"Have you seen Lenin?"

(Dedicated to the 140th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Ulyanov)
(Dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the death of Vladimir Zworykin)

Vladimir Kozmich Zworykin was born on July 17 (29), 1888 in the city of Murom, Vladimir province, Russian Empire - died July 29, 1982, Princeton, New Jersey, USA - a Russian engineer who lived half his life in America, the "father" of modern television. He was a radio engineer with Kolchak during the "civil war in Russia", in 1919, as it happened, he ended up in America.

Today's opportunities for using the Internet were provided to us by developments, first of all, by Vladimir Zworykin. It was he who made every effort to develop telecommunications.

Real Zworykin project, Zworykin project is not the invention of technical devices per se. The project is to ensure that there is a free exchange of information and the world is ruled by truth, not lies!

Vladimir Zworykin did everything for the freedom of Russia.

Vladimir Kozmich Zworykin was very upset when he saw how television was being used in the United States and in other countries. At home, he did not keep a TV at all. Vladimir continued to work to make the exchange of information possible for ordinary people, and not just for the propagandists of the occupation regimes.

Vladimir Zworykin dreamed of publishing such an article for Russia and the whole world.

TEXT OF THE ARTICLE:

From a legal point of view, before the knowledge of history was SPECIAL - the knowledge of the few. Now, with the development of the Internet, knowledge of history has become UNIVERSAL. The discrepancy between general knowledge and the official interpretation makes the society consider the power of occupation. It is necessary to harmonize the official interpretation with general knowledge.

After the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution on the leading role of the party, everything that historians write, they write at their own peril and risk. The Ministry of Education provides educational services and therefore it falls under the Federal Law "On the Protection of Consumer Rights in the Russian Federation". When textbooks with a false history are purchased with state money, then when purchasing more than 1 million rubles, damage occurs on an especially large scale and this requires the application of the relevant articles of the Criminal Code to officials.

I would like to ask a question to historians: - "Is 19 years enough to bring history into the semblance of science? Maybe there is not enough knowledge? Maybe you need help from other specialists?"

Before the answer, let's start helping! As you know, various forces took part in the seizure of power in Russia, and therefore, it is necessary to consider several versions of the events of 1917:
1. Revolution as a result of the class struggle (official interpretation);
2. Revolution, as a result of the seizure of power by "Jewish Freemasons", Jews (a popular alternative version);
3. Revolution as a result of the seizure of power in Russia by Germany (popular version in 1917 and later);
4. Revolution, as a result of the seizure of power in Russia by agents of England (today this version is being implemented);
5. Revolution as a result of the capture of Russia by the United States of America (version by Professor Anthony Sutton, USA).

Considering that scientific knowledge must correspond to practice, the author of the article conducted a study of newspaper publications for the period of the early 20th century. The publications of the New York Times from 1900 to 1922 were analyzed. Articles in the newspaper were conditionally divided into three groups:
1. Short blocks of news, without the judgments of the authors;
2. Interviews of participants and witnesses;
3. Analytical articles where correspondents express their opinion about events are considered subjective and are not taken into account.

The New York Times was taken for analysis because, in fact, it was published at the New York Stock Exchange and should contain the maximum amount of information so that players on the stock exchange can assess the risks of their investments. In turn, players' requests for objective information forced the newspaper to maintain a high level of publications. Goebels had not yet corrupted the journalists. The newspaper reprinted literally every news article from newspapers around the world. The share of news from and about Russia occupies a significant part of all publications.

The articles were analyzed in their entirety and separately in order to search for "traces of crimes", see "forensic science".
As a result of a comparative study, by comparison, coincidences were established, the totality of which allows us to conclude that the United States played a leading role in the events of 1917. Further, we must say that the United States captured Russia in 1917. A practical confirmation of the version of Professor Anthony Sutton (USA) was found, which allows us to talk about its scientific character. Additionally, the active participation of ethnic Jewish organized crime groups (organized criminal groups) was found, which allows us to conclude that the American special services used them as agents. The use of ethnic organized crime groups by intelligence services is quite a typical phenomenon in the 20th century, because the very structure of such organized crime groups, the possession of a different language, implies the closure of information from outsiders, mutual responsibility, etc.

The participation of the rest of the "suspects", if there was, then it was intermittent, short-term and practically unprofitable, therefore, further these versions must be considered unconfirmed.

The version of "class struggle" also did not find its confirmation.

In the future, when describing events, it is necessary to use legal terminology. It is not permissible to describe the participation of Jews in general, as a people, but we must talk about the participation of Jewish organized crime groups.

If you look at the situation as a whole, then you can use the following thesis:
The leading role was played by Jewish organized crime groups - they financed terrorist activities. “They mastered the money”, participated in the terrorism of organized crime groups of all nationalities, including Russians.

Why were Jewish organized crime groups used in Russia? Analyzing the information and statistics, we can conclude that this was the result of circumstances, because in Poland there were 3.5 million Jews (in 1910), and in Chicago there were 250,000 Jews, many of them emigrants from Russia. Chicago in 1910 was the third largest city in the world in terms of the number of Jews, and Warsaw was the first. Crime exists in any national environment, and here it was directly in Chicago - at the "headquarters" of J.P. Morgan and his associates.

