, was elected the first king. He refused to accept this title, not wanting to wear a royal crown where the Savior wore a crown of thorns; instead he took the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri("Defender of the Holy Sepulcher"). Godfried died the following year, his brother and heir Baldwin I was not so pious and immediately assumed the title "King of Jerusalem".

Baldwin successfully expanded the kingdom, capturing the port cities of Acre, Sidon and Beirut, as well as asserting his dominion over the crusader states in the North - the county of Edessa (founded by him), the principality of Antioch and the county of Tripoli. Under him, the number of inhabitants increased - the Latins who came with the Rearguard Crusade, and also the Latin Patriarch appeared. The Italian city-states (Venice, Pisa, and Genoa) began to play an important role in the kingdom. Their fleet participated in the capture of ports, where they received their quarters for trade.

Life in the kingdom

The new generation, born and raised in the Levant, considered the Holy Land their homeland and had a negative attitude towards the newly arrived crusaders. They also often looked more like Syrians than Franks. Many knew Greek, Arabic and other oriental languages, and married Greek or Armenian women.

Mid 12th century

Baldwin II was succeeded by his daughter Melisende, who ruled alongside her husband Fulk of Anjou. During their reign, the greatest cultural and economic development was achieved, the symbol of which is the Melisende psalter, commissioned by the queen between and 1143. Fulk, the famous commander, faced a new dangerous enemy - the atabeg of Mosul Zangi. Although Fulk successfully opposed Zangi during his reign, Guillaume of Tire censured him for his poor frontier guards. Fulk died hunting in 1143. Zangi took advantage of this and captured the county of Edessa in . Queen Melisande, who became regent for her son Baldwin III, appointed a new constable, Manasse Yerzh, who led the army after the death of Fulk. Members of the Second Crusade arrived in the kingdom.

Disaster and Recovery

Amaury I was succeeded by his young son, Baldwin IV. From an early age, he learned that he had leprosy, but this did not stop him from proving that he was an active and strong ruler and a good military leader. He was able to temporarily move the external threat away from the kingdom, but his illness and early death brought new civil strife and strife into the already paralyzed life of the kingdom.

After the death of Conrad, Isabella was married to his relative Henry II of Champagne.

When Frederick II Staufen became king of Jerusalem in 1229, he managed to temporarily return Jerusalem to the Christians, taking advantage of the contradictions between the Muslim rulers.

The capture of Jerusalem in 1244 by the Khorezmians (the remnants of the Turkmen troops of Jalal ad-Din Mankburna), called by the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt As-Salih Najm ad-Din Ayyub ibn Muhammad, marked the end of Christian rule over this ancient city.

see also

Write a review on the article "Kingdom of Jerusalem"

Literature

• Brown, R., In the Footsteps of the Crusaders: A Guide to the Castles of Israel. - Modiin: Evgeny Ozerov Publishing House, 2010. - 180 p., ill., ISBN 978-965-91407-1-8
• Brown R., In the Footsteps of the Crusaders - 2: A Historical Guide to the Battlegrounds of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. - Tel Aviv: Artel, 2013. - 167 p., ill.

