Potassium permanganate, in everyday life - potassium permanganate, the use of which is based on its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, is widely used in many families.
Potassium permanganate is sold in the form of purple small crystals, but for use they must be dissolved in water. Depending on the ratio of water and crystals, a solution of different concentrations and colors will be obtained - from slightly pink to bright red.
The useful and necessary properties of potassium permanganate are that it is an extremely effective antiseptic, so it is indispensable for poisoning (including alcohol), the stomach is washed with a weak pale pink solution, both in the infectious diseases departments of hospitals and at home.
Also, this drug is used for diarrhea, for the treatment of wounds and bedsores, with abundant rashes of herpes, chicken pox, and so on. Potassium permanganate is able to cope with many infections, both on the skin and on the mucous membrane, so it is wise to always have it in your first-aid kit. However, it is best to consult with your doctor before use.
Use for poisoning
At present, it is quite easy to get poisoned, especially if you often eat out. Unfortunately, methyl alcohol poisoning is becoming more common, which can lead to death.
What to do in such cases? First of all, of course, rinse the stomach, thus removing the poison from the body. A solution of manganese in this case will be a much more effective remedy than boiled water.
For such a situation, the instructions for use are as follows:
- Dissolve potassium permanganate crystals in a small amount of water until a rich dark red color.
- Pass the resulting solution through gauze folded in several layers, thereby filtering it.
- Boil and cool 5 to 12 liters of water.
- Pour a small amount of manganese solution into this water. The water should turn pink.
- Drink the resulting solution and induce vomiting several times until improvement is felt.
Precautions: it is forbidden to drink too "strong" red or raspberry solution, this can lead to burns of all digestive organs.
Potassium permanganate in gynecology
In gynecology and urology, potassium permanganate is mainly used for washing and douching the affected organs.
In the treatment of cervical erosion, douching with a weak solution of potassium permanganate is often prescribed (usually 0.02-0.1%). The same solution is effective in the treatment of thrush and fungal diseases. Naturally, all procedures must be carried out with the permission of the attending physician.
Potassium permanganate is suitable for the treatment of most diseases associated with purulent and infectious rashes on the mucous membranes and skin, including urological diseases.
For diseases associated with irritation of the genital organs, you can make a small sitz bath with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. Baths will help with anal fissures. Instructions for use are as follows. About 1.5 tablespoons of manganese are mixed in 10 liters of water to obtain a pale pink solution. In the resulting bath, you need to sit for about 15 minutes. Repeat this procedure at least 2 times a week.
Other uses in traditional medicine
Potassium permanganate is used in folk medicine as a remedy to eliminate calluses and the pain they provoke. For these purposes, special baths are made. A weak solution of potassium permanganate (pale pink) and a couple of tablespoons of salt are mixed in a basin. For maximum effect, you need to lower your legs into the resulting solution for 20 minutes, and after the procedure, air dry without using a towel. After a few applications, the corns will stop hurting.
A similar procedure can be used for persistent pungent foot odor and excessive sweating. You need to make a warm bath with manganese and salt, then wipe your feet and sprinkle them with talc.
Potassium permanganate is good for diaper rash and is suitable even for the smallest children. A bath with potassium permanganate is also used, but if diaper rash does not go away after 2-3 days, you should definitely consult a doctor, as this may indicate a serious illness.
Potassium permanganate can also be used as a treatment for advanced cases of hemorrhoids. To do this, you need to make the following bath: add potassium permanganate to hot water (until a pink color is obtained), 1 tsp. soda and the same amount of vegetable oil, 200 ml of boiled milk. You need to take such a bath for 20 minutes in the evening during the week.
Finally, manganese is sometimes used in washing wounds and in dermatitis. The skin must be wiped with a cloth dipped in a slightly pink solution of manganese, in serious cases, moisten a cotton pad and leave it on the affected area for several minutes, then rinse with running water.
Contraindications
In no case should potassium permanganate be used in case of individual intolerance to this drug, allergies.
If during use swelling, itching, severe redness or other discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes, convulsions appear, you should immediately stop using and contact a healthcare professional.
Due to its oxidizing properties, manganese should not be combined with the intake of certain substances, such as activated charcoal, sugar, and other easily oxidizing drugs.
