In southern England on the Salisbury Plain are the remains of an ancient stone temple. The stones form a composition of vertically installed menhirs, forming a circle with a diameter of 29.6 meters. This circle of stones is connected from above by horizontally lying flat stones. This is an ancient structure located in England. Archaeologists now agree that this architectural monument was erected in three stages between 3500 and 1100 years. BC. This is an ancient structure located in England. Archaeologists now agree that this architectural monument was erected in three stages between 3500 and 1100 years. BC.
Construction stages of Stonehenge. At the beginning (years BC) a circular ditch was made with two bulk shafts, not closed from the northeast. In front of the entrance to the ring, four holes were dug, the purpose of which is unknown. Two more holes were made on the lintel of the ends of the inner embankment. The heel stone - the first stone of Stonehenge - was dug in 30 meters from the ring to the southeast of the entrance axis. 56 holes were dug inside the ring, forming a vicious circle. At the beginning (years BC) a circular ditch was made with two bulk shafts, not closed from the northeast. In front of the entrance to the ring, four holes were dug, the purpose of which is unknown. Two more holes were made on the lintel of the ends of the inner embankment. The heel stone - the first stone of Stonehenge - was dug in 30 meters from the ring to the southeast of the entrance axis. 56 holes were dug inside the ring, forming a vicious circle.
The second stage began in 2200 BC. The first megaliths were installed - 82 "blue stones" (present in many cult centers throughout the Earth) - hewn stones from dolerite weighing up to 5 tons each. They were arranged in two circles at a distance of 1.8 from each other and 10.5 m from the center. The western part of the rings was not completed.
The final stage began around 2100 BC. A “horseshoe” of five “trilits” (groups of two vertical and horizontal stones set in the form of the letter “P”) was built near the center. Triliths are surrounded by a ring of 30 vertically standing stones covered with horizontal ones. The axis of the “horseshoe” coincides with the main axis of the complex. Triliths are 6, 6, 5 and 7.2 meters high.
View from above. Stonehenge, UK - 2100 B.C.
At the end of the 3rd millennium BC, Stonehenge underwent the most extensive restructuring, thanks to which it has become so popular today. From the hills of southern England (40 km away), 30 huge stone blocks were brought here, each of which weighed 25 tons. They were placed in the center of Stonehenge in a circle with a diameter of 30 meters.
In the heart of Stonehenge, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone, the so-called "Altar", was placed. In addition, the northeast entrance has been moved a little to the side and widened so that it looks exactly at the rising of the sun on the day of the summer solstice.
Stonehenge is gradually being destroyed. During the observation of the monument, three slabs managed to fall. Now tourists are no longer allowed into the stone "circle". Stonehenge is gradually being destroyed. During the observation of the monument, three slabs managed to fall. Now tourists are no longer allowed into the stone "circle".
Russian Stonehenge. Mount Vottovaara. In the early 90s, a Neolithic sanctuary called Pegrema was opened on the northwestern coast of Lake Onega, which included zoomorphic idols, sandstone discs, etc., which testified to the development of a religious and magical cult and deep skills in stone processing. from our distant ancestors. In the early 90s, a Neolithic sanctuary called Pegrema was opened on the northwestern coast of Lake Onega, which included zoomorphic idols, sandstone discs, etc., which testified to the development of a religious and magical cult and deep skills in stone processing. from our distant ancestors. In 1993, the now widely known, but still insufficiently studied, ancient pagan complex was discovered on Mount Vottovaara, in the Muezersky district. In 1993, the now widely known, but still insufficiently studied, ancient pagan complex was discovered on Mount Vottovaara, in the Muezersky district.
On the top of Vottovaara, on an area of about 6 km, there are huge rectangular stones, amazing structures made of stones in the form of a regular circle, called cromlechs by archaeologists, and about 1600 seid stones laid in some mysterious order.
Seid - according to the concepts of the natives of Karelia, the Saami is a natural object in which a revered spirit lives. Seids are both of natural origin (trees, rocks, animals, all kinds of natural phenomena) and man-made. As a rule, a man-made seid is a large boulder placed on several smaller stones or in some unstable position.
