Algorithm for compiling the electronic formula of an element:

1. Determine the number of electrons in an atom using the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev.

2. By the number of the period in which the element is located, determine the number of energy levels; the number of electrons in the last electronic level corresponds to the group number.

3. Divide the levels into sublevels and orbitals and fill them with electrons in accordance with the rules for filling orbitals:

It must be remembered that the first level has a maximum of 2 electrons. 1s2, on the second - a maximum of 8 (two s and six R: 2s 2 2p 6), on the third - a maximum of 18 (two s, six p, and ten d: 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10).

• Principal quantum number n should be minimal.
• Filled in first s- sublevel, then p-, d-b f- sublevels.
• Electrons fill orbitals in ascending order of orbital energy (Klechkovsky's rule).
• Within the sublevel, electrons first occupy free orbitals one at a time, and only after that they form pairs (Hund's rule).
• There cannot be more than two electrons in one orbital (Pauli principle).

Examples.

1. Compose the electronic formula of nitrogen. Nitrogen is number 7 on the periodic table.

2. Compose the electronic formula of argon. In the periodic table, argon is at number 18.

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6.

3. Compose the electronic formula of chromium. In the periodic table, chromium is number 24.

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 3d 5

Energy diagram of zinc.

4. Compose the electronic formula of zinc. In the periodic table, zinc is number 30.

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10

Note that part of the electronic formula, namely 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 is the electronic formula of argon.

The electronic formula of zinc can be represented as.

Ether in the periodic table

The world ether is the substance of ANY chemical element and, therefore, of ANY substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end, the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

In ancient philosophy, ether (aithér-Greek), along with earth, water, air and fire, is one of the five elements of being (according to Aristotle) ​​- the fifth essence (quinta essentia - Latin), understood as the finest all-penetrating matter. At the end of the 19th century, the hypothesis of the world ether (ME), which fills the entire world space, was widely used in scientific circles. It was understood as a weightless and elastic fluid that permeates all bodies. The existence of the ether tried to explain many physical phenomena and properties.

Preface.
Mendeleev had two fundamental scientific discoveries:
1 - Discovery of the Periodic Law in the substance of chemistry,
2 - The discovery of the relationship between the substance of chemistry and the substance of Ether, namely: Ether particles form molecules, nuclei, electrons, etc., but do not participate in chemical reactions.
Ether - particles of matter with a size of ~ 10-100 meters (in fact - the "first bricks" of matter).

Facts. Ether was in the original periodic table. The cell for Ether was located in the zero group with inert gases and in the zero row as the main system-forming factor for the construction of the System of chemical elements. After the death of Mendeleev, the table was distorted, removing the Ether from it and canceling the zero group, thereby hiding the fundamental discovery of the conceptual meaning.
In modern Ether tables: 1 - not visible, 2 - and not guessed (due to the lack of a zero group).

Such deliberate forgery hinders the development of the progress of civilization.
Man-made disasters (eg Chernobyl and Fukushima) would have been excluded if adequate resources had been invested in the development of a genuine periodic table in a timely manner. Concealment of conceptual knowledge is going on at the global level for the "lowering" of civilization.

Result. In schools and universities they teach a cropped periodic table.
Assessment of the situation. The periodic table without Ether is the same as humanity without children - you can live, but there will be no development and no future.
Summary. If the enemies of humanity hide knowledge, then our task is to reveal this knowledge.
Conclusion. There are fewer elements in the old periodic table and more foresight than in the modern one.
Conclusion. A new level is possible only when the information state of the society changes.

Outcome. A return to the true periodic table is no longer a scientific issue, but a political one.

What was the main political meaning of Einstein's teachings? It consisted in any way blocking access to mankind to inexhaustible natural sources of energy, which were opened by the study of the properties of the world ether. In case of success on this path, the world financial oligarchy lost power in this world, especially in the light of the retrospective of those years: the Rockefellers made an unthinkable fortune that exceeded the budget of the United States on oil speculation, and the loss of the role of oil, which was occupied by "black gold" in this world - the role of the blood of the world economy - did not inspire them.

This did not inspire other oligarchs - coal and steel kings. So the financial tycoon Morgan immediately stopped funding the experiments of Nikola Tesla, when he came close to the wireless transmission of energy and the extraction of energy "out of nowhere" - from the world ether. After that, no one provided financial assistance to the owner of a huge number of technical solutions embodied in practice - solidarity among financial tycoons as thieves in law and a phenomenal sense of where the danger comes from. That's why against humanity and a sabotage called "The Special Theory of Relativity" was carried out.

One of the first blows fell on Dmitri Mendeleev's table, in which the ether was the first number, it was reflections on the ether that gave rise to Mendeleev's brilliant insight - his periodic table of elements.

Chapter from the article: V.G. Rodionov. The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the name "Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of D.I. Mendeleev, ”is an outright fake.

The last time, in an undistorted form, the real Periodic Table saw the light in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook "Fundamentals of Chemistry", VIII edition). And only after 96 years of oblivion, the real Periodic Table rises from the ashes for the first time thanks to the publication of a dissertation in the ZhRFM journal of the Russian Physical Society.

After the sudden death of D. I. Mendeleev and the death of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to the immortal creation of Mendeleev - the son of D. I. Mendeleev's friend and ally in the Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, Menshutkin did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the rejection of the idea of ​​the world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D. I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the "zero group" of the Table to its end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such a (only at first glance - harmless) manipulation is logically explicable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev's discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, should have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only backbone element of the entire Table of derived elements, this element "X" is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthis fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, let's give the floor to D. I. Mendeleev himself.

“... If the analogues of argon do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and a special zero group must be opened for them ... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly not correct) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braisner, Piccini and others ... Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that there is a zero group in front of that I group, in which hydrogen should be placed, representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. Let's denote it by "y". He, obviously, will belong to the fundamental properties of argon gases ... "Koroniy", with a density of the order of 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot by any means be the world ether.