It is very important to be careful when preparing solutions, because too strong a solution can cause burns. It is important to ensure that all the crystals dissolve in water, and the color is not too saturated.
Potassium permanganate. The use of potassium permanganate solutions at home for disinfecting and washing wounds, gargling, douching, in case of poisoning with certain substances requires a basic knowledge of the properties of this agent, its mechanisms of action and dilution rules.
Potassium permanganate or potassium permanganate is the potassium salt of permanganic acid with the chemical formula KMnO 4 . Outwardly, it looks like dark purple crystals, which, when dissolved in water, form a brightly colored solution from light pink to deep purple, depending on the concentration.
It is the strongest oxidizing agent. When interacting with reducing agents, it releases atomic oxygen, oxidizing metals, sulfur, phosphorus, and organic matter.
Potassium permanganate solution oxidizes many organic substances, including proteins. Due to this, potassium permanganate has a strong destructive effect on organic molecules, such as poisons and toxins, and an antiseptic effect on all microorganisms. When rinsing and douching in small concentrations, solutions of potassium permanganate have an astringent effect, a concentrated solution has a cauterizing effect.
Potassium permanganate. Application for medical purposes.
In addition, explosive mixing of potassium permanganate and active metals, sulfur, phosphorus, sugar, glycerin, hydrogen peroxide and other substances is not allowed.
Potassium permanganate in pharmacies
The sale of potassium permanganate in Russia is limited because it is a precursor. In Bulgaria, potassium permanganate can be bought at any pharmacy without a prescription. Here's the link:
The antiseptic habitual for us not only actively fights against various microbes and infectious agents, but also has a beneficial effect in case of poisoning and many other symptoms.
Scope of potassium permanganate
Due to its amazing healing properties, potassium permanganate is so actively practiced in the field of traditional and alternative medicine, cosmetology and even gynecology. Potassium permanganate is also used in horticulture as an effective means of controlling small pests and plant diseases.
Travelers take potassium permanganate with them to disinfect their wounds or drinking water, in this case, you need to add a few crystals to it. The concentrated solution is a strong oxidizing agent and will attack plastic, wood and metal. Using potassium permanganate at home, you should be aware that this substance can pretty much spoil a metal sink or bath. The stains left after the solution are practically not washed off.
Potassium permanganate is formed after electrolysis of caustic potassium and a manganese anode. As it decays, the anode dissolves and forms a purple solution that contains permanganate ions. Hydrogen is released at the cathode, and then the same manganese appears as a precipitate.
This drug is one of the leaders in terms of having antimicrobial properties. It is sold in powder form in pharmacies, but in recent years some pharmaceutical companies have only sold it by prescription. The shelf life of potassium permanganate is unlimited, but it must be emphasized that only the freshest solution is able to destroy any pathogens, having active sterilization of any surface. It exists in the form of crystals, which, if necessary, are dissolved in water to obtain a solution. It differs in color: a pale pink shade indicates a weak concentration, bright crimson - on the contrary. A treatment solution is prepared mainly at the rate of 10 crystals per 1 liter of water, further adjusting its strength by color. It is always very important to completely stir the potassium permanganate powder, since undissolved particles can cause burns when in contact with the skin.
The use of potassium permanganate in medicine is due to its disinfecting properties. The prepared solution is used to treat cuts, wash wounds and calluses. In case of inflammation of the throat and pharynx, rinsing with a non-concentrated solution of manganese is prescribed. This remedy is washed with a sore spot 4 times a day. Very often, a solution of potassium permanganate is used as a preparation for irrigating the oral cavity, namely, for gum disease.
Potassium permanganate treatment
- Potassium permanganate for indigestion. Potassium permanganate is popular for food and diarrhea. Feeling the first signs, the patient should drink a weak solution that can stimulate the process of bowel cleansing.
- For oral administration, when eliminating intoxication of the body, 200 ml of water will require literally 2 crystals of powder. After mixing the drug well, you need to drink this water at a time. This good antiseptic will help neutralize the infection in the stomach.
- With hyperhidrosis or excessive sweating. If your feet sweat a lot, then baths with a weak solution of potassium permanganate will be a good way to eliminate this problem. This procedure, as a rule, should not take more than 15 minutes, and the water temperature should not exceed 40 degrees. After steaming the feet, they must be wiped dry and smeared with a formalin solution (1%).