In almost all events, starting with Bloody Sunday, the participation of US officials in organizing terrorism in Russia and the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 can be traced. A prominent role in all events was played by Theodore Roosevelt - Colonel Roosevelt. It is possible that he was the shadow, real leader of the Root mission and, perhaps, Roosevelt directly placed people in leadership positions in Bolshevik Russia.

Research conclusion: On February 23, 1917, the United States of America captured Russia using Jewish organized crime groups.

It is known that Lev Bronstein (Trotsky) wrote about the future course of the revolution in Russia.
On March 16, after the forcible removal of the tsar (there is no objective data on the abdication), an interview of Leon Trotsky was published in Novy Mir (NY USA) before leaving New York for Russia: “. ..The committee that took the place of the deposed cabinet of ministers in Russia does not represent the interests or goals of the revolutionaries, which means, in all likelihood, it will not last long and will give way to people who will more confidently conduct democratization Russia” .

Joseph Lincoln Steffens (April 6, 1866 – August 9, 1936) was an American journalist, lecturer, philosopher, and political scientist, and one of the most famous practitioners of the journalistic style that is called "meticulous", writing about events in 1917: " The reason for the problems in Russia has been underestimated because no one in the world knows who the real owner of Russia is. These are the people who really control, "-" said Mr. Steffens. We are making the mistake of only contacting an apparent provisional government. And don't forget in the meantime, the real rulers are busy settling economic issues for Russia and leaving politics alone for now." .

Consider the "obvious, secondary" leaders of Russia who replaced the "Provisional Government". Lev Bronstein (Trotsky) - Jennings K. Wise writes about him in the book “Woodrow Wilson” (US President in 1917) “The Disciple of the Revolution”: “ Historians must never forget that Woodrow Wilson, despite the opposition of the British police, gave Leon Trotsky the opportunity to enter Russia with an American passport.”.

Trotsky was released from a German POW camp in May 1917, where he was placed at the insistence of the British. " Canadian officials were instructed to inform the press that Trotsky was an American citizen traveling on an American passport, and that his release had been specifically requested by the State Department in Washington. Trotsky had and continues to have a strong latent influence. There his power was so great that orders were given to give him every attention.”, writes McLean, in Ottawa. That is, Trotsky received diplomatic immunity as a US official.

Together with Trotsky, the entire period from 1917 and including 1920, Nikolai Lenin has been acting. Only in 1920 did the public begin to learn that Lenin was "Vladimir Ilyich". One of the first such publications is dated November 7, 1920 and is called "Gorky to Lenin."

There are incessant allegations that Nikolai Lenin was a "German spy". However, according to Anthony Sutton, Lenin's secretary was a representative of the American Red Cross Mission (Mission Root) Boris Reinstein - he was listed as an interpreter for a group of US Army officers. The grandson of Secretary Lenin is today a federal judge in the United States, examining cassations in criminal cases.

The question will seem fair, but are Nikolai Lenin and Vladimir Ulyanov the same person, as official history claims? The names are different and no evidence has been presented to the public. There is a popular rumor that the patriots managed to kill Lenin. Let's check?

When trying to find photographs of Lenin in 1917-1920, we find that there are practically none. The author of the article conducted a total search for photographs and a selection of those that are suitable for a comparative study in terms of forensic portrait examination. The success is that one of the newsreel frames gives us the necessary angle. All photos are shown and we begin to conduct a portrait examination.

CONCLUSION

A study of well-known photographic images of Lenin and one frame of newsreel.

Let's approach the issue from the point of view of a forensic portrait examination. Compare images in photographs.

There is asymmetry in the photo - the right side of the face is smaller than the left side.

There is asymmetry in the photo - the left side of the face is smaller than the right side.

When conducting a comparative study, a difference was found on a common basis - asymmetry is different. This allows us to make a categorical conclusion that Nikolai Lenin in 1917 and Vladimir Ulyanov are different people.

The party members were repeatedly pointed out that "Lenin in 17 does not look like", but they came up with a version that this is "Lenin in makeup." The conducted examination does not confirm, but categorically refutes this version.

The conclusion is published in the article: Kolmykov A.N. Legal liability for falsification of history. Revolution in Russia in 1917. / Monthly scientific journal "Discussion", No. 3, Yekaterinburg, March 2010, p. 8-11. ISSN 2077-7639; ISBN 978-5-91256 UDC code: 94; 34.096.

The next question is: "And who was buried in 1924 under the name V.I. Lenin?" We will again conduct a forensic (portrait) examination.

In the presented photo you see a corpse where the face is turned in profile. This photograph is suitable for identifying the identity of the person whose corpse is depicted. For comparison, let's take a photograph of young V. Ulyanov when he was in Samara in 1890 and a photograph of Nikolai Lenin in 1917-1918.

