What are the dangerous situations in urban environments. The most common dangerous situations in the city

04.05.2019

It's no secret that a person is exposed to many dangers every day. Even while at home, you run the risk of injury or death, and dangerous situations in the city lie in wait for you at every corner. "How scary to live, it turns out!" - You say. Not really. If you follow the simplest safety rules, then such situations can be prevented and avoided. In addition, knowing how to behave, you can minimize unpleasant consequences.

What is a dangerous situation? Definition

First, let's look at what kind of situation can be called really dangerous. If we asked a five-year-old child, he could subjectively answer that a dangerous situation is when, for example, a favorite toy breaks. Well, we will give an exact definition.

A hazardous situation is a circumstance in which there is a serious threat to human health or life, the environment or property. They can happen suddenly and require an immediate response.

What is an emergency?

In this article, we will talk not only about dangerous, but also about emergency situations. The latter occur as a result of an accident at a large enterprise. They can cause or have caused multiple deaths of people, huge material damage, and a sharp deterioration in natural conditions.

Typology

All dangerous situations can be divided into three groups depending on the cause of their occurrence:

1. Natural character.

2. Technogenic character.

3. Public character.

Rampant elements

Natural hazards can be divided into 8 groups. The classification is made according to their origin. Consider examples of dangerous situations. In addition, we divide them according to types.

1. Cosmogenic disasters will open our list called "Dangerous Natural Emergencies". They probably have the biggest impact. Cosmogenic hazards include meteor showers, as well as the collision of our planet with comets and meteorites. The consequences of such phenomena are really terrifying, but, fortunately, scientists are able to track the trajectories of celestial bodies and will be able to warn people about the danger. In addition, small meteorites can be knocked out of orbit and change their course, so that death from "stones from space" is not yet in danger for humanity.

2. Geophysical. The city of Pompeii was wiped off the face of the earth, and Japan is constantly suffering precisely because of geophysical phenomena. Guessed? In this category we include volcanic eruptions, as well as earthquakes. The painting by the artist Karl Bryullov, which became the peak of his career, will help to feel the full horror of the geophysical catastrophe.

3. Meteorological. These are strong storms, hurricanes, storms and tornadoes. Until now, there is no single definite theory about why hurricanes and tornadoes occur. This happened due to the fact that the processes that occur inside the "funnel" are very difficult to study. However, scientists suggest that this happens at the junction of warm and cold Tornadoes have a serious destructive power, and it was not in vain that ancient people considered them to be God's punishment.

4. Geological. This category includes landslides, landslides, avalanches, subsidence of the earth's surface, karst, erosion. The threat of "white death", as avalanches are called, will always exist for those who like to relax in ski resorts.

An avalanche can form from dry snow after a snowfall in the cold, the snow at such a time practically does not adhere to each other, and a powder-like mass will be ready to fall down with great speed from a small ground vibration or a loud sound. The air will be filled with dust from the snow, and the skier will die painfully, suffocating.

An avalanche of wet snow will occur if the thermometer shows 0 degrees Celsius. If you love skiing or snowboarding in the mountains, then remember the golden rule: where an avalanche came down once, it will come down again.

Hazardous situations of a natural nature are very predictable, be sure to use the above information.

5. Hydrometeorological. These are showers, snowfalls, large hail, severe drought, a sharp drop in temperatures, unbearable heat, a blizzard. Such situations seriously threaten the crop and can also contribute to the development of diseases. If abnormal heat, cold, precipitation are announced in your region, then try not to leave the house, otherwise you risk spending the nearest time in the hospital.

6. Hydrological. These situations are directly related to water, you guessed it. These are floods, flooding, early appearance of ice on the rivers on which ships go, lowering and rising water levels. It sounds, of course, not as scary as a volcanic eruption, but that's just no less dangerous in reality. It threatens with crop loss, material losses, and soil damage.

7. Marine hydrological. These include typhoon, tsunami, severe storm, ice drift, and icing of ships.

Why can ships freeze? The main reason is the so-called spattering of the vessel. Sea water is in the air for some time due to wind or wave impacts against the side, it quickly cools in the cold, so over time an ice crust appears on the skin, which then only grows and grows, and then covers more and more areas.

This immensely interferes with movement: controllability deteriorates greatly, a roll occurs, and speed decreases. This phenomenon is fraught with many dangers.

8. Natural fires. Why do they arise? Sometimes this happens due to severe drought, the trees and soil dry up to the point that they catch fire. But often peat bogs flare up. In addition, peat tends to spontaneously ignite and burn under water! Dangerous situations of a natural nature often develop according to an unpredictable scenario.

technogenic world

We have learned what dangerous natural ones are; now we will consider man-made emergencies. They are always associated with human production activities, and most often their consequences are environmental damage and a large number of deaths. Consider categories and examples of dangerous situations.

1. Transport accidents. The number of people killed on the roads is steadily increasing. As of 2013, the grim figures are: one and a half million deaths per year. According to preliminary estimates of experts, unfortunately, by 2030 there is a chance that the death rate will be almost 3.5 million people a year! In developed countries, traffic accidents rank fifth in terms of the number of deaths, along with tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. It is also worth mentioning the crashes of planes and trains, accidents on ships and submarines. As a result, the number of deaths in transport is appalling.

2. Sudden collapse of buildings, structures. This happens when the materials lose their former strength or the building is built of poor quality, in the wrong place.

If you notice cracks on the facade of your own house, we recommend that you contact the relevant services, for example, housing and communal services. There are special programs for the resettlement of people from emergency buildings.

Fires and explosions

We are all prone to error. Similarly, electronics cannot last forever without any deviations. In a building, in storage facilities for combustibles, in the subway, next to an unexploded ordnance... There are many places where something can catch fire, explode and cause often irreparable damage. This is a really dangerous situation. OBZH teaches us from primary school what to do in case of a fire in a building, how to behave, where to go. Recall these simple rules again:

Call the fire department immediately by dialing 112 or 01.
Don't panic. In this state, you can do stupid things.
Proceed to extinguish the fire with water only if there is no danger of electric shock.
If the concentration of smoke is high, cover the respiratory organs with a damp cloth or handkerchief, move on all fours, as the harmful substances in the smoke are lighter than air and rise up.
If there is a risk of electric shock, turn off the power and appliances.
Flammable liquids must not be filled with water! Use sand, fire extinguisher, wet rag or cloth.
Never open windows. Fire needs oxygen to burn even more.
If you are unable to extinguish the fire on your own, leave the premises urgently, inform others, wait for the firemen.
If the way out of the building is cut off for you, go out onto the balcony, tightly closing the door, wait for help, call passers-by.
Do not enter the premises if the concentration of smoke is high, i.e. visibility is less than ten meters.
Once you leave the building, do not go back. Wait for the rescuers to arrive.

The Chernobyl accident

Now let's move on to the most destructive and dangerous. Accidents at nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants, power plants and wastewater treatment plants. There are very few such disasters, but each of them cuts into memory. The consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are the release of harmful chemicals that are life-threatening. Emergencies at hydroelectric power plants threaten with floods, dam breaks. An accident at a power plant threatens to cut off power to the area it serves. And many of these disasters claim tens, hundreds, thousands of lives.

Perhaps such things are not forgotten. Everyone remembers the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986. A huge amount of poisonous and radioactive substances was in the air. The level of radiation in some areas still exceeds the permissible by thousands of times. This catastrophe became the most severe lesson for all mankind. It is recognized as the largest in the history of nuclear energy.

This is what the turbine hall of the fourth power unit looks like today. Here, the highest level of radiation, being even in special suits is extremely dangerous. After a failure in the reactor and the release of the most harmful substances, a day passed before people began to be evacuated from the danger zone. Everything around was covered with a white coating, but the children continued to walk in the streets, as if nothing had happened. It was unbearably hot, people went fishing, the beach, until everything around was almost lit up from radiation. As a result of this negligence, thousands of people died from severe radiation sickness.

Pripyat has become a ghost town. No one has lived here for several decades. Everyone knows the sad consequences of this dangerous situation. OBZh already in high school considers the consequences and causes of such global catastrophes, so that from childhood we realize the horror of such situations and do everything that depends on us to prevent them. Surprisingly, rare species of flora and fauna have settled in Pripyat and nearby areas. By the way, even people live here.

These include extremely unfavorable phenomena and processes occurring in society that pose a direct threat to human life, his rights and freedoms, as well as to property.

Cause of social dangers

Let's look at the source of these problems. Such situations occur due to the fact that people cannot solve any important problems of politics, economics, culture, ethics, and so on. Humanity has not justified the hopes of philosophers, humanists, for example, about the victory over hunger and helping those in need. These problems become more acute with time and cause resonance in society. The starting point of dangerous situations of this type can be unemployment, inflation, nationalism, crises, low living standards, corruption, etc. Further. Some enterprising people come up with the following thought: "Something needs to be changed. But since the government does not listen to me, we will have to move on to radical actions." And then they organize a revolution. Well, at worst, some fanatic with mental disabilities comes up with the idea of uniting the whole world under his command, creating an ideal race, reducing the population of the earth, etc. No less destructive is the banal desire to "take this tidbit of land for yourself" or the desire to kill others.