- As already noted, potassium permanganate is a wonderful antiseptic, which is extremely useful in the treatment of various injuries. You need to know how to properly use potassium permanganate for its intended purpose. The wound is not washed directly with manganese water, but only the edges are treated. A disinfectant for a serious wound is prepared at the rate of: a small amount of powder on the tip of a knife per 1 liter. water. With minor damage to the skin, it is enough to dilute a weak solution, rinse this area, and then lubricate with iodine.
- At . Now a lot of girls and guys are trying to look as creative and extraordinary as possible, including piercing their ears, navels, nostrils and eyebrows. But for the information of young people, such experiments are fraught with unpleasant consequences if they are not properly cared for. To avoid infection of tissues after piercing with a needle, careful treatment of wounds with antiseptic agents is necessary. A weak solution of manganese in this case will be very helpful. The piercing site must be disinfected at least 2 times a day and only with clean hands.
- If you are worried about annoying warts or calluses, then potassium permanganate will come in handy here. A concentrated solution of potassium permanganate perfectly cauterizes all unnecessary growths on the skin, for this it is enough to lubricate them with potassium permanganate daily.
- With fungal diseases of the female and male external genital organs, doctors very often prescribe to their patients a painless and harmless remedy - a manganese solution for washing. To prescribe daily douching with a pale pink solution, it is only important to ensure that all the crystals are completely dissolved in water. Otherwise, it may cause damage to the mucous membranes and irritation.
Potassium permanganate when caring for a child
You may have heard that some mothers use potassium permanganate for their babies. While bathing a child, a little of this powder is added to the water so that the water acquires disinfecting properties. Doctors, in turn, are skeptical about this method, believing that the slightest excess of the permissible dosage of manganese can cause burns to the baby. The same applies to not completely dissolved crystals.
If, contrary to all fears, you decide to use potassium permanganate, considering it the most effective and non-allergenic antiseptic, then you should know the rules for preparing a solution for bathing a child. It is best to cook it sequentially. First, dilute potassium permanganate in a glass of water, then strain the resulting saturated solution through gauze folded in several layers. Only after that, the solution can be poured into the bathroom until the water gets a pale pink hue, but pouring manganese crystals directly into the bath is strictly prohibited. To treat the navel of a newborn, use a richer mixture.
Potassium permanganate in the first aid kit:
- Potassium permanganate will quickly relieve pain from calluses. To do this, add a little table salt to the potassium permanganate solution, dissolve everything and steam your feet in this liquid for about 20 minutes. After that, the feet need to be wiped and after a while the pain will stop.
- Unpleasant dermatitis, manifested by rashes and the appearance of blisters on the skin, is also treated with potassium permanganate. It is necessary to lubricate the affected areas daily with a 10% manganese solution for a week.
- Traditional healers recommend using potassium permanganate when running. The healing solution is prepared as follows: for 3 liters of water you need to add a few crystals of manganese, 1 tsp. soda, 1 tbsp. vegetable oil and 200 g of boiled milk. Warm the solution, mix and pour into the bath.
- Every night at night it is recommended to take such a bath for 20 minutes, and after 7 days you will get rid of unpleasant hemorrhoids.
- Potassium permanganate treats even signs of dysentery. The composition of the therapeutic agent includes several crystals of manganese, diluted in 500 g of water. The concentration of the solution can be increased depending on the age of the patient. For example, infants are given a pale pink solution, and adults are given a raspberry one. You need to take the medicine inside, in parallel with the cleansing enemas.
Contraindications to the use of potassium permanganate is individual intolerance or allergy. To understand this, you need to follow the body's reaction to manganese solutions. Potassium permanganate should be stopped immediately if swelling appears, the mucous membranes in the throat change color, or there is a sharp pain at the next ingestion. Before using this tool, it is still recommended to consult with a local therapist.
Due to its oxidizing effect, potassium permanganate is simply not compatible with the simultaneous use of other easily oxidized substances. Keep the powder bottle away from children and easily oxidized preparations, which, when in contact with manganese crystals, can cause a fire.