Links

• Online

View this template Levant Francocracy Baltic

View this template Story Symbols Politics Military establishment and intelligence agencies Administrative division Geography Population Economy Communications and media My heart froze in despair and sadness, convulsively clinging to the tiny hope that perhaps Girolamo was the first and last of my unfortunate family whom this monster in the papal cassock made to suffer, and from whom he took his life so simply and having fun. I knew that neither the death of my father, and even more so - the death of Anna, I most likely could not survive. But I was even more frightened by what I understood - Caraffa also knew this ... And I racked my brains, making plans one more fantastic than the other. But the hope of surviving at least for the near future, in order to try to help their relatives, melted like smoke. A week passed, Caraffa still did not appear. Perhaps he (just like me!) needed time to consider his next step. Or perhaps he was distracted by some other duties. Although the last one was hard for me to believe. Yes, he was the Pope... But at the same time, he was also an incredibly gambler, for whom it was beyond his strength to miss an interesting game. And playing cat and mouse with me gave him, I think, real pleasure ... Therefore, I tried my best to calm down and find in my exhausted head at least some “smart” thought that would help me focus on our unequal “war”, from which, in reality, I had no hope of getting out the winner... But I still didn't give up, because for me a "surrendered person" was much worse than a dead person. And since I was still alive, it meant that I could still fight, even if my soul was already slowly dying ... I had to hold out at least a little in order to have time to destroy this deadly viper, which was Caraffa. .. Now I no longer had any doubts that I could kill him, if only the opportunity presented itself. Just how to do this, I still had no idea. As I have just sadly seen from my own experience, it was impossible to destroy Caraffa in my “usual” way. So, I had to look for something else, but, unfortunately, I had almost no time for this. I also thought about Girolamo all the time... He was always my warm protective "wall", behind which I felt safe and secure... But now she was no more... And there was nothing to replace her. Girolamo was the most faithful and affectionate husband in the world, without whom a very important part of my world faded, becoming empty and cold. My life was gradually filled with sadness, longing and hatred ... The desire to take revenge on Caraffa, forgetting about myself and how small my strength was compared to him ... Grief blinded me, it plunged me into the abyss of despair, to get out of which I could only defeat him. Caraffa returned to my life about two weeks later, on an early sunny morning, very self-confident, fresh and happy, and entering the room, he joyfully said: – I have a surprise for you, Madonna Isidora! I think you will like it very much. I immediately broke out in a cold sweat - I knew his "surprises", they did not end well ... As if reading my thoughts, Caraffa added: It's really a pleasant surprise, I promise you. You will now see it for yourself! Door opened. And a fragile tall girl entered it, carefully looking around... Horror and joy fettered me for a second, not allowing me to move... It was my daughter, my little Anna!!!.. True, it was already difficult to call her little now , because in these two years she has greatly stretched and matured, becoming even more beautiful and even sweeter ... My heart rushed to her with a cry, almost flying out of my chest! .. But there was no hurry. I did not know what the unpredictable Caraffa was up to this time. Therefore, it was necessary to keep very calm, which was almost beyond my human strength. And only the fear of making an irreparable mistake restrained my raging emotions rushing out like a hurricane. Happiness, horror, wild joy and fear of loss simultaneously tore me to pieces!.. Caraffa smiled contentedly at the produced effect... which immediately made me shudder inside. I didn’t even dare to think what might happen next ... And I knew that if something terrible happened, the desire to protect Anna might be too strong to resist Caraffa ... and I was terribly afraid that I could not refuse him so that he didn't ask for it. But, to my greatest surprise, his “surprise” turned out to be a real surprise! .. – Are you glad to see your daughter, Madonna Isidora? - Karaffa asked, smiling broadly. “It all depends on what happens next, Your Holiness…” I answered cautiously. But, of course, I'm overjoyed! “Well, enjoy the meeting, I'll pick her up in an hour. Nobody will disturb you. And then I'll go after her. She will go to a monastery - I think this is the best place for such a gifted girl as your daughter is. - Monastery? But she was never a believer, Your Holiness, she is a hereditary Witch, and nothing in the world will make her be different. This is who she is and she can never change. Even if you destroy her, she will still remain a Witch! Just like me and my mother. You can't make her a believer! - What a child you are, Madonna Isidora! .. - Caraffa laughed sincerely. - Nobody is going to make her a "believer". I think she can serve our holy church well by remaining exactly who she is. And possibly even more. I have far-reaching plans for your daughter... - What do you mean, Your Holiness? And what's with the monastery? I whispered with stiff lips. I was shaking. All this did not fit in my head, and so far I did not understand anything, I only felt that Caraffa was telling the truth. Only one thing scared me half to death - what kind of "far-reaching" plans could this terrible person have for my poor girl?! .. - Calm down, Isidora, and