This element "y", however, is necessary in order to get mentally close to that most important, and therefore the most rapidly moving element "x", which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to call it "Newtonium" in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!! - V. Rodionov) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance; elementary substances are now inconceivable without subjecting them to periodic law” (“An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”, 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, in terms of their atomic weights, occupied an exact place between the halides and the alkali metals, as shown by Ramsay in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized in 1900 by Herrere in Belgium. I consider it useful to add here that, judging directly by the inability to combine elements of the zero group, analogues of argon should be put before the elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect for them a lower atomic weight than for alkali metals.

This is how it turned out. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as a confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of analogues of argon to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the principles being analyzed even more widely than before, and wait for elements of the zero row with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong's coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast own partial (gas) motion.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-penetrating (!!! - V. Rodionov) world ether. The thought of this is indicated by me in the preface to this edition and in a Russian journal article of 1902 ... ”(“ Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.)
1 , , ,

From the comments:

For chemistry, the modern periodic table of elements is sufficient.

The role of the ether can be useful in nuclear reactions, but even this is too insignificant.
Accounting for the influence of the ether is closest in the phenomena of isotope decay. However, this accounting is extremely complex and the existence of regularities is not accepted by all scientists.

The simplest proof of the existence of the ether: The phenomenon of annihilation of a positron-electron pair and the emergence of this pair from vacuum, as well as the impossibility of catching an electron at rest. So is the electromagnetic field and the complete analogy between photons in vacuum and sound waves - phonons in crystals.

Ether is a differentiated matter, so to speak, atoms in a disassembled state, or more correctly, elementary particles from which future atoms are formed. Therefore, it has no place in the periodic table, since the logic of building this system does not imply including in its composition non-integral structures, which are the atoms themselves. Otherwise, it is possible to find a place for quarks, somewhere in the minus first period.
The ether itself has a more complex multi-level structure of manifestation in world existence than modern science knows about it. As soon as she reveals the first secrets of this elusive ether, then new engines will be invented for all kinds of machines on absolutely new principles.
Indeed, Tesla was perhaps the only one who was close to unraveling the mystery of the so-called ether, but he was deliberately prevented from carrying out his plans. So, until today, that genius has not yet been born who will continue the work of the great inventor and tell us all what the mysterious ether really is and what pedestal it can be placed on.

Ether in the periodic table

Officially taught in schools and universities, the periodic table of chemical elements is a fake. Mendeleev himself, in his work entitled “An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”, gave a slightly different table (Polytechnic Museum, Moscow):

The last time, in an undistorted form, the real Periodic Table saw the light in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook "Fundamentals of Chemistry", VIII edition). The differences are visible: the zero group is moved to the 8th, and the element lighter than hydrogen, with which the table should begin and which is conventionally called Newtonium (ether), is generally excluded.

The same table is immortalized by the "bloody tyrant" comrade. Stalin in St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Ave. 19. VNIIM them. D. I. Mendeleeva (All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology)

Monument-table Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev made mosaic under the guidance of Professor of the Academy of Arts V.A. Frolov (architectural design of Krichevsky). The monument is based on a table from the last lifetime 8th edition (1906) of Fundamentals of Chemistry by D.I. Mendeleev. Elements discovered during the life of D.I. Mendeleev are marked in red. Elements discovered from 1907 to 1934 , are marked in blue. The height of the monument-table is 9 m. The total area is 69 sq. m. m

Why and how did it happen that we are so openly lied to?

The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

1. Suprema lex - salus populi

Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic law of changes in the properties of chemical elements by groups and series” discovered by him in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “The Periodic Table of Elements by Groups and Series”).

Many also heard that D.I. Mendeleev was the organizer and permanent leader (1869-1905) of the Russian public scientific association called the Russian Chemical Society (since 1872 - the Russian Physico-Chemical Society), which throughout its existence published the world-famous journal ZhRFKhO, up to until the liquidation by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1930 - both the Society and its journal.

But few of those who know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the last world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century, who defended in world science the idea of ​​ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing the secrets of Being and for improving the economic life of people.

Even fewer of those who know that after the sudden (!!?) death of D.I. Mendeleev (01/27/1907), then recognized as an outstanding scientist by all scientific communities around the world except for the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences alone, his main discovery - the "Periodic Law" - was deliberately and everywhere falsified by world academic science.

And there are very few who know that all of the above is linked together by a thread of sacrificial service of the best representatives and bearers of the immortal Russian Physical Thought for the good of the peoples, for public benefit, despite the growing wave of irresponsibility in the upper strata of society of that time.

In essence, this dissertation is devoted to the comprehensive development of the last thesis, because in true science any neglect of essential factors always leads to false results. So, the question is: why do scientists lie?

2. Psy-factor: ni foi, ni loi

It is only now, since the end of the 20th century, that society is beginning to understand (and even then timidly) using practical examples that an outstanding and highly qualified, but irresponsible, cynical, immoral scientist with a “world name” is no less dangerous for people than an outstanding one, but an immoral politician, military man, lawyer, or at best, an "outstanding" highwayman.

The society was inspired with the idea that the world academic scientific environment is a caste of celestials, monks, holy fathers, who day and night bake for the good of the peoples. And mere mortals should simply look their benefactors in the mouth, meekly financing and implementing all their “scientific” projects, forecasts and instructions for reorganizing their public and private lives.

In fact, the criminal-criminal element in the world scientific community is no less than in the environment of the same politicians. In addition, the criminal, anti-social acts of politicians are most often visible immediately, but the criminal and harmful, but "scientifically based" activities of "prominent" and "authoritative" scientists are not recognized by society immediately, but after years, or even decades. , on their own "public skin".

Let us continue our study of this extremely interesting (and secret!) psychophysiological factor of scientific activity (let's call it conditionally the psi-factor), as a result of which a posteriori an unexpected (?!) negative result is obtained: “we wanted what was best for people, but it turned out as always, those. to the detriment." Indeed, in science, a negative result is also a result that certainly requires a comprehensive scientific understanding.