The popularity of this ancient remedy has not faded over the years, and the practice of using potassium permanganate is growing. MirSovetov recommends remembering the most important thing, that only if all the rules for handling potassium permanganate are observed, it will be absolutely safe for humans and will have its real beneficial effect.
Latin name: Permanganate potassium
ATX code: D08AX06
Active substance: Permanganate potassium
Manufacturer: Pharmpreparat, Russia
Pharmacy leave condition: On prescription
Potassium permanganate salt is used in medicine as an antiseptic. The solution has a strong oxidizing ability, but it must be used carefully, since even a slightly exceeded concentration can cause a burn. In addition to medicinal purposes, the drug helps in everyday life, is suitable for combating pests and plant diseases. To prepare the solution, the crystals are dipped into water, it is important that they completely disappear, and the liquid acquires the desired shade (from pale pink to deep purple). When combined with alkali, the agent turns green.
Indications
Potassium permanganate is used as a disinfectant in the treatment of damaged areas of the skin, to prevent infection, in the following diseases and conditions:
- Inflammation of the nasopharynx and throat
- Stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontal disease
- For urological douches
- In gynecology
- In case of poisoning
- For digestive disorders (ingestion)
- For treating eyes after insect bites
- Rash and diathesis
- diaper rash
- Bedsores.
Compound
Potassium permanganate salt is the main active ingredient in its pure form, without additives and impurities.
Medicinal properties of potassium permanganate
In contact with organic elements, potassium permanganate forms oxygen. Oxide recreates integral albumin chains, due to which, in low concentrations, astringent properties are provided, and in large concentrations, a disinfecting, antibacterial and deodorizing effect is provided. The main feature is the neutralization of poisons, so the remedy is indicated for indefinite poisoning and toxic infections.
It exhibits oxidizing properties to the least extent when combined with alkali, forming a green tint solution.
When applied externally, it is not absorbed into the blood. When ingested, it is absorbed almost completely, increasing the amount of methemoglobin reductase enzymes. If the dosage is observed, potassium permanganate is useful for the treatment of many diseases.
Description of release forms
Price: Fl. 3g - 15-20 rubles, fl. 5g - 25-30 rubles, Package 10 g No. 8 - 400-430 rubles.
Potassium permanganate is a dark purple, almost black crystals. After preparing the solution, they are completely absorbed by water, forming a liquid from pale pink to deep lilac.
The substance is packaged in dark glass bottles of 3 and 5 g. The bottle is closed with a rubber stopper and a metal or plastic cap. The cardboard box contains 1 jar and instructions. The label and packaging have an identical white-pink hue.
The second option is for home use. Crystals 45% are in polyethylene bags with an internal aluminized protection of 10 g. The package includes 8 units.
The prescription is due to the fact that permanganate is used not only in medicine. It is added as a main component in the synthesis of explosives and in the production of drugs.
Application methods
Traditionally, the remedy is used to treat wounds and burns. For washing, processing and lubrication, a solution (0.1-0.5%) is used, in addition, the dosage is prescribed according to the following scheme:
- For rinsing the mouth and throat - 0.01 -0.2%
- When treating ulcerative formations - 1-4%
- In the treatment of gynecological diseases, in urology - 0.1 -0.3%.
For each case, there are peculiarities of preparing and taking the composition, but only the attending physician can explain why potassium permanganate is needed and how to use it correctly:
Method of application for poisoning
To wash the stomach and neutralize toxins, permanganate is diluted in a small amount of water to a state of thick saturated shade. The resulting solution is filtered, poured into 5-10 liters of liquid until a pale tone is obtained, and the patient is allowed to drink. When ingested, the mixture causes vomiting, the medicine can be taken until clear water comes out. In a stronger concentration, potassium permanganate is harmful, since a saturated composition leads to a burn of the digestive organs.
Method of application in gynecology and urology
Permanganate is used to douche infected or inflamed organs. This requires a weak solution. You can also make baths - about 1 g of crystals are poured into 10 liters of water. The course of treatment is 30 days, subject to use once a week.
It also helps with anal fissures and hemorrhoids. The tool quickly heals damage, relieves inflammation and pain.
Method of application for stomatitis
A weak solution of a pale pink tone is suitable for rinsing the mouth. It is necessary to carry out procedures 3-4 times a day until the ulcers heal.
