Hypernym (Ὑπερ - super-) - a word with a broader meaning, expressing a general, generic concept, the name of a class (set) of objects (properties, features).
Examples
The term "beast" is hypernym in relation to the word " dog", and the term "dog", in turn, is a hypernym in relation to the term "bulldog". And vice versa - the term "bulldog" - hyponym in relation to the term "dog", and "dog" is a hyponym in relation to the term "beast".
See also the Wiktionary entries for examples:
see also
- Changing the content of a concept
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An excerpt characterizing the Hyponym and Hypernym
All that night, Count Rastopchin gave orders, for which people from all parts of Moscow came to him. Those close to him had never seen the count so gloomy and irritated.“Your Excellency, they came from the patrimonial department, from the director for orders ... From the consistory, from the senate, from the university, from the orphanage, the vicar sent ... asks ... About the fire brigade, what do you order? A warden from a prison... a warden from a yellow house...” - they reported to the count all night without ceasing.
To all these questions, the count gave short and angry answers, showing that his orders were no longer needed, that all the work he had diligently prepared was now spoiled by someone and that this someone would bear full responsibility for everything that would happen now.
“Well, tell this fool,” he replied to a request from the patrimonial department, “to stay on guard for his papers. What are you asking nonsense about the fire brigade? There are horses - let them go to Vladimir. Don't leave the French.
- Your Excellency, the warden from the lunatic asylum has arrived, as you order?
- How do I order? Let everyone go, that's all ... And release the crazy in the city. When we have crazy armies in command, this is what God ordered.
Any language consists of many words, but it would be a mistake to present all this splendor as a simple “set”, from which, if necessary, we randomly pull out something that is needed at the moment. Words are subdivided into groups and categories: various parts of speech, common words, dialectal, professional, jargon, slang, borrowed... In some cases, word categories can even form hierarchical structures. An example of such a structure is hypernyms ... however, not a single structure can consist of a single element, therefore, when talking about hypernyms, we cannot do without one more linguistic term - hyponyms.
The word "hyperonym", like many scientific terms, consists of two Greek roots. The second is also present in other linguistic terms - synonym, antonym, homonym - and means "name". The first root is well known to you and me from such words as “hypertrophied” (exaggerated), “hypertension” (high blood pressure) - in a word, it is something “over-” or “over something” ... It turns out that the hypernym Is this a word that is located above some other word? How can this be?
To begin with, let's remember what a word is in general ... the answer to this question is not as simple as it seems - despite the fact that we use words all the time, and you also use them now, reading this article. Does this process seem strange to you? Of course, you are used to it, but one worker, who learned to read in the era of the eradication of illiteracy, did not hide his surprise: “It’s as if thoughts are drawn here!” This man, unwittingly, got to the very essence of the word: unlike a specific image that can be fixed in a drawing, a word is a generalization. Behind any word is an infinite number of specific images. For example, if I say "apple", some of you will imagine a green apple, some red, some on a plate, some on a branch - but all this will correspond to the concept of "apple", because the word is always concept, generalization.
But we can still see an apple, touch it, eat it, finally ... but here's another word for you - “fruit”. Try to imagine a fruit - no, not a pear, not a mango, not the same apple, but a fruit ... doesn’t work? Of course, it can't! Here we are dealing with a concept that generalizes other concepts - more specific ones, and can "manifest itself" in the world of specific images only through them...
Here is a word that generalizes other words, and is called a hypernym. And those words that “hide under it”, expressing private entities in relation to it, linguists call hyponyms. For example, “trees” is a hypernym, and “oak”, “ash”, “birch”, “maple” are hyponyms, “relatives” is a hypernym, “mother”, “father”, “brother”, “grandfather” - hyponyms.
However, a noun that acts as a hypernym in relation to a group of words can itself be a hyponym in relation to another word. For example, the word "tree" will be a hyponym for the word "plant", because plants are trees, herbs, flowers, and algae.
One of the important topics for the development of speech is the study of lexical paradigmatics, i.e. categories of words that enter into certain relations with each other. These categories include synonyms, antonyms, hypernyms and hyponyms. The study of synonyms and antonyms begins in the first grade and continues throughout the entire period of study at school. Such categories of words as hypernyms and hyponyms (words that have gender-species relations) are most often not considered in the lessons. Although hyper-hyponymic relations cover and structure a significant part of the vocabulary of the language. They are the most common paradigmatic connections of words. The developed lessons are aimed at developing children's linguistic instinct, the ability to analyze words and their meanings, to establish logical connections and relationships between them. These lessons can be held in grades 2-4, regardless of the level of preparation of students and teaching materials, according to which children are taught.
The purpose of the lesson: introduce students to lexical paradigmatics.
Lesson objectives:
- consolidate students' existing information on the topic and supplement them with new ones;
- learn to find the appropriate pair for a word, depending on the type of relationship between words;
- develop linguistic flair;
- develop interest in the subject;
- cultivate love for the native language.