stop expecting something terrible from me all the time! You provoke fate, you know... The fact is that the monastery I'm talking about is very difficult... And outside of its walls, almost not a single soul knows about it. This is a monastery exclusively for Veduns and Witches. And it has been standing for thousands of years. I have been there several times. I studied there... But, unfortunately, I did not find what I was looking for. They rejected me ... - Caraffa thought for a moment and, to my surprise, suddenly became very sad. “But I'm sure they'll like Anna. And I am also sure that they will have something to teach your talented daughter, Isidora. – Are you talking about Meteora*, Your Holiness? Knowing the answer beforehand, I asked anyway. From surprise, Caraffa's eyebrows crept onto his forehead. Apparently he didn't expect me to hear about it... – Do you know them? Have you been there?! “No, my father was there, Your Holiness. But then he taught me a lot (later I wildly regretted that I told him this ...). What do you want to teach my daughter there, Holiness?! And why? .. After all, in order to declare her a Witch, you already now have enough evidence. Anyway, later on you will try to burn her like everyone else, right?! .. Caraffa smiled again... - Why did you cling to this stupid idea, Madonna? I'm not going to do any harm to your sweet daughter! She can still serve us wonderfully! For a very long time I was looking for the Witch, who is still just a child, to teach her everything that the "monks" in Meteor know. And so that she would later help me in the search for sorcerers and witches, such as she herself once was. Only then will she already be a witch from God. Caraffa did not seem crazy, he WAS him ... Otherwise, it was impossible to accept what he was saying now! It was not normal, and therefore it scared me even more. – Forgive me if I misunderstood something, Your Holiness... But how can there be Witches from God?!.. – Well, of course, Isidora! - Sincerely amazed at my "ignorance", Caraffa laughed. – If she uses her knowledge and skill in the name of the church, it will come to her already from God, since she will create in His name! Don't you understand this? No, I didn’t understand!.. And this was said by a man with a completely sick imagination, who, moreover, sincerely believed in what he was talking about!.. He was incredibly dangerous in his madness and, moreover, had unlimited power. His fanaticism crossed all boundaries, and someone had to stop him. “If you know how to make us serve the church, then why are you burning us?!..” I ventured to ask. “After all, what we have cannot be bought for any money. Why don't you appreciate it? Why do you keep destroying us? If you wanted to learn something, why not ask me to teach you?.. – Because it is useless to try to change what is already thinking, madonna. I can't change you or anyone like you... I can only scare you. Or kill. But it won't give me what I've dreamed of for so long. Anna, on the other hand, is still quite small, and she can be taught to love the Lord without taking away her amazing Gift. It is useless for you to do this, because even if you swear to me faith in Him, I will not believe you. “And you will be quite right, Your Holiness,” I said calmly. Caraffa got up, about to leave. - Just one question, and I beg you to answer it ... if you can. Your protection, is she from the same monastery? - Just like your youth, Isidora ... - Karaffa smiled. - I'll be back in an hour. So, I was right - he received his strange "impenetrable" protection right there, in Meteora !!! But then why didn't my father know her?! Or was Caraffa there much later? And then suddenly another thought dawned on me!.. Youth!!! That's what he sought, but did not receive Karaff! Apparently, he had heard a lot about how much they live and how real Witches and Vedunas leave the “physical” life. And he wildly wanted to get it for himself ... in order to have time to burn the remaining "disobedient" half of the existing Europe, and then dominate the rest, portraying the "holy righteous man" who mercifully descended to the "sinful" earth in order to save our "lost souls". It was true - we could live a long time. Even for too long ... And they "left" when they were really tired of living, or they believed that they could no longer help anyone. The secret of longevity was passed from parents to children, then to grandchildren, and so on, as long as at least one exceptionally gifted child remained in the family who could adopt it ... But not every hereditary Witch or Witch was given immortality. It required special qualities, which, unfortunately, were not awarded to all gifted descendants. It depended on the strength of the spirit, the purity of the heart, the "mobility" of the body, and most importantly, on the height of the level of their soul... well, and much more. And I think it was right. Because for those who were eager to learn everything that we, real Veduns, could do, a simple human life, unfortunately, was not enough for this. Well, for those who did not want to know so much, a long life was not needed. Therefore, such a tough selection, I think, was absolutely correct. And Caraffa wanted the same. He considered himself worthy... My hair began to stir when I just thought about what this evil person could have done on Earth if he had lived so long! .. But all these worries could be left for later. In the meantime, Anna was here! .. And everything else did not matter. I turned around - she was standing, not taking her huge radiant eyes off me! .. And at the same moment I forgot about Caraffa, and about the monastery, and about everything else in the world! .. Rushing into my open arms, my poor the baby froze, endlessly repeating only one single word: "Mom, mommy, mom ...".