Considering the correlation between the psi-factor and the main objective function (MTF) of the state funding body, we come to an interesting conclusion: the so-called pure, big science of the past centuries has degenerated into a caste of untouchables, i.e. into the closed box of court healers, who brilliantly mastered the science of deceit, who brilliantly mastered the science of persecuting dissidents and the science of subservience to their powerful financiers.

At the same time, it must be borne in mind that, firstly, in all the so-called. "civilized countries" of their so-called. "national academies of sciences" formally have the status of state organizations with the rights of the leading scientific expert body of the respective government. Secondly, all these national academies of sciences are united among themselves into a single rigid hierarchical structure (whose real name the world does not know), which develops a common strategy for behavior in the world for all national academies of sciences and a single so-called. a scientific paradigm, the core of which is not the disclosure of the laws of life, but the psi factor: by carrying out the so-called “scientific” cover (for solidity) of all the unseemly acts of those in power in the eyes of society, as “court healers”, to acquire the glory of priests and prophets, influencing like the demiurge on the very course of the movement of human history.

Everything stated above in this section, including the term “psi-factor” introduced by us, was predicted with great accuracy, reasonably, by D.I. Mendeleev more than 100 years ago (see, for example, his analytical article of 1882 “What kind of Academy is needed in Russia?”, in which Dmitry Ivanovich actually gives a detailed description of the psi-factor and in which they proposed a program for the radical reorganization of a closed scientific corporation of members of the Russian Academy Sciences, who considered the Academy solely as a feeding trough to satisfy their selfish interests.

In one of his letters 100 years ago to the professor of Kyiv University P.P. Alekseev D.I. Mendeleev frankly admitted that he was “ready to even burn himself in order to smoke the devil out, in other words, to transform the foundations of the academy into something new, Russian, his own, suitable for everyone in general and, in particular, for the scientific movement in Russia.”

As we can see, a truly great scientist, citizen and patriot of his Motherland is capable of even the most complex long-term scientific forecasts. Let us now consider the historical aspect of the change in this psi-factor, discovered by D.I. Mendeleev at the end of the 19th century.

3. Fin de siecle

Since the second half of the 19th century in Europe, on the wave of "liberalism", there has been a rapid numerical growth of the intelligentsia, scientific and technical personnel and the quantitative growth of theories, ideas and scientific and technical projects offered by these personnel to society.

By the end of the 19th century, competition for a “place under the Sun” sharply intensified among them, i.e. for titles, honors and awards, and as a result of this competition, the polarization of scientific personnel according to moral criteria has intensified. This contributed to the explosive activation of the psi-factor.

The revolutionary enthusiasm of young, ambitious and unprincipled scientists and intelligentsia, intoxicated by their imminent scholarship and impatient desire to become famous at any cost in the scientific world, paralyzed not only representatives of a more responsible and more honest circle of scientists, but the entire scientific community as a whole, with its infrastructure and well-established traditions that previously opposed the rampant growth of the psi factor.

The revolutionary intellectuals of the 19th century, the overthrowers of thrones and the state order in the countries of Europe, spread the bandit methods of their ideological and political struggle against the "old order" with the help of bombs, revolvers, poisons and conspiracies) also into the field of scientific and technical activity. In student classrooms, laboratories and at scientific symposiums, they ridiculed supposedly obsolete sanity, supposedly outdated concepts of formal logic - the consistency of judgments, their validity. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, instead of the method of persuasion, the method of total suppression of one's opponents, by means of mental, physical and moral violence against them, entered into the fashion of scientific disputes (more precisely, burst, with a screech and a roar). At the same time, naturally, the value of the psi-factor reached an extremely high level, having experienced its extreme in the 30s.

As a result - at the beginning of the 20th century, the "enlightened" intelligentsia, in fact, by force, i.e. in a revolutionary way, changed the truly scientific paradigm of humanism, enlightenment and social benefit in natural science to its own paradigm of permanent relativism, giving it a pseudoscientific form of the theory of general relativity (cynicism!).

The first paradigm was based on experience and its comprehensive assessment for the sake of searching for truth, searching for and comprehending the objective laws of nature. The second paradigm emphasized hypocrisy and unscrupulousness; and not for the search for objective laws of nature, but for the sake of their selfish group interests to the detriment of society. The first paradigm worked for the public good, while the second did not.

From the 1930s to the present, the psi factor has stabilized, remaining an order of magnitude higher than its value at the beginning and middle of the 19th century.

For a more objective and clear assessment of the real, and not the mythical, contribution of the activities of the world scientific community (represented by all national academies of sciences) to the public and private lives of people, we introduce the concept of a normalized psi factor.

The normalized value of the psi-factor, equal to one, corresponds to a one hundred percent probability of obtaining such a negative result (i.e. such social harm) from the introduction into practice of scientific developments that declared a priori a positive result (i.e. a certain social benefit) for a single historical period of time (change of one generation of people, about 25 years), in which all of humanity completely dies or degenerates in no more than 25 years from the date of the introduction of a certain block of scientific programs.

4. Kill with kindness

The cruel and dirty victory of relativism and militant atheism in the mentality of the world scientific community at the beginning of the 20th century is the main cause of all human troubles in this "atomic", "space" age of the so-called "scientific and technological progress". Looking back, what more evidence do we need today to understand the obvious: in the 20th century, there was not a single socially useful act of a worldwide fraternity of scientists in the field of natural science and social sciences, which would strengthen the population of homo sapiens, phylogenetically and morally. And there is just the opposite: ruthless mutilation, destruction and annihilation of the psycho-somatic nature of man, his healthy lifestyle and his environment under various plausible pretexts.

At the very beginning of the 20th century, all the key academic positions in managing the progress of research, topics, financing of scientific and technical activities, etc. were occupied by a “brotherhood of like-minded people” who professed a dual religion of cynicism and selfishness. This is the drama of our time.