When conducting a comparative study using the comparison method, a difference was found in general anatomical and particular features of the structure of the auricle. This allows us to make a categorical conclusion that V.I. Ulyanov is not the person who is known as Nikolai Lenin in 1917-1918 and is not the person who was captured in front of the sound recording apparatus and later buried under the name V.I. Lenin.

Expert opinion posted on the international scientific network

If we analyze all the known photographs of V.I. Lenin, which are presented in the photo album of the Central Committee of the CPSU, then it is noteworthy that Ulyanov was not captured at public events (see). Together with the fact that "Vladimir Ilyich" was first mentioned in the press only on November 7, 1920 in Gorky's article "Gorky to Lenin" (a single incomprehensible article, backdated stuffing?), we can conclude: Ulyanov was "involved in work in the occupation administration only at the end of 1920. Ulyanov's role was to ensure that an unknown person on the podium could call himself a Russian name. That is, Ulyanov's merit in the cause of the revolution is only that he turned out to be similar to one of the Russian-speaking leaders of the "occupation regime." This allows even today to attribute all the blame for the revolution and the genocide of the peoples of Russia to the Russians. There should be no doubt that the Samara lawyer Ulyanov V.I. not guilty of the genocide of the peoples of Russia and unrest on a global scale. He himself suffered and how he died, where he is buried is not yet known.

The events of the 1917 revolution in Russia today in history are presented in such a way that they were semi-literate, uneducated people with a low level of intelligence, and their leader was V.I. Ulyanov. Taking a closer look, it has been established that the characters known to us are only a poster of the occupation administration. Behind them were other people and they are roughly known.

I give an incomplete list of actors, where the names of the companies are in brackets:

Thompson (Federal Reserve Bank of N.Y.)
Andrews (Liggett & Myers Tobacco)
Barr (Chase National Bank)
Brown (c/o William B. Thompson)
Cochran (McCann Co.)
Kelleher (c/o William B. Thompson)
Nicholson (Swirl & Co.)
Pirnie (Hazen, Whipple & Fuller)
Redfield (Stetson, Jennings & Russell)
Robins (mining promoter)
Swift (Swift & Co.)
Thacher (Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett)
Wardwell (Stetson, Jennings & Russell)
Whipple (Hazen, Whipple & Fuller)
Corse (National City Bank)
Magnuson (Thompson representative)
Hardy (lawyer)

The "propaganda department" (ministry) of the occupation administration was headed by Boris Reinstein - the US Socialist Party, Thompson's man. The leading member of the "propaganda department" was the well-known American journalist John Reed (John Silas Reed) - "the face of the firm", "the face of the regime."

Noteworthy is the fact that the date of John Reed's death is October 17, 1920 - before the publication of the article "Gorky to Lenin". Perhaps John Reed did not agree to name "Lenin" Ulyanov in the new reprint of the book "10 Days That Shook the World"? This requires a thorough investigation, as the death of a US citizen in Russia under such strange circumstances is our common cause with the United States. The newspapers wrote that the Russians shot them all (see).

Considering that Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Trotsky) was also an American citizen, it is most likely that “V.I. It is obvious that Ulyanov V.I. was needed to give Russianness to all that power. His name was simply used. The fate of Vladimir Ulyanov was apparently sad and unenviable. After the death of V.I. Lenin, Ulyanov could no longer survive.

What actually happened at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia and in the world?

Publications in the New York Times. Bloody Sunday and the revolution of 1905, etc.

January 9, 1905 (December 27, 1904 in Russia). The Japanese are glorified at the Carnegie Hall in New York, USA.

That the Japanese are a generous people showed yesterday afternoon when a big rally was held at the Carnegie Hall.
500 Japanese New Yorkers who were gathered so they could celebrate the fall of Port Arthur. Everyone welcomed the mention of Catherine's Russia long and loud. General S. L. Woodford only told the listeners that the Americans love the Japanese because they are brave in battle and generous in victory. "It may be difficult for some of you to understand why America watches your struggle in the Far East with such great sympathy. For a century and a half, our nation has been moving towards friendship with Russia. During our trial, when we were fighting England for our independence, Ekaterina was our friend and she gave us help when we needed it the most [Long hello.]
"Our national existence was threatened by a split forty years ago and was saved after four years of bloody war. In that hour of darkness, Russia was again our friend. [Long applause.]
Japan, since the beginning of her war with Russia, has suddenly moved in a certain sense like an older sister over a younger sister. A little more than fifty-one years ago, a US naval officer sailed to Yokahoma and was warmly received. Through his assistance, agreements were signed and, in a sense, America introduced Japan to the modern world. Since that memorable occasion we have become accustomed to your customs, beliefs and traditions, at the same time you accept our higher education and the enlightenment of civilization.
Today you are at war against one of the most powerful nations in existence and America is bound by strict neutrality. At the same time, we cannot help acknowledging that you stand for progress and contemporary ideals. For this reason, I ask God to crown you with final victory: Such a Japan will continue for centuries, promoting the civilization and education that Russia will one day begin on the same mission."