jerusalem kingdom complete, jerusalem kingdom bena

Flag Coat of arms Capital Jerusalem (1099-1187)
Tyre (1187-1191)
Acre (1191-1229)
Jerusalem (1229-1244)
Acre (1244-1291) Languages) Latin, Old French and Italian (spread also Arabic and Greek) Form of government patrimonial monarchy Constitution The so-called "Jerusalem assizes" Story - 1099 First crusade - 1145 Second crusade - 1187 Siege of Jerusalem - 1189 Third crusade - 1291 Fall of Acre

Jerusalem kingdom(Old French Roiaume de Jherusalem, Latin Regnum Hierosolimitanum) is a Christian state that arose in the Levant in 1099 after the completion of the First Crusade. It was destroyed in 1291 with the fall of Acre.

• 1 Founding and early history
• 2 Kingdom life
• 3 Mid-twelfth century
• 4 Disaster and recovery
• 5 Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade
• 6 See also
• 7 Literature
• 8 Links

Founding and early history

The kingdom was created after the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099. Gottfried of Bouillon, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, was elected the first king. He refused to accept this title, not wanting to wear a royal crown where the Savior wore a thorny one; instead, he assumed the title of Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri ("Defender of the Holy Sepulcher"). Godfried died the following year, his brother and heir Baldwin I was not so pious and immediately assumed the title "King of Jerusalem".

Baldwin successfully expanded the kingdom, capturing the port cities of Acre, Sidon and Beirut, as well as asserting his dominion over the crusader states in the North - the county of Edessa (founded by him), the principality of Antioch and the county of Tripoli. Under him, the number of inhabitants increased - Latins who came with the Rearguard Crusade, and a Latin patriarch also appeared. The Italian city-states (Venice, Pisa and Genoa) began to play an important role in the kingdom. Their fleet participated in the capture of ports, where they received their quarters for trade.

Around 1080, a hospital for pilgrims was founded in Jerusalem by the Order of St. John (Hospitallers). Another monastic order - the Templars - settled in a temple converted from the al-Aqsa mosque.

Baldwin died in 1118 and left no heirs. He was succeeded by his cousin Baldwin de Burke, Count of Edessa. Baldwin II was also a capable ruler, and although he was captured by the Seljuks several times during his reign, the borders of the state expanded, and in 1124 Tire was taken.

Life in the kingdom

The new generation, born and raised in the Levant, considered the Holy Land their homeland and had a negative attitude towards the newly arrived crusaders. They also often looked more like Syrians than Franks. Many knew Greek, Arabic and other oriental languages, married Greek or Armenian women.

As Fulcherius of Chartres wrote: “We Westerners have become Easterners; he who was a Roman or a Frank has here become a Galilean or an inhabitant of Palestine; he who lived in Reims or Chartres sees himself as a city dweller from Tyre or Antioch.”

The device was largely based on the feudal order of the then Western Europe, but with many important differences. The kingdom was located in a small area, there were few lands suitable for agriculture. Since ancient times, in this region, the entire economy was concentrated in cities, in contrast to medieval Europe. The feudal lords, while owning lands, nevertheless preferred to live in Jerusalem and other cities.