It is militant atheism and cynical relativism, through the efforts of its adherents, that entangled the consciousness of all, without exception, the highest statesmen on our Planet. It was this two-headed fetish of anthropocentrism that gave rise to and introduced into the consciousness of millions the so-called scientific concept of the “universal principle of the degradation of matter-energy”, i.e. universal disintegration of previously emerged - not know how - objects in nature. In place of the absolute fundamental essence (the global substantive environment), a pseudo-scientific chimera of the universal principle of energy degradation, with its mythical attribute - "entropy", was put.

5. Littera contra littere

According to such luminaries of the past as Leibniz, Newton, Torricelli, Lavoisier, Lomonosov, Ostrogradsky, Faraday, Maxwell, Mendeleev, Umov, J. Thomson, Kelvin, G. Hertz, Pirogov, Timiryazev, Pavlov, Bekhterev and many, many others - the World the environment is an absolute fundamental entity (= the substance of the world = the world ether = all the matter of the Universe = the “quintessence” of Aristotle), which fills isotropically and without a trace the entire infinite world space and is the Source and Carrier of all types of energy in nature, the indestructible “forces of motion” , "forces of action".

In contrast to this, according to the idea that is now dominant in world science, the mathematical fiction “entropy”, and even some “information”, which, in all seriousness, the world academic luminaries recently proclaimed the so-called “entropy”, was proclaimed as an absolute fundamental essence. "Universal fundamental essence", without bothering to give this new term a detailed definition.

According to the scientific paradigm of the former, harmony and order of the eternal life of the Universe reigns in the world, through constant local renewals (a series of deaths and births) of individual material formations of different scales.

According to the pseudoscientific paradigm of the latter, the world, once created in an incomprehensible way, moves in the abyss of universal degradation, equalization of temperatures to universal, universal death under the vigilant control of a certain World Supercomputer that owns and manages some “information”.

Some see the triumph of eternal life around, while others see decay and death all around, controlled by some kind of World Information Bank.

The struggle of these two diametrically opposed worldview concepts for dominance in the minds of millions of people is the central point in the biography of mankind. And the stake in this struggle is the highest degree.

And it is not at all accidental that the entire 20th century the world scientific establishment is busy with the introduction (supposedly as the only possible and promising ones) of fuel energy, the theory of explosives, synthetic poisons and drugs, poisonous substances, genetic engineering with the cloning of biorobots, with the degeneration of the human race to the level of primitive oligophrenics, downs and psychopaths. And these programs and plans are not even hidden from the public now.

The truth of life is this: the most prosperous and powerful spheres of human activity on a global scale, created in the 20th century according to the latest scientific thought, were: porn, drug, pharmaceutical business, arms trade, including global information and psychotronic technologies. Their share in the global volume of all financial flows significantly exceeds 50%.

Further. Having disfigured nature on Earth for 1.5 centuries, the world academic fraternity is now in a hurry to “colonize” and “conquer” near-Earth space, having intentions and scientific projects to turn this space into a garbage dump of their “high” technologies. These gentlemen-academicians are literally bursting with the longed-for satanic idea to take charge in the near-solar space, and not just on Earth.

Thus, the stone of extremely subjective idealism (anthropocentrism) is laid at the foundation of the paradigm of the world academic fraternity of freemasons, and the very building of their so-called. scientific paradigm rests on permanent and cynical relativism and militant atheism.

But the pace of true progress is inexorable. And, just as all life on Earth is drawn to the Luminary, so the mind of a certain part of modern scientists and naturalists, not burdened by the clan interests of the global brotherhood, is drawn to the sun of eternal Life, eternal movement in the Universe, through the knowledge of the fundamental truths of Being and the search for the main target function existence and evolution of the species xomo sapiens. Now, having considered the nature of the psi-factor, let's take a look at the Table of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the name "Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of D.I. Mendeleev”, is an outright fake.

The last time, in an undistorted form, the real Periodic Table saw the light in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook "Fundamentals of Chemistry", VIII edition).

And only after 96 years of oblivion, the real Periodic Table rises from the ashes for the first time thanks to the publication of this dissertation in the ZhRFM journal of the Russian Physical Society. Genuine, unfalsified Table D.I. Mendeleev "The Periodic Table of Elements by Groups and Series" (D. I. Mendeleev. Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII edition, St. Petersburg, 1906)

After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the death of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physical-Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to the immortal creation of Mendeleev - the son of a friend and colleague D.I. Mendeleev on the Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, that Boris Nikolayevich also did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the rejection of the idea of ​​the world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group”. Tables at its end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such a (only at first glance - harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev's discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, should have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.

Moreover, being the only backbone element of the entire Table of derived elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthis fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, let's give the floor to D. I. Mendeleev himself.

“... If the analogues of argon do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that none of the groups of previously known elements can be included, and a special group zero must be opened for them ... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of understanding of the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly not correct) is accepted not only by me, but also by Braisner, Piccini and others ...

Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that before that group I, in which hydrogen should be placed, there is a zero group, whose representatives have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. Let's denote it by "y". He, obviously, will belong to the fundamental properties of argon gases ... “Koronius”, with a density of about 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot by any means be the world ether. This element "y", however, is necessary in order to get mentally close to that most important, and therefore the most rapidly moving element "x", which, in my opinion, can be considered ether. I would like to preliminarily name it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problems of all energy (!!!) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it as an elementary substance” (“Attempt of a chemical understanding of the world ether”, 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, in terms of their atomic weights, occupied an exact place between the halides and the alkali metals, as shown by Ramsay in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized in 1900 by Herrere in Belgium. I consider it useful to add here that, judging directly by the inability to combine elements of the zero group, analogues of argon should be put before (!!!) elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect for them a lower atomic weight than for alkali metals.

This is how it turned out. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as a confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of analogues of argon to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the principles being analyzed even more widely than before, and wait for elements of the zero row with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong's coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with a negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast own partial (gas) motion.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-penetrating (!!!) world ether. The thought about this is indicated by me in the preface to this edition and in a Russian journal article of 1902 ... ”(“ Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.).