The meeting was intended exclusively for Japanese residents, but two Americans, General Woodford and A.Tison, promised to speak. Other Americans welcomed them just as warmly. Every seat in the hall was occupied in advance by order, and many Japanese stood in the rear of the hall. Consul General to the US S. Uchida presided and every Japanese merchant of any prominence was in attendance, as were the Japanese students in Columbia. The Consul General spoke English. He said:
"The fall of Port Arthur does not necessarily mean the end of the war, but we all sincerely hope that this will lead Russia to a decision to accept our terms of peace. The purpose of our meeting today is to celebrate our victory and help the families of brave soldiers and sailors with money who died instead of spending our money on a feast in honor of their success. Every cent can help, you need to cheerfully give money. "
At the end of his performance were "Banzais" for the Emperor of Japan. The Japanese National Anthem was sung and "Banzais" were given for President Roosevelt, General Nogi and Admiral Togo.
__________________
They were in no hurry. Our cruiser squadron has not yet approached and cut off Japan from the United States. The cruisers were unloaded by all US transports in Vladivostok—read "Cruisers".

At that moment, the Russian squadron circled Africa and passed Madagascar, entered the Indian Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, this is a period of storms, and therefore the passage of the squadron across the ocean at this time of the year was unexpected for the enemy. As for the subsequent peace treaty with Japan, there were publications in the foreign press that "Japan paid off the Russian Tsar."
___________________

TOKYO. January 12. — — The Japanese War Office notified US Secretary Griscom that it would request permission for General McArthur and his aide to come to the troop station to accompany the Japanese army in Manchuria. Now two British generals are escorting the troops. America's actions expedient in the parcel of an official of the same high rank.

TOKIO, January 24. - The Japanese are keenly watching the events in Russia, newspaper publications describing the riots are eagerly snapped up and read. People have been shocked by the deaths taking place in St. Petersburg and there is a widespread belief that the authorities in Russia are powerless to stop the flow of reforms and that the collapse of the bureaucratic system should end the war.
A member of the foreign legation said: "The war is over, the Russian people are crushed with an iron heel. This will cause a crisis. The Japanese army will now fight the slain Russian people."
The Emperor of Japan today received Minister Griscom and the staff of the American legation in a special auditorium, and later entertained them at breakfast.
While the streets of Tokio were ringing with news of the riots in St. Petersburg, the Mikado, through Mr. Griscom, expressed to President Roosevelt his great satisfaction in the cordial relations between Japan and America. He paid a high compliment to the United States for the courtesy shown to Prince Fushimla; during his recent US tour.
In response, Mr. Graisky thanked. For interest, Japan showed at the St. Louis Exposion 1 a vessel prepared for Prince Fushimi in case of his visit.
At that breakfast, which was attended by His Majesty the Prince, President Roosevelt, excited by alcohol, spoke highly of the staff of the Japanese diplomatic mission in the United States.

1907 Report on Terrorism in Russia for September 1907

Statistics on terrorist acts for the past month of September.

St. Petersburg, October 16, 1907. - Police statistics released today regarding terrorism during the month of September show that 34 people were executed, that 207, including 73 officers, were killed, and 172 people were injured in various clashes. The statistics do not include victims of anti-Semitic riots in Odessa, Rostov and Simferopol. Police report 163 armed attacks on buildings or government officials and 34 thefts from ammunition and explosives depots.

____________________________________

Some data for example from a review of transport experts published in the New York Times during that period:

Until 1917, the total tonnage of cargo traffic through the Ladoga canals was equal to the Suez Canal.

Oil production in Baku accounted for 50% of world oil production.

1000 steam locomotives were produced per year, and after 17 years - 25 units.

In Russia, a stabilizer for artillery systems was developed and it began to be used in the Russian IMF as early as 1907.

In Russia, they began to make the world's first color photographs (see).

There were no prerequisites for a revolution due to the class struggle in Russia:
"Recent local government elections throughout Russia have been cited today to show the low respect that the Bolsheviks and extremists have in the country as a whole. They have been defeated almost everywhere, voting for their candidates has marginal results - less than 10%" .

Events in 1917 developed as follows:
In February, a meeting of the allies was held in St. Petersburg, where they discussed the spring offensive and the future division of Europe into spheres of influence. Russia took everything as much as possible and the order for the spring offensive was already ready. The fact that the victory is already in the hands of Russia, no one doubted. The United States did not attend the meeting because they were neutral in the war, and according to some reports they were secret allies of Germany (the scenario was repeated in WWII).

The results of the meeting became known to the United States, this development of events did not suit them and they began to act.

On February 23, 1917, a workers' strike began in St. Petersburg, which lasted two weeks and everything was paid for a simple worker. "Trade networks" blocked the supply of food to the capital to stimulate unrest. At the same time, the tsar was forcibly captured and arrested by the forces of the conspirators - a military coup. On behalf of the arrested king, a number of statements were made and documents were signed.

The United States involved the structure of the Zionists, who were collecting money from all the "shekel givers" of Russia. In May 1917 a Zionist congress was held. It was covered by literally all the world's media. There were about 1500 delegates from all over Russia. On the basis of the structure of the Zionists, "Soviets" were created throughout Russia.

