In Russian everything six independent cases, and decline (change in cases) nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. But schoolchildren often have difficulties in determining the case. Students are not always able to correctly put the question to the word, and this leads to errors. Particular difficulties arise when the word in different cases has the same form.

There are several tricks that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Let us note that the question should be case, not semantic. For questions where? where? when? why? it is not possible to determine the fall.

Both applicants(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – T. p.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining the case:

To distinguish between homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e both in D. p., and in P. p.).

Walk the roads(why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine.

met a friend(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.).

Met a girlfriend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. Magic word mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing between the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. Help, as always, will come "mother". It is this word that can be substituted in a sentence. Framed, look at the end: mom BUT – nominative, mom S – Genitive; mom At – accusative.

Die yourself, and comrade(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, but mom(V. p.) help out.

6. Knowing the characteristic prepositions also helps to determine the case.

As you can see, there are prepositions that are characteristic of only one case: without– for the genitive (no hitch); by, to – for the dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, with you).

Recall that the case of an adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with my new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – T. p.

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Changing the endings of parts of speech that have the category of case makes it possible to use the necessary forms of words for communication in a sentence. The accuracy and literacy of speech depends on the ability to correctly use words in the right case. Distinguishing the genitive from the accusative is easy if you know what each of them serves for.

Genitive:

• indicates that the subject of speech belongs to someone or something (oriole's nest; friend's advice; city streets);
• reflects the ratio of the part and the whole (a cup of tea; a loaf of bread; a lock of hair);
• used if there is a comparison without indicating the object of comparison (harder than steel, softer than silk, colder than ice);
• indicates a connection with a verb that is used with a particle not (not to be afraid of the dark; not to see the horizon, not to love a neighbor);
• indicates a connection with a verb denoting desire or intention (to wish good; wish good luck, avoid responsibility).

In each of these cases, the nouns used in the genitive case are dependent words. From the main ones, one can pose questions to them: there is no one? or not what?

Accusative stands for:

• an action aimed at the subject of speech (read a book, stroke a dog, eat a sandwich);
• spatial and temporal relationships (overcome an obstacle; take a barrier; work a week).

From the main word to the noun in the accusative case, one can pose questions: I see whom? or see what?

Findings site

1. Inanimate nouns have different endings and answer the question (no) what? in the genitive case, (see) what? in the accusative.
   For example:
   I can do without (what?) an umbrella. (R. p.)
   I will plant (what?) a tree. (V. p.)
2. The endings of animate nouns in the genitive and accusative cases may coincide. In this case, cases should be distinguished according to the meaning of the sentence.
   For example:
   I can't do without my father's help. (whom? auxiliary question: no one? - R.P.)
   We remember my father as young and energetic. (who? secondary question see who? - V.P.)
3. The case of immutable nouns is also determined by context.
   For example:
   I want to buy a new coat. (whom? what? - V.P.)
   The cage was without a kangaroo. (whom? what? - R.P.)

In Russian, the forms of inanimate nouns of the second and third declensions in the nominative and accusative cases are the same. In order not to be mistaken in their definition, one must remember that nouns in the nominative case always act as the main member of the sentence, more often the subject, and the accusative case always indicates the dependence of the noun on the main word, that is, the noun in the accusative case is a minor member of the sentence.
For example:
The ax cuts - chips fly. (Axe, chips - I.p.)
If you take an ax in your hands, remember that you will have to collect chips. (axe, chips - V.P.)

According to the terminology accepted in Russian linguistics, the accusative case is a "morphologically weakly independent case". The complexity of its definition arises only when compared with the nominative and genitive. If in doubt, you should use the proven school method: put a case question to the noun:
(see) who? - teacher, mother, elephant, mouse (V. p.);
(see) what? - tree, bench, reeds, balcony (V.p.).
The nominative and accusative cases are also distinguished by the presence of prepositions, the use of which is possible only in oblique cases.
For example:
The bridge was built according to modern engineering design. (What? - bridge, I. p.)
It was not easy to cross the bridge. (Through what? - across the bridge - V.p.)

Findings site

1. Nouns in these case forms perform different syntactic functions: in the nominative case - the role of the subject, in the accusative - the object.
2. Questions of the nominative case - who? what?
   questions of the accusative case - whom? what?
3. Nouns in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative case, they have prepositions in, on, for, through.

The accusative case answers the questions "whom? what?" and is used in sentences and phrases only with verbs and its forms (participle and participle). The most common function of this case in Russian is the expression of the direct object of the action: read a book, draw a picture etc. What else can the accusative case mean, and how to distinguish it from the genitive? Read the article below!