7. Punctum soliens

From these quotations the following follows quite definitely.

1. The elements of the zero group begin each row of other elements, located on the left side of the Table, "... which is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law" - Mendeleev.
2. Particularly important and even exceptional in the sense of the periodic law, the place belongs to the element "x", - "Newton", - the world ether. And this special element should be located at the very beginning of the entire Table, in the so-called “zero group of the zero row”. Moreover, being a system-forming element (more precisely, a system-forming entity) of all elements of the Periodic Table, the world ether is a substantive argument for the whole variety of elements of the Periodic Table. The Table itself, in this regard, acts as a closed functional of this very argument.

Now let's turn to the works of the first falsifiers of the Periodic Table.

8. Corpus delicti

In order to eradicate the idea of ​​the exclusive role of the world ether from the consciousness of all subsequent generations of scientists (and this was exactly what the new paradigm of relativism required), the elements of the zero group were specially transferred from the left side of the Periodic Table to the right side, shifting the corresponding elements one row lower and aligning the zero group with the so-called "eighth". Of course, neither the element "y" nor the element "x" was left in the falsified table.

But even this was not enough for the brotherhood of relativists. Exactly the opposite, the fundamental thought of D.I. Mendeleev about the especially important role of the world ether. In particular, in the preface to the first falsified version of the Periodic Law, D.I. Mendeleev, not at all embarrassed, B.M. Menshutkin states that Mendeleev allegedly always opposed the special role of the world ether in natural processes. Here is an excerpt from an article by B.N. Menshutkin:

“Thus (?!) we again return to that view, against which (?!) always (?!!!) D. I. Mendeleev opposed, which from the most ancient times existed among philosophers who considered all visible and known substances and bodies composed of the same primary substance of the Greek philosophers (“proteule” of the Greek philosophers, prima materia - Roman). This hypothesis has always found adherents due to its simplicity and in the teachings of philosophers it was called the hypothesis of the unity of matter or the hypothesis of unitary matter.". (B.N. Menshutkin. “D.I. Mendeleev. The Periodic Law.” Edited and with an article on the current position of the Periodic Law by B.N. Menshutkin. State Publishing House, M-L., 1926).

9. In rerum nature

Assessing the views of D. I. Mendeleev and his unscrupulous opponents, the following should be noted.

Most likely, Mendeleev was involuntarily mistaken in that the “world ether” is an “elementary substance” (ie, a “chemical element” - in the modern sense of this term). Most likely, the "world ether" is the true substance; and as such, in the strict sense, not a "substance"; and it does not possess "elementary chemistry" i.e. does not have an "extremely low atomic weight" with an "extremely fast proper partial motion".

Let D.I. Mendeleev was mistaken in the "substantiality", "chemistry" of the ether. In the end, this is a terminological miscalculation of the great scientist; and in his time it is excusable, because then these terms were still quite vague, only entering into scientific circulation. But something else is absolutely clear: Dmitry Ivanovich was absolutely right that the “world ether” is the essence that forms everything, the quintessence, the substance of which the whole world of things (the material world) consists and in which all material formations reside. Dmitry Ivanovich is also right in that this substance transmits energy over distances and does not have any chemical activity. The latter circumstance only confirms our idea that D.I. Mendeleev deliberately singled out the element "x" as an exceptional entity.

So, the "world ether", i.e. the substance of the Universe is isotropic, does not have a partial structure, but is the absolute (i.e., the ultimate, fundamental, fundamental universal) essence of the Universe, the Universe. And precisely because, as D.I. Mendeleev, - the world ether "is not capable of chemical interactions", and therefore is not a "chemical element", i.e. "elementary substance" - in the modern sense of these terms.

Dmitry Ivanovich was also right in that the world ether is a carrier of energy over distances. Let's say more: the world ether, as the substance of the World, is not only a carrier, but also a "keeper" and "carrier" of all types of energy ("forces of action") in nature.

From the depths of centuries D.I. Mendeleev is echoed by another outstanding scientist - Torricelli (1608 - 1647): "Energy is the quintessence of such a subtle nature that it cannot be contained in any other vessel, but only in the innermost substance of material things."

So, according to Mendeleev and Torricelli world broadcast is the innermost substance of material things. That is why Mendeleev's "Newtonium" is not just in the zero row of the zero group of his periodic system, but it is a kind of "crown" of his entire table of chemical elements. The crown that forms all the chemical elements in the world, i.e. all substance. This Crown (“Mother”, “Matter-substance” of any substance) is the Natural environment set in motion and induced to change - according to our calculations - by another (second) absolute essence, which we called the “Substantial flow of primary fundamental information about forms and ways of motion of Matter in the Universe”. More about this - in the journal "Russian Thought", 1-8, 1997, pp. 28-31.

As a mathematical symbol of the world ether, we chose “O”, zero, and as a semantic symbol, “bosom”. In turn, we chose “1”, the unit, as the mathematical symbol of the Substantial flow, and “one” as the semantic symbol. Thus, based on the above symbolism, it becomes possible to succinctly express in one mathematical expression the totality of all possible forms and methods of motion of matter in nature:

This expression mathematically defines the so-called. an open interval of intersection of two sets, - sets “O” and sets “1”, while the semantic definition of this expression is “one in the womb” or otherwise: The substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of movement of Matter-substance completely permeates this Matter-substance, i.e. world broadcast.

In religious doctrines, this “open interval” is clothed in the figurative form of the Universal act of creation by God of all matter in the World from Matter-substance, with which He is continuously in a state of fruitful copulation.

The author of this article is aware that this mathematical construction was once again inspired by him, however strange it may seem, by the ideas of the unforgettable D.I. Mendeleev, expressed by him in his works (see, for example, the article "An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether"). Now it is time to sum up our research presented in this dissertation.

10. Errata: ferro et igni

The categorical and cynical ignoring by world science of the place and role of the world ether in natural processes (and in the Periodic Table!) just gave rise to the whole gamut of problems of mankind in our technocratic age.