In the absence of the police, "criminal lawlessness" began in the country, and by the autumn the slogan "on the need for a firm hand" appeared. Under this slogan, the planned transfer of power to the "Bolsheviks" took place, which was announced at a press conference on November 9, and the holiday was appointed on the birthday of Bronstein (Trotsky) - November 7. The name "Bolsheviks" confused many, but in fact they lost the election.

To organize and carry out activities to capture Russia, an operational headquarters was deployed on the basis of the US military mission in Russia in St. Petersburg. This headquarters operated throughout 1917. The future occupation administration was formed from Russian-speaking Americans. US State Department on a contract basis in May 1917. recruited the leader of the US Socialist Party, Boris Reinstein. He came up with an ideological disguise for the occupiers in the form of "communism" and later, under the name of Lenin Reinstein, apparently, they put it in the Mausoleum. He is rightfully the "real Lenin". He came up with everything. "Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)" began to be used later in 1924 to blame everything on the Russians. The main thing among the Bolsheviks was always "Nikolai Lenin" and the patriots continuously hunted him.

In June 1918, apparently, the first Nikolai Lenin was killed, who was allegedly "Lenin in makeup" and who was described by John Reed in the book "10 Days That Shook the World." The rebellious central part of Russia forced the Bolsheviks to flee. All the exchanges exploded with the growth of the securities of tsarist Russia. There were confident reports that the Bolshevik regime had fallen.

London Newspaper: RUSSIAN BONDS GO HIGH. There is a further increase in reports of the overthrow of the Bolsheviks. This is considered good news from Russia.
There are reports of the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government. All this stimulated yesterday a further increase in the price of Imperial Russian Government bonds. Within a few days, they announced the growth of Russian securities on the English stock exchange.
5.5 interest bonds due on December 1, 1921 sold at 36.3 on Tuesday and already at 41 on Thursday. Yesterday, the growth was another 6 points, they were selling at 47.
6.5 interest-bearing bonds due on June 18, 1919, advanced 5 points the following year, selling at 47. On Tuesday, these bonds were listed at 38 more, and Thursday's sales reported 42...
.

On June 29, 1918, the United States decided to begin providing open military and other assistance to the Bolsheviks - published in N. Times.

WASHINGTON. The American Government believes that it is necessary to help Russia. Today it became known that the first step has already been considered. Unofficial assistance will be provided through American business and industrial leaders. This eliminates the publication of detailed reports to the general public, which are required to be done through diplomatic or political lines. Groups of men who will carry expert advice and material assistance along with America's expression of disinterested friendship to the Russian people are now being discussed. They will include only men familiar with the economy, the Russian language and transportation conditions.Police protection is sufficient, and therefore the use of military force will be avoided.Officials declined to discuss this phase of the situation, realizing that Germany would seize on this intention of the United States. For this reason, it is likely that the full details of the assistance to be offered will not be disclosed until the Germans learn of it from actual execution... .

The alignment of the "NATO" grouping of troops as of March 2-6, 1919. we know from the report at the First International Communist Congress (Comintern). Diplomatic missions are located in Vologda, because in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the people are offering armed resistance and it is dangerous for enemies to be. From Trotsky's speech: “Our military situation last August was extremely dangerous. Moreover, we were caught in a ring. Enemies surrounded Moscow...(on the events of the summer of 1918, when the Bolsheviks fled)"

From the materials of the congress as of March 2-6, 19, when Trotsky no longer feels danger:

Foreign armies are standing around Moscow and St. Petersburg. The northern ports of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk are occupied by the British fleet. The Northern Territories are occupied by the British, French and American soldiers. In the Far East, Japan controls a large Russian territory, while American soldiers control the Trans-Siberian Railway.

White Army:
Denikin's troops are deployed in southern Russia. Admiral Kolchak crossed the Urals and on the outskirts of the cities of Kazan, Samara, and Kirov ...

Where then was the Russian to escape? Only in China, Australia and South America. The “World War”, which began back in the Russo-Japanese War, ended with the defeat of Russia and its capture.

Note: Photo shows Trotsky in US Marine uniform - dated 1920.

To better understand what Russia was like at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, I want to quote the words of Leo Tolstoy from his letter to Nicholas 2 dated January 16, 1906. None of the historians described the situation in Russia of that era better.

Russia is in a position of increased protection, that is, outside the law. The army and police (explicit and covert) are increasing. The prisons are overcrowded. Even workers are now equated with political prisoners. Censorship has reached the absurdity of prohibitions, which it has never reached. Religious persecution has never been so strong. As a result, those 100 million, on which the power of Russia is based, are impoverished. So impoverished that hunger has now become a normal phenomenon. Even 50 years ago, under Nicholas 1, the prestige of tsarist power was very high. Now it has fallen so that even representatives of the lower classes criticize not only the government, but even the king.

Lev Tolstoy

Population

The first official census (without economic overtones) in the Russian Empire took place in 1897 and counted 125 million people in the country. The second census of 1914 recorded 178.1 million people (an increase of 53.1 million over 17 years). The population growth rate was high and it was calculated that if Russia manages to pass without external and internal shocks until the middle of the 20th century, then the population in the country will be about 350 million inhabitants.

Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was a multinational country. The same 1914 census recorded the following composition of the population:

• Russians - 44.6%
• Ukrainians - 18.1%
• Poles - 6.5%
• Jews - 4.2%
• Belarusians - 4.0%
• Kazakhs - 2.7%
• Other nations - each no more than 2%

The official language of the Russian Empire in the early 20th century is Russian. At the same time, there was no harassment on the basis of language, and other peoples could use their language for communication.

Estates

An important characteristic of the Russian population at the beginning of the 20th century is the preservation of estates. The bulk of the population are peasants, whose estate made up just over 80% of the country's population. The nobility in Russia was about 1.5%, but it was the leading estate that held power together. The nobility was not united, they were divided into hereditary and personal.

The problem of the nobility was acute in Russia, because according to reform of 1861 nobles were formally deprived of all exclusive land use rights. This was the starting point, after which the positions of the nobility began to deteriorate, and with them the power of the Emperor became less and less strong. As a result, the events of 1917 happened.

A separate important estate in Russia is the clergy. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was divided into categories:

• Black (monastic). Monks who have taken a vow of celibacy.
• White (parish). Priests who are allowed to have a family.

Despite the important status of the clergy, the church continued to be under the control of the state.

autonomy

Autonomy is a characteristic feature of the development of the Russian state. The empire, adding new lands to its composition, in most cases granted autonomy to these lands, preserving their national traditions, religion, and so on. The most complete autonomy was in Finland, which had its own parliament, legislation and money. I specifically emphasized this system of preserving autonomies, which was relevant back in the early 20th century, so that you can compare how Russia annexed regions and how Western countries did it. Suffice it to recall that as a result of the colonization of North America by Europeans, the Indians (the indigenous population was almost completely exterminated, and the part that remained alive was placed in special reservations - cattle pens, it is impossible to get out of.

Autonomy was also granted to the peoples of the Baltics and Poland in the west. The autonomy of these regions was curtailed in terms of political freedoms, since, for example, the Polish population always advocated the restoration of the Polish state, and therefore actively fought underground against Russia.

The best indicator of the preservation of the cultural integrity of the autonomies was religion. Despite the dominance of the Orthodox Church (76% of the population), other religions also persisted: Islam (11.9%), Judaism (3.1%), Protestantism (2.0%), Catholicism (1.2%).

Territory

At the beginning of the last century, Russia was geographically at its peak, and naturally it was the largest country in the world. The western borders of the state passed with Norway, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.

The Russian state included: modern Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, partly Poland. I want to note that the current capital of Poland, Warsaw, at the beginning of the 20th century was part of Russia.

We considered the territory of Russia in Europe, since it was the theater where the main actions of that era took place. If we talk about Asia - there, as part of Russia, all the states that later joined the USSR were also completely included.

Governance and laws

Russia at the beginning of the 20th century continued to be a monarchy, when in the 1st article of the code of laws of the country it was written that "the emperor is an autocrat with unlimited power." Power in the country was inherited, the eldest in the family. In this case, preference was given to males.

Control system

The main figure in the country was the Emperor. He owned the main functions in the government of the country. Herself Romanov dynasty and all the people who belonged to her had influence on the emperor and influenced the policy of Russia. According to the laws of that time, only Orthodox could be a member of the ruling dynasty, so when representatives of other countries joined the dynasty, they were immediately baptized into the Orthodox faith.

Since 1810, the State Council functioned in Russia - an advisory body that provided legislative ideas to the Emperor, but the adoption of a law was a function exclusively of the Emperor.

Executive power was concentrated in the hands of the Ministries. Above the ministries there was no government and prime ministers. Each minister reported directly to the ruler (this is a feature of the imperial regime). The most important ministries of the Russian Empire in the late 19th - early 20th centuries: internal affairs, military, foreign affairs, finance and public education. Ministries created a huge number of officials. According to official statistics in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, there was 1 official for every 3 thousand people. It was the largest bureaucracy in the world. A typical problem of tsarist officials was corruption and bribery. This was largely due to low salaries. The obvious problem of the large apparatus of officials was the inability to make important decisions quickly.

Judicial functions

The highest judiciary in the country, ever since Petra 1 belonged to the Senate. He performed the functions of the judiciary, supervisory authorities and the interpretation of laws. The judiciary itself was based on the judicial reform of the 60s of the 19th century. Equality, jury trials and glasnost were practiced in Russia. In practice, inequality still persisted, since the numerous laws of the Russian Empire left many loopholes for lawyers. Who could hire them - he won in the courts.

Regarding the judicial system of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, it is important to note that a special method of litigation was applied to political criminals (any one could be classified as such if desired). After the assassination of Alexander 2, the law "On the Preservation of Order and Public Peace" was adopted. According to him - in relation to political prisoners, the verdict was passed not by the court, but by officials.

Local government

the system of local self-government functioned on the basis of the laws of the 60s of the 19th century. On the ground, zemstvos were created, which resolved exclusively local issues (building roads, schools, and so on. By the beginning of the 20th century, the functions of the zemstvos had changed somewhat. Now a bureaucratic apparatus was built over them, fully controlling all the functions of local authorities.