There is a version that the age of the complex is about 2000 years, and the idea of its construction belongs to the northern tribes of the Hyperboreans, the inhabitants of the ancient northern country of Hyperborea. According to Sami beliefs, this place is the focus of evil forces: ugly trees grow here, there is almost no fauna, the lakes are dead.
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Location of Stonehenge Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire about 3.2 kilometers west of Amesbury and 13 kilometers north of Salisbury.
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Plan of Stonehenge 1 = The Altar Stone, a six ton monolith of green micaceous sandstone from Wales 2 = barrow without a burial 3 = "barrows" (without burials) 4 = the fallen Slaughter Stone, 4.9 meters long 5 = the Heel Stone 6 = two of originally four Station Stones 7 = ditch 8 = inner bank 9 = outer bank 10 = The Avenue, a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 3 km to the River Avon 11 = ring of 30 pits called the Y Holes 12 = ring of 29 pits called the Z Holes 13 = circle of 56 pits, known as the Aubrey holes 14 = smaller southern entrance
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Astronomy and Stonehenge The prehistoric monument of Stonehenge has long been studied for its possible connections with ancient astronomy. Archaeoastronomers have claimed that Stonehenge represents an "ancient observatory," although the extent of its use for that purpose is in dispute. Many also believe that the site may have had astrological/spiritual significance attached to it as well. The discovery of evidence for a neighbor to the Heel Stone has challenged the interpretation of it as a midsummer sunrise marker. The second stone may have instead been one side of a "solar corridor" used to frame the sunrise.
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Druids Temple The theory that the Druids were responsible may be the most popular one; however, the Celtic society that spawned the Druid priesthood came into being only after the year 300 BC. Additionally, the Druids are unlikely to have used the site for sacrifices, since they performed the majority of their rituals in the woods or mountains, areas better suited for "earth rituals" than an open field.
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Stonehenge as a graveyard There is a theory that Stonehenge was used for burials. Indeed, burials were found on the monuments territory, but they were made much later after Stonehenge had been built. According to news reports, a professor of archeology from the University of Sheffield, Mike Parker Pearson, who manages the Stonehenge Riverside Archaeological Project noted that in his opinion Stonehenge from the very beginning of its existence and to flourish in the third millennium BC was considered by inhabitants of England as an area for the burial of the dead.
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Legends Many early historians were influenced by supernatural folktales in their explanations. Some legends held that Merlin had a giant build the structure for him or that he had magically transported it from Mount Killarausin Ireland, while others held the Devil responsible. Henry of Huntingdon was the first to write of the monument around 1130 soon followed by Geoffrey of Monmouth who was the first to record fanciful associations with Merlin which led the monument to be incorporated into the wider cycle of European medieval romance. According to Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae, using his magic Merlin took the circle from its original place in Ireland at the behest of Aurelius Ambrosius to serve as an appropriate burial place for Britain's dead princes.
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Conclusion It's difficult to judge which of the theories is correct, but from what I have read I can do the conclusion that Stonehenge is the most mysterious symbol of Britain, which went through the whole history with this country and gives it a special charm of mystery and unexploredness.
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The presentation on the topic "Stonehenge - stonehenge" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Subject of the project: English. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 9 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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Location of Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire about 3.2 kilometers west of Amesbury and 13 kilometers north of Salisbury.
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Plan of Stonehenge
1 = The Altar Stone, a six ton monolith of green micaceous sandstone from Wales 2 = barrow without a burial 3 = "barrows" (without burials) 4 = the fallen Slaughter Stone, 4.9 meters long 5 = the Heel Stone 6 = two of originally four Station Stones 7 = ditch 8 = inner bank 9 = outer bank 10 = The Avenue, a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 3 km to the River Avon 11 = ring of 30 pits called the Y Holes 12 = ring of 29 pits called the Z Holes 13 = circle of 56 pits, known as the Aubrey holes 14 = smaller southern entrance
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Astronomy and Stonehenge
The prehistoric monument of Stonehenge has long been studied for its possible connections with ancient astronomy. Archaeoastronomers have claimed that Stonehenge represents an "ancient observatory," although the extent of its use for that purpose is in dispute. Many also believe that the site may have had astrological/spiritual significance attached to it as well. The discovery of evidence for a neighbor to the Heel Stone has challenged the interpretation of it as a midsummer sunrise marker. The second stone may have instead been one side of a "solar corridor" used to frame the sunrise.