Chief among these problems is fuel and energy.

It is precisely the ignoring of the role of the world ether that allows scientists to make a false (and crafty - at the same time) conclusion that a person can extract useful energy for his daily needs only by burning, i.e. irrevocably destroying the substance (fuel). Hence the false thesis that the current fuel energy industry has no real alternative. And if so, then supposedly only one thing remains: to produce nuclear (environmentally the dirtiest!) energy and gas-oil-coal production, clogging and poisoning immensely their own habitat.

It is precisely the ignoring of the role of the world ether that pushes all modern nuclear scientists to the crafty search for "salvation" in the splitting of atoms and elementary particles at special expensive synchrotron accelerators. In the course of these monstrous and extremely dangerous experiments in their consequences, they want to discover and further use the so-called supposedly "for the good". "quark-gluon plasma", according to their false ideas - as if "pre-matter" (the term of the nuclear scientists themselves), according to their false cosmological theory of the so-called. "Big Bang Universe".

It is worthy of note, according to our calculations, that if this so-called. "The most secret dream of all modern nuclear physicists" will be inadvertently achieved, then this will most likely be the man-made end of all life on earth and the end of the planet earth itself - truly the "Big Bang" on a global scale, but not just pretend, but for real.

Therefore, it is necessary to stop this crazy experimentation of world academic science as soon as possible, which is hit from head to toe with the poison of the psi factor and which, it seems, does not even imagine the possible catastrophic consequences of these crazy parascientific undertakings.

D. I. Mendeleev turned out to be right, “The problem of gravitation and the problems of the entire energy industry cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy at distances.”

D. I. Mendeleev turned out to be right in the fact that “someday they will guess that handing over the affairs of this industry to persons living in it does not lead to the best consequences, although it is useful to listen to such persons.”

“The main meaning of what has been said lies in the fact that common, eternal and lasting interests often do not coincide with personal and temporary ones, they even often contradict one another, and, in my opinion, it is necessary to prefer - if it is already impossible to reconcile - the first, and not the second. This is the drama of our time.” D. I. Mendeleev. "Thoughts towards the knowledge of Russia". 1906

So, the world ether is the substance of any chemical element and, therefore, of any substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.

The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end, the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

The conditional image of the distribution of electrons in the electron cloud by levels, sublevels and orbitals is called the electronic formula of the atom.

Rules based on|based on| which | which | make up | hand over | electronic formulas

1. Principle of minimum energy: the less energy the system has, the more stable it is.

2. Klechkovsky's rule: the distribution of electrons over the levels and sublevels of the electron cloud occurs in ascending order of the sum of the principal and orbital quantum numbers (n + 1). In the case of equality of values ​​(n + 1), the sublevel that has the smaller value of n is filled first.

1 s 2 s p 3 s p d 4 s p d f 5 s p d f 6 s p d f 7 s p d f Level number n 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Orbital 1* 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 quantum number

n+1| 1 2 3 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10

Klechkovsky series

1* - see table No. 2.

3. Hund's rule: when the orbitals of one sublevel are filled, the lowest energy level corresponds to the placement of electrons with parallel spins.

Drafting|Submitting| electronic formulas

Potential row: 1 s 2 s p 3 s p d 4 s p d f 5 s p d f 6 s p d f 7 s p d f

(n+1|) 1 2 3 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10

Klechkovsky series

Filling order Electroni 1s 2 2s 2 p 6 3s 2 p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 7s 2 5f 14 ..

(n+l|) 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8.

Electronic formula

(n+1|) 1 2 3 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10

Informativeness of electronic formulas

1. The position of the element in the periodic|periodic| system.

2. Possible degrees| element oxidation.

3. The chemical nature of the element.

4. Composition|warehouse| and connection properties of the element.

The position of the element in the periodic|Periodic|D.I. Mendeleev’s system:

a) period number, in which the element is located, corresponds to the number of levels on which the electrons are located;

b) group number, to which this element belongs, is equal to the sum of valence electrons. Valence electrons for atoms of s- and p-elements are electrons of the outer level; for d-elements, these are the electrons of the outer level and the unfilled sublevel of the previous level.

in) electronic family is determined by the symbol of the sublevel to which the last electron enters (s-, p-, d-, f-).

G) subgroup is determined by belonging to the electronic family: s - and p - elements occupy the main subgroups, and d - elements - secondary, f - elements occupy separate sections in the lower part of the periodic system (actinides and lanthanides).

2. Possible degrees| element oxidation.

Oxidation state is the charge that an atom acquires when it gives or gains electrons.

Atoms that donate electrons acquire a positive charge, which is equal to the number of electrons donated (electron charge (-1)

Z E 0 – ne  Z E + n

The atom that donated electrons becomes cation(positive charged ion). The process of removing an electron from an atom is called ionization process. The energy needed to carry out this process is called ionization energy ( Eion, eB).

The first to separate from the atom are electrons of the outer level, which do not have a pair in the orbital - unpaired. In the presence of free orbitals within the same level, under the action of external energy, the electrons that formed pairs at this level are unpaired, and then separated all together. The process of depairing, which occurs as a result of the absorption of a portion of energy by one of the electrons of the pair and its transition to the highest sublevel, is called arousal process.

The largest number of electrons that an atom can donate is equal to the number of valence electrons and corresponds to the number of the group in which the element is located. The charge that an atom acquires after losing all its valence electrons is called the highest degree of oxidation atom.

After release|dismissal| valence level external becomes|becomes| level which|what| preceded valence. This is a level completely filled with electrons, and therefore | and therefore | energy resistant.

Atoms of elements that have from 4 to 7 electrons at the external level achieve an energetically stable state not only by giving up electrons, but also by adding them. As a result, a level (.ns 2 p 6) is formed - a stable inert gas state.

An atom that has attached electrons acquires negativedegreeoxidation- a negative charge, which is equal to the number of received electrons.