Self-government bodies were divided into:

• Urban. City Dumas were formed, in which only owners of houses in the city could be elected.
• Rural. Rural gatherings or "worlds" were formed.

Every year the role of local bodies became lower and lower, and more and more control organizations appeared over them.

Army and security

Internal security issues were dealt with by the Police Department (an analogue of the current Ministry of Internal Affairs). The police network was ramified and, on the whole, did not cope well enough with its functions. It is enough to recall only the numerous assassination attempts on members of the imperial house to be convinced of this.

The number of the army at the beginning of the 20th century exceeded 900 thousand people. The army continued to be regular, formed on the basis of conscription. Duty was universal, but benefits were granted. The only sons in the family, breadwinners, teachers and doctors were exempted from military service. Today they say a lot that the army of the Russian Empire was the best in the world. This is definitely debatable. Enough to remember Russo-Japanese War to understand that the problems in the army and in its management were significant. The limited command also emphasizes World War I, which Russia entered practically without artillery (the command was convinced that this was a hopeless type of weapon). In reality, 75% of all losses of that war were from artillery.

Economy

The problems that were characteristic of Russia at the end of the 19th century were reflected in the economic development of the country at the beginning of the 20th century. After all, it is no coincidence that at this stage there are 2 revolutions and significant discontent of the population. There are 3 points of view on the economy of that era:

If we single out the main features of the Russian economy of that period, we can distinguish: the formation of monopolies, the preservation of a largely serf economic system, the complete dependence of the economy on the state, and the uneven economic development of the regions.

The state made attempts to solve the problem that had accumulated in the economy. For this, they have taken Witte's reforms and Stolypin's agrarian reform. These reforms did not radically change the situation, and at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia there was a drop in production and the standard of living of the majority of the population. It is here that lies the social dynamite that exploded in 1917.

The situation in the village

The events of 1893 are very important for understanding the situation in the Russian village in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In this year, a law was passed restricting the right of the community to redistribute land. Now the land was divided once every 12 years. What does it mean? Every 12 years the land was divided anew. That is, the community took the land from one peasant and gave it to another. Some historians speak of the small significance of these events, but this is not so. The land issue has always been very acute in Russia, and most of the riots, uprisings and revolutions happened precisely because of the land issue. The significance of the law of 1893 is best represented by subsequent events. It is enough to add 12 years to convince of this. The following dates are obtained:

• 1905 (1893 + 12) - first revolution
• 1917 (1905 + 12) - February and October revolution
• 1929 (1917 + 12) - start of collectivization

Due to the peculiarities of the redistribution, agriculture suffered greatly. There was no point in investing in land. Anyway, in 12 years this site will be given to another. Therefore, it was necessary to squeeze out the maximum in 12 years, and then let the other owner think about restoring the productivity of the land. And such a point of view was massive!

Once again I want to emphasize the years of land redistribution: 1905, 1917, 1929. These are the most important years of Russian history, and if they are considered without taking into account the specifics of land redistribution, it is impossible to understand the real events in the Russian village in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. After all, the vast majority of the population were peasants, and the land feeds them. Therefore, in the literal sense of the word, the peasants were ready to kill for the land.

International relationships

After the reign of Alexander 3, Russia was very often characterized by a powerful country, but too distant from European political processes. This fully corresponded to the interests of the Empire, and Nicholas 2 promised to continue this policy. This was not possible. as a result, Russia was drawn into the world war.

The beginning of the 20th century saw the rise of the German Empire, which grew stronger every year and showed signs of subjugating Europe to itself. If we consider this process objectively, Germany did not threaten Russia in any way, but Nicholas 2, who verbally guaranteed the Empire's path to isolation from European intrigues, in fact was afraid of Germany and began to look for allies. Thus began a rapprochement with France, and after the signing of the Franco-English treaty, the Entente was formed. I will not now describe in detail the idiocy of the behavior of Nicholas 2 (this topic is well analyzed in the material about the first world), but it was his fear of Germany that allowed Russia to be drawn into the war, where its allies in the Entente (France and England) did not help at all and interfered more.

Russia's traditional rival, the Ottoman Empire, was in a clear decline, and more and more often Russian society raised questions that Constantinople should be taken away from Turkey. It is noteworthy that this should have happened (all documents were signed) after the First World War. It is here that lies one of the reasons why Western countries were so quick to recognize the Russian revolution as legitimate.

In 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright built the Flyer airplane. The aircraft was equipped with a gasoline engine, and its first flight was made to a height of 3m and lasted for 12 seconds. In 1919 the first air line from Paris to London was opened. The maximum allowable number of passengers was , and the duration of the flight was 4 hours.

Radio broadcast

In 1906, the first radio broadcast went on the air. Canadian Regenald Fessenden played the violin on the radio, and his performance was received on ships thousands of miles away. By the beginning of the 1960s. the first pocket radios powered by batteries appeared.