Hazard types

Thus, dangerous and are divided into two types:

1. Actually social. They can be directed at the health of a particular person (suicide, drug addiction, social diseases, zombification by sects, blackmail, hostage-taking, violence, terror). This once again confirms the fact that dangerous situations in the city await us at every turn.

2. Military. Situations in which conventional, nuclear, or the latest weapons are used, such as biological, genetic, and radiation.

Conclusion

Dangerous and emergency situations happen everywhere, but in the overwhelming majority of cases they occur precisely through the fault of the person himself. You need to think logically, learn to make quick and correct decisions, foresee the possible consequences of your own actions, otherwise all of humanity will die from its own shortsightedness. Be prudent!

A significant number of the modern population of the Earth lives in cities. However, many forget that, despite all the benefits they provide, these are places of increased danger. Characteristic features of modern cities can traditionally be considered a significant number of population, industrial enterprises and vehicles. All these circumstances force us to act in accordance with established and established safety rules. Such measures ensure not only personal security, but also the protection of everyone around. At any moment in the life of every person, a dangerous situation can develop. This, for example, can be a traffic accident, a fire or some kind of criminal situation. In the material presented below, not only the classification of dangerous situations will be considered, but also ways to avoid or eliminate them.

Terminology

The concept of "dangerous situation" implies a special set of circumstances that can lead to accidents, catastrophes and other disasters. At present, the causes of such conditions are mostly anthropogenic in nature. After all, a significant number of the considered circumstances arise as a result of non-compliance with the established rules of behavior by a person. On the other hand, the concept of "dangerous situation" can be characterized as follows: this is a particularly difficult situation, as a result of which a negative impact on the life and health of people can be caused. However, not only the population of the planet is involved in such interaction, but also the environment.

The totality of the above events is traditionally divided into three main categories: natural, man-made and social. The first include all kinds of as well as epidemics, leading to a change in the biological state of the environment. In turn, the second category includes accidents related to vehicles. For example, accidents on railroad tracks, highways, and so on. Socially dangerous situations are characterized by political differences and all sorts of conflicts of interest.

Reasons and sources

As mentioned earlier, the occurrence of dangerous situations is mostly due to non-compliance with the rules and safety precautions by a person. However, modern scientists also identify a number of factors that are not related to the actions of individual people. Let's consider some of them in more detail. Currently, there is a certain classification that allows you to divide the causes of dangerous situations into two main categories: natural and artificial. The first traditionally include all kinds of manifestations of mother nature. For example, earthquakes, floods, landslides, and so on, as well as space activity in the form of solar radiation and various celestial bodies, such as comets, meteorites, and so on. In turn, the second category includes the causes of dangerous situations that arise as a result of the action of anthropogenic sources. The latter traditionally include man-made disasters, military threats, and so on.

Technogenic risks

To begin with, consider the factors that may result in such a dangerous situation. First of all, these are all kinds of objects that affect a person. For example, vehicles, explosive and flammable substances and materials. After all, it is they who pose a threat under the special influence of certain factors, which include elevated temperatures and pressures, catalyst compounds, electric current, as well as all kinds of radiation (acoustic, electromagnetic, ionizing) and so on. The above characteristics gave the name to the whole group - dangerous man-made situations.

Natural disasters

Such situations may arise as a result of an inattentive and incorrect attitude to the characteristics of the environment (for example, to the conditions of the region of residence). On the other hand, the threat to human life and health, property and natural resources takes place due to non-compliance with the rules of conduct at different times of the year.

Socially dangerous situations

This category of threat sources appears as a result of violation of the rules of public order or personal security. As mentioned earlier, the reasons for such dangerous situations include conflicts of interest, political differences and other aspects of social life.

Combined sources

Human life is traditionally considered a complex and multifaceted process, and therefore the threats to it are often diverse. The reasons, in turn, may consist of several factors belonging to different groups. These interactions resulted in mixed or combined sources. It is because of them that in the modern world there is an additional classification. It includes three groups: natural-technogenic, natural-social and socio-technogenic sources. We list the features of each category.

Natural-technogenic

The dangerous situation under consideration is the result of a mixture of natural phenomena and factors caused by human activity. Currently, many problems arise as a result of smog, reduced soil fertility, dust storms and other troubles.

natural-social

This group combines natural phenomena and social aspects. An example is global epidemics of the most dangerous infectious diseases. Surely many have heard of bird and swine flu or the Ebola virus. This category also includes drug addiction and many sexually transmitted diseases, as well as cancer and AIDS.

Socio-technogenic

The dangerous situation under consideration is a symbiosis of social aspects and features of human life. This specific category is characterized by occupational injuries and diseases, as well as psychological deviations that may occur as a result of production activities. Oddly enough, this group also includes mass mental disorders that occur in the process of exposing a person's subconscious to the media or special technical equipment.

Personal protective measures

After examining the characteristics of the circumstances under consideration, it is also necessary to pay attention to an important aspect called "Behavior in dangerous situations". After all, the preservation of your health and even survival often depends on it. Let's consider this question in more detail.

As a rule, in order to minimize the negative consequences that can result from dangerous situations, you need to learn to constantly pay attention to your own. This is not only careful behavior in public places, but also the ability to avoid danger and anticipate possible threats. In addition, of course, you need to know the basic rules of behavior in extreme circumstances.

How to learn it?

Most modern people do not have innate instincts that would allow them to avoid such moments or eliminate all kinds of risks. Meanwhile, dangerous situations in life await us literally at every turn. For example, accidents involving a variety of vehicles, social divisions and other conflicts that can lead to an environment that threatens the normal activity of each person. So, how can you avoid such moments? Of course, like many other wisdoms, this can be learned. It should be remembered that the so-called us are still taught in a comprehensive school.

State structures

Currently, in each country there is a certain list of services that should be contacted as a result of a particular dangerous situation. Traditionally, these are the fire brigade, police, medical assistance, as well as emergency gas service. Nevertheless, even with successful treatment in any of the above organs, you must protect yourself as much as possible from the negative influence of the damaging factor. Let's see what is needed for this.

Fundamental rules

In order to protect yourself from unforeseen events, you should teach yourself safe behavior. And for this, in turn, it is important to know a few rules. First you need to mentally prepare yourself for the correct actions in emergency and extreme circumstances. Under no circumstances should you panic. Learn to solve situational problems. For example, choose from the media a few difficult moments, the solution of which may require you to be collected and take the right actions. 5 dangerous situations will be enough. Then identify the source and nature of the threat. After that, it is necessary to determine the main directions and ways of solving such situations. Compare your chosen methods with commonly used ones. Assess the correctness of your thinking. In addition to the above actions, the following rules must also be taken into account. Improve your physical form all the time. It is unlikely that you will be able to make any decisions without the proper skills. Therefore, playing sports will also be especially beneficial. Constantly cultivate strong-willed qualities in yourself. However, the ability to remain calm, sane and balanced in any situation will not be superfluous. The above qualities will help you find the most rational ways to solve a problem in the most difficult environment. In addition, it is necessary not only to know, but also to have a sufficient set of various skills and abilities in the field of life safety. Such a system of rules for the behavior of each person in everyday life greatly reduces the likelihood of a dangerous situation, and also reduces the level of damage.

Conclusion

Many of us are of the opinion that nothing bad will ever happen to them. This, of course, is commendable, because a positive attitude makes our life quite simple and interesting. However, at some point, trouble can overtake each of us. However, the severity of the possible consequences that have fallen on the head of the unfortunate will depend only on the readiness for rational and competent actions.

"Dangerous places" - Dangerous places. Don't look into the transformer box. Is it safe to walk. Here you can lie in wait for criminals. Never enter an elevator with a stranger. White circles with a red border. White triangle with red border. All road signs are divided into groups: Service signs. Do not ride on your feet from the ice slide!

"Radiation hazardous objects" - Actions in case of notification of a radiation accident. Content. Movement in areas contaminated with radioactive substances. When driving through areas contaminated with radioactive substances, it is necessary. When outdoors, immediately protect your respiratory organs and hurry to cover. If your house is in a zone of radioactive contamination.

"Hazardous chemicals" - Characteristics of accidents at chemical facilities. Chemicals and dangerous objects. - railway stations, ports, terminals and warehouses at the final (intermediate) points of movement of AHOV; Chemically hazardous objects include: - plants and combines of chemical industries, as well as individual installations (aggregates) and workshops that produce and consume AHOV;

"Dangerous natural phenomena" - When working on the lesson, the following literature was used. Meteorological observation on the glacier. Dry avalanches are composed of loose snow and rush especially rapidly. Geophysical: earthquakes; volcanic eruptions. There is no absolute protection. Under the weight of snow, the lower layers are compressed more and more. Minutes count.

"Dangerous places" - Make a sentence with one of the words. Underline "dangerous places". If you want to run far, If you want to jump high, drink more often... One, two, three, four. Homework Performed in the notebook "Verification and control work in the Russian language", grade 2, p.1. Russian language. Textbook work. Dog. There are dangerous places in many words.

"Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities" - Accidents at chemical facilities can lead to massive damage to people, as well as animals and plants, and contamination of the environment with toxic substances. Plan. Chemical accident. First aid for sulfur dioxide poisoning. Chemically dangerous object. Complete rest warm oxygen breathing. Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities.

Incredible Facts

Imagine that you are in the middle of a panicking crowd, you are taken hostage or a tornado is approaching you.

Seemingly, hopeless situation, but there is always a way out if you try to remain calm and react quickly.

These and other life-threatening situations, and tips to help you get out of them with minimal losses.

Rules of conduct in dangerous situations

1. Crush

Try to stay on your feet - this is the key to survival. Once you're knocked down, your chances are greatly reduced.

In this case, if you cannot get up immediately, take defensive posture raising his legs and covering his head with his hands. Point your head in the direction of the crowd to avoid getting hit and try to get back on your feet.

In case of fire, stay downstairs to avoid smoke and breathe through a damp cloth.

2. Dog attack

Keep calm, try do not shout, do not look into the eyes of the dog not show fear or anxiety. Convinced of your safety, she may lose interest in you.

Don't let your dog be behind you. If she begins to circle around you, which is a sign of an impending attack, turn around with her.

If you have any an object such as an umbrella, place it in front of you to appear bigger and better manage your space.

In all cases, remember to protect face, chest and throat. Keep your hands in fists to protect your fingers.

3. Plane crash

First, before boarding a plane, dress appropriately in case of an emergency. Jeans and long sleeves can protect you to some extent from burns and sharp objects.

Passengers in the back of the aircraft are more likely to survive than those in the front. The most dangerous times are first 3 minutes after takeoff and 8 minutes before landing. At this time, it is best to keep your shoes on, raise a table, and pay attention to the nearest exits. Keep your hand luggage under the seat in front to prevent your feet from hitting the seat. If a blow is unavoidable, take the correct position.

The first 90 seconds after a crash are important. At this time, you need to remain calm and get out of the plane as quickly as possible.

Dangerous situations of a natural nature

4. Snow avalanche

Don't try to overtake her. The avalanche will be faster than you even if you are skiing. You have a much better chance if you move not straight down, but horizontally.

If that's not possible, close your mouth and place your hands in front of your face to create an air pocket you'll need when the snow falls.

Don't try to scream, as this consumes the oxygen you need. Finally, you can urinate (seriously!) to make it easier for the search dogs to find you.

5. Behavior during a thunderstorm

Try to find a low-lying place and squat down. You need to be as low as possible, but so that your body touches the ground as little as possible.

Now cover your ears. If you really find yourself in the middle of a thunderstorm, thunder can damage your eardrums.

6. Tornado

The most important thing in this situation is to find shelter. If you can't find it, try to determine the direction of the tornado.

Get out of the car and run in the opposite direction. The tornado can move at speeds up to 100 km per hour, so you should hurry. If all else fails, lie down on the ground, cover your head, and hold on.

7. Big Wave

The best thing to do is try to swim across the wave before it breaks. If this is not possible, you need draw out arms and legs to spread the shock and keep yourself from sinking deep into the water.

Do deep breath and wait until the excitement subsides. You will be thrown from side to side, but try to keep your bearings and don't panic. Try to get back to the surface as quickly as possible, breathe, and try to re-evaluate the situation, as you may end up in it again.

8. Fall from the mountainside

Do not try to reach for some support, it will not help you. Press your chin to your chest and try to use your legs as brakes.

9 Jellyfish Sting

Try to get to the shore as soon as possible and sprinkle sand on the remains of the jellyfish's tentacles.

Once dry, use item such as a credit card to clean them off in one go. Do not rub this area, as this may further release toxins into the skin.

Occurrence of dangerous situations

10. You fell through the ice

Get out in the same direction you came from, because you know that there the ice was able to support you.

If there is no one around to help you, you will have to use your forearms to push yourself out. Rest your hands wide apart on the edge of the ice floe and pull yourself up, pulling your torso and legs in turn.

Don't get on your feet crawl to the shore.

11. Lost in the forest: what to do

Use branches and leaves so that you can return along the path you have traveled. Climb to the top to see if you can get your bearings.

Now move down the slope until you find a river or other moving body of water. Follow in the direction of flow, this usually leads to a city or a village.

If you can't find it, keep moving straight ahead and follow the sun.

12. The car fell into the river

If you accidentally drove into a body of water, you have approximately 90 seconds before the cabin is completely flooded with water. Unfortunately, when the lower edge of the door is immersed, it becomes impossible to open it, so you need to open the window and unfasten the seat belts. If you can't open the windows, try kicking them out with your feet.

13. Actions in case of fire

As a rule, it is not fire that kills people, but smoke. Need be as low as possible as hot gases rise up.

Stay near the wall and walk along it until you find a way out. Whatever you do, try not to inhale the gas. If you feel that you are losing consciousness, lie down in a layer on the floor opposite the door. This will help the firefighters find you more easily.

14. Leg cramp: what to do

Cramping in the water can be very dangerous. The first thing to do is turn over and swim on your back to keep water out of your lungs. Then stretch the place where the cramp occurred, for example, pulling the foot, or wait until it passes.

15. Foot stuck in seaweed

If possible, swim on your back, as you would with a cramp. If your head is underwater, try not to panic and conserve oxygen. Use your hand to push the algae off your leg until you are free.

Don't try to move, as it may worsen your situation.

16. What to do if you choke

If you're in a public place, it's best to stay there. In this case, you are more likely that someone will come to the rescue.

If there is no one around, you will have to do Heimlich maneuver himself. This means that you need to make a sharp blow to the stomach (between the navel and costal arches) on a hard object, such as a chair. The goal is to compress the air in the diaphragm and push the object out of the throat.

17. Elevator attack case

The worst thing that can be done, and what the victim often instinctively does, is to move back to the far wall of the elevator.

The best thing be in the corner near the door next to the elevator control panel. At least that way you have better control over the situation.

18. Fall from a height

No matter how hopeless this situation, there were cases when people survived. There are several factors that increase your chances.

First, take arched position(a familiar term in skydiving). Essentially, you need to stretch out as far as you can to create resistance.

Secondly, schedule a landing while avoiding the concrete surface (ideally land in the water). You can try to move to the right, for example, lowering your right shoulder and vice versa.

Finally, relax, bend your knees, feet forward and try to roll. So at least you increase your chances of a happy ending.

Dangerous and emergency situations

19. Nuclear explosion

In this situation, you can survive if you are outside the shock wave radius. Of course, if there are warning signs, you need to find shelter, preferably underground. If you are in the affected area, fall to the ground and cover your head, as soon as you see the explosion, as it can take up to 30 seconds for the shock wave to reach you.

Do not look at the flash, it will immediately blind you. If you have a good hiding place, it is best to sit there and wait for rescue.

20. Shooting at school and other premises

American studies on school shootings have shown that there are 4 factors that increase your chances of survival. No matter how trite it may sound, but the first thing to do is run away (preferably in a zigzag).

However, this is not always possible. The second is barricade the door. If you create an obstacle, the armed one will most likely not waste his time on it. However, if he does decide to infiltrate, it is best play dead. To do this, you need to remain calm and control your breathing. And fourth, if all else fails, use the adrenaline to your advantage and try to fight back.

21. You were taken hostage

If you plan to escape, you need to do it quickly. The first few minutes are important. There may be other people around, but you should be careful. If the chances are low, you can complicate your situation, in which case it is better to play by the rules.

Watch everything that happens and try to understand why you were kidnapped. Perhaps this will help you find out what the kidnappers are planning to do.

Although many hostages survive, it may take several years before rescue comes. Whatever happens, don't lose hope and weigh the risks and benefits of trying to escape.

22. Crossfire

The first and most obvious is to try to slip away. If this is not possible and there is no shelter nearby, lie down flat on the ground, putting your hands behind your head (at least it's better than standing with your arms above your head).

Try to assess the situation and slowly crawl back to safety.

23. Buried alive in a coffin

As unbelievable as it may sound, there have already been such cases. First and foremost, stop panicking cover your face with clothes because there is a lot of dirty work to be done.

Stretch your arms and legs up and, using your legs (which are stronger), push. Pray that the coffin is wooden. In this case, you need make a hole.

As soon as this happens, the earth will begin to crumble on you (that's what you need to pull the clothes over your head for), and you need to push it with your feet to the other end of the coffin.

Provided that you are not very deep, it is time to dig your way to the surface.

Goals:

to introduce students to the concepts of "safety", "dangerous situation", "emergency situation" with the classification of dangerous situations;
learn to see dangers and protect yourself in any life situations;
consolidate knowledge of the basic principles of self-rescue;
develop the horizons of children, thinking, memory, attention;
to educate the moral and volitional qualities of the individual, collectivism, mutual assistance.

Lesson objectives:

discuss with children dangerous and safe situations at home, at school, on the street, etc.;
teach children the skills of orientation in dangerous situations and making rational decisions;
show the connection between actions and decisions.