Other uses
Potassium permanganate is prescribed under the following conditions:
- To get rid of calluses and corns, make a mixture of 2-5%, moisten a cotton pad, apply to the sore spot for 10-15 minutes. You can add sea salt. A more saturated liquid is harmful to the skin.
- In pediatric practice, it is recommended to add 1-2 grains to the water for bathing newborns. The drug promotes accelerated healing of the navel. It is important to ensure that there are no undissolved crystals in the bath.
- With dermatitis and skin rashes, the body is lubricated with a 2% composition three times a day.
- With diaper rash, a 2% concentration is prepared, with bedsores - 5%, in severe cases, treatment is recommended to be done every three hours.
Use in pregnancy
Potassium permanganate can treat the surface of the skin at any time and during breastfeeding.
Contraindications
Do not prescribe permanganate for hypersensitivity. Treatment should not be carried out during artificial termination of pregnancy, as this often leads to bleeding and perforation.
Combinations with other substances and medicines
The drug is not compatible with a number of products and medicines: coal, sucrose, tannins. When interacting with rapidly oxidizing elements, the crystals become very hot, which can lead to spontaneous combustion.
Manganese activates alkali in the presence of oxides.
Side effects
An improperly prepared solution causes severe burns. When applied to the skin, a coloration from pale yellow to brown occurs.
Overdose
Symptoms of exceeding the amount of potassium permanganate salt are expressed by swelling and sore throat in the treatment of stomatitis and gastric lavage, the mucosa acquires a darker tone. The patient begins an attack of suffocation, convulsions. With a reduced level of mucosal acidity, a high hemoglobin content can be developed, which will affect the color of the epidermis. The critical dose for children is 3 g, for adults - 0.5 g / kg of body weight.
The treatment consists in replenishing the deficiency of vitamins C and B6, methylthionium chloride plays the role of an acceptor and supplier of hydrogen ions, and acts as an antitoxin in case of poisoning.
Storage rules
The drug should be stored in carefully sealed vessels, away from children. The powder is usable for an unlimited period of time. The finished solution can be stored for up to six months.
Analogues
There is no absolutely identical remedy, but there are drugs that can replace potassium permanganate in medicine:
Aseptolin
Farmakom, Russia
Price: Fl 25 ml - 20-30 rubles, 100 ml - 60-70 rubles.
The drug has an antiseptic effect, inhibits the activity of most strains. Antimicrobial properties depend on the concentration of the main substance glyceritan in solution. It is not absorbed when used externally, it is not recommended to combine with alkalis.
Designed for the treatment of wounds and damage to the epidermis, infections and inflammations. Suitable for use in gynecology and urology, surgery. The method of application is to wipe the skin.
A solution of a dark burgundy hue containing glycerol and lingonberry extract is poured into tinted glass bottles sealed with a propylene stopper and a plastic cap. It has a slight specific smell.
Advantages:
- Suitable for the prevention of complications in the release of exudate
- Acceptable price
Disadvantages:
- Not prescribed for the treatment of children
- May cause severe side effects if swallowed
Furacilin
Khimfarmzavod. Russia
Price: tab. 0.02 g No. 10 - 50-70 rubles, Solution 0.067% 10 ml - 25-30 rubles.
Antibacterial and antifungal agent for external use. Due to its properties, it releases amine derivatives from pathogen cells, as a result of which protein bonds are destroyed. Metabolic processes stop, growth stops, the pathogen dies. The agent is active against gram-positive and negative bacteria, some viruses and protozoa. Resistance to the components develops slowly, without reaching peak levels.
Designed for the treatment of wounds, burns, bedsores. Suitable for rinsing with stomatitis and treatment of inflamed areas of the urethral and genital organs. It is not prescribed for dermatosis and bleeding.
Tablets for the preparation of a solution, like the liquid form, have a pale yellow tint, have a specific taste. Invested in paper or foil blisters of 10 pieces. The white cardboard box includes 1 plate and instructions. The solution is poured into glass vials with a rubber stopper and an aluminum crimp cap.