World War I

In 1914, in which 38 countries took part. The Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria) and the Entente bloc (Russia, England, France, Italy, etc.) participated in the hostilities. The conflict occurred between Austria and Serbia due to the assassination of the Austrian heir to the throne. The war is more than 4 years old, and more than 10 million soldiers died in the battles. The Entente bloc won, but the economies of the countries fell into decay during the hostilities.

Russian Revolution

In 1917, the Great October Revolution began in Russia. The tsarist regime was overthrown and the imperial family of the Romanovs was shot. Tsarist power and capitalism were replaced by the socialist system, which offered to create equality for all working people. The dictatorship of the proletariat was established in the country, and the class society was liquidated. A new totalitarian state appeared - the Russian Socialist Federative Republic.

A television

In 1926, John Baird received a television image, and in 1933, Vladimir Zworykin achieved better reproduction quality. Electronic images were updated on the screen 25 times per second, resulting in moving images.

The Second World War

In 1939, the Second World War began, in which 61 states took part. The initiator of hostilities was Germany, which attacked first Poland and later the USSR. The war lasted 6 years and claimed 65 million lives. The greatest losses during the war fell on the lot of the USSR, but thanks to the indestructible spirit, the Red Army defeated the fascist invaders.

Nuclear weapon

In 1945, it was used for the first time: American armed forces dropped nuclear bombs on the Japanese cities of Herashima and Nagasaki. Thus, the United States sought to hasten the end of the Second World War with Japan. Hundreds of thousands of inhabitants died, and the results of the bombing had disastrous consequences.

Computers and Internet

In 1945, two American engineers John Eckert and John Moakley created the first electronic computer (computer), which weighed about 30 tons. In 1952, the first display was connected to a computer, and the first personal computer was created by Apple in 1983. The Internet has become a worldwide network.

Space flight

In 1961, a Soviet rocket overcame gravity and made the first flight into space with a man on board. The three-stage rocket was built under the leadership of Sergei Korolev, and the spacecraft was piloted by Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.

The collapse of the USSR

In 1985, “Perestroika” began in the Soviet Union: a system appeared, rigid censorship was replaced by glasnost and democracy. But many reforms led to an economic crisis and exacerbation of national contradictions. In 1991, a coup took place in the Soviet Union, and the USSR broke up into 17 separate independent states. The territory of the country was reduced by a quarter, and the United States became the only superpower in the world.

The chronology of Russian history in the 20th century includes a lot of sad and tragic events.
So, the coronation of the last emperor of the Russian Empire, Nicholas II, popularly nicknamed the "rag king", begins with a catastrophic stampede on the Khodynka field, which led to numerous victims. After coming to power in 1894, in 1904, he begins a "small victorious" war with Japan, which was later shamefully lost by the Russian side. In 1914, Russia enters the First World War, which will have the most catastrophic impact on the country in the future.

Already in 1917, the October Revolution was carried out, during which the emperor renounced the throne, and in 1918, by order of the Bolsheviks, he was shot, along with the entire royal family.

The government of the country, erected during the revolution, under the leadership of Lenin, concludes the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the countries participating in the conflict, under difficult and even predatory conditions for the country, and thus the RSFSR withdraws from the war.
Some parts of the country's population and even entire regions oppose the Bolshevik government. A civil war ensues between supporters of the Soviet government and their opponents. This war completely destroyed the remnants of the country's economy, which was already weak after participating in WWI.
The country actually lay in ruins, mass starvation and an increase in crime prevailed. In these circumstances, Vladimir Lenin begins a program to restore the country's economy after the worst post-war decline - also known as the NEP (New Economic Policy). In the same period, in 1922, the state of the USSR was formed, which at first included four republics.

In 1922, when Vladimir Lenin was already unable to manage the affairs of the state due to illness, the state was headed by Joseph Stalin. He launches several large-scale government programs, such as industrialization and collectivization, with the aim of carrying out the largest economic transformations in the country in the shortest possible time, and transfers the country's economy to full state regulation.
Since 1934, Stalin has been carrying out mass internal purges, the climax of which falls on 1937. The absolute majority of opposition figures to the Stalin group were repressed, incl. revolutionary pro-communist leaders.

In 1941, the largest military conflict in the history of Russia in the twentieth century begins - the Great Patriotic War, which lasted four years, ended with the victory of the USSR and the military capitulation of Germany. The Soviet Union lost more than 27 million people.

Despite the fact that the Soviet Union suffered the most from the Second World War, it completely restored the country's economy in less than ten years.
The middle of the twentieth century is the period of the USSR's control by Nikita Khrushchev, as well as the time of another critical conflict, now with the United States. After the end of WW2, the largest restructuring of world relations begins, in which the USSR and the USA took the main part, which is known as the "cold war", and after the "Caribbean crisis" the world was almost put on the verge of a nuclear catastrophe,
During the administration of the country by Mikhail Gorbachev, the period of perestroika begins - the largest changes in all spheres of the foreign and domestic policy of the USSR.

In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, a new state was formed - the Russian Federation, whose president was Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.
The 20th century for Russia ends with the Chechen wars, default, devaluation of the ruble, as well as the election of Vladimir Putin in 1999.