Z E 0 + ne  Z E - n

The number of electrons that an atom can attach is equal to the number (8 –N|), where N is the number of the group in which|what| the element is located (or the number of valence electrons).

The process of attaching electrons to an atom is accompanied by the release of energy, which is called c affinity to the electron (Esrodship,eV).

Electronic configuration an atom is a numerical representation of its electron orbitals. Electron orbitals are regions of various shapes located around the atomic nucleus, in which it is mathematically probable that an electron will be found. The electronic configuration helps to quickly and easily tell the reader how many electron orbitals an atom has, as well as determine the number of electrons in each orbital. After reading this article, you will master the method of compiling electronic configurations.

Steps

Distribution of electrons using the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev

Find the atomic number of your atom. Each atom has a certain number of electrons associated with it. Find the symbol for your atom in the periodic table. The atomic number is a positive integer starting from 1 (for hydrogen) and increasing by one for each subsequent atom. The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom, and therefore it is also the number of electrons in an atom with zero charge.

Determine the charge of an atom. Neutral atoms will have the same number of electrons as shown in the periodic table. However, charged atoms will have more or fewer electrons, depending on the magnitude of their charge. If you are working with a charged atom, add or subtract electrons as follows: add one electron for every negative charge and subtract one for every positive charge.

• For example, a sodium atom with a charge of -1 will have an extra electron in addition to its base atomic number of 11. In other words, an atom will have 12 electrons in total.
• If we are talking about a sodium atom with a charge of +1, one electron must be subtracted from the base atomic number 11. So the atom will have 10 electrons.

1. Memorize the basic list of orbitals. As the number of electrons increases in an atom, they fill the various sublevels of the electron shell of the atom according to a certain sequence. Each sublevel of the electron shell, when filled, contains an even number of electrons. There are the following sublevels:

   Understand the electronic configuration record. Electronic configurations are written down in order to clearly reflect the number of electrons in each orbital. Orbitals are written sequentially, with the number of atoms in each orbital written as a superscript to the right of the orbital name. The completed electronic configuration has the form of a sequence of sublevel designations and superscripts.

   • Here, for example, is the simplest electronic configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 . This configuration shows that there are two electrons in the 1s sublevel, two electrons in the 2s sublevel, and six electrons in the 2p sublevel. 2 + 2 + 6 = 10 electrons in total. This is the electronic configuration of the neutral neon atom (neon atomic number is 10).

2. Remember the order of the orbitals. Keep in mind that electron orbitals are numbered in ascending order of electron shell number, but arranged in ascending energy order. For example, a filled 4s 2 orbital has less energy (or less mobility) than a partially filled or filled 3d 10, so the 4s orbital is written first. Once you know the order of the orbitals, you can easily fill them in according to the number of electrons in the atom. The order in which the orbitals are filled is as follows: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.

   • The electronic configuration of an atom in which all orbitals are filled will have the following form: 10 7p 6
   • Note that the above notation, when all orbits are filled, is the electron configuration of the element Uuo (ununoctium) 118, the highest numbered atom in the Periodic Table. Therefore, this electronic configuration contains all currently known electronic sublevels of a neutrally charged atom.

3. Fill in the orbitals according to the number of electrons in your atom. For example, if we want to write down the electronic configuration of a neutral calcium atom, we must start by looking up its atomic number in the periodic table. Its atomic number is 20, so we will write the configuration of an atom with 20 electrons according to the above order.

   • Fill in the orbitals in the above order until you reach the twentieth electron. The first 1s orbital will have two electrons, the 2s orbital will also have two, the 2p orbital will have six, the 3s orbital will have two, the 3p orbital will have 6, and the 4s orbital will have 2 (2 + 2 + 6 +2 +6 + 2 = 20 .) In other words, the electronic configuration of calcium has the form: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 .
   • Note that the orbitals are in ascending order of energy. For example, when you are ready to move to the 4th energy level, then first write down the 4s orbital, and then 3d. After the fourth energy level, you move on to the fifth, where the same order is repeated. This happens only after the third energy level.

4. Use the periodic table as a visual cue. You have probably already noticed that the shape of the periodic table corresponds to the order of electronic sublevels in electronic configurations. For example, atoms in the second column from the left always end in "s 2 ", while atoms on the right edge of the thin middle section always end in "d 10 ", and so on. Use the periodic table as a visual guide to writing configurations - as the order in which you add to the orbitals corresponds to your position in the table. See below:

   • In particular, the two leftmost columns contain atoms whose electronic configurations end in s orbitals, the right block of the table contains atoms whose configurations end in p orbitals, and at the bottom of the atoms end in f orbitals.
   • For example, when you write down the electronic configuration of chlorine, think like this: "This atom is located in the third row (or "period") of the periodic table. It is also located in the fifth group of the orbital block p of the periodic table. Therefore, its electronic configuration will end in. ..3p 5
   • Note that the elements in the d and f orbital regions of the table have energy levels that do not correspond to the period in which they are located. For example, the first row of a block of elements with d-orbitals corresponds to 3d orbitals, although it is located in the 4th period, and the first row of elements with f-orbitals corresponds to the 4f orbital, despite the fact that it is located in the 6th period.

5. Learn the abbreviations for writing long electronic configurations. The atoms on the right side of the periodic table are called noble gases. These elements are chemically very stable. To shorten the process of writing long electron configurations, simply write in square brackets the chemical symbol for the nearest noble gas with fewer electrons than your atom, and then continue to write the electronic configuration of subsequent orbital levels. See below:

   • To understand this concept, it will be helpful to write an example configuration. Let's write the configuration of zinc (atomic number 30) using the noble gas abbreviation. The complete zinc configuration looks like this: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 . However, we see that 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 is the electronic configuration of argon, a noble gas. Simply replace the electronic configuration part of zinc with the chemical symbol for argon in square brackets (.)
   • So, the electronic configuration of zinc, written in abbreviated form, is: 4s 2 3d 10 .
   • Note that if you are writing the electronic configuration of a noble gas, say argon, you cannot write! One must use the abbreviation of the noble gas in front of this element; for argon it will be neon ().