Equipment: poster "Decision steps";
proverbs, poems, drawings of students; subject pictures.
Textbooks, computer, screen, etc.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment
- Today I want to start the lesson with a quatrain you know.

On Earth, life is bright and beautiful,
We are all children of nature.
But many dangerous phenomena
They threaten us sometimes.

What do you guys think, what are we going to talk about today at the lesson? (about the dangers that a person meets every day);
- Correctly. Today I want to tell you about what danger is, where, when and what dangers are.

II. Exploring a new topic:
Let's be honest, there are enough dangers around us, and the whole trick is that. To know them and be able to avoid them in difficult times. Indeed, all over the world and in our country, people who find themselves in various dangerous situations are dying every day. The number of victims in our country has exceeded a gigantic figure - 250 thousand people a year, 10% of the dead are children. The main cause of accidents is ignorance or non-observance of safety rules.
But before we start talking about dangerous situations, we need to find out what is security?
Security
Therefore, a question arises.
What is a dangerous situation?
dangerous A situation in which there is a direct threat to human life and health is called.
Now I invite you to imagine the space in which we live and name all the places in which we are in danger. To make it easier for you, I have prepared a crossword puzzle. Having solved it, we will not only recognize dangerous places, but also determine the main word of our lesson.

III. Solving the crossword puzzle.

1. Sports facility. (Stadium)
2. Green recreation area in the city. (The park)
3. Place of purchase and acquisition of goods. (Score)
4. It can be ground, air and sea. (Transport)
5. A room intended for cooking. (Kitchen)
6. Place of arrival and departure of trains. (Railway station)
7. Premises for sports. (Gym)
8. Underground railway. (Underground)
9. Room for watching movies. (Cinema)
What word did you get vertically? (Dangers)
But these are our well-known places and there is much more useful and interesting than dangerous, you say. And absolutely right. However, even in the most ordinary and attractive places, dangerous situations can arise due to various unfavorable factors and conditions.

What about these factors:

IV. Reading a textbook article (pp. 5 -8).
- Find and read in the article what situations are called emergency?
Emergencies- These are large-scale dangerous and extreme situations involving a large number of people and threatening serious consequences.
What are the extreme situations?
extreme situations These are the most difficult situations. Which require to protect the life and health of a person the tension of all his physical and spiritual forces.
- Into how many groups can dangerous situations be conditionally divided?

Children write down all the terms and the scheme in a notebook.

V. Fixing a new topic.
A) Solution of a situational problem.
The existence of numerous dangerous situations around us does not mean that misfortune is bound to happen. This requires certain conditions, circumstances. Knowing the dangers and their causes allows you to avoid them.
Now I invite you to listen to the story "Thirst". You must answer the questions:
- What was the danger for the boy?
- What could happen to the boy?
Then you have to help the hero avoid the danger and complete the sentence in a way that helps the boy avoid the danger.
The story "Thirst"
It was a hot, summer day. Zhenya played football with the boys in the yard. When the game is over. He was very thirsty. He ran home and opened the refrigerator. There were many different bottles of soda, juice and beer. He grabbed the nearest bottle that had “Beer” written on it……..
You could finish the story like this: “Zhenya looked at the label, read “Beer”, and put the bottle back in the refrigerator.”
Let's think about how to avoid a dangerous situation and make a poster "Decision steps"

Decision steps:
1 step. If you want to do something, first stop;
2 step. Imagine how your act will affect you, your parents, your friends;
3 step. Choose an activity whose consequences are safe. And don't do things that can have bad consequences;
4 step. Praise yourself for the fact that you managed to make a responsible decision and avoid danger.

B) Work in pairs according to the drawing.
Consider the drawing. Mark circles in red on it in places that you consider dangerous.

C) Work in a notebook (dangerous and emergency situations)
- Use the words on page 8 to put together a definition of security.
- What did you get?
Security- this is the state of protection of a person, his property and the environment from the influence of adverse factors.

VI. Summary of the lesson.
- What is a dangerous situation?
What are called emergencies?
How many groups can conditionally divide all dangerous situations?
VII. Homework.
Write down in a notebook the places of increased danger of our city. Draw a picture on the topic.

Thank you for the lesson. Goodbye!

Incredible Facts

Imagine that you are in the middle of a panicking crowd, you are taken hostage or a tornado is approaching you.

Seemingly, hopeless situation, but there is always a way out if you try to remain calm and react quickly.

These and other life-threatening situations, and tips to help you get out of them with minimal losses.

Rules of conduct in dangerous situations

1. Crush

Try to stay on your feet - this is the key to survival. Once you're knocked down, your chances are greatly reduced.

In case of fire, stay downstairs to avoid smoke and breathe through a damp cloth.

2. Dog attack

Keep calm, try do not shout, do not look into the eyes of the dog not show fear or anxiety. Convinced of your safety, she may lose interest in you.

Don't let your dog be behind you. If she begins to circle around you, which is a sign of an impending attack, turn around with her.

If you have any an object such as an umbrella, place it in front of you to appear bigger and better manage your space.

In all cases, remember to protect face, chest and throat. Keep your hands in fists to protect your fingers.

3. Plane crash

First, before boarding a plane, dress appropriately in case of an emergency. Jeans and long sleeves can protect you to some extent from burns and sharp objects.

The first 90 seconds after a crash are important. At this time, you need to remain calm and get out of the plane as quickly as possible.

Dangerous situations of a natural nature

4. Snow avalanche

Don't try to overtake her. The avalanche will be faster than you even if you are skiing. You have a much better chance if you move not straight down, but horizontally.

If that's not possible, close your mouth and place your hands in front of your face to create an air pocket you'll need when the snow falls.

Don't try to scream, as this consumes the oxygen you need. Finally, you can urinate (seriously!) to make it easier for the search dogs to find you.

5. Behavior during a thunderstorm

Try to find a low-lying place and squat down. You need to be as low as possible, but so that your body touches the ground as little as possible.

Now cover your ears. If you really find yourself in the middle of a thunderstorm, thunder can damage your eardrums.

6. Tornado

The most important thing in this situation is to find shelter. If you can't find it, try to determine the direction of the tornado.

7. Big Wave

8. Fall from the mountainside

Do not try to reach for some support, it will not help you. Press your chin to your chest and try to use your legs as brakes.

9 Jellyfish Sting

Try to get to the shore as soon as possible and sprinkle sand on the remains of the jellyfish's tentacles.

Once dry, use item such as a credit card to clean them off in one go. Do not rub this area, as this may further release toxins into the skin.

Occurrence of dangerous situations

10. You fell through the ice

Get out in the same direction you came from, because you know that there the ice was able to support you.

Don't get on your feet crawl to the shore.

11. Lost in the forest: what to do

Use branches and leaves so that you can return along the path you have traveled. Climb to the top to see if you can get your bearings.

Now move down the slope until you find a river or other moving body of water. Follow in the direction of flow, this usually leads to a city or a village.

If you can't find it, keep moving straight ahead and follow the sun.

12. The car fell into the river

13. Actions in case of fire

As a rule, it is not fire that kills people, but smoke. Need be as low as possible as hot gases rise up.

14. Leg cramp: what to do

15. Foot stuck in seaweed

If possible, swim on your back, as you would with a cramp. If your head is underwater, try not to panic and conserve oxygen. Use your hand to push the algae off your leg until you are free.

Don't try to move, as it may worsen your situation.

16. What to do if you choke

If you're in a public place, it's best to stay there. In this case, you are more likely that someone will come to the rescue.

17. Elevator attack case

The worst thing that can be done, and what the victim often instinctively does, is to move back to the far wall of the elevator.

The best thing be in the corner near the door next to the elevator control panel. At least that way you have better control over the situation.

18. Fall from a height

No matter how hopeless this situation, there were cases when people survived. There are several factors that increase your chances.

First, take arched position(a familiar term in skydiving). Essentially, you need to stretch out as far as you can to create resistance.

Secondly, schedule a landing while avoiding the concrete surface (ideally land in the water). You can try to move to the right, for example, lowering your right shoulder and vice versa.

Finally, relax, bend your knees, feet forward and try to roll. So at least you increase your chances of a happy ending.

Dangerous and emergency situations

19. Nuclear explosion

Do not look at the flash, it will immediately blind you. If you have a good hiding place, it is best to sit there and wait for rescue.

20. Shooting at school and other premises

21. You were taken hostage

Watch everything that happens and try to understand why you were kidnapped. Perhaps this will help you find out what the kidnappers are planning to do.

Although many hostages survive, it may take several years before rescue comes. Whatever happens, don't lose hope and weigh the risks and benefits of trying to escape.

22. Crossfire

Try to assess the situation and slowly crawl back to safety.

23. Buried alive in a coffin

As unbelievable as it may sound, there have already been such cases. First and foremost, stop panicking cover your face with clothes because there is a lot of dirty work to be done.

Stretch your arms and legs up and, using your legs (which are stronger), push. Pray that the coffin is wooden. In this case, you need make a hole.

As soon as this happens, the earth will begin to crumble on you (that's what you need to pull the clothes over your head for), and you need to push it with your feet to the other end of the coffin.