Methods: explanatory and illustrative, partially search, ICT, technology of critical thinking.
Forms of work: frontal, individual, steam room.
During the classes
1. Introductory speech of the teacher.
- Today at the lesson we will talk about vocabulary, i.e. about the vocabulary of the language. We have to find out what relationships can be between words. Some of the information on this topic is familiar to you. Therefore, you will need to remember everything you know about this topic and supplement your knowledge with new information.
2. work on the topic of the lesson.
1. Synonyms.
- Theory.
Students recall everything they already know about synonyms. They define and give examples. After that, a definition and a diagram appear on the screen.
Thematic paradigm unites words that have an integral hyperseme in their meaning, which names the concepts of one level of generalization, i.e. certain segments of reality. Since the names of real objects are organized into thematic paradigms, and the conceptual spheres are very numerous, there are a large number of thematic series in the modern Russian language. For example, thematic paradigms determined by the semantics of the members of the series: 1) verbs of motion ( go, go, fly, swim etc.); 2) names of parts of the human body ( head, neck, hand etc.); 3) names of monetary units; 4) names of counts and quantities, etc. A specific feature of the thematic paradigm is the absence of a dominant, generic word that defines the association of words on a specific topic. For example, the thematic paradigm "food" includes a significant number of food items: bread, pie, cheesecake; meat, sausage, cutlet; milk, sour cream, cream etc. In this paradigm, words are combined at the expense of the hypersemes “product” and “food”, hyponymic differences are associated with the type of substance from which the food is prepared, the method of its preparation, consistency, shape, etc. Integral and differential semes are determined by the lexical meaning of each member of the paradigm: bread"Food product baked from flour"; milk"Liquid obtained from cows and used as food" (CO). Differential hyposemes: bread"product", "baked", "from flour"; milk"liquid", "from cows".
The hyper-hyponymic (genus-specific) paradigm is characterized by the presence of a word - a generic concept and words - specific concepts. Flowers: tulip, lily of the valley, rose, aster, lily and etc.; snake: cobra, copperhead, snake, viper etc. A word with a generic concept in linguistics is called hypero ¢ nim, words with aspect concepts are called hypo ¢ nims. Hyper-hyponymic relations cover a significant part of the vocabulary of the language. They are the most common paradigmatic connections of words. The genus-specific paradigm is based on the thematic paradigm and differs from it by the presence of a hyperonym - a generic concept, in relation to which the hyponyms are members of the thematic paradigm. Thus, the word "food" appears in the genus-species paradigm as a hypernym, and members of the thematic paradigm bread, milk, cheese as hyponyms.
The lexico-semantic group of words (LSG) is the most extensive organization of words in terms of the number of its members, united by a basic semantic component. The semantic component generalizes several hypersemes, denoting a class of classes of objects, features, processes, relations. For example, the LSG semantic component "an item of apartment furnishings" includes three hypersemes: 1) "room furniture" ( sofa, table, wardrobe and etc.); 2) "kitchen furniture" ( buffet, refrigerator and etc.); 3) "covering floors / walls" ( carpet, rug, tapestry and etc.). There can be several semantically different paradigms within the LSG. So, LSH "physical characteristics of a person" includes: antonymic paradigms ( full - thin, tall - small, handsome - ugly etc.); synonymous paradigms ( handsome - pretty - pretty etc.); thematic paradigms ("posture": proud, correct etc.; "skill": dexterous, fast etc.).
- Lexicology. The word in semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects
- DIDACTIC PLAN
- LITERATURE
- Vocabulary as a subsystem of the language, its specific features. Lexis and lexicology. Lexicology and other branches of linguistics
- Three dimensions of vocabulary: epidigmatics, paradigmatics and syntagmatics
- The word as the basic nominative unit of language. Differential features of the word
- Semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects of the study of vocabulary
- Semasiology. The form and meaning of the word. Word and concept
- Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word
- The structure of the lexical meaning of the word. Typology of semes and their hierarchy
- Polysemy. Polysemantic word as a system of lexico-semantic variants. Types of transfer of names
- Types of Lexical Values in a Polysemantic Word
- homonymic paradigm. Typology of homonyms. Homonymy and polysemy
- The concept of paronymy. Paronymic paradigm
- Lexical synonymy. Synonymic paradigm and its dominant. Synonymy and polysemy. Types of lexical synonyms by meaning and structure. Synonym functions
Foreign languages, philology and linguistics
Hypernyms and Hyponyms Synonymic series Hypernyms and hyponyms play a major role in the formation of the JKM. Hypernyms of a word with a broad generic meaning, for example, véhicule m vehicle Hyponyms for a word with a specific point meaning, for example, the word hand in Russian is a hypernym, and in French there are hyponyms min f hand brs m hand from shoulder to hand.Sporting events ctivités sportives There are hyponyms that transferred as a whole sentence.