   Using ADOMAH Periodic Table

   1. Master the ADOMAH periodic table. This method of recording the electronic configuration does not require memorization, however, it requires a modified periodic table, since in the traditional periodic table, starting from the fourth period, the period number does not correspond to the electron shell. Find the ADOMAH periodic table, a special type of periodic table designed by scientist Valery Zimmerman. It is easy to find with a short internet search.

      • In the ADOMAH periodic table, the horizontal rows represent groups of elements such as halogens, noble gases, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, etc. Vertical columns correspond to electronic levels, and so-called "cascades" (diagonal lines connecting blocks s, p, d and f) correspond to periods.
      • Helium is moved to hydrogen, since both of these elements are characterized by a 1s orbital. The period blocks (s,p,d and f) are shown on the right side and the level numbers are given at the bottom. Elements are represented in boxes numbered from 1 to 120. These numbers are the usual atomic numbers, which represent the total number of electrons in a neutral atom.

   2. Find your atom in the ADOMAH table. To write down the electronic configuration of an element, find its symbol in the ADOMAH periodic table and cross out all elements with a higher atomic number. For example, if you need to write down the electronic configuration of erbium (68), cross out all the elements from 69 to 120.

      • Pay attention to the numbers from 1 to 8 at the base of the table. These are the electronic level numbers, or column numbers. Ignore columns that contain only crossed out items. For erbium, columns with numbers 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 remain.

   3. Count the orbital sublevels up to your element. Looking at the block symbols shown to the right of the table (s, p, d, and f) and the column numbers shown at the bottom, ignore the diagonal lines between the blocks and break the columns into block-columns, listing them in order from bottom to top. And again, ignore the blocks in which all the elements are crossed out. Write the column blocks starting from the column number followed by the block symbol, thus: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s (for erbium).

      • Please note: The above electronic configuration Er is written in ascending order of the electronic sublevel number. It can also be written in the order in which the orbitals are filled. To do this, follow the cascades from bottom to top, not columns, when you write column blocks: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 12 .

   4. Count the electrons for each electronic sublevel. Count the elements in each column block that have not been crossed out by attaching one electron from each element, and write their number next to the block symbol for each column block as follows: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 4f 12 5s 2 5p 6 6s 2 . In our example, this is the electronic configuration of erbium.

   5. Be aware of incorrect electronic configurations. There are eighteen typical exceptions related to the electronic configurations of atoms in the lowest energy state, also called the ground energy state. They do not obey the general rule only in the last two or three positions occupied by electrons. In this case, the actual electronic configuration assumes that the electrons are in a state of lower energy compared to the standard configuration of the atom. Exception atoms include:

      • Cr(..., 3d5, 4s1); Cu(..., 3d10, 4s1); Nb(..., 4d4, 5s1); Mo(..., 4d5, 5s1); Ru(..., 4d7, 5s1); Rh(..., 4d8, 5s1); Pd(..., 4d10, 5s0); Ag(..., 4d10, 5s1); La(..., 5d1, 6s2); Ce(..., 4f1, 5d1, 6s2); Gd(..., 4f7, 5d1, 6s2); Au(..., 5d10, 6s1); AC(..., 6d1, 7s2); Th(..., 6d2, 7s2); Pa(..., 5f2, 6d1, 7s2); U(..., 5f3, 6d1, 7s2); Np(..., 5f4, 6d1, 7s2) and cm(..., 5f7, 6d1, 7s2).
   • To find the atomic number of an atom when it is written in electronic form, simply add up all the numbers that follow the letters (s, p, d, and f). This only works for neutral atoms, if you are dealing with an ion, then nothing will work - you will have to add or subtract the number of extra or lost electrons.
   • The number following the letter is a superscript, do not make a mistake in the control.
   • The "stability of a half-filled" sublevel does not exist. This is a simplification. Any stability that pertains to "half-full" sublevels is due to the fact that each orbital is occupied by one electron, so repulsion between electrons is minimized.
   • Each atom tends to a stable state, and the most stable configurations have filled sublevels s and p (s2 and p6). Noble gases have this configuration, so they rarely react and are located on the right in the periodic table. Therefore, if a configuration ends in 3p 4 , then it needs two electrons to reach a stable state (it takes more energy to lose six, including s-level electrons, so four is easier to lose). And if the configuration ends in 4d 3 , then it needs to lose three electrons to reach a stable state. In addition, half-filled sublevels (s1, p3, d5..) are more stable than, for example, p4 or p2; however, s2 and p6 will be even more stable.
   • When you're dealing with an ion, that means the number of protons is not the same as the number of electrons. The charge of the atom in this case will be shown at the top right (usually) of the chemical symbol. Therefore, an antimony atom with a charge of +2 has the electronic configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 1 . Note that 5p 3 has changed to 5p 1 . Be careful when the configuration of a neutral atom ends at sublevels other than s and p. When you take electrons, you can only take them from valence orbitals (s and p orbitals). Therefore, if the configuration ends with 4s 2 3d 7 and the atom gets +2 charge, then the configuration will end with 4s 0 3d 7 . Please note that 3d 7 not changes, instead electrons of the s-orbital are lost.
   • There are conditions when an electron is forced to "move to a higher energy level." When a sublevel lacks one electron to be half or full, take one electron from the nearest s or p sublevel and move it to the sublevel that needs an electron.
   • There are two options for writing an electronic configuration. They can be written in ascending order of the numbers of energy levels or in the order in which the electron orbitals are filled, as was shown above for erbium.
   • You can also write the electronic configuration of an element by writing only the valence configuration, which is the last s and p sublevel. Thus, the valence configuration of antimony will be 5s 2 5p 3 .
   • Ions are not the same. It's much more difficult with them. Skip two levels and follow the same pattern depending on where you started and how high the number of electrons is.