What does fall mean?

The case, which will be discussed in the article, can have completely different meanings.

For example:

• The accusative of time will indicate the time of the already completed action - "meet every Tuesday."
• The accusative quantity should be used to indicate the cost, when there is a reference to the quantitative side of the verbal action - "to cost a hundred rubles."
• A noun in the accusative case of measures will indicate a measure of time or space - "run three kilometers."
• The accusative object will call the object to which the action is directed - "throw the ball."
• The accusative of the result will designate an object that will be the result of some action - “sew a T-shirt”.

In order to determine the case in front of you without error, you need to know the questions of the accusative case (whom? what?). Substitute the word “blame” or “see”, and you will immediately understand everything. For example, I blame (who?) my grandmother, I see (what?) a cutlet.

Case meanings

This form of the word has two main meanings: objective and subjective.

1. The object meaning may appear next to a transitive verb ( buy a cat), next to the predicate ( sorry, apparently, it is necessary, it hurts, sorry for the dog) and in one-part sentences expressing the required object ( reward for the brave).
2. Subjective meaning can be expressed only in a sentence (not in a phrase). Such a meaning can have an accusative case, located at the beginning of a sentence that tells us about the state of the person ( the guys were inspired by the award). The subjective meaning expresses the case in sentences like "The child is chilly." This meaning is also expressed by sentences that do not have a clear subject of action ( killed a man).

Case endings

Questions of the accusative case determine its endings.

So, what should be the endings of these forms of words?

• Nouns in the singular: horse, land, mother, pig, field, mouse, path, banner.
• Accusative plural (the number plays a big role in setting the correct ending) of the number: horses, edge, mothers, pigs, fields, mice, paths, banners.
• Adjectives and participles in the singular have the following endings: oval and oval, oval, oval; soft and soft, soft, soft; hare and hare, hare, hare.

Accusative prepositions

This case can be combined with a large number of prepositions, both simple and derivative. If the word is combined with simple prepositions (in, for, under, on, with), then it has a definitive meaning. Moreover, this definition can be different - in place, time, property, reason, purpose, and so on. Paired with a simple preposition, the word in the case we are analyzing can also have an objective meaning ( vote for a deputy, go for mushrooms). The word can also perform the function of replenishing the necessary information ( passed for a talker).

In the whole sentence, the form of the word in the accusative case, paired with a simple preposition, performs other functions. For example, a case can indicate a predicative feature ( bravery medal). The accusative can even extend the sentence ( a kilometer from the village - a lake; miracles happen on New Year's Eve). Paired with the prepositions "for" and "under" the word can express the meaning of approximation ( he is in his forties, she is in her fifties).

Also, words in the form of the accusative case can also be combined with derivative prepositions ( in spite of, in spite of, after a day).

How to distinguish accusative from genitive: method one

In order not to confuse the cases of the Russian language, you need to remember that each of them has its own question, depending on the meaning of the case. By asking a universal question and finding a match for it, you can easily understand the word in which case is in front of your eyes. The genitive case more often denotes belonging, the "whole-part" relationship, a sign of an object in relation to some other object, an object of influence, and so on.

For this form of the word, the questions “there is no one?”, “there is nothing?” Are fixed. The accusative case will answer the questions “I see whom?”, “I see what?”. It is very difficult to determine the form of a word only by its meaning or ending. It is too difficult to remember all the meanings of the genitive and accusative case, they have many nuances. And the endings of nouns in these forms can even coincide!

Difficulties can especially often arise in determining the case of an animate noun. If the question is "who?" does not help you cope with the task, then imagine an inanimate noun in place of an animate noun. Ask a question for the genitive "no what?" and for the accusative "see what?". If the word being defined has the same form as in the nominative case, then it is in the accusative.

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive: the second way

• If the noun in front of you is inanimate, just ask the right question ( I buy (what?) flower pots; I don’t see (what?) planters). In the second case, the word is in the genitive case.
• If you see an animate noun of the 2nd declension masculine, put any word of the 1st declension in its place and watch the ending ( I see a boar - I see a fox: ending y - genitive); ( no boar - no fox: ending ы - accusative).
• If you see an animate noun in the plural, then simply replace it with an inanimate noun ( love people - love (what) letters- accusative; I love the kindness of people - I love the kindness of letters- parental).

Remember that in Russian there are many indeclinable nouns ( coffee, pot and so on) that look the same in any case. In this case, all the above tips may not work. Always check the correctness of determining the case with a key question, and there will be no errors.

Name: Accusative.

Accusative answering the questions of whom? what?, is used only in combination with the verb and its forms: participle and participle. The main, typical function of the accusative case is to express the direct object of action with transitive verbs: I look at a picture, prepare a lesson, open a book, put on a dress.