As in Europe, the barons had vassals, while being vassals of the king. Agriculture was based on the Muslim version of the feudal system - iqta (a set of allotments), this order was not changed. Although Muslims (as well as Jews and Eastern Christians) were persecuted in some cities and were not allowed to live in Jerusalem, in rural areas they lived as before. "Rais", the head of the community, was a kind of vassal of the baron who owned the land, and since the barons lived in cities, the communities had a high degree of independence. They supplied the troops of the kingdom with food, but did not carry out military service, unlike Europe; similarly, the Italians did not bear any duties, despite living in port cities. As a result, the army of the kingdom was not numerous and consisted of Franks - residents of cities.

The predominance in the area of ​​cities and the presence of Italian merchants led to the development of an economy that was more commercial than agricultural. Palestine has always been a crossroads of trade routes; trade has now spread to Europe. European goods - for example, textiles from Northern Europe - appeared in the Middle East and Asia, while Asian goods went to Europe. The Italian city-states received huge profits, which influenced their heyday in the following centuries.

Since the noble lords lived more in Jerusalem than in the provinces, they had a much greater influence on the king than they did in Europe. The noble barons made up the High Council, one of the earliest forms of parliament in Western Europe. The council consisted of bishops and influential barons, was responsible for the election of the king, the provision of money to the king, and the convocation of troops.

The lack of troops was largely compensated for by the creation of spiritual and knightly orders. The Knights Templar and Hospitaller orders were created in the early years of the kingdom and often replaced barons in the provinces. Their leaders were based in Jerusalem, living in huge castles and often buying lands that the barons could not defend. The orders were directly under papal administration, not royal; they were largely independent and were not required to carry out military service, however, in fact, they participated in all the main battles.

Important sources of information on the life of the kingdom are the works of William of Tire and the Muslim writer Usama ibn Munkiz.

Mid 12th century

Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1135

Baldwin II was succeeded by his daughter Melisende, who ruled with her husband Fulk of Anjou. During their reign, the greatest cultural and economic development was achieved, the symbol of which is the Melisende psalter, commissioned by the queen between 1135 and 1143. Fulk, the famous commander, faced a new dangerous enemy - the atabeg of Mosul Zangi. Although Fulk successfully opposed Zangi during his reign, Guillaume of Tire censured him for his poor frontier guards. Fulk died hunting in 1143. Zangi took advantage of this and captured the county of Edessa in 1146. Queen Melisande, who became regent for her son Baldwin III, appointed a new constable, Manasse Yerzh, who led the army after Fulk's death. 1147 Participants of the Second Crusade arrived in the kingdom.

Having met in Tripoli, the leaders of the crusaders, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, decided to attack the Emir of Damascus, friendly to the kingdom, as the most vulnerable enemy, despite the agreement between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. This was in complete contradiction to the advice of Melisande and Manasseh, who considered the main enemy to be Aleppo, the victory over which made it possible to return Edessa. The crusade ended in 1148 in complete failure. Melisande ruled the country as regent until Baldwin III overthrew her government in 1153, but the very next year Baldwin appointed her as regent and chief adviser. Baldwin III took Ascalon from the Fatimids, the last Egyptian stronghold on the Palestinian coast. At the same time, the general situation of the crusader states worsened, as Nur ad-Din captured Damascus and united Muslim Syria under his rule.

Baldwin III died in 1162, a year after his mother, and was succeeded by his brother, Amaury. His reign was accompanied by a confrontation with Nur ad-Din and insidious attempts to prevent the capture of Egypt by Saladin. Although supported by the Byzantine emperor, Manuel Komnenos, Amori failed in his military campaign against Egypt. Amori and Nur-ad-Din died in 1174.

Disaster and Recovery

Saladin, from a 12th-century Arabic codex.

Amory I was succeeded by his young son, Baldwin IV. From an early age, he learned that he was ill with leprosy, but this did not stop him from proving that he was an active and strong ruler and a good military leader. He was able to temporarily move the external threat away from the kingdom, but his illness and early death brought new civil strife and strife into the already paralyzed life of the kingdom.

Baldwin IV died in the spring of 1185, the title of king passed to his nephew, the infant Baldwin V. Count Raymond of Tripoli became regent. Baldwin V was a weak child and died in the summer of 1186. Kingship passed to Sibylla, sister of Baldwin IV and mother of Baldwin V.

Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade

Main entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

The subsequent fall of Jerusalem in 1187 essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. The capture of the city shocked Europe and led to the Third Crusade, which began in 1189. It was led by Richard I the Lionheart and Philip Augustus (Frederick Barbarossa died en route). The crusader army twice approached Jerusalem, but did not dare to attack the city.

In 1192, Richard the Lionheart acted as an intermediary in the negotiations, as a result of which Margrave Conrad of Montferrat became king of Jerusalem, and Cyprus was granted to Guy de Lusignan. In the same year, Conrad fell at the hands of an assassin in Tire.

After the death of Conrad, Isabella was married to his relative Henry II of Champagne.

When Frederick II Staufen became king of Jerusalem in 1229, he managed to temporarily return Jerusalem to the Christians, taking advantage of the contradictions between the Muslim rulers.

The capture of Jerusalem in 1244 by the Khorezmians (the remnants of the Turkmen troops of Jalal ad-Din Mankburna), called by the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, as-Salih Ayyub, marked the end of Christian rule over this ancient city.

see also

• List of kings of Jerusalem
• crusaders
• Kingdom of Heaven (film)

Literature

• Brown, R., In the Footsteps of the Crusaders: A Guide to the Castles of Israel. - Modiin: Evgeny Ozerov Publishing House, 2010. - 180 p., ill., ISBN 978-965-91407-1-8
• Brown R., In the Footsteps of the Crusaders - 2: A Historical Guide to the Battlegrounds of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. - Tel Aviv: Artel, 2013. - 167 p., ill.

Links

• History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem on the site "Internet project "History of the Order of the Temple"

Crusader states
Levant	· Principality of Antioch · County of Edessa · County of Tripoli · Armenian kingdom of Cilicia · Kingdom of Cyprus
Francocracy	Latin Empire Kingdom of Thessalonica Principality of Achaea Duchy of Athens Duchy of Naxos Senoria Negroponte Republic of Venice (Stato da Màr) Order of Malta (Hospitallers)
Baltic	Teutonic Order (State of the Teutonic Order) Order of the Sword (Terra Mariana) Dobrinsky Order (Dobzha Land)
Portal: The Crusades

Israel Israel in topics
Story	Promised Land Ancient Israel and Judea (Kingdom of Israel Kingdom of Judah) Ancient Period Roman Province Byzantium Arab Period crusaders Ayyubids Mamluks Ottoman Empire British Mandate State of Israel
Symbols	Coat of arms Flag Anthem Star of David Menor
Politics	Political system Legal system President Parliament Government Court Domestic policy Foreign policy Ideology Political parties
Military establishment and intelligence agencies	General Staff Ground Forces Air Force Navy Foreign Intelligence General Security Service Military Intelligence Police
Administrative division	Capital City Cities North District Haifa District Central District Tel Aviv District Jerusalem District South District Palestinian National Authority
Geography	Climate Flora Fauna Mineral resources National parks Reserves Water resources
Population	Israelis Languages ​​(Hebrew Arabic Russian Yiddish) Religion Science Sports Education Health Care Trade unions
Economy	Currency Banking Industry Agriculture (kibbutz moshav) Tourism Transport Trade
Communications and media	Telephone Internet (.il) Post (stamps) Television Radio Press
culture	World Heritage Music Literature Cinema Architecture Sculpture Cuisine Holidays Museums Monuments
Arabic-Israeli conflict	Partition of Palestine War of Independence Suez Crisis Six Day War PLO Yom Kippur War Camp David Accords Lebanon War First Intifada Oslo Accords Al-Aqsa Intifada Second Lebanese War Disengagement
Portal "Israel" Project "Israel"

jerusalem kingdom bena, jerusalem kingdom vikings, jerusalem kingdom complete, jerusalem kingdom series

Kingdom of Jerusalem Information About

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was formed as a result of the first Crusade and was the largest and strongest Christian entity in the Middle East. At the very end of the 1st century, the crusaders captured Jerusalem, and Gottfried, Duke of Lower Lorraine became the ruler of the city.