Provided that you are not very deep, it is time to dig your way to the surface.

Lesson 1. City as a source of danger

Educational questions.

1. Features of the city as a habitat.

2. City security systems.

Target.

a) know:

sources and danger zones in a modern city;

services included in the city's security system, telephone numbers and information content when they are called;

b) be able to correctly inform the city security service (fire brigade, police, ambulance, gas service) about a dangerous situation by telephone.

The main content of the lesson.

Differences in the living conditions of a city dweller and a rural dweller. Sources of danger in the modern city.

For better assimilation by students of the material presented, it is advisable to accompany it with relevant examples from fiction, periodicals, as well as those that actually took place in the region.

After reviewing the sources of danger in a modern city, invite students to name the services that help people deal with emergencies. Speaking about the security system of the city, it must be emphasized that there are city and regional services.

You need to know the phone numbers of city security services by heart:

Fire Protection Service (Fire Brigade) 01

Law enforcement service (police) 02

Health Service (Ambulance) 03

Gas service 04

District utilities include: water supply, electricity, gasification system, road service. In addition, each district is divided into micro-districts, where, under the operational departments, there are elevator services, services for electrical networks, heating networks and sewerage networks.

It is very important that students correctly remember the procedure for calling the appropriate service in cases of an accident or a dangerous situation (diagram 1).

Conclusion.

Test questions.

What dangerous situations happen in urban environments? Why is it more dangerous to live in the city than in the countryside? How is the life of a city dweller different from a rural one? What do you think, what security services appeared in the cities first? Name the city and district services where you need to contact in a dangerous situation. How to inform about the help you need by phone?

Practical tasks.

Work with adults to map the hazards of the area where you live, marking busy streets, metro stations, large businesses, your home and school, power lines, utilities, etc. On this map, mark the path of your movement from home to school and back, buildings where friends live, places to cross the streets.

Compile a telephone directory with emergency telephone numbers for the city, neighborhood, and other necessary information.

1. Considering the sources of danger in a modern city, it is advisable to have as a visual aid a map (diagram) of the city (settlement) indicating potentially dangerous objects and locations of security services.

2. To develop the skills of schoolchildren to call the security services, it is desirable to have several models of telephone sets so that schoolchildren can practically practice.

Lesson 2. The house we live in

Educational questions.

1. Causes of dangerous situations in the home.

2. Possible emergency and dangerous situations in the home and the sources of their occurrence.

Target. At the end of the lesson, students should know:

about the main causes of dangerous situations in the apartment;

about what dangerous situations are possible in the apartment and what are their sources.

The main content of the lesson.

The main causes of dangerous situations in the apartment:

negligence (an open faucet, an unturned iron, a boiling kettle that flooded a gas stove);

improper handling of equipment and household appliances;

careless handling of fire and chemicals;

criminal situations (breaking, robbery). The reasons for the occurrence of dangerous situations should be stated using examples from life.

What dangerous situations happen at home (in the apartment)? Most often it is:

fire (faulty wiring and electrical engineering, careless handling of fire);

gas explosion (gas leak, unplugged stove);

flooding (faulty plumbing or a washing machine plugged in and left unattended);

poisoning (gas or chemicals);

electric shock (violation of safety rules when using electrical appliances and electrical equipment);

destruction of building structures (as a result of an earthquake or explosion).

After talking about dangerous situations that can occur in the home, ask students to provide examples.

Conclusion. Review the main points of the lesson and check how the topic is understood.

Test questions.

What are the reasons for dangerous situations in the apartment? What safety rules will you follow when leaving home?

Practical task.

Together with adults, draw up a plan of your apartment, marking on it the location of appliances and equipment that can become sources of danger (gas or electric stove, television, radio and video equipment, switches and sockets, washing machine, table lamps, floor lamps, etc. ).

Lesson 3. Fire safety rules and behavior in case of fire

Educational questions.

1. Affecting factors, causes and consequences of fires.

2. Rules of safe behavior in case of fire in the house, methods of evacuation from a burning building.

3. Primary fire fighting equipment.

Target. After studying the topic, students should:

a) know:

about the main causes and consequences of the fire;

about basic fire safety measures in everyday life;

on the rules of conduct in case of fires in the house and methods of evacuation from a burning room;

b) be able to:

act correctly in the event of a fire in the house;

evacuate from a burning building;

use primary fire extinguishing means (foam and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers);

c) have an idea:

about the main damaging factors of a fire affecting people;

on the fire resistance of building structures.

The main content of the lesson:

It is advisable to consider the first educational question.

The main five damaging fire factors that adversely affect people can be represented in the form of a diagram (Scheme 2).

The main causes of fire in the house:

careless handling of fire;

violation of safety rules when using electrical household and electric heating appliances;

violation of the rules for the storage and use of combustible and flammable liquids;

household gas leak;

carelessness, negligence and indiscipline in the use of fire;

careless handling of pyrotechnic products.

Pay special attention to the danger posed by firecrackers, firecrackers, sparklers and fireworks.

After explaining the main causes of fires in residential buildings, ask students to talk about fire safety measures in the home. The more students give suggestions, the more complete it will be possible to draw up a list of basic fire safety rules together with them:

do not play with open fire (matches, lighters, do not burn paper, do not light candles, etc.);

use only serviceable electrical appliances and electrical equipment;

do not leave unattended electric heaters (iron, electric kettle, electric stove, heaters, etc.) turned on;

do not use combustible and flammable liquids (gasoline, kerosene, thinner, acetone, household aerosols, etc.) without the permission of adults;

do not turn on gas stoves unnecessarily and do not leave lit gas burners unattended;

observe safety measures when handling pyrotechnic products (firecrackers, sparklers, crackers, fireworks, etc.);

when installing a New Year tree, do not decorate it with toys made of combustible materials (paper, cotton wool, gauze), do not hang home-made electric garlands and sparklers on it. Do not forget to turn off the electric garlands when leaving the room where the Christmas tree is installed.

Test questions.

What are the main damaging factors that affect people in a fire? List the causes of fires in residential and public buildings? What fire safety rules must be observed in the house?

Then it is advisable to consider the second training question of this topic.

Using scheme 3, try together with the students to answer how a person should behave if a fire starts in his house (apartment).

The basic rule for extinguishing a fire is as follows: cover the burning object with a thick cloth or blanket and immediately leave the room, tightly closing the door behind you.

Particular attention of students should be paid to what cannot be done in case of fire:

put out the fire before calling firefighters (during this time, a large fire may flare up);

try to exit through a smoky stairwell (hot air burns the lungs, and the smoke is very toxic);

descend from the upper floors through drainpipes and risers with the help of sheets and ropes, if there is no urgent need for this, because in the absence of skills, a fall is almost always inevitable;

jump out of windows (according to statistics, starting from the 4th floor, every second jump is fatal).

Consider the situation of leaving a burning or smoky room with students using diagram 4.

Discuss the rules of safe behavior in case you cannot leave the apartment (evacuate) during a fire in the house, discuss with students using diagram 5.

What to do if the TV caught fire (exploded)? This question can be answered using Figure 6.

Emphasize at the same time that water is a good conductor of electric current, therefore it is impossible to fill with water even a TV disconnected from the electrical network, since a large residual capacitive voltage can cause electrical injury.

When presenting material on the fire resistance of buildings and structures, be sure to indicate that the spread of fire in them largely depends on what building material they are made of. Using the drawings in the textbook, explain how fire can spread through building structures.

Test questions.

What to do if a fire starts in your apartment? Can I try to put out the fire on my own? Look at the picture and choose items that can be used for protection when leaving a smoky room. What to do if it is impossible to leave the building? What is the health hazard of leaving the TV on unattended?

Practical tasks.

Draw a floor plan of the school where your classroom is located and an escape route in case of a fire.

Imagine that you have to get out of your apartment in conditions of heavy smoke or in the dark. Draw up an escape route "blindly", describing in detail all the passages, turns, doors, etc., learn it by heart.

Then study with students the primary means of fire extinguishing.

In multi-storey residential, administrative and industrial buildings, in schools, internal fire hydrants are used to extinguish fires, which consist of:

locker;

a tap with a valve to which a fire hose is connected;

a fire hose with a connected fire barrel;

fire barrel.

When a fire is detected, you should open the cabinet, take the barrel, which is already attached to the sleeve, and run with it to the source of the fire; then, putting it down, quickly return to the tap, open the valve, then return to the barrel, take it and direct the jet to the fire. It is necessary to act towards the fire, and not follow it.

Small fires (burnings) can be extinguished with fire extinguishers. Let's get acquainted with some of them.

Chemical, foam fire extinguishers OHP-10 are designed to extinguish fires of various substances and materials, with the exception of energized electrical installations.

To bring the fire extinguisher brand OHP-10 into action, you must:

bring the fire extinguisher to the fire;

clean the spray with a hairpin or needle;

raise the handle and throw it to failure by 180 °;

turn the fire extinguisher upside down and shake;

direct the jet to the source of fire.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2 are used to extinguish the fire of various substances, the combustion of which is impossible without air access, and electrical installations under voltage.