The accusative tense denotes the time of the action: Meet every day. He was unwell that night.
The accusative quantity is used when denoting value, when indicating the quantitative side of the manifestation of the verbal action. It costs two rubles. Repeat three times.
The accusative measure indicates a measure of time or space. Wait a whole week. Walk five kilometers.
The accusative object names the object on which the action is directed. Read a book. Throw the ball.
The accusative of result denotes an object that is the result of an action. Dig a hole. Sew a dress.

To find out the accusative case, you need to substitute the word BLUE to the noun, that is, I ACCUSE, or I SEE.

I blame (who?) boy
I see (who?) baby elephant
I see (what?) a palm tree

Accusative prepositions: IN, ON, FOR, UNDER, THROUGH, PRO.

In addition, the accusative case, combined with transitive verbs formed from intransitive ones with the help of prefixes, denotes a measure of time and distance: work for a whole month, sleep all the way, run three thousand meters.

In combination with intransitive verbs, the accusative case can also denote a measure of weight, time, distance and cost: weigh a ton, improve all your life, rest for a week, run a mile, cost a penny, etc.

The accusative case is:
1) the form of the noun, which is included in the singular and plural paradigm, with one of the following endings (in spelling):
singular - horse, land, wife, earth, swamp, field, bone, daughter, name, path;
plural - horses, land, wives, lands, swamps, fields, bones, daughters, names, paths;
2) a number of such forms of the noun, united by the system of meanings described below;
3) the form of an adjective or participle included in the paradigm, with one of the following endings (in spelling):
in the singular - round and round, round, round; blue and blue, blue, blue; strong and strong, strong, strong; fox and fox, fox, fox;
in the plural - round and round, blue and blue, strong and strong, fox and fox;
4) a number of such forms of an adjective or participle, united by a common syntactic function.

The main meanings of the accusative case are objective and attributive.
object value case is manifested:
1) with transitive verbs: buy a house, read a book, wait for a friend;
2) with predicatives: sorry, sorry (sorry brother), and also necessary, necessary, painful, visible, audible, noticeable - when the sentence contains an indication of the subject of the state: I need a pass; It hurts his hand;
3) in one-part sentences meaning the required object: Carriage for me!; Reward for the brave! Determinative (by measure, time, quantity).

subjective meaning appears only in a sentence. This is:
1) the accusative case, placed in the initial position in sentences reporting the state of the person, with the predicate - a verb with the meaning of an emotional or external state and the subject - an abstract noun: I am saddened by failure, the lie is alarming; The guys were inspired by success; Grief befell the family; See also: He is drawn to travel; The interlocutor is tempted to argue;
2) in such sentences as the Child is shivering; The patient is sick; I'm shaking all over.
The subjective meaning is combined with the objective meaning in such types of sentences as Stars are visible; Voices are heard when the perceiving subject is not indicated in the sentence (the stars are visible and someone sees the stars), as well as in sentences like: A man was killed; The fighter was wounded, in which the subject of the action was not indicated (a person was killed and a person was killed). The growth of the subjective meaning of VP in a sentence is always determined by the combined action of syntactic and lexico-semantic factors.

The accusative case is combined with a wide range of prepositions - simple and derivative. In combination with simple prepositions - in, on, for, about (about), for, under, about, with, through - it can have a definitive meaning (by place, time, measure, quality, property, purpose, purpose, reason, etc. .), object (deep into work, vote for a candidate, capable of anything, hitting a joint, walking on berries, thinking about children), and also performs the function of a necessary informatively supplementing form (passed for an eccentric, known for a talker).

In a sentence, this case with simple prepositions, in addition to the above meanings, can denote a predicative sign (in the predicate: Letter - to the ministry; Medal - for courage; Way - through the mountains) or distribute the sentence as a whole, while expressing different types of determination (In a snowstorm it’s scary to be in the field; A mile away from the city is a lake; On New Year’s Eve, all sorts of miracles are possible; I haven’t slept for a week; Across the road is a store), or an object value (For five - three skis; About the departed - not a word). In sentences such as Fear attacked me; Thought came over him; The guys got stubborn.

In combination with the prepositions for, with, under V. p. in conjunction with a certain circle of words, it expresses an approximation: He is over thirty; There were forty visitors; She is under fifty; Received a hundred congratulations; They waited for half an hour; About a dozen students are sick. In combination with derivative prepositions and prepositional formations - in response to, including, excluding, despite, despite, after a little, an hour, a minute, a day, having passed, through, after a day, an hour, a year, a century.