The place and role of hyper-hyponymic relations in the formation of a linguistic picture of the world.
Language picture of the world vision, perception of the surrounding world through the lexical and grammatical system of the native language. That is, it is a kind of grid that our native language throws on our perception of the world, its assessment.
There are the following lexical means of forming JKM:
1. Hypernyms and hyponyms
2. Language gaps
3.Conceptual survivals in language
4. Reality words
5.Synonymous rows
Hypernyms and hyponyms play an important role in the formation of JKM.
Hypernyms words with a broad generic meaning (for example, v e hicule (m ) vehicle)
Hyponyms words with a specific point meaning (for example, the word "hand" in Russian is a hypernym, and in French there are hyponyms main (f) hand, bras (m ) arm from shoulder to hand).
Hypernymic relations in different languages do not coincide. For example, the Russian word for "river" corresponds to fleuve (m , a river flowing into the sea) and rivi e re (f , a river flowing into another river); "finger" - doigt (m , hand finger) and orteil (m , toe). To transfer hypernyms, such a technique as "concretization" is used. For example, if we are talking about events, then they are different.
1.Holiday event festivities (f)
2.Cultural event manifestation culturel
3.Sporting events - activités sportives
There are hyponyms that are conveyed by the whole sentence. For example, to orient build a building with a facade to the east. Or a hyponym d e sistement (m , withdrawal of his candidacy in the elections in favor of another).
Hyponyms may vary depending on the size, designation of the subject and location. ( la baie bay, la crique small bay, l anse (f ) bay in a curved shape). In English (which, by the way, is richer in hyponyms than Russian and French), there are also several hyponyms that are equivalent to the Russian hypernym bay ( bay bay, cove a small bay, cove; creek and bit)
The source of hyponyms is the nomination of objects that occupy an important place in the daily life and culture of the language community. That is, hyponyms and hypernyms reflect different perceptions of the world by different people, because it is the language that forms the thinking of a person and his mentality (the Americans Sapir and Whorf spoke about this (the Sapir and Whorf hypothesis or the hypothesis of linguistic relativity, as well as Humboldt, who believed that in the human mind the external world is represented by language and fixed in language).
For example: in Russian there are several hyponyms to refer to such a phenomenon as the movement of snow under the influence of the wind (blizzard, blizzard, blizzard, blizzard), since the winter in Russia is severe, in France there are only 2 equivalents, since the winter in France is mild ( temp ê te de neige (f ) snowstorm and tourbillon de neige (m ) snow whirlwind).
Hyper-hyponymic relations play a leading role in the formation of JKM. Although hyponyms and hypernyms correspond to the same denotate (an object or phenomenon denoted by a given word), the meanings of a hyponym from a semantic point of view are more complicated and include not only the meaning of a hypernym, but also an additional concretizing meaning. For example, hyponym la margelle the edge of the well
Often hyponyms are characterized by national-cultural and linguistic features. They have no direct equivalents in other languages and are translated descriptively. For example, hyponym glancer gather ears after harvest.
Of interest is the question of the origin of hyponyms. Their origin can be explained from linguistic and extralinguistic points of view. From a linguistic point of view, the origin of hyponyms becomes clear if we turn to their etymology. Many French hyponyms have inherited specific meanings from their Latin, Frankish, Old French, Provençal etymons (the word that underlies the nomination from which this word is derived).
For example, fr. colors of Germanic origin ( Blue ). In Germanic, blue and cyan did not differ. This fact has passed into fr. language.
The fact that in French there are names of different types of baskets is an extralinguistic factor. (In France, grape production is much more developed due to more favorable climatic conditions than in Russia).
For example, mannequin (m ) basket for fruits and vegetables; corbeille (f ) basket for bread and paper; hotte (f ) a basket worn behind the back; manne(f ) Large grocery basket
Hyponyms can be combined into synonymous series. As an example, consider the nouns fr. and Russian language expressing the intensity of fear. Fear varies widely in intensity depending on the threat. Fear-fear-fear-fright-horror-panic
The synonymic range of the French language is richer due to the presence of a larger number of stylistically colored words.Peur apprehension inquietude trac ( colloquial) frousse (colloquial)-trouille (argo) pétoche frayeur, etc. d .
The synonymic series of the French language indicates a more differentiated difference in the degree of intensity of fear and its causes. ( trace(m ) fear of going on stage, before public speaking, frousse (f ) fear due to cowardice).
Hypernyms and hyponyms are characterized by ethno-cultural content and lacunarity properties. For example, in French there is no verb with the general meaning of "shoot down": Shoot down a plane abattre Knock down rider d é monter Knock down eggs, butter batter Whip egg whites and cream fouetter
There are hyponyms that combine 2 predicates (verbs). For example, accoster - approach and speak.
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