Advantages:
- Low cost
- Possibility of use for children
Disadvantages:
- May develop dermatitis
- Do not treat bleeding wounds
Minerals of manganese, in particular pyrolusite, were known in ancient times. Pyrolusite was considered a kind of magnetic iron ore and was used in glass melting - for clarification. The fact that a mineral, unlike real magnetic iron ore, is not attracted by a magnet was explained quite amusingly: it was believed that pyrolusite is a female mineral and is indifferent to a magnet.
In the 18th century, manganese was isolated in its pure form. And today we will talk about it in detail. So, let's discuss whether manganese is harmful, where you can buy it, how to get manganese and whether it obeys GOST.
Manganese belongs to a similar group 7 group 4 period. The element is common - it takes 14th place.
The element belongs to heavy metals - the atomic mass is more than 40. It is passivated in air - it is covered with a dense oxide film that prevents further reaction with oxygen. Thanks to this film, it is inactive under normal conditions.
When heated, manganese reacts with many simple substances, acids and bases, forming compounds with very different oxidation states: -1, -6, +2, +3, +4, +7. The metal belongs to the transition metal, therefore, it exhibits both reducing and oxidizing properties with equal ease. With metals, for example, with, forms solid solutions without reacting.
This video will tell you what manganese is:
Features and differences from other materials
Manganese is a silvery-white metal, dense, hard - with an unusually complex structure. The latter is the cause of the fragility of the substance. Four modifications of manganese are known. Alloys with metal make it possible to stabilize any of them and obtain solid solutions with very different properties.
- Manganese is one of the vital trace elements. This applies equally to plants and animals. The element is involved in photosynthesis, in the process of respiration, activates a number of enzymes, is an indispensable participant in muscle metabolism, and so on. The daily dose of manganese for humans is 2–9 mg. Both a deficiency and an excess of an element are equally dangerous.
- The metal is heavier and harder than iron, but it has no practical application in its pure form due to its high brittleness. But its alloys and compounds are of unusually great importance in the national economy. It is used in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, in the production of fertilizers, in electrical engineering, in fine organic synthesis, and so on.
- Manganese is quite different from the metals of its own subgroup. Technetium is a radioactive element, obtained artificially. Rhenium refers to trace and rare elements. Borium can also be obtained only artificially and does not occur in nature. The chemical activity of both technetium and rhenium is much lower than that of manganese. Practical application, except for nuclear fusion, finds only manganese.
Manganese (photo)
Advantages and disadvantages
The physical and chemical properties of the metal are such that in practice they deal not with manganese itself, but with its numerous compounds and alloys, so the advantages and disadvantages of the material should be considered from this point of view.
- Manganese forms a wide variety of alloys with almost all metals, which is a definite plus.
- completely mutually soluble, that is, they form solid solutions with any ratio of the element, homogeneous in properties. In this case, the alloy will have a much lower boiling point than manganese.
- The alloys of the element with carbon and are of the greatest practical importance. Both alloys are of great importance to the steel industry.
- Numerous and diverse manganese compounds are used in the chemical, textile, glass industries, in the production of fertilizers, and so on. The basis of this diversity is the chemical activity of the substance.
The disadvantages of the metal are associated with the peculiarities of its structure, which do not allow the use of the metal itself as a structural material.
- The main one is brittleness at high hardness. Mn up to +707 C crystallizes in a structure where the cell includes 58 atoms.
- A rather high boiling point, it is difficult to work with metal with such high rates.
- The electrical conductivity of manganese is very low, so its use in electrical engineering is also limited.
We will talk about the chemical and physical properties of manganese further.
Properties and characteristics
The physical characteristics of the metal depend markedly on temperature. Given the presence of as many as 4 modifications, this is not surprising.
The main characteristics of the substance are as follows:
- density - at normal temperature is 7.45 g / cu. see. It is this value that weakly depends on temperature: for example, when heated to 600 C, the density decreases only by 7%;
- melting point - 1244 C;
- boiling point - 2095 C;
- thermal conductivity at 25 C is 66.57 W / (m K), which is a low indicator for a metal;
- specific heat capacity - 0.478 kJ / (kg K);
- the coefficient of linear expansion, measured at 20 C, is equal to 22.3 10 -6 deg -1 - ; The heat capacity and thermal conductivity of a substance increase linearly with increasing temperature;
- specific electrical resistance - 1.5–2.6 μm m, only slightly higher than that of lead.