To activate the fire extinguisher brand OU-2, you should:

break the seal, pull out the check;

point the bell at the flame;

Press the lever.

When extinguishing a fire with a fire extinguisher of this brand, it is impossible:

keep the fire extinguisher in a horizontal position or turn it upside down;

touch the bell with bare parts of the body, since the temperature on its surface can drop to -60 - -70 ° C;

when extinguishing energized electrical installations, bring the socket closer than 1 m to the electrical installation and the flame.

Test questions.

What fire extinguishers do you know? How to use them correctly? List the precautions for using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. List what can be used as improvised fire extinguishing agents?

Practical tasks.

Conduct small exercises at home with adults on extinguishing a fire (conditionally) on a TV, a New Year tree. Let them show you what to do first, and then do it yourself.

Does your home have fire extinguishers? Which? Together with adults, open the internal fire valve. See how it's equipped.

In the classroom for the study of fire safety rules, more attention should be paid to:

Proper practical implementation by students of measures to ensure a safe exit from a burning or smoky room:

protect eyes and respiratory organs;

move around by bending or crawling, covered with a dense, possibly damp cloth;

when moving up the stairwell, hold on to the handrails or walls and breathe through a damp handkerchief.

Teaching students how to properly seal doors to keep out smoke.

Studying the device and rules for using fire extinguishers of the OHP-10, OU-2 brands and an internal fire hydrant.

Lesson 4. Flooding the apartment

Educational questions.

1. Causes of flooding of the dwelling and the consequences of such a situation.

2. Rules of conduct in case of flooding of the dwelling.

Target. At the end of the lesson, students should:

a) know:

the main causes of flooding of the dwelling and measures to prevent it;

rules of conduct in case of flooding of the dwelling;

b) be able to act correctly in case of flooding of the dwelling.

The main content of the lesson

The procedure for supplying water to the apartment. Devices through which it enters to meet domestic needs (faucets, faucet, drain tank). Reasons for flooding.

Outlining the rules of conduct in the event of flooding, you can use scheme 7.

To prevent flooding, do not:

throw foreign objects into the sewer system;

clog the sink with household waste;

allow pipes and faucets to leak.

Conclusion. Review the main points of the lesson and check how the topic is understood.

Test questions.

Why does flooding happen in the apartment? How to protect yourself from this? What should be done in case of flooding?

Practical tasks.

Ask an adult to show you where the cold and hot water shut-off valves (faucets) are located in the house, how to use them? Draw a diagram of the water supply of your apartment, on which indicate the location of pipes with hot and cold water, stopcocks, faucets and other devices. Mark areas where water leaks may occur.

Find out the phone numbers of services where you should contact in case of flooding. Write them down in your emergency telephone directory.

When discussing with students possible sources of apartment flooding, it is advisable to have as a visual aid a diagram (plan) of an apartment, which shows the devices of water supply, sewerage, heating systems (faucets, valves, pipes, radiators, etc.) and places where often water leaks occur.

Draw students' attention to the fact that it is very important to know where the taps (valves) for turning off the water are located in the apartment.

Lesson 5. Electricity.

Educational questions.

1. Dangers arising from violation of the rules for handling electrical appliances and equipment.

2. Safety rules for the use of electrical appliances.

Target.

a) know:

why electricity is dangerous and what it is;

how to protect yourself from electric shock;

b) have an idea about electrical injuries.

The main content of the lesson

Electrical energy is widely used in the economy and everyday life. With its help, lighting, heating, water supply and ventilation of residential, industrial and administrative premises are produced. Without it, trolleybuses, trams, subways, cars will stop, the railway will stop, computers and TVs will not work.

But along with this, electrical energy in some cases can pose a danger to human life and health. Touching conductors of electric current often results in electrical injury or electric shock. In electrical injuries, the current usually passes through the human body, which, as a rule, leads to an electrical burn and severe muscle contraction, as a result of which ruptures of blood vessels, skin, ligaments, and even dislocations of joints and bone fractures can occur.

More severe and even tragic consequences are caused by an electric shock. For example, playing in the basement or attic of a house, next to electrical distribution boards or near electrical substations, you can accidentally, without noticing it, just for a moment touch the wires, the bare metal parts of the live fittings. This will be enough for an electric current to pass through the body, which will cause convulsive muscle contraction (electric shock). And the most dangerous can be a loss of consciousness, a violation of cardiac activity or breathing, and the most tragic is the lack of breathing and blood circulation, which is called clinical death.

To protect yourself from electric shock, remember:

do not touch bare or poorly insulated wire;

do not use faulty electrical appliances;

do not touch the switched on electrical appliance with wet hands;

do not play near electrical substations, in attics and basements, near electrical panels.

Conclusion. Review the main points of the lesson and check how the topic is understood.

Test questions.

How can an electric current strike a person? How to protect yourself from electric shock? What household electrical appliances do you have at home and do you know how to use them?

Practical task.

Help adults replace a burnt out light bulb in the house. Ask them to first show you how to do it safely, and then perform the operation yourself.

When giving students homework, draw their attention to the fact that they need to know where the general electrical switch or electric switch is located, which de-energizes the electrical network in the entire apartment.

Show students, for example, on electrical wiring from an electrical appliance that is disconnected from the mains, what and where cannot be touched, so as not to get an electrical injury.

Lesson 6. Hazardous Substances

Educational questions.

1. Hazardous substances and the degree of their adverse effects on people.

2. The effect of hazardous substances on the human body and the rules for handling them.

Target. At the end of the lesson, students should:

a) know:

what is the danger of household chemicals, gas, drugs, and how they affect the human body;

what negative impact poor-quality food has on the body, and how to avoid food poisoning;

b) be able to:

properly handle hazardous substances;

act wisely in the event of a smell of gas.

The main content of the lesson

Hazardous substances in the house: household chemicals, combustible (household) gas, medicines. Food poisoning.

Conventionally, household chemicals can be divided into four groups:

safe (do not have warning labels);

relatively safe (harmful only when it hits certain areas, for example, in the eyes);

flammable (have warning labels or symbols prohibiting their use near open flames);

poisonous (with inscriptions "poison" or special markings).

Ask schoolchildren what household chemicals are used in their home, how are they stored?

Explain to students that the most important thing to be safe about toxic chemicals is not to take or use them without adult permission.

Safety measures when handling household chemicals.

Combustible (domestic) gas. Danger of gas poisoning.

To avoid the harmful effects of household gas, adhere to the following rules:

do not do homework in the kitchen with the gas on;

do not open the gas valves to the maximum;

do not leave the switched on stove unattended. What to do if there is a smell of gas in the apartment?

Outlining the rules of conduct in this case, you can use the diagram 8.

Pay attention to students that if you smell gas, in no case should you turn on the light, light matches and candles, or use a lighter.

Next, talk about the fact that there are substances that are usually considered not just useful, but even saving - these are medicines. But many of them, if consumed in large quantities and not prescribed by a doctor, can cause severe poisoning and even death, especially in a child.

A conventional thermometer used to measure body temperature can lead to the same results. It contains, as a rule, a toxic substance - mercury. If the thermometer is broken and the necessary measures are not taken in a timely manner, then mercury vapor can cause poisoning of people. Mercury can penetrate floors, furniture, household items, and only specialists of sanitary and epidemiological supervision or civil defense can detect it.

Food. You can get poisoned not only by harmful and toxic substances, but also very often by poor-quality food. The greatest danger is represented by boiled sausages, sausages, sausages and other sausages. In the warm season, poisoning occurs more often, and this usually happens due to improper storage conditions or the lack of necessary cooking.

To avoid poisoning, you must follow the following rules:

do not collect or eat plants, mushrooms and berries that are unknown to you;

do not eat products (especially meat and dairy products) if they have expired or have an unpleasant odor and you think they are suspicious;

do not use dirty dishes;

Wash your hands before eating, wherever you are.

Conclusion. Review the main points of the lesson and check how the topic is understood.

Test questions..

What are the rules for handling hazardous chemicals known to you? What are the rules for using a gas stove, gas column? What should be done to avoid food poisoning? Tell us what you will do if your friend (girlfriend) feels bad in the absence of adults? There is an assumption that he (she) poisoned himself with something.

Practical tasks.

Conduct an audit of hazardous substances at home with adults, prepare a list of them, noting what the danger of each substance is.

Make homemade labels for toxic substances with the inscriptions: “Varnish”, “Paint”, “Poisonous”, “Flammable”. Consider attaching them to vials, jars and bottles.

Make a grocery list with an adult

In the warm season, poisoning occurs more often, and this usually happens due to improper storage conditions or the lack of necessary cooking.

Lesson 7. Explosions and their causes

Educational questions.

1. The main causes of explosions in residential buildings.

2. Rules for safe behavior during explosions and collapses of structures.

Target. At the end of the lesson, students should:

a) know why explosions occur in residential buildings and the rules of safe behavior in these cases;

b) be able to act in case of an explosion in an apartment (house).

The main content of the lesson.

Causes and consequences of explosions. Danger of using explosives and devices.

How to behave if there was an explosion in your or neighboring apartment, and you are conscious?

Turn off the electricity, gas, turn off the water. See if anyone near you has been hurt; which of the people who were with you in the apartment needs help. If the telephone is working, report the incident by calling 01, 02 or 03. Do not try to use the stairs, and even more so the elevator, to go outside, as both the stairs and the elevator could be seriously damaged, and for you this can be very dangerous.

Leave the premises only if a fire has started or there is a threat of collapse of the building structures.

Stay away from cabinets and glass partitions. If possible - go down the stairs, otherwise - settle in a safe place and wait for the rescuers. Do not panic: rescuers will come to your aid for sure, you just need to be patient. Save your strength. If you are overwhelmed by a fallen partition or furniture, try to help yourself. Give signals (knock on metal objects, ceilings) to be heard and detected. Attempt to do this when the life-saving equipment is stopped (“minutes of silence”). If you are injured, try to provide yourself with all possible first aid: stop the bleeding, get comfortable, remove sharp, hard objects from you, take cover.

Conclusion. Review the main points of the lesson and check how the topic is understood.

Test questions.

Name the causes of explosions in residential buildings. Give examples of cases of explosions in residential buildings known to you, their causes and consequences.

Lesson 8. Dangerous situations on the street

Educational questions.

1. Safety rules during ice.

2. Safety rules when meeting with a dog.

3. Safety rules in the crowd.

Target. At the end of the study of the topic, students should know the rules of safe behavior during ice, when meeting a dog and in a crowd.

The main content of the lesson.

Try to present the material about the dangers of ice, connecting the whole class to the discussion. Ask students to answer the question:

What should be done during ice to avoid falls and injuries?

Emphasize to students that falling on ice can cause injury. Therefore, one must not only be careful, but also learn to fall. You can soften the fall only by actively managing it. At this moment, you need to shrink, tighten your muscles and, having touched the ground, be sure to roll.

Turning to the consideration of safety rules when encountering dogs, point out that in recent years it has become popular to have dogs as guardians of people and homes. They import and breed dogs of fighting, guard breeds, which have increased viciousness. They can become dangerous to people. So, in England, after an accident with a pit bull terrier (a dog attacked a child and bit him), this breed was officially banned. A serious danger is the appearance in public places of a dog accompanied by a child. Therefore, in some localities (particularly in Moscow), rules have been adopted prohibiting children under 14 from accompanying dogs. What to do if a dog attacks you?

Give students the following situational problem:

You are walking in the winter next to the park, suddenly a big dog runs out at you barking. You have a club in your hands, a bag with skates.

1. Swing the club and drive the dog away.

2. Run away from her.

3. Scream, driving her away with a club, throw a bag at her.

4. Fall to the ground.

5. Stop, turning to face the dog in half a turn.

6. Tease the dog.

7. Loudly call the owner.

8. When preparing the dog for the jump, rest against it, covering the throat and face with the arm bent at the elbow.

9. Stay calm.

10. If the dog has bitten you, you need to wash the wound and go to the emergency room at the place of residence.

11. When bitten, find out where the owner of the dog lives, whether she has been vaccinated against rabies.

(5,9,7,8,11,10)

When considering the dangers that may arise while attending mass events with a large number of people, invite students to solve the following situational problem:

You and your parents went to a football match. At the end, there was a crush and confusion at the exit, besides, the lighting turned off. The panic began. You have been pushed away from your parents and you have lost sight of them. Your bag fell to the ground.

Choose your next steps from the suggested options and determine their order:

1. Shout, call your parents.

2. Stay in the middle of the crowd and after passing the bottlenecks try to get out of it.

3. Try to push people and find parents.

4. Bend over and pick up the bag.

5. Look for your parents after the hustle is over.

6. Forget about the bag, get ready, fasten your clothes.

7. Strive to leave the crowd, using a pole, pedestal, monument.

8. Call home, report that everything is in order.

9. Contact the police and report that you are lost.

(6, 2, 5, 8, 9)

How to survive in the crowd?

If you fall, you should immediately protect your head with your hands and get up! This is very difficult, but it can work out: you need to pull your legs towards you, group yourself and try to stand up with a jerk. It is unlikely that you will be able to get up from your knees in a dense crowd - you will constantly be knocked down. Therefore, one foot must rest (with a full sole) on the ground and straighten sharply, using the movement of the crowd.

If it is not possible to get up, group yourself by pressing your knees to your chest and protecting your head with your hands.

While in a crowd, try to adhere to the following rules:

avoid the edge of the crowd, avoid walls, bars, fences, storefronts (especially glass ones!), the embankment;

avoid everything motionless on the way - pillars, pedestals, trees, walls - otherwise you may simply be crushed;

do not cling to anything with your hands - bend your arms at the elbows and press them to the body, and clasp your hands in the lock;

think in advance at a concert, stadium, how you will go out - try not to be at the stage or locker room; if the panic does start, assess the situation and try to make the right decision.

If the crowd is dense but motionless, then in order to get out, start improvising, maintaining composure: pretend, for example, to be sick, crazy, pretend that you are sick, etc.

Conclusion. Review the main points of the lesson and check how the topic is understood.

Test questions.

Why is ice dangerous? What is the best way to increase the grip of your shoes on ice? How can you cushion your fall by slipping on ice? When does a dog attack a person? What should be done if you see an unattended or stray dog in the entrance? Why are crowds and panic dangerous? What should be considered when going to a stadium, a concert hall or other crowded places? How should one behave in a crowd if there is a panic?

Practical tasks.

Stick a piece of sandpaper, plaster or duct tape on the soles of your boots before going for a walk in winter. Come up with your own option for the best grip of boots.

Practice falling properly. First under the guidance and in the presence of adults, then independently.

Suppose that you are going to a festive mass event with your parents. Think about the possibility of panic. Think about how you will behave in a crowd. Prepare and wear things that will not restrict your movements. Try to imagine that you have fallen, and do those tricks a few times that will help you stand in the crowd.

Lesson 9. Modern transport - a zone of increased danger

Educational questions.

1. The main causes of traffic accidents.

2. Rules of safe behavior in transport of any kind.

Target. At the end of the lesson, students should:

a) know the main causes of traffic accidents and the rules of safe behavior when using transport;

b) be able to act correctly in case of seizure of the vehicle by terrorists.

The main content of the lesson

It is advisable to start the lesson with a repetition of the material covered in elementary school on road safety. Ask students to remember and talk about traffic accidents.

The main causes of transport accidents:

inattention of road users;

non-compliance with safety rules by vehicle drivers and passengers;

violation of traffic rules by pedestrians;

transport breakdown;

unsatisfactory condition of the carriageway of streets and roads;

bad weather conditions.

Features of modern transport: high speed, huge destructive force due to a sudden stop and collision, high fire hazard.

The vehicle is especially dangerous in the following cases:

during embarkation and disembarkation;

during emergency braking, especially in wet weather and during icy conditions;

while driving a vehicle that has malfunctions that prohibit operation.

Formulate the basic rules of safe behavior in any vehicle.

What to do if you are a hostage of terrorists? You can explain the recommended actions in such a situation using Figure 9.

Conclusion. Review the main points of the lesson and check how the topic is understood.

Test questions.

Tell us about the rules of safe behavior in the vehicle. What hazards can arise when getting into and out of a vehicle? When braking? What can a passenger do in an emergency? How to behave if you are a hostage of terrorists?

In the last lesson, we talked about special services that protect the population and distress signals, as well as how to respond to danger signals. Today we will talk about the dangers that lie in wait for us close to our homes.

In the twentieth century, cities grew at an incredible rate and the urban population increased, it is even sometimes called the century of urbanization (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Buenos Aires ()

The city has a lot of entertainment, a lot of interesting things. There is a theater, cinema, zoo, playgrounds and much more. But at the same time, the city is also fraught with many dangers. Let's think about which ones. It may seem that the city is much safer than, for example, in the desert, where a person runs the risk of dying from thirst, hunger, or poisonous snakes.

But the city is fraught with many dangers. It, in comparison with the countryside, provides certain advantages, but also has disadvantages.

If you compare life in the countryside and in the city, you can notice many differences. For example, due to physical labor, rural residents are stronger, less impact of polluting factors provides them with good health. Usually the villagers can provide their own food more easily because they grow their own vegetables; they can keep warm by collecting brushwood in the nearest forest; if necessary, construct a temporary shelter. In the case of deprivation of some of the benefits of civilization, such as: gas, electricity, water supply, it is easier for rural residents to cope than for people in the city (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Villagers are less tied to communications ()

In a healthy body healthy mind

Rural dwellers are usually in better physical shape than city dwellers. This can be explained by the fact that most people in the city are engaged in mental work, and schoolchildren do not want to attend physical education classes.

But you must understand that sport is not only good for your health, but someday it can save your life.

For example, Denis from Arkhangelsk never thought that his athletics training would be useful in his daily life (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Sports will never be superfluous ()

Returning home late, the guy passed by a tipsy company. Young people began to behave aggressively towards Denis and already wanted to rob the schoolboy, but he, thanks to his dexterity, got out of their hands and was able to escape. His pursuers were less physically prepared, so the guy remained unharmed.