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The theory that the Druids were responsible may be the most popular one; however, the Celtic society that spawned the Druid priesthood came into being only after the year 300 BC. Additionally, the Druids are unlikely to have used the site for sacrifices, since they performed the majority of their rituals in the woods or mountains, areas better suited for "earth rituals" than an open field.
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Stonehenge as a graveyard
There is a theory that Stonehenge was used for burials. Indeed, burials were found on the monuments territory, but they were made much later after Stonehenge had been built. According to news reports, a professor of archeology from the University of Sheffield, Mike Parker Pearson, who manages the Stonehenge Riverside Archaeological Project noted that in his opinion Stonehenge from the very beginning of its existence and to flourish in the third millennium BC was considered by inhabitants of England as an area for the burial of the dead.
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Many early historians were influenced by supernatural folktales in their explanations. Some legends held that Merlin had a giant build the structure for him or that he had magically transported it from Mount Killarausin Ireland, while others held the Devil responsible. Henry of Huntingdon was the first to write of the monument around 1130 soon followed by Geoffrey of Monmouth who was the first to record fanciful associations with Merlin which led the monument to be incorporated into the wider cycle of European medieval romance. According to Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae, using his magic Merlin took the circle from its original place in Ireland at the behest of Aurelius Ambrosius to serve as an appropriate burial place for Britain's dead princes.
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Stonehenge (eng. Stonehenge, lit. "stone henge") is a megalithic structure in Wiltshire, England, which is a complex of ring and horseshoe-shaped earthen and stone structures. This is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.
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It is located about 130 km southwest of London, about 3.2 km west of Amesbury and 13 km north of Salisbury.
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Stonehenge was built at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Moreover, the creation of this amazing magical place took place in several stages. The first is around 3100 BC. It was then that a moat and an internal earthen rampart were created in the form of a circle, 115 m in diameter, 2.5 m wide and 50-80 cm high. Almost a thousand years later, the “construction” of what would become the main foundation of Stonehenge began. 80 large stones were brought to Salisbury Plain. They were installed inside the moat in two concentric circles - on the outer and inner sides of the semi-ellipsatrilites. A few more centuries later, a ring of thirty huge sandstone monoliths 31 m in diameter was erected. True, at present, only 17 of them remain standing. Around 1800 BC, Stonehenge was again “reconstructed” and has already taken on its usual form.
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On the plan stand out: 1 - Altar stone, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales 2-3 - Mounds without graves 4 - A fallen stone 4.9 meters long (SlaughterStone - scaffold) 5 - Heel stone (HeelStone) 6 - Two of the original four vertically standing stones 7 - Ditch (ditch) 8 - Inner rampart 9 - Outer rampart 10 - Avenue, that is, a parallel pair of ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the Avon River; now these ramparts are barely visible 11, 12 - Rings of 30 holes 13 - Circle of 56 holes, known as Aubreyholes 14 - Small southern entrance Plan of Stonehenge
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It is difficult to establish the true purpose of Stonehenge because there are no inscriptions, marks, nothing at all on the ancient stones. One of the most common scientific theories about the purpose of Stonehenge suggests that it was most likely an ancient astronomical observatory, thanks to which the priests could calculate the lunar and solar days, mark the dates of important holidays, and so on.
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Professor J. Mitchell, after conducting a computer analysis of Stonehenge and trying to restore the original appearance of Stonehenge using modern digital technologies, concluded that it is, no more, no less, an accurate model of the solar system in cross section. At the same time, ancient astronomers proceeded from the fact that in the solar system there are not nine, but twelve planets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto. And the third planet put the scientist even more in riddles, because it was supposed to be between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and this place is exactly where the asteroid belt is located.
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It is also often claimed that Stonehenge was used for burials. After the excavations, scientists came to the conclusion that in total about 240 people were buried in Stonehenge, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were most likely buried here.
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The English writer and historian Tom Brooks, as a result of his many years of research, concluded that Stonehenge was part of a giant navigation system consisting of isosceles triangles, the top of each of which pointed to the next point.