He began to be called "the defender of the Holy Sepulcher." Gottfried is a character in many legends of the Middle Ages. Unusual piety and religiosity are attributed to him - he prayed for a long time, observed fasting, and was also modest and unpretentious in everyday life. Legend has it that Gottfried even renounced the title of King of Jerusalem, as he did not want to wear a crown in the city where Christ himself died. Gottfried became the ancestor of the dynasty, whose coat of arms was a golden cross on a white background.

The Kingdom of Jerusalem faced many problems from the very beginning of its existence. Capture Jerusalem, thousands of crusaders went further - to the north, where they were defeated. Gottfried remained in the city with only a few thousand knights and soldiers. In addition, the rulers of the Kingdom felt a severe shortage of horses, which made the protection of Jerusalem an almost impossible task.

Gottfried died at the very beginning of the 12th century during the Battle of Akko or from cholera - it is not known for certain. The new ruler was his brother - Baldwin, who took the title of King of Jerusalem. He did not differ in the piety of Gottfried, but, on the contrary, he was ambitious, loved luxury and power.

Baldwin, moreover, was not a model Christian. So, having married for the first time, he soon remarried in order to take possession of his wife's rich inheritance. Accused of bigamy, Baldwin sent his second wife back with nothing - before that, he squandered her fortune.

Nevertheless, in political and military affairs, the king showed zeal. During the reign of Baldwin, the borders of the kingdom expanded significantly - several large cities were captured, among which was Akko, and dominion was established over a number of principalities.

The number of inhabitants of the Kingdom of Jerusalem under King Baldwin increased significantly due to the Europeans who moved here. Cities that helped Baldwin repel Muslim attacks, such as Genoa and Pisa, began to participate in the life of Jerusalem. The Italian fleet helped Baldwin seize ports, so the Italians received as a reward significant areas where they began to settle and trade. At the same time, a Latin patriarch appeared in Jerusalem. On the territory of the kingdom, various knightly orders began to arise and gain strength, for example, the Johnites. The knights did not obey either the king or the Pope: they were independent and were not required to perform military service, however, they participated in all major battles. Al-Aqsa Mosque became the main abode of the Knights Templar.
After the death of the childless Baldwin in 1118, his cousin, Baldwin de Burk, Count of Edessa, came to power. The new king continued the policy of expanding the kingdom and new conquests. So, in 1124, the city of Tire was captured. Baldwin II became a character in many legends and tales, was considered a pious ruler, and before his death he was tonsured a monk.

After the death of Baldwin II, in 1131, the throne passed to his daughter Melisende, who ruled the kingdom with her husband. This period became the point of the highest flowering of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. However, after 12 years of reign, the king died on a hunt, and power passed to the son of the couple - Baldwin III, and Melisende remained with him as an adviser. The new king was a religious, educated and pious man. Some historians even consider him the best ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
After Baldwin III, his brother Amory III ascended the throne, pursuing a rather tough policy. After his death, the young Baldwin IV, who suffered from leprosy from infancy, became king. A severe illness did not prevent him from being an energetic ruler and an excellent military leader. The borders of the kingdom during the reign of Baldwin III were under reliable protection.

The king died in 1185 and from that moment began the decline of the kingdom of Jerusalem. Several rulers were replaced, who could no longer hold power over the Kingdom. The city was captured, leading to the Crusade in 1189 led by King Richard I the Lionheart. The crusaders approached Jerusalem twice, but never captured the city.

In 1229, King Frederick II ascended the throne, and succeeded for a time in restoring Jerusalem to the Christians. But already in 1244 the city was again taken by the Muslims. This marked the end of Christian reign in Jerusalem.

In 1285, Henry II became the last king of Jerusalem. He ruled for only 6 years, until the moment when the Mamluks captured Acre, the last capital of the kingdom and a stronghold of the Crusaders. The few knights who managed to escape fled to Cyprus.