Boys often think that running away is a disgrace, but don't forget that the best fight is the one that doesn't take place. Especially if there are many more attackers.

The townspeople do not have many useful skills that the villagers have, because they are simply not needed in the city. The inhabitants of the city have everything at hand: gas is supplied directly to the stoves, in order to draw water, it is enough to open the tap; any food can be bought in the nearest supermarket.

There are many people in the city, but among them there are not so many acquaintances among themselves, often even neighbors do not know each other. In the village, everyone knows each other, they know who is an asocial element. If any danger appears, everyone immediately becomes aware of it, the same applies to new people.

Life in the city is much more dynamic. Many people have to get to work an hour or two, for this you need to use public transport or a personal vehicle. Often this causes tension and fatigue in people, and they have to return from work in the same way, which only increases stress and negatively affects human behavior (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Skirmishes between drivers lead to stress ()

Road and danger

You all know that the greatest danger on the road is faulty transport and negligent drivers. You are told from a very early age that it is dangerous to play near the roadway, that you need to look left and right before crossing the road.

In addition to dangerous cars, there are other dangers on the road. The road is very dangerous in winter: due to snowfalls, visibility can deteriorate. Ice is dangerous for injuries, which is a frequent occurrence on our roads (Fig. 5). Therefore, in winter, both pedestrians and drivers need to be extremely careful on the roads.

Rice. 5. Ice is dangerous for injuries ()

Road hazards are also open manholes, potholes (you might not notice it because of bad weather and injure your leg, or your parents might drive into a pothole and ruin cars or even get hurt yourself). The danger is represented by tram tracks passing along the roads, because you can stumble and get hurt on them.

A rural resident works most of the time near his home, so he does not experience the inconveniences that are in the city. Also life in the countryside is more predictable and therefore calmer.

The entertainment that abounds in the city takes place in the evening, so people have to return home at a later time, which increases the risk of encountering criminal elements.

The health of citizens is threatened by many plants and factories located in cities. Natural disasters can easily deprive citizens of communications, the absence of which greatly complicates life. Yes, and accidents at various utilities threaten the life and health of city residents (Fig. 6). Hail, rain, ice, snowstorm increase the number of traffic accidents.

Rice. 6. Emissions from factories are harmful to health ()

Many of the described problems are less relevant for the villagers, because they are less attached to communications. However, the villages have their own problems. Much more often, villages suffer from natural phenomena. For example, floods, storms, strong hail can deprive the entire village of the harvest (Fig. 7). In emergency situations, it is more difficult for rescuers to help the victims.

Rice. 7. The consequences of bad weather for cereals ()

Powerful cataclysms can wipe out an entire settlement from the face of the earth. Although especially dangerous cataclysms, like an earthquake or floods, can cause great damage to the city, which is especially vulnerable due to the density of the population and dense buildings.

Comparing the features of life in the city and in the countryside, we can identify the main dangers of the city and their causes:

The presence of many communications and the possibility of accidents on them;

People with evil intentions and asocial elements;

The abundance of transport and its vulnerability in bad weather;

Pollution from plants, factories and transport;

The need to often be in crowded places.

Summing up the lesson, we can conclude that both urban and rural residents are affected by all types of adverse factors: man-made, natural and social. But rural residents are less vulnerable to technogenic and social hazards.

Learn useful skills

We said that the villagers are more adapted to life in nature and have many useful skills. You can get them too.

To gain skills in kindling a fire in nature, to learn how to equip an overnight stay in the forest, to recognize edible and inedible mushrooms and plants, you will be taught in the Young Tourist circle. In addition, it is very interesting, because even traveling around your native land, you will discover a lot of new and interesting things.

Also useful will be the knowledge gained in the lessons of life safety and biology, natural science.

Rice. 8. Screen adaptation of the book "Mysterious Island" ()

Remember the heroes of adventure novels by Jules Verne (Fig. 8), they survived thanks to knowledge and skills. The heroes of the novel "The Mysterious Island" were very useful for the extensive knowledge of one of the heroes in natural science. Thanks to the young naturalist, the heroes knew which plants are useful and which are poisonous, and they knew which animals are best to hunt.

As they say, you can’t carry knowledge behind your shoulders, so try to learn as much as possible, knowledge and skills can be useful to you both in everyday life and in extreme situations.

Bibliography

Fundamentals of life safety: 5th grade: a textbook for educational institutions / M.P. Frolov [et al.] ed. Yu.L. Vorobyov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2013, 174 p.: ill. Polyakov V.V., Kuznetsov M.I. and others, ed. Latchuka V.N. Fundamentals of life safety. Grade 5 - 2012, 160 p.
Smirnov A.T., Khrennikov B.O. Fundamentals of life safety. Grade 5 - 2012, 191 p.

Vigivanie.com().
Video.yandex.ua ().
Vetkaivi.ru ().

Homework

Answer the questions on page 25. Fundamentals of life safety: Grade 5: a textbook for educational institutions / M.P. Yu.L. Vorobyov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2013, 174 p.: ill.
Make a comparative table of life in the village and the city with all the pros and cons
* Describe your ideal city to live in.

In the twentieth century, cities grew at an incredible rate and the urban population increased, it is even sometimes called the century of urbanization (Fig. 1).

But the city is fraught with many dangers. It, in comparison with the countryside, provides certain advantages, but also has disadvantages.

Rice. 2. Villagers are less tied to communications ()

In a healthy body healthy mind

But you must understand that sport is not only good for your health, but someday it can save your life.

For example, Denis from Arkhangelsk never thought that his athletics training would be useful in his daily life (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Sports will never be superfluous ()

Boys often think that running away is a disgrace, but don't forget that the best fight is the one that doesn't take place. Especially if there are many more attackers.

Rice. 4. Skirmishes between drivers lead to stress ()

Road and danger

Rice. 5. Ice is dangerous for injuries ()

A rural resident works most of the time near his home, so he does not experience the inconveniences that are in the city. Also life in the countryside is more predictable and therefore calmer.

The entertainment that abounds in the city takes place in the evening, so people have to return home at a later time, which increases the risk of encountering criminal elements.

Rice. 6. Emissions from factories are harmful to health ()

Rice. 7. The consequences of bad weather for cereals ()

Comparing the features of life in the city and in the countryside, we can identify the main dangers of the city and their causes:

The presence of many communications and the possibility of accidents on them;

People with evil intentions and asocial elements;

The abundance of transport and its vulnerability in bad weather;

Pollution from plants, factories and transport;

The need to often be in crowded places.

Learn useful skills

We said that the villagers are more adapted to life in nature and have many useful skills. You can get them too.

Also useful will be the knowledge gained in the lessons of life safety and biology, natural science.

Rice. 8. Screen adaptation of the book "Mysterious Island" ()

As they say, you can’t carry knowledge behind your shoulders, so try to learn as much as possible, knowledge and skills can be useful to you both in everyday life and in extreme situations.

summary http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/obzh/5-klass

Files

There are no additional materials for this lesson.

Portal for the student. Self-training

What is a dangerous situation? Definition

What is an emergency?

Typology

Rampant elements

technogenic world

Fires and explosions

The Chernobyl accident

Cause of social dangers

Hazard types

Conclusion

Terminology

Reasons and sources

Technogenic risks

Natural disasters

Socially dangerous situations

Combined sources

Natural-technogenic

natural-social

Socio-technogenic

Personal protective measures

How to learn it?

State structures

Fundamental rules

Conclusion

Rules of conduct in dangerous situations

1. Crush

2. Dog attack

3. Plane crash

Dangerous situations of a natural nature

4. Snow avalanche

5. Behavior during a thunderstorm

6. Tornado

7. Big Wave

8. Fall from the mountainside

9 Jellyfish Sting

Occurrence of dangerous situations

10. You fell through the ice

11. Lost in the forest: what to do

12. The car fell into the river

13. Actions in case of fire

14. Leg cramp: what to do

15. Foot stuck in seaweed

16. What to do if you choke

17. Elevator attack case

18. Fall from a height

Dangerous and emergency situations

19. Nuclear explosion

20. Shooting at school and other premises

21. You were taken hostage

22. Crossfire

23. Buried alive in a coffin

Rules of conduct in dangerous situations

1. Crush

2. Dog attack

3. Plane crash

Dangerous situations of a natural nature

4. Snow avalanche

5. Behavior during a thunderstorm

6. Tornado

7. Big Wave

8. Fall from the mountainside

9 Jellyfish Sting

Occurrence of dangerous situations

10. You fell through the ice

11. Lost in the forest: what to do

12. The car fell into the river

13. Actions in case of fire

14. Leg cramp: what to do

15. Foot stuck in seaweed

16. What to do if you choke

17. Elevator attack case

18. Fall from a height

Dangerous and emergency situations

19. Nuclear explosion

20. Shooting at school and other premises

21. You were taken hostage

22. Crossfire

23. Buried alive in a coffin

In a healthy body healthy mind