Manganese is paramagnetic, that is, it is magnetized in an external magnetic field and is attracted to a magnet. The metal passes into the antiferromagnetic state at low temperatures, and the transition temperature for each modification is different.
The structure and composition of manganese are described below.
Manganese and its compounds is the topic of the video below:
Structure and composition
Four structural modifications of the substance are described, each of which is stable in a certain temperature range. Fusion with certain metals can stabilize any phase.
- Up to 707 C the a-modification is stable. – cubic body-centered lattice, the unit cell of which includes 58 atoms. Such a structure is very complex and causes a high fragility of the substance. Its indicators - heat capacity, thermal conductivity, density, are given as properties of a substance.
- At 700–1079 C stable is the b-phase with the same type of lattice, but with a simpler structure: the cell is 20 atoms. In this phase, manganese exhibits a certain plasticity. The density of the b-modification is 7.26 g / cu. see. The phase is easy to fix - by quenching the substance at a temperature above the phase transition temperature.
- At temperatures from 1079 C to 1143 The g-phase is stable. It is characterized by a cubic face-centered lattice with a cell of 4 atoms. Modification is plastic. However, it is not possible to fix the phase completely upon cooling. At the transition temperature, the density of the metal is 6.37 g/cu. cm, at normal - 7, 21 g / cu. cm.
- Above a temperature of 1143 C and to a boil the d-phase with a body-centered cubic lattice is stabilized, the cell of which includes 2 atoms. The modification density is 6.28 g/cu. see. Interestingly, d-Mn can go into an antiferromagnetic state at a high temperature - 303 C.
Phase transitions are of great importance in obtaining various alloys, especially since the physical characteristics of structural modifications are different.
Manganese production is described below.
Production
Basically, but there are also independent deposits. Thus, up to 40% of the world's reserves of manganese ores are concentrated on the territory of the Chiatura deposit.
The element is dispersed in almost all rocks and is easily washed out. Its content in sea water is low, but at the bottom of the oceans, together with iron, it forms concretions, in which the content of the element reaches 45%. These deposits are considered promising for further development.
There are few large deposits of manganese on the territory of Russia, therefore for the Russian Federation it is an acutely scarce raw material.
The most famous minerals are pyrolusite, magnetite, brownite, manganese spar and so on. The content of the element in them varies from 62 to 69%. They are mined in a quarry or mine method. As a rule, the ore is pre-washed.
Obtaining manganese is directly related to its use. Its main consumer is the steel industry, and for its needs it is not the metal itself that is required, but its combination with iron - ferromanganese. Therefore, speaking about the production of manganese, they often mean a compound necessary in ferrous metallurgy.
Previously, ferromanganese was produced in blast furnaces. But due to the shortage of coke and the need to use poor manganese ores, manufacturers switched to smelting in electric furnaces.
For melting, open and closed furnaces lined with coal are used - in this way carbon ferromanganese is obtained. Melting is carried out at a voltage of 110-160 V, using two methods - flux and flux-free. The second method is more economical, since it allows to extract the element more fully, however, with a high content of silica in the ore, only the flux method is possible.
- Flux-free method- continuous process. The mixture of manganese ore, coke and iron shavings is loaded as it is remelted. It is important to ensure that the amount of reducing agent is sufficient. Ferromanganese and slag are produced simultaneously 5–6 times per shift.
- Silicomanganese produced by a similar method in an electric melting furnace. The charge, in addition to ore, includes manganese slag - without phosphorus, quartzite and coke.
- Metal manganese obtained similarly to the smelting of ferromanganese. The raw material is waste from casting and cutting of the alloy. After the melting of the alloy and the mixture, silicomanganese is added, and 30 minutes before the end of the melting, it is blown with compressed air.
- A chemically pure substance is obtained electrolysis.
Application
90% of the world's manganese production goes to the steel industry. Moreover, most metals are required not to obtain manganese alloys themselves, but for and include 1% of the element. Moreover, it can completely replace nickel if its content is increased to 4–16%. The fact is that manganese, as well as stabilizes the austenite phase in steel.
Manganese is a metal that is interesting not so much in itself as in the properties of its many compounds. However, it is difficult to overestimate its importance as an alloying element.
The reaction of manganese oxide with aluminum is demonstrated in this video:
