On May 28, Russia celebrated the Day of the Border Guard. The people who defend the borders of our Motherland have always been and will be the elite of the armed forces, an example for the younger generations to follow. The holiday date originates from the day of the creation of the border guard of the RSFSR. On May 28, 1918, in accordance with the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars, the Main Directorate of the Border Guard of the RSFSR was created, the basis of which was the former Directorate of the Separate Corps of the Border Guard of Russia. It is this structure that is the immediate predecessor of the modern bodies of the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.

Formation of the border guard

bodies of the border guard of Russia goes back to the pre-revolutionary period of the existence of the Russian state. The protection of the state border has always played a strategic role in ensuring the defense capability and security of the country, therefore, as the Russian state strengthened, the mechanisms for protecting the state border were also improved, including the development of bodies responsible for protecting the country's borders. Although the divisions guarding the state border existed in Russia as early as the 16th century, the centralization and streamlining of the activities of the border guard dates back to the first half of the 19th century. For a long time, huge sections of the state border were guarded by the Cossacks. The Cossacks, as irregular armed forces, bore the main burden of the state border protection service, but there was a need to centralize the state border protection system, especially since significant sections of the border passed in those regions where there were no traditional areas of residence of the Cossacks. Accordingly, there was a need to strengthen the existing units of the guards, who previously performed customs functions.

In August 1827, the Regulations on the Structure of the Border Customs Guard were adopted, according to which the border guard acquired the character of a regular armed formation with a uniform structure, acting on the model of an army unit. The armament of the border guards, their uniforms and the organization of everyday life were reduced to a single model. The border guards were divided into brigades, semi-brigades and companies, subordinate to the chiefs of the customs districts. In total, four brigades were created. The Vilna brigade included five companies, the Grodno brigade - three companies, the Volyn brigade - four companies and the Kherson brigade - three companies. In addition, the border guards were carried by seven semi-brigades of two companies each - St. Petersburg, Estonian, Livonian, Courland, Odessa, Tauride and Taganrog. Two separate companies were also created - Belomorskaya and Kerch-Yenikalskaya. Thus, the total number of border guard companies reached 31. 11 brigade and semi-brigade commanders, 31 company commanders, 119 guards and 156 assistant guards, 37 clerks, 3282 guards, including 2018 horse and 1264 foot guards, served in the border guard units. In 1835, the customs border guard received the name of the border guard, and its number was gradually increased.

The growth in the number of border guards of the Russian Empire was inextricably linked with the processes of further strengthening the Russian statehood and streamlining the country's borders. In 1851, the customs borders of the Russian Empire were moved to the outer borders of the Kingdom of Poland, after which it became necessary to create new border guard brigades. Thus, three more brigades appeared - Verzhbolovskaya, Kalishskaya and Zavikhotskaya. The personnel of the border guard was increased by 26 officers and 3760 guards. In total, by 1853, 73 staff officers, 493 chief officers and 11,000 lower ranks of the border guard were serving as part of the border guards. In accordance with the Customs Charter of 1857, the structure of the border guards was established in 8 brigades and 6 semi-brigades, 1 separate company of the border guards. Thus, the border guards were divided into 58 border guard companies. In 1859, in order to streamline the internal structure of the border guards, the semi-brigades were also transformed into border guard brigades. The total number of border guards in the period under review reached 13,000 people, including 600 officers.
The detachments that made up the companies of the border guards were commanded by sergeants and non-commissioned officers with extensive experience in carrying out border guards. For the training of sergeants and non-commissioned officers at the border brigades in 1860, training teams were created. This measure was explained by the growing need of the border guards for junior commanders capable of commanding border detachments and individual posts. The principle of manning the border guards was also changed. Since 1861, the border guards began to be completed through recruitment - that is, as well as the regular army. Soldiers were selected from the army for the border guards. By the end of the 1870s. the internal structure of the border brigade was also streamlined. Each brigade was now to have 75 officers and 1,200 lower ranks. Under the brigades, the posts of staff officers for assignments and inspectors of the border guards were introduced.

The structure of the border guard

In the Russian Empire, the border guards have always been directly subordinate to economic departments. Until 1864, the Department of Foreign Trade was in charge of the protection of the state border, and on October 26, 1864, it was renamed the Department of Customs Duties. Privy Councilor State Secretary Dmitry Alexandrovich Obolensky became the Director of the Department. The total number of border guards by 1866 was 13,152 officers and lower ranks. The border guard brigade was responsible for guarding the state border in the territory from 100 to 1000 miles. A colonel or even a major general commanded a border guard brigade. The brigade consisted of departments led by lieutenant colonels and detachments led by headquarters captains and captains. A company of border guards served on a stretch of 200 to 500 miles of the border. From two to seven companies made up a brigade. The company included 2-3 detachments, and they, in turn, included 15-20 posts led by sergeants and non-commissioned officers. One rank of the border guard accounted for a section of the border with a length of 2 to 5 versts. The senior post and the commander of the detachment were engaged in the daily organization of guard duty, including the deployment of outfits of 1 to 5 guards on the border line. The foot ranks of the border guard guarded the posts, and the mounted guards made patrols between the posts. The tasks of the mounted guards included the detection and capture of smugglers and border violators trying to break through the stationary posts of the border guards. As foreign trade developed, the number of smugglers and attempts to smuggle goods across the state border also grew. A particularly important task of the border guards in the period under review was to prevent the transport of prohibited literature across the border of the Russian Empire and, which were used by numerous radical groups of the socialist and separatist persuasion. In 1877, the border guards of the Russian Empire adopted the army disciplinary charter as the basis for serving, after which the position of border brigade commander was equated with the position of regiment commander, and the position of head of the customs district was equated with the position of commander of an army brigade.

In the context of constantly aggravated relations with the Ottoman Empire, the situation on the Russian-Turkish border caused the most numerous fears of the state authorities. The southern borders of Russia were the least controlled, but at the same time, strategically important and subjected to constant attempts to violate the border by both smugglers and Turkish spies. The smuggling trade was actively supported by the Ottoman Empire, which hoped to undermine the economy of the Russian Empire with its help. Behind the back of the Ottoman Empire was the main strategic enemy of Russia - Great Britain, which also made tremendous efforts to weaken the Russian economy. Increasing the effectiveness of the fight against smugglers required an increase in the number of border guards on the southern borders of the country, primarily on the Black Sea coast. In November 1876, the number of the Tauride Border Guard Brigade was increased, which included new positions of 2 department commanders, 1 squad officer and 180 lower ranks. The number of posts and personnel serving on posts was also increased. By the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. the number of border guards reached 575 officers and 14,700 lower ranks.

Defense of maritime borders

Maritime smuggling became a serious problem for the Russian state in the period under review. The coastal sections of the state border were the least protected, there were few border posts on them, so smugglers calmly unloaded consignments of goods from ships and then transported them into the country. In order to resist maritime smuggling, the state decided to equip the border guards in the coastal districts with pilot boats and give them military steamers. So, in 1865, three pilot boats were purchased in Norway and delivered to the Revel customs district. The Libava customs district was given military ships, which were supposed to be used for the border guard of the Courland coast. Border boats carried out patrols along the coast, in fact, performing the same functions as the mounted border guards on land. The duties of the border team, which was on the boat, included stopping and inspecting ships that aroused suspicion of smuggling.

In order to improve the experience of organizing maritime border guards, the head of the Riga customs district, Rear Admiral Shtofregen, went to Great Britain and France. After the trip, he collected and submitted to a special commission materials on improving the efficiency of the Marine Border Guard. As a result of the work of the commission, “Additional legislative regulations regarding Russian and foreign ships entering the territorial sea” and “Instructions for the actions of cruisers established to pursue smuggling by sea” were adopted. In addition to the coast guard, maritime coastal supervision was also established, also subordinate to the customs department.

Officially, the date of creation of maritime border supervision can be considered July 1, 1868, when the State Council considered and approved maritime supervision of non-smuggling ships. However, in fact, the creation of units providing control over the maritime sections of the state border falls on the beginning of the 1870s. In 1872, Emperor Alexander II reacted positively to the idea of ​​the Ministry of Finance, according to which a cruising flotilla was to be created on the Baltic Sea. Large sums of money were allocated for the creation of a naval border flotilla, and on July 4, 1873, the Regulations on the Baltic Cruiser Customs Flotilla and its staff were approved. In accordance with this provision, the structure of the flotilla and the order of service were approved. The flotilla consisted of 10 steamships, 1 steam rescue boat and 101 boats. The ships of the flotilla passed through the lists of the navy, but in peacetime they were under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance, and specifically, the Department of Customs Duties. The flotilla administration included a chief with the rank of rear admiral, a clerk - a civil servant, a mechanical engineer, a ship engineer, a naval artillery officer, and a senior doctor. The total strength of the flotilla was 156 people, including 26 officers led by Rear Admiral P.Ya. sheet. The Baltic Customs Cruiser Flotilla began service in the summer of 1873. Each cruiser of the flotilla was at the disposal of the command of the coastal border guard brigades. The tasks of the cruisers included, first of all, the suppression of smuggling, which was a very difficult task, since the population of coastal villages was closely connected with smugglers and had their own financial "bonuses" from cooperation with violators of the state border. Local residents monitored the routes of the cruisers and informed the smugglers, which also made it difficult to catch border violators. Nevertheless, maritime border supervision has made a great contribution to the organization of the protection of the state border in the Baltic Sea. Over the course of ten years, the maritime divisions of the border guards detained more than a thousand ships carrying smuggled goods. At the same time, limited financial resources made it possible to have maritime border surveillance only in the Baltic Sea. Other coastal waters of the Russian Empire were protected only by coastal border posts.

Strengthening the border guards at the end of the 19th century

The fight against smuggling remained the most important task of the border guards. In 1883 there was an enlargement of customs districts, the number of which was increased to seven pieces with centers in St. Petersburg, Vilna, Warsaw, Berdichev, Odessa, Tiflis and Tashkent. At the same time, there was an increase in the number of personnel of the border guard, which in 1889 consisted of 36,519 lower ranks and 1,147 officers. They were combined into 32 brigades and 2 special departments. At the same time, military ranks were streamlined - in the border guards, ranks were introduced that operated in the cavalry units of the Russian army. The ensign was called the cornet, the staff captain and the captain - the staff captain and captain, respectively. The tasks of improving the state border protection system required the creation of new border guard units, primarily in those regions of the Russian Empire where the least protected sections of the state border were located. One of these regions was the Caucasus. In 1882-1883. The Black Sea, Baku and Karsk border guard brigades were created with a total personnel strength of 75 officers and 2401 lower ranks. In 1894, a decision was made to form border units in Central Asia. On June 6, 1894, the emperor signed a decree on the creation of the Trans-Caspian Border Guard Brigade, numbering 1,559 officers and lower ranks, and the Amudarya Border Guard Brigade, numbering 1,035 officers and lower ranks. The tasks of these brigades included the protection of the state border on the territory of modern Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

During the period under review, the border guards were under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance. Initially, the functions of the border guards were merged with the functions of the customs service, since the border guards were part of the Department of Customs Duties. However, as the need for the development of the border guards grew and its numbers increased, the country's leadership realized the need to separate the border guards into a separate structure, as required by the current situation in the field of state border protection. As a result, on October 15, 1893, a Separate Border Guard Corps was created, also subordinate to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire, but separated into a structure separate from the customs service. In wartime, the corps was transferred to the operational subordination of the Military Ministry. Border protection and the fight against smuggling were included among the main functions of the corps. The border guards ceased to deal with customs duties from the moment they were assigned to a special corps, at the same time, the border guards were entrusted with the duty of assisting the army in conducting military operations on the border in wartime.

The leadership of the border guard corps was carried out by the Minister of Finance, who was also the chief of the border guard. The commander of the Corps, who directly supervised the border guards, was subordinate to him. The first chief of the Separate Border Guard Corps was the then Minister of Finance of the Russian Empire, Count Sergei Yulievich Witte. Artillery General A.D. became the commander of the Separate Corps of the Border Guard. Svinin. Alexander Dmitrievich Svinin (1831-1913) served in the artillery before being appointed the first commander of the border corps. In 1851, twenty-year-old warrant officer Svinin was assigned to the 3rd field artillery brigade. In 1875, he was appointed commander of the 1st battery of the 29th artillery brigade, then the 1st battery of the 30th artillery brigade. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. In 1878-1879. he was listed as assistant chief of artillery of the principality of Bulgaria, then commanded the 30th artillery brigade and was chief of artillery of the 7th army corps and the Guards corps. From October 15, 1893 to April 13, 1908, Artillery General Svinin headed the Separate Border Guard Corps. He was an experienced army officer who actually created a system for protecting the state border of the Russian Empire.

The corps headquarters was subordinate to the corps commander, which directly organized the recruitment, service and combat training and logistics of the units of the Separate Border Guard Corps. The activities of the corps were reduced to carrying out two main types of service - guard and reconnaissance. The guard service assumed the surveillance of the state border, the intelligence service - the implementation of military and undercover intelligence in the area of ​​​​the state border in order to collect information about a possible violation of the state border. The state border was divided into distances, each of which was administered by an officer of the border guards. The distances were divided into sidings, which were guarded by cordons or border guard posts. The protection of the border sections was carried out in the following ways: sentry, secret, equestrian patrol and detour, flying detachment, sentry at the customs slingshot, duty officer at the post, ambush. Border detachments also acted on the railway - to combat attempts to transport smuggling by rail.

Troubled Frontier in the East

Ensuring the protection of the state border in the eastern part of the country remained a serious problem for the Russian state in the period under review. First of all, we are talking about the Far East, where there were unresolved territorial disputes with China. When the Russian government was nevertheless able to agree with the imperial government of China on the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Manchuria, there was a need to create border units on the Chinese Eastern Railway. The very fact of the functioning of the Chinese Eastern Railway caused great dissatisfaction with both the Chinese authorities and the Japanese government, which claimed influence in Manchuria. From time to time, Chinese bandits, the Honghuzi, attacked the objects of the Chinese Eastern Railway, and during the Yihetuan uprising in 1900, about 1000 kilometers of the railway were destroyed. The Russian population, represented by CER employees and service personnel, was also at risk of being robbed and killed by Chinese bandits. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of the railway, transported goods and infrastructure, a guard was created, subordinated to the administration of the railway and financed from the budget of the CER. When in 1897 the builders of the Construction Department of the Chinese Eastern Railway arrived on the Songhua River under the guidance of engineer A.I. Shidlovsky, they were accompanied by fifty foot Kuban Yesaul Povievsky. Since the Russian Empire, in accordance with the agreement concluded with China, did not have the right to keep units of regular ground forces in the CER zone, it was decided to entrust the tasks of protecting the railway itself and its builders to the specially formed Security Guard of the CER, which was staffed by military personnel and border guards who formally went to resignation and no longer considered officers and non-commissioned officers of the regular Russian army. The Security Guard of the Chinese Eastern Railway consisted of 699 mounted lower ranks and 120 officers. The head of the guard was directly subordinate to the chief engineer of the CER. During the Yihetuan uprising, the Okhrana Guard, together with the regular army, took part in the fighting against the Chinese rebels, preventing sabotage attempts on the railway and attacks on the residences of employees and builders of the CER. The security guards of the CER had their own uniforms. The guards of the Chinese Eastern Railway wore blue harem pants and black jackets, edging of harem pants, the buttonholes were yellow, like the top of the hat. The caps had black bands and yellow crowns. The officers' uniforms had black buttonholes with yellow piping. The guards did not have shoulder straps on their uniforms - instead of them, the officers wore gilded shoulder harnesses, and the sergeants and sergeants wore galloons on the sleeves of their jackets.

In 1901, on the basis of the security unit of the CER, the Zaamursky district of the border guard was created. Colonel A.A. became the district commander. Gengross. The district was of strategic importance in ensuring the defense capability and security of the Far East, since it carried out the protection of the CER and adjacent territories. The staff of the district was set at 55 cavalry hundreds, 55 companies and 6 horse-mountain batteries. They united in 12 detachments and 4 border brigades. The total number of border guards of the Zaamursky district was about 25 thousand officers and lower ranks. The district housed 24 training teams, an artillery training team and an artillery depot. Thus, the Zaamursky border district occupied a special position in the structure of the Separate Border Guard Corps. The number of officers and lower ranks in the divisions of the district reached 25 thousand people, and only 35 thousand people served in the Separate Border Guard Corps, if you do not take into account the Zaamursky district. That is, in terms of numbers, the district was not much smaller than the entire corps of the country's border guards. The section of the railway between Kayuan and Harbin was guarded by the 2nd brigade of the district, consisting of 18 companies, 18 cavalry hundreds and 3 artillery batteries. Also, the competence of this brigade included the protection of the water area - the Songhua River from Harbin to the Amur. The section of the railway between Kayuan and Port Arthur was the responsibility of the 4th Brigade of the Border Guard, the composition and structure of which was not much weaker than the 2nd Brigade. Border detachments in Transcaucasia and Central Asia, guarding the state border with Persia, Turkey and Afghanistan, had a certain commonality with the border units on the CER. Here the service was the most intense, because in addition to the smugglers, there was a constant risk of armed bands crossing the state border, committing robbery attacks. The border guard was responsible for protecting the Black Sea and Caspian coasts, only the section between Gagra and Gelendzhik was guarded by the Cossack army.

The Black Sea was patrolled by the cruisers of the flotilla of the Separate Border Guard Corps. To support the border guards in Transcaucasia, units of the regular army and Cossack troops were allocated. In particular, three companies from the 20th and 39th infantry divisions were assigned to the Kars border guard brigade, and a company of the 39th infantry division was assigned to the Erivan border guard brigade. In the Amur district and Transbaikalia, the border service was carried out by three hundred of the Zaamursky district of the border guards with a total of 350 officers and lower ranks. In the Pamir region, the state border was guarded by the army Pamir detachment, a number of sections of the state border continued to be guarded by Cossack units at the beginning of the 20th century.

When the Russo-Japanese War broke out, the Zaamursky District of the Border Guard took the most direct part in it. Border guard units not only guarded the line of the Chinese Eastern Railway, but also participated in combat clashes with Japanese troops, prevented sabotage and attacks by Chinese bandits - the Honghuzi. In total, the district units participated in 200 clashes, and also prevented 128 sabotage on the railway. The divisions of the district participated in the fighting in the area of ​​Port Arthur, Liaoyang and Mukden. Operationally, during the war years, the district was subordinate to the command of the Manchurian army. In the post-war period, the protection of the CER gradually began to decline, which was due to the Portsmouth Peace Treaty. On October 14, 1907, the Zaamursky district was reorganized and since that time included 54 companies, 42 hundreds, 4 batteries and 25 training teams. All these units were 12 detachments, combined into three brigades. The Zaamursky district hospital was also opened to treat the wounded and sick border guards. Schools of Japanese and Chinese languages ​​were organized at the headquarters of the district, labor-intensive work was organized to create topographic maps and conduct topographic research. In 1910, the district was again reorganized, this time in the direction of a greater "militarization" of its structure. From now on, the district included 6 foot and 6 cavalry regiments, including 60 companies and 36 hundreds with 6 machine-gun teams and 7 training units. In addition, the district headquarters had 4 artillery batteries, a sapper company and service units at its disposal. In 1915, a significant part of the personnel of the Zaamursky district of the border guards, as fresh forces, was sent to the Austro-German front to participate in hostilities.

The Zaamursky Border Guard Railroad Brigade was part of the Zaamursky District of the Border Guard. Its formation began in 1903 and the first year it included a brigade command and four three-company battalions. In May 1904, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the brigade became four companies, and the 3rd and 4th battalions became five companies. The task of the brigade was to ensure the smooth functioning of the Chinese Eastern Railway, especially during periods of emergency. The basis for the formation of the brigade was the railway and sapper companies of the Russian army. The strength of the railway company was 325 lower ranks, including 125 lower ranks from the railway and sapper units, and 200 people from the infantry. During the war with Japan, it was the Zaamur railway brigade that carried the main tasks of ensuring the smooth operation and protection of the Chinese Eastern Railway. In particular, the units of the brigade resolved the issues of organizing the transportation of troops, the evacuation of wounded military personnel, ensuring the full operation of railway lines, and restoring the damaged railroad track.

Group of lower ranks of the battalion of the Zaamur border railway brigade

By 1914, the Trans-Amur border railway brigade included subdivisions of the brigade's command and headquarters, three eight-company regiments of broad gauge. The brigade was subordinate to the commander of the Separate Corps of the Border Guard, but acted as a base for combat training of specialists from the railway units of the imperial army. With the outbreak of the First World War, the command realized the need to form another railway connection, the base for which was also the Zaamur border railway brigade. On the territory of the Caucasus, the 2nd Zaamur border railway brigade was formed as part of the brigade management and three railway battalions. Each battalion included 35 officers and 1046 lower ranks - soldiers and non-commissioned officers. In January 1916, soldiers of the 4th company of the 1st Zaamur border railway brigade under the command of Captain Krzhivoblotsky participated in the construction of the Zaamurets self-propelled armored car. At the beginning of 1917, Zaamurets was used as an anti-aircraft self-propelled gun on the Southwestern Front. Colonel Mikhail Kolobov, who previously held the post of chief of staff of the 1st Zaamur border railway brigade, was appointed commander of the brigade. Subsequently, Kolobov became the head of the military department of the CER, and then took part in the White movement, and after the establishment of the power of the Bolshevik Party, he emigrated to China.

World War I and Revolution

The border guards played an important role in protecting the state border of the Russian Empire. The service of the border guards then, as now, remained very risky, but the officers and lower ranks performed their duty with honor, sometimes giving their health and lives for the security of the Russian state. In just twenty years from 1894 to 1913. border guards participated in 3595 armed clashes. Border guards liquidated 1,302 border violators, while the total number of border guards who died in battles with violators and smugglers over 20 years amounted to 177 people. The training of border guards was aimed at ensuring constant readiness for entry into hostilities. In fact, the border guards in peacetime functioned in wartime mode. By the time the First World War began, the Separate Border Guard Corps included seven western and southern districts, 31 border brigades, 2 special departments, a cruising flotilla consisting of 10 sea cruisers, and the Zaamursky district. The number of border guards reached 60,000 officers and lower ranks. After the outbreak of the First World War, units of the border guards were included in the active army. On January 1, 1917, the Separate Border Guard Corps was renamed the Separate Border Guard Corps. Those border units that guarded the border with countries with which the Russian Empire did not conduct military operations actually functioned as before, the rest operated as part of the Russian army.

One of the serious shortcomings of the border guards of the Russian Empire was the lack of specialized educational institutions for the training of officers of the Separate Corps of the Border Guards. Meanwhile, the specifics of the service at the border required the presence of certain special knowledge, which yesterday's army officers did not always possess. The officers of the border guards were recruited primarily from among the officers of the Cossack troops and cavalry, to a lesser extent - infantry and artillery. They also had their own specialists in the medical and weapons services. The lower ranks, as mentioned above, were recruited on the basis common to all armed forces. The lower ranks filled combat and non-combat positions of the frontier corps. The lower ranks included: ordinary warrant officers, ordinary military officials, ensigns, sergeants and sergeants, senior non-commissioned officers (junior sergeants), non-combatants of the senior rank with sergeant-major distinctions, junior non-commissioned officers (heads of posts) and non-combatant senior rank, corporals , ordinary (busmen, guards). Non-combatant positions were served by clerks and other service personnel of headquarters and divisions.

The revolution of 1917 led to cardinal changes in the system of state border protection. On March 5, 1917, a meeting of border guards was held in Petrograd, chaired by non-commissioned officer R.A. Muklevich. In accordance with the decision of the meeting, the commander of the corps, General of Infantry N.A., was relieved of his post. Pykhachev, and the place of the corps commander was taken by Lieutenant General G.G. Mokasey-Shibinsky. The chief of staff of the corps instead of the dismissed Lieutenant General N.K. Kononov became Colonel S.G. Shamshev. By the time of the events under consideration, most of the state border in the European part of Russia and in the Transcaucasus was violated as a result of the war and was not controlled by the Russian state. After the October Revolution and the emergence of the Soviet state, the issue of protecting the state border was again updated. By decision of the Soviet government, the Main Directorate of the Border Guard was created under the People's Commissariat for Finance. The basis for the creation of Glaucus was the administration and headquarters of the Separate Frontier Corps. In July 1918, up to 90% of the former officers of the old tsarist border guard remained in the Headquarters of the Border Guard. It is significant that among them there was not a single member of the RCP (b), which caused dissatisfaction with the party leadership. Ultimately, the party leadership decided to remove the head of the Directorate, the former tsarist lieutenant general Mokasey-Shibinsky. The general was accused of appointing exclusively military specialists, but not communists, to leading positions, maintaining the old regime in management and not striving to reorganize it. The Glavka commissars recommended that the Soviet leadership release Mokasey-Shibinsky from his post and put S.G. in his place. Shamshev. On September 6, 1918, Mokasey-Shibinsky was dismissed from the post of head of the Main Directorate of the Border Guard, and S.G. was appointed the new head. Shamshev. In September 1918, the Border Guard Council petitioned the Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council to liquidate the Border Guard. A Temporary Liquidation Commission was created, which was ordered by February 15, 1919 to complete the liquidation of the Main Directorate of the Border Guard. Thus ended the history of the pre-revolutionary and the first years of the revolution of the border guard of the Russian state. At the same time, it should be noted that it was during the Soviet period that the true formation of the border guards and border troops took place, which turned into a really powerful and effective tool for protecting state interests.

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I formation

1044, 1046 and 1048 sp,

821 up, 580 back,

354 rb, 590 sapb,

755 obs, 339 medical battalion,

388 orhz, 725 atb,

381 pkhz, 974 pps, 858 pkg.

289 RIFLE DIVISION ( II formations )

On October 15, 1941, on the basis of order No. 0021 to the troops of the Karelian Front, on the basis of the 5th Separate Rifle Brigade of the Kestenga direction of the Kemskaya Operational Group, the formation of the 289th Rifle Division began.

From the 5th Separate Rifle Brigade, the division included:

1. Former 1st Murmansk Rifle Regiment, renamed 1044 Rifle Regiment

2. 821 artillery regiment, formed on the basis of the 2nd division of the howitzer regiment

3. The 354th motorized rifle company (without motorized transport), was formed on the basis of the 5th RSD battalion.

4. 339th separate medical and sanitary battalion.

In addition, the division included:

• Former 1st Motor Rifle Regiment of the 1st Red Banner Tank Division, renamed 1046 Rifle Regiment

• The 1048th Rifle Regiment was completely formed in the city of Kem of the KFSSR from the Red Army soldiers of the construction battalion of the 14th Army, marching company No. 3243, the Red Army soldiers of the 112th reserve regiment (surplus personnel of the 54th Rifle Division), conscripts of the Kemsky and White Sea military registration and enlistment offices.

• A separate anti-aircraft division arrived in the city of Kem on October 18, 1941 as part of one battery from the city of Belomorsk.

• The 755th separate communications battalion was formed in the city of Belomorsk.

• The 590th separate engineer battalion was formed in the village of Lisya Guba, during the battles in the Maselsky direction, from the engineer company of the 95th construction battalion of the 14th army, a company of the 279th construction battalion and one company of the 112th reserve regiment

• 373rd separate mortar division, also formed during the battles of November 15, 1941

Not having completely completed the formation, from October 20 to 23, she was transferred to the Maselskaya station, where she became part of the Medvezhyegorsk task force of the Karelian Front. Immediately from the march, she entered into battle with the 4th Infantry Brigade of the Finns, performing the assigned task securing the line: Karelian Maselga - Lake Gobi-Lampi - Lake Oster, to help the defending 73rd Border Detachment and the 15th SME of the NKVD. The offensive began on October 24, 1941 at 6.00 am in the area of ​​height 199.3

Compound

• 1044th Rifle Regiment

• 1046th Rifle Regiment 1048th Rifle Regiment 821st Artillery Regiment 335th Separate Anti-Tank Fighter Battalion (since 05/04/1942) 354th Reconnaissance Company

• 590th engineer battalion

• 755th separate communications battalion (911th separate communications company)

• 339th Medical Battalion

• 388th separate company of chemical protection

• 425th (209th) motor transport company

• 58th field bakery

• 647th Divisional Veterinary Infirmary

• 1518th field post station

• 931st field cash desk of the State Bank

As part of the Maselskaya task force, she participated in the Medvezhyegorsk offensive operation (January 3 - 10, 1942). In the future, she continued to operate in the Medvezhyegorsk direction, occupying positional defense. March 10, 1942 became part of the 32nd Army of the Karelian Front.

Participated in the Svir-Petrozavodsk offensive operation (June 21 - August 9, 1944). On November 14, 1944, together with other divisions of the 32nd Army, it was withdrawn to the reserve of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. Later it was stationed on the territory of the White Sea Military District.

The 32nd separate ski brigade was created on September 11, 1942 by reorganizing the 3rd separate rifle brigade of the Karelian Front, leading its history from separate ski battalions formed in the Novosibirsk region.
In September 1941, marching companies of skiers were formed in the city of Berdsk, Novosibirsk Region. The selection was quite strict, as skier warriors were trained to perform especially important tasks in winter conditions. The soldiers were trained in the 21st reserve rifle regiment. The conditions of preparation were difficult, people were placed in the forest, ate in the open air, lived in dugouts without light and heat, and slept on bare bunks. Combat training was carried out daily. Despite the weather conditions, forced marches reached a hundred kilometers. 130, 131, 132 and 136 separate ski battalions were formed from the number of trained skiers, mainly from Siberians - young guys from the Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions and Altai Territory. On November 7, 1941, the soldiers of the battalions took the military oath and were sent to the Karelian front.
By rail, they arrived in the city of Yaroslavl, where they received weapons and winter uniforms, and then - in the city of Belomorsk, the temporary capital of the Karelian-Finnish SSR. From Belomorsk, the soldiers made a hundred-kilometer march on skis towards the border with Finland. The strongholds of the units were the towns, villages and villages of Lekhta, Tunguda, Mashozero and Berezovo of the Belomorsky district. 132 separate ski battalion was based in the village of Berezovo. The units carried out a combat mission to cover the western approaches to the city of Belomorsk, as well as to the Kirov railway and the White Sea-Baltic Canal.
In February 1942, in the village of Lekhta, the Kemskaya Separate Ski Brigade was formed from separate ski battalions. On March 25, 1942, the brigade was renamed the 3rd separate ski brigade of the Karelian Front. Major Zaslavsky Yuzef Borisovich, who was awarded the Order of the Red Star for his distinction in defensive battles in 1941, was appointed chief of staff of the brigade.
On May 19, 1942, on the basis of the 3rd, 4th and 8th separate ski brigades of the Karelian Front, the 3rd separate rifle brigade was formed. Separate ski battalions began to be called rifle battalions, retaining their original numbering. A former border guard, holder of the Order of the Red Star for participation in the Soviet-Finnish war, Lieutenant Colonel Gorokhov Ivan Aleksandrovich, an excellent skier, champion of the Karelo-Finnish SSR in skiing, was appointed commander of the brigade, Major Zaslavsky Yuzef Borisovich was appointed chief of staff of the brigade - guards, head of the political department of the brigade - head political department of the 4th separate ski brigade Prokushev Ivan Ustinovich, former first secretary of the CC CPSU of the city of Osinniki, Novosibirsk (now Kemerovo) region. On May 31, 1942, a reconnaissance group of a separate company of brigade scouts in the Elovaya Gora area in the Rugozersky (now Muezersky) region of the KF SSR carried out an operation to capture a Finnish officer. On July 1, 1942, units of the brigade conducted a combat operation in the rear of the Finnish troops in the Kello Gora area - the West Bank of the Chirka-Kem River.
On September 11, 1942, the 3rd separate rifle brigade of the Karelian Front was transformed into the 32nd separate ski brigade. In 1942-1944, the brigade was based in the village of Lekhta, Tungudsky district, Belomorsky district, Karelian-Finnish SSR (now Belomorsky district, Republic of Karelia).
Until the spring of 1944, the brigade took up defensive positions at the junction of the Ukhta and Rebolsk directions (on the distant approaches to the city of Belomorsk) with the task of destroying the White Finns by active actions of detachments and groups, thereby tying down large enemy forces and preventing the enemy from transferring their reserves to the Petrozavodsk direction and even to besieged Leningrad. The reconnaissance and sabotage groups of the brigade regularly made combat exits into the deep rear of the Finnish troops. During the period from 1942 to March 1944, the skiers of the brigade in the Rebolsk direction carried out more than 1,500 combat operations behind enemy lines. For successful operations behind enemy lines, units and subunits of the brigade skillfully interacted with the partisan detachments "Red Onezhets", "Forward", "Zheleznyak".
On February 9, 1943, during a combat operation in the rear of the Finnish troops, a reconnaissance platoon of the 3rd separate ski battalion under the command of Lieutenant Arshinsky Pyotr Mikhailovich had the task of taking the road to the Kello-Gor garrison in the Rugozersky district of the Karelian-Finnish SSR, identifying its strength and, breaking into garrison, destroy it. The fierce battle lasted 4 hours. The enemy called for reinforcements and, in an unequal battle, firing back to the last bullet, almost the entire reconnaissance platoon, led by its commander, was destroyed by the enemy. 29 people died in this battle. For heroism, steadfastness and courage in battle, Lieutenant Arshinsky P.M. awarded the Order of the Red Banner (posthumously).
In July 1943, the reconnaissance detachment under the command of the assistant chief of the 1st part of the headquarters of the brigade, Captain Maksimov N.A. in the area of ​​the Chirka-Kem river in the Rugozersky district of the Karelian-Finnish SSR (now the Muezersky district of the Republic of Karelia) conducted a military operation to defeat the enemy garrison.
In November 1943, units of the brigade conducted a combat operation on a fire raid on the enemy garrison of the now-defunct village of Kello-Gora in the Rugozersky (now Muezersky) district of Karelia on the right bank of the Chirka-Kem River.
In the period from January 8 to January 18, 1944, the 32nd separate ski brigade under the personal command of the brigade commander, Colonel Gorokhov I.A. carried out a combat operation to defeat the enemy garrisons deep in the rear of the Finnish troops in the Nyuk-Ozero area in the Rugozero district of the Karelian-Finnish SSR (now the Muezersky district of the Republic of Karelia).
In March 1944, the 32nd separate ski brigade was redeployed to the Kandalaksha direction of the Karelian Front, where it became part of the 127th Light Mountain Rifle Corps of the 19th Army. On May 1, 1944, the 32nd separate ski brigade was awarded the Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Red Banner.
In the summer of 1944, the 32nd separate ski brigade, as part of the 127th light mountain rifle corps of the 7th Army of the Karelian Front, took part in the Svir-Petrozavodsk offensive operation (June 21 - August 9, 1944). In June 1944, troops of the 7th Army successfully crossed the Svir River. White Finns, hastily retreated. The 32nd separate ski brigade arrived at the place of forcing and immediately after the forcing units went on the offensive along the eastern coast of Lake Ladoga. The troops of the 7th army liberated the cities and villages of southern Karelia. The brigade, as the most maneuverable, was transferred from one direction to another to strike at the flanks and rear of the retreating White Finns. She participated in the battles for the liberation of the Suojärvi and Pitkäranta regions of Karelia.
During the offensive on July 7, the 3rd separate ski battalion, together with the 33rd separate ski brigade, stormed the positions of the Finnish troops near Lake Ilja-Lavajärvi in ​​the Suojärvi region, the 2nd battalion crossed the Tulemajoki River, occupied a settlement on the shore. From July 8 to 12, the battalions of the brigade marched in a forced march from the village of Lavajärvi to the village of Nyatyaoya, Suoyärvi district. From July 18 to July 30, the brigade, conducting fierce battles with superior enemy forces at its heavily fortified points, made a detour march to the village of Muanto in the Suojärvi region across impassable roads and wooded and swampy areas. Trying to stop the brigade's breakthrough and put their fleeing soldiers in order, the enemy put forward fresh reserves.
On July 20, 1944, the 3rd Finnish border guard battalion ambushed a moving column of the brigade. The enemy, having missed the outposts, suddenly attacked the brigade headquarters. The first battalion, headquarters and reconnaissance company of the brigade started a head-on battle with superior enemy forces. The warriors turned into battle formation and boldly entered the battle. The enemy, using surprise and favorable local conditions, sought to cut off the reconnaissance company from the main column, destroy the brigade headquarters, and capture its banner. One after another, the scout company repelled several enemy attacks, each time turning into fierce hand-to-hand combat. Feeling their responsibility for the safety of the brigade headquarters, its command, for the safety of the banner of the unit, the scouts showed exceptional courage. Holding the flank from the onslaught of enemies, the third section of the 3rd reconnaissance platoon fought to the last soldier. In the midst of the battle, fighters from a machine-gun company arrived to help the scouts. Unable to withstand the onslaught, bearing heavy losses, the enemy began to retreat. He used thermite bombs. Lichen caught fire, dry moss, grass, trees. The command was heard: "Leave!". But there was no one to retreat to the scouts of the second and third platoons of the reconnaissance company. All of them perished on the "Gorelaya" hill near the city of Pitkyaranta.
In this battle, 54 soldiers of the brigade died, the chief of staff of the guard brigade, Colonel Zaslavsky Yuzef Borisovich, was mortally wounded. He was buried with military honors in the cemetery near the church in the village of Salmi, Pitkyaranta region. Later, a mass grave was created at this place, in which more than a thousand defenders of the Motherland rest. By the decision of the executive committee of the district council of the Pitkyaranta region, one of the streets of the village of Salmi on May 9, 1985 was named after the guard colonel Yu.B. Zaslavsky.
After the successful conduct of the Svir-Petrozavodsk operation, which thwarted the enemy’s plan to create a single Finnish-German front, the brigade, in cooperation with other parts of the Karelian and Leningrad fronts, continued offensive battles along the coast of Lake Ladoga towards the western border of our Motherland. Despite the difficulties of moving across rough terrain and the severity of the load (the soldiers carried all the materiel and ammunition), the soldiers of the brigade successfully coped with the tasks set by the command.
On September 24, 1944, the 32nd Separate Ski Brigade fought on the state border with Finland and, remaining on the reached lines near the village of Loimola, Suojärvi region, participated in its protection until November 1944.
In December 1944, the brigade was withdrawn to the Reserve Headquarters of the All-Russian High Command, relocated to the Vologda Oblast, was renamed the 32nd separate mountain rifle brigade and became part of the 126th Light Mountain Rifle Corps of the Red Banner.
On February 13, 1945, a brigade consisting of the 126th light mountain rifle corps was transferred to the 4th Ukrainian Front, on February 20, 1945, it arrived in the area of ​​the city of Bilitz, Silesia (now the city of Bielsko-Biala, Silesian Voivodeship of Poland), where it became part of the 38th Army.
Taking part in the Moravian-Ostrava offensive operation (March 24 - May 5, 1945), the 32nd separate mountain rifle brigade as part of the 126th Light Mountain Rifle Corps of the Red Banner, which constituted the first echelon of the advancing troops of the 38th Army of the 4th Ukrainian Front, on March 24, 1945 broke through the enemy defenses in the area the city of Zorau (now the city of Zory in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland). By the end of the day, parts of the corps advanced 7 kilometers. In the course of the rapid offensive, units and subunits of the brigade took part in capturing the heavily fortified points of Syrin, Blyuszczow and Kamen in the current Wodzislaw poviat of the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland. March 31, 1943 in the battles for the village of Rogovets. Silesia (now a street in the town of Rogow, commune Gorzyce, Wodzislaw district, Silesian province of Poland), the brigade units successfully repelled enemy counterattacks and rapidly advanced to the west. By April 1, 1945, the 32nd separate rifle brigade approached the Oder River with battles. On April 2, units and subunits of the brigade on boats, rafts and by swimming crossed this water barrier and took part in the battle to expand the captured bridgehead on its left bank near the town of Krzyzanowice, Racibor district, Silesian Voivodeship.
On April 5, 1945, after the regrouping, the thinned parts of the corps went on the defensive, while other formations of the 38th Army carried out a breakthrough in the enemy's defenses. On April 30, 1945, formations and units of the corps entered the city of Ostrava, the administrative center of the Moravian-Silesian region of Czechoslovakia.
For the exemplary performance of command assignments in the Moravian-Ostrava offensive operation, for the valor and courage shown, the 32nd separate mountain rifle brigade was awarded the Order of the Red Star (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 06/15/1945).
Taking part in the Prague operation (May 5 - 11, 1945), the 32nd separate mountain rifle brigade of the 126th light mountain rifle Red Banner Corps as part of the 1st Guards Army of the 4th Ukrainian Front successfully advanced deep into Czechoslovakia. The last battle of the corps took on May 14, 1945 with the German units breaking through to the west.
After the victory over Germany, units and subdivisions of the 32nd separate mountain rifle order of the Red Star of the brigade made a three hundred-kilometer forced march on foot to the city of Lvov in the Carpathian military district.
During the war with Japan in August 1945, the 32nd Separate Mountain Rifle Order of the Red Star Brigade, consisting of the 126th Light Mountain Rifle Order of the Red Banner Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Corps from the Carpathian Military District, arrived in the 1st Far Eastern Front. In September 1945, the 126th Light Mountain Corps of the Far Eastern Military District was transferred to Chukotka. On September 14, 1945, the 32nd separate mountain rifle brigade was relocated from the city of Vladivostok by sea to the village of Ureliki. In 1948, separate mountain rifle brigades were reorganized into divisions: the 32nd separate mountain rifle brigade became the 117th rifle division of the Order of the Red Star and, as part of the corps, which became known as the 121st light mountain rifle Red Banner Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky Corps, became part of the 14th Airborne Army of the Far Eastern Military District, formed in June 1948 in Chukotka, in Providence Bay. In the summer of 1953, the division was disbanded.

Memory:
- in the secondary school of the village of Ledmozero, Muezersky district of the Republic of Karelia, since September 12, 1976, the Room of Combat Glory of the 32nd Separate Mountain Rifle Order of the Red Star of the Brigade has been operating;
- in the municipal educational institution, secondary school No. 169 of the Dzerzhinsky district of the city of Novosibirsk (630051, Novosibirsk,
Dzerzhinsky Ave., 60) On May 9, 1985, the Museum of Military Glory of the 32nd separate ski team was opened.

Chapter 1. The state of the border guards of Russia in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. and theoretical views of the country's leadership on its application in war conditions

Russia has a long history. The Russian state had to defend its right to independence and power in numerous wars. An important contribution to ensuring the security of the country was made by the Russian army and the Russian fleet, which were intended to solve problems related to protecting the interests of the state in wartime. Some departments of Russia, due to their specific tasks, had to defend state interests with weapons in their hands both in peacetime and wartime. First of all, this referred to the border guards that appeared on the state border of the Russian Empire in the late 20s - the first half of the 30s of the XIX century. Over its long history, it has repeatedly shown examples of courage and heroism, not only in protecting the economic interests of the state in the border area, but also participating along with army units and subunits in various wars. In these wars, the forms and methods of combat use of border guard units were born and improved. The peak of the formation of the border guards of Russia as a military organization fell on the last decade of the 19th century. However, before finally establishing itself as a military structure, the border guard had to go through a series of fundamental reorganizations and transformations. It was a necessary step. It was due to the intensification of confrontation between Russia and a number of leading European states in matters related to the economic, political and military security of the state. The state border was a "barometer" of relations between countries. Therefore, the Russian state attached great importance to strengthening the border, increasing the country's security in the border space during the period studied by the author. This, in turn, led to increased attention on the part of the state to a special state structure - the border guard, which was called upon to directly solve this most important task on its front lines. Great importance was attached to this structure itself, which in the 50s of the XIX century. was part of the Foreign Trade Department of the Ministry of Finance of Russia.

By the middle of the XIX century. the border guard of Russia had a well-formed and fairly well-established structure. This was largely facilitated by the transformations in the organization of the border guards, carried out in the late 20s and 30s of the XIX century. In August 1827, the Russian government adopted the "Regulations on the organization of the border Customs Guard." The main meaning of this document was reduced to the need to bring the created guard closer to the "military order" 1 .
Since that time, the border guards began to be built on the uniformity of the military formation, equipment, uniforms, life. A single armament was installed, respectively, for the horse and foot ranks of the border customs guards.
According to the new Regulations, the border customs guard was divided into brigades, semi-brigades and companies with general subordination to the heads of customs districts. 2 . 4 brigades were created (Vilna - 5 companies, Grodno - 3 companies, Volyn - 4 companies, Kherson - 3 companies), 7 semi-brigades, consisting of 2 companies each (St. ), as well as 2 separate companies - Belomorskaya and Kerch-Yenikalskaya. In total, 31 companies of border customs guards were formed. Each company was divided into squads.
11 brigade and semi-brigade commanders, 31 company commanders, 119 overseers and 156 assistant overseers, 37 clerks, 3282 lower ranks, including 2018 horse and 1264 foot 3 . Since 1835, the customs border guard on the European section of the Russian border has become known as the border guard 4 . In connection with the objective need to increase the number of tasks assigned to the border guard, the government took measures to increase its number. So, after the transfer of the customs line of the empire to the outer borders of the Kingdom of Poland in 1851, 3 new border guard brigades were formed (Verzhbolovskaya, Kalishskaya, Zawikhotskaya), and the guard was reinforced by 26 officers, 3760 lower ranks 5 . By the beginning of the Eastern War (1853-1856), the border guards consisted of 73 officers, 493 chief officers, 11,000 lower ranks 6 .
What the brigades and semi-brigades of the border guards were in organizational terms on the eve of the Crimean War can be judged from the description of the Taurida semi-brigade. By the beginning of the Crimean War, the semi-brigade consisted of 2 companies, which were divided into 2 detachments each, and the personnel were located along the Black Sea coast from Perekop to the village of Karangat on 58 cordons. Being under the jurisdiction of the Department of Foreign Trade, the semi-brigade was subordinate to the Kerch-Yenikalsk mayor. The headquarters of the semi-brigade was in Simferopol. The company commanders were located: the 1st company (Captain Zagorovsky) - in Evpatoria, the 2nd company (Major Ivanov) - in Feodosia. The headquarters of the semi-brigade consisted of: the commander of the semi-brigade, one reserve officer, a veterinarian, two clerks and seven blacksmiths 7 .

The number of the first company at a distance from Perekop to the Faros post was 8 officers and 123 lower ranks of the border guards, including: 94 horse and 29 foot 8 .
The number of the second company at a distance from the Mukholatsky post to the Karangatsky post was 6 officers and 107 lower ranks (69 horse and 38 foot). The length of the entire section of the semi-brigade was 1001 miles. This distance accounted for 14 officers and 230 lower ranks 9 .
Customs Charter of 1857 10 8 brigades, 6 half brigades, 1 separate company were determined for the border guards, and a total of 58 companies were formed 11 . In the same statute, Art. 336 it was indicated that the ranks of the border guards act in everything according to the charter and instructions that were prescribed by the authorities. Among the instructions are: "Instruction for brigade, semi-brigade and company commanders of the border guards" (1850), "Instructions for guards of the border guards and their assistants" (1850) 12. . These documents determined the procedure for the actions of officers and officials of the border guards in the performance of their official duties. Two years later, for the sake of uniformity, the semi-brigades were renamed brigades, and the guards and their assistants were renamed detachment officers. 13 . Already by the beginning of the 60s of the XIX century. the number of border guards was about 13 thousand people, of which about 600 officers 14 . The features of the service, its organization, required that trained sergeants and non-commissioned officers be appointed chiefs of detachments and posts. However, the border guards for a long time had a small number of them, and privates often became senior posts.
The need for non-commissioned officers specially trained for service on the border was constantly growing. Therefore, in 1860, with all the border brigades on the western section of the border, training teams were organized to train sergeants and non-commissioned officers 15 .
Since 1861, the border guards began to be staffed with recruits (recruits) on a common basis with regular troops. Until then, recruitment took place by selecting soldiers from the Russian army.
In order to improve the border guards, in 1863, the posts of headquarters officers for assignments were introduced in the brigades, and in 1886, the posts of border guard inspectors subordinate to the Department of Customs Duties 16 . As a result of the transformation, by the end of the 70s. XIX century, the composition of the border brigade was determined (on average) at 75 officers and 1200 lower ranks 17 .
Until 1864, the border guard was part of the Department of Foreign Trade. On October 26, 1864, the opinion of the State Council was approved, according to which the Department of Foreign Trade was renamed the Department of Customs Duties 18 . Privy Councilor, Secretary of State D.A. was appointed its first director. Obolensky 19 . The structure of the border guard has undergone certain changes from time to time. The complexity of the situation on the border of the Russian state determined the need to increase the density of border guards, to take new sections of the border under the protection of the border guards, and as a result, to increase the quantitative composition of the border guards. By the end of 1866, the border guard staff consisted of 13,152 officers and lower ranks. 20 .
The conducted research allows us to conclude that, based on the availability of forces and means available to the state and the border guards, the border guard was built in two lines: the first consisted mainly of foot soldiers of the border guards, the second - of the rangers, who, using horses, made patrols between posts. A chain of cordons and posts was created along the border, from which foot and horse detachments were sent in all directions along the border line. The bypassers were supposed to pursue those smugglers (border violators) who broke through the first line.
The border brigade (semi-brigade) served on the border section with a length of 100 to 1000 miles 21 . The plot was distributed among the companies, of which there were from 2 to 7 in the brigade. The company plot could reach from 25 to 500 miles along the border line. The companies were subdivided into 2-3 detachments. The detachment section was divided into 15-20 posts. Since the sections were not the same in length (from 10 to 20 versts), the number of posts varied from 5 to 50 people. Because of this, one rank of the border guard accounted for a guarded section of the borders with an average length of 2 to 5 versts. Senior posts were non-commissioned officers or wahmisters; detachments were commanded by headquarters captains and captains, departments by lieutenant colonels, brigades by colonels and major generals. Directly the service at the post was led by the senior post and the commander of the detachment. They were engaged in the daily organization of the service, putting up outfits numbering from 1 to 5 people.
The outfits were located in the likely directions of movement of border violators, while the border was always guarded in constant tension 22 . From the reports of the Department of Customs Duties, studied by the author, it can be seen that the number of detentions of smuggled goods on the Russian border increased from year to year.
Of particular concern was the situation that had developed in the maritime sectors of the Russian border by the mid-1960s. During these years, the urgent task was to extend customs supervision to coastal waters. Sea smugglers easily transported goods ashore, bypassing the small coast guards of the border guards. In the Baltic, large consignments of contraband were unloaded from large ships to small islands that were inaccessible to the border guards, and from there they were taken out in small batches by local fishermen. The Ministry of Finance, as far as possible, took some measures to combat smugglers at sea. So, in 1865, it acquired and sent three Norwegian pilot boats to the Revel customs district, and the Maritime Ministry agreed to allocate military steamships to the Libava customs district in order to strengthen border supervision over the Courland coast 23 .
Customs districts have developed instructions for the use of naval forces assigned to them. For example, in the Riga District, boats were assigned to coastal posts and traveled along the coast. On each boat was an armed team of border guards, who were given the right to stop and inspect suspicious ships. Border guard teams in boats were also ordered to inspect the islands for the discovery of warehouses of contraband goods. During this period, the Governor-General of Finland, Baron Rokossovsky, repeatedly reported to the Manager of the Ministry of Finance about the numerous facts of smuggling alcohol by Finnish schooners to the Gohland and Tütterscher islands, where it was stored and from where it was transported to the mainland in winter. The governor-general regretted that the Finnish authorities were unable to take any action against these vessels, since Finnish customs cruisers were not entitled to pursue smugglers off the coast of Estonia.
To prepare proposals for the organization of maritime supervision, the Customs Department of the Ministry of Finance ordered the heads of customs districts to submit their views on the grounds for organizing the actions of the maritime border guard, and also sent the head of the Riga customs district to France and England to study the experience in this matter Rear Admiral Shtofregen. The proposals of the districts and materials prepared by Shtofregen were considered by a special commission, which included representatives of the Ministry of Finance, the maritime department, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Finnish Department.
The result of the commission's work was the draft "Additional legislative regulations regarding Russian and foreign ships entering the territorial sea" and "Instructions for the actions of cruisers established to pursue smuggling by sea." The explanatory note to these materials noted that “the significant development of smuggling by sea forced the Customs Department to turn to finding ways to counteract the evil that arose, and led it to the conviction of the need to establish, in addition to the coast guard, maritime coastal supervision as the only means to protect the treasury from losses and stop ever-increasing audacity of smugglers" 24 .
On July 1, 1868, the State Council considered and approved the maritime supervision of non-smuggling ships. The first article of the "Additional Legislative Regulations Concerning Russian and Foreign Vessels Entering the Territorial Sea" read: "1. The expanse of water three nautical miles from the Russian coast, both on the mainland and on the islands, is recognized as a maritime customs strip, within which all, both Russian and foreign ships, are subject to the supervision of the Russian customs authorities. The remaining articles revealed the nature of the activities of customs supervision courts in relation to foreign courts.
Thus, for the first time, the status of Russia's coastal waters was legally established and the rights of ships exercising maritime customs supervision were determined. But in reality, the implementation of maritime customs supervision moved forward only on July 14, 1872, when Emperor Alexander II approved the proposal of the Ministry of Finance to create a cruising flotilla on the Baltic Sea, allocating 507 thousand rubles for this purpose, instead of 485 thousand previously requested 25 .
On July 4, 1873, Emperor Alexander II approved the "Regulations on the Baltic Cruiser Customs Flotilla" and its staff. The regulation determined the purpose, composition and organizational and legal foundations of its functioning. According to the state of that time, the flotilla consisted of 10 steam propeller ships, 1 steam rescue boat and 101 boats. Based on the position, the ships of the flotilla were part of the navy and were listed on its lists. In peacetime, they were at the disposal of the Ministry of Finance. All the maintenance of the ships was at the expense of the Department of Customs Duties 26 . By decision of the State Council for the command of the flotilla in the Baltic Fleet, the position of junior flag officer was established, and under the Department of Customs Duties, the position of one headquarters or chief officer. The staff of the flotilla, approved simultaneously with the Regulations, provided for the Directorate, which included: flagship - rear admiral; with him a clerk from civilian ranks; mechanical engineer; ship engineer; naval artillery officer and senior physician. In total, the flotilla consisted of 156 people, of which 26 officers 27 . Rear Admiral P.Ya. was appointed commander of the flotilla. Sheet.
In the summer of 1873, the Baltic Customs Cruiser Flotilla began to fulfill its assigned tasks in the section from Kronstadt to Palangen. The cruisers were distributed among the customs districts and placed under the command of the commanders of the coastal border guard brigades. Each ship was assigned a "distance", within which he supervised all ships staying in the 3-mile customs lane.
Over time, based on the study of the tricks of sea smugglers, tactics began to be developed for serving cruisers. At the same time, it was taken into account that the population of coastal villages carefully observed the actions of the cruisers and informed the smugglers about their movements. Based on this, in the daytime, the cruisers tried to stay farther from the coast, take up positions near uninhabited islands in such a way as to be out of sight of the fishermen, while at the same time providing good observation of the sea, and with the onset of darkness, secretly moved from daytime positions to identify the path of smugglers. The actions of the cruising flotilla proved to be very effective. For 10 years of customs supervision (starting from 1873), cruisers detained more than 1,000 large and small ships with contraband goods1. In addition, the very fact of customs cruisers patrolling at sea and their coordinated actions with the border guards located on the shore reduced the attempts of illegal activities by both smugglers and their accomplices from the local population. Later, after the formation of the Separate Border Guard Corps (1893), the Baltic Customs Cruiser Flotilla was subordinated to the OKPS from 1897 and transformed into the Flotilla of the Separate Border Guard Corps (FOKPS) 28 .
The organization of customs supervision at sea with the use of a flotilla has become widespread only in the Baltic. The coasts of the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas were still guarded by coastal posts of the border guards and patrols of the Cossack army, which were given small boats to patrol along the coast.
Thus, during the period under review, the status of the coastal sea waters of the Russian Empire and the procedure for customs supervision within them were determined, the regular maritime border service was started, and the duties and rights of the crews of ships exercising supervision in the customs zone of Russia were determined.
In 1877, an army disciplinary charter began to operate in parts of the border guards 29 . The disciplinary rights of the commander of the border brigade were equated with the rights of the commander of the regiment, the head of the customs district - with the rights of the commander of an army brigade.
As the study showed, the improvement of the structure of the border guards was primarily due to the expansion of the range of tasks that the state tried to solve in the border space in its own interests, using its forces and means. In turn, setting more and more new tasks for the border guards required its significant increase and improvement. This was explained by the fact that smuggling into Russia increased due to the introduction of a gold duty in Russia. 30 : from January 1, 1877, customs duties began to be paid in gold rubles, although until that time payment was made in credit rubles. In fact, this meant an automatic increase in duties by 50%, since the gold ruble was 1.5 times more expensive than the credit one. 31 .
This government measure, on the one hand, led to a reduction in the import of foreign goods into the country and some stabilization of Russia's trade balance, and on the other hand, the flow of smuggled goods into the country increased. During the period from 1876 to 1879, the number of arrests of smuggling increased by almost four thousand, and the amount of detained goods increased from 247 to 397 thousand silver rubles 32 . This required an additional increase in the number of personnel of the border guards. During 1876, the Minister of Finance, State Secretary M.Kh. Reitern repeatedly appealed to Alexander II about increasing the strength of the border guards guarding the border on the Black Sea coast. 33 .
The situation in this region developed in such a way that Turkey and England encouraged the smuggling trade, which was of a pronounced military-political nature, while its economic prerequisites were insignificant. 34 . The smuggling of weapons and ammunition on the Black Sea coast made it possible for the mountain peoples to constantly conduct military operations against the Russian troops, which was in the hands of Turkey, England and France. Until the 70s of the XIX century. the possibility of strengthening the Black Sea coastline was held back by the Treaty of Paris, concluded in 1856, after the defeat of Russia in the Eastern (1853-1856) war. In the early 70s of the XIX century, through the efforts of Russian diplomacy, some of these restrictions were lifted.
By the highest command, on the basis of the most submissive report of the Minister of Finance in November 1876, the Tauride Border Guard Brigade was increased by "two department commanders, one detachment officer and one hundred and eighty lower ranks of senior salary, including ninety patrolmen" 35 .
In addition, the government emphasized “... in order to monitor the seashore and maintain the now extremely weak quarantine and customs line, it is necessary to double the number of people at posts, increase the number of posts and have at least small reserves behind the line of posts ...” 36 . After some increase in the staffing of the border guards in the 60-70s of the XIX century, on the eve of the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878), in 1876 it began to number 575 officers, and 14,700 lower ranks 37 .
As the study showed, the Russian border guards entered the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878) having larger forces, having a large number, better military training, having experience of participating in hostilities during the Crimean War (1853-1856). ) and during the suppression of the Polish uprising (1863-1864). Some demi-brigades had by this time been transformed into brigades, becoming the larger armed formations of Russia. An example of this is the state of the Tauride Border Guard Brigade in 1877, which now provided for 4 headquarters officers, 15 chief officers, 15 watchmen, 380 lower ranks and 5 clerks 38 . True, the issue of full staffing remained still relevant. This, for example, is evidenced by the "Schedule" of this brigade in 1877, from which it can be seen that its shortfall was 31 people of the lower ranks (see Appendix 1).
The Russian government continued to take additional measures to prevent smuggling activities. So, in 1880, to strengthen the Taurogen, Skulyan and Izmail brigades, the following were added to the guard: 1 department commander, 2 officers for assignments, 5 squad officers, 120 patrolmen and 480 guards 39 .
The study allows us to assert that the events that took place at the end of the 19th century. changes in the border guards were significantly influenced by the reforms of the Minister of War of Russia D.A. Milyutin, carried out under his leadership in the 60s - 70s of the XIX century. The reorganization of the War Ministry, the creation of military districts, the reduction of the term of military service, and significant changes in the staffing of the armed forces directly and indirectly affected the state of affairs in the border guards.
In 1883, out of 13 customs districts (in order to reduce costs and organize clearer management), 5 were abolished, and in 1889 another one 40 . Thus, the number of districts was reduced to 7. In 1889, the border guards consisted of 36,519 lower ranks and 1,147 officers. 41 , 32 brigades and 2 special departments (Kerch and Belomorsky). The headquarters of the districts were stationed respectively in St. Petersburg, Vilna, Warsaw, Berdichev (Kyiv - since 1903), Odessa, Tiflis, Tashkent.
The 80s of the 19th century were characterized by a number of new organizational measures for the border guards. In 1885, new ranks were established for the border guards that existed in the cavalry: instead of ensign, staff captain and captain, the ranks of cornet, staff captain and captain were introduced.
The state paid great attention to the strengthening of the borders remote from the center of Russia and the creation of new border guard formations there. In 1880, Colonel A.T. Ozerovsky explored the border in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Within 5 months, he traveled more than 3 thousand miles of the border. As a result, a document was prepared "On the organization of the Border Guard in the Caucasus and the Transcaucasian Territory" 42 . In the future, based on the recommendations of this document, sections of the border in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia were strengthened, new units of the border guards were formed. According to the subsequent highest approved decisions on June 15, 1882, February 1 and November 22, 1883, decisions of the State Council, 3 border guard brigades (Black Sea, Baku, Karskaya) were established in the Caucasus region with a total of 75 headquarters and chief officers, as well as 2401 lower rank 43 .
In 1894, the State Council, having considered the submission of the Ministry of Finance of April 13, 1894 “On the organization of border supervision in Central Asia”, decided to establish it in the Trans-Caspian region and on the right bank of the Pyanj and Amu Darya rivers. June 6, 1894 Nicholas II approved this decision. The created brigades were named "Trans-Caspian" and "Amu-Darya", numbering 1,559 and 1,035 people, respectively. 44 .
As the border guards were strengthened and their funding improved, the leadership of the Customs Duties Department began to pay more attention to the life and health of the border guards. So, for example, at many posts of the Belomorsky department, solid wooden two-story buildings gradually appeared to accommodate the ranks of the post. On their territory there were also a bathhouse and a glacier. 45 .
The ongoing evolution of the border guard was a consequence of the development of industrial production and the need to establish limited competition for foreign goods by protective customs duties. In turn, the construction of railways, the development of foreign trade and the increase in customs duties influenced the development of smuggling. To this we can add the territorial changes in Russia towards the end of the 19th century. The existing border guards, their number, composition and legal status were insufficient to strengthen the fight against various types of smuggling. Therefore, the Ministry of Finance came to the conclusion that it was necessary to change the system of border supervision, within the framework of which it was decided to allocate border guards from the Department of Customs Duties to the Special Corps with its subordination to the Ministry of Finance. This decision was also explained by the leadership of the Ministry of Finance by the fact that the customs department and the border guard “... are in fact in a position completely isolated from each other, both in the nature of their activities and in the nature of the duties assigned to them. The main task of the Customs Offices is to promote the development of international relations and the correct collection of duties, the release of goods, the issuance of 46 established documents. In addition, Customs, as special institutions, initiate and process cases of violation of the rules of the Customs Charter. In times of war Customs offices are removed beyond the theaters of war. The purpose of the border guard is to protect the border from smuggling and for quarantine protection where there are no special institutions, as well as to protect the state border in military-police and political relations. In wartime, the ranks of the border guards are part of the active army. Consequently, no special customs duties are assigned to the border guard, on the contrary, the law directly prohibits the collection of duties and other fees to the border guard. 47 , i.e. From this document it can be seen that, according to the views of the Ministry of Finance, the border guards in the event of war should have remained on the theater of operations and be part of the army in the field. Moreover, accordingly, the top military leadership of Russia saw in the border guard a force capable of not only guarding the border, but also assisting the army in the conduct of hostilities. On this issue, a special resolution of the State Council was issued in 1865, No. 47, which, in particular, stated that “the border guards, by their military education and by the very nature of their actions, are a special kind of army at the disposal of the Ministry of Finance” 48 .
On October 15, 1893, after seven years of correspondence between the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Finance, a Separate Border Guard Corps (OKPS) was formed. It was designed to protect the interests of the state from the secret transportation of goods and from any illegal passage and crossing of various persons across the border of the Russian Empire. The newly formed Border Guard Corps was personally subordinate to the Minister of Finance, who was given the title of Chief of the Border Guard. The first chief of the Separate Border Guard Corps was the Minister of Finance of Russia, Count Syu. Witte, and the first commander of the Corps was General of Artillery L.D. Svinin. The border guard has become an independent branch of the military, controlled by military people on the basis of the laws and rules of the military organization. Now the headquarters of the OKPS was in charge of issues of general leadership, equipment, training, logistics of the border guards and some others.
The main service of the ranks of the border guards for border supervision was carried out at posts (cordons), the composition of which was, as a rule, insignificant. An example of this is the guard list of one of the posts of the border guards of the Special White Sea Department of the OKPS (see Appendix 2). At the same time, the ranks of the border guard carried two types of service: guard and reconnaissance. The first involved monitoring and controlling persons crossing the border and preventing its violation in unidentified places, the second was the conduct of undercover and military intelligence in order to obtain proactive information about impending border violations. The border was still guarded in two lines. The second line was given priority, especially in the fight against smuggling. The ranks of the border guards of this line were supposed to detain smugglers and other violators; to assist the ranks of the first line in the capture of smugglers in their pursuit; check transits with goods leaving customs inside the region, as well as inspect all those passing through the second line and their belongings, detain fugitives who did not have passports and deserters 49 .
For the organization of protection, the border was divided into sections, each of which was called the distance of the detachment. 50 and was subordinate to one detachment officer 51 . The distances, in turn, were divided into sidings guarded by a post (cordon). The roads and paths that were near the border were called patrol: it was forbidden for unauthorized persons to drive and walk on them. The area entrusted under the protection of the post was called an expense or a siding 52 . In turn, the flow was divided into sections, which were designated by boundary markers (pillars) with numbers. For example, "No. 4-5" (i.e. the end of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth section). The protection of the sites was carried out at night and daytime by various outfits, the main of which were: a sentry at the border, a secret, a horse patrol and a detour (patrol), a flying detachment, a sentry at a customs slingshot, a duty officer at a post (cordon), an ambush. The outfits were exhibited not only at the border line, but also in the depths of the site.
The average duration of service on the land sections of the border ranged from 9 to 12 hours a day, with a norm of no more than 6 hours 53 .
During the day, service on land was facilitated by observation towers 3-4 m high.
To prevent smuggling by rail, border supervision was organized on the railroads. For this purpose, OKPS railway detachments were created. 54 .
Medical infirmaries were deployed in the brigades. These activities were carried out on the basis of the highest approved opinion of the State Council "On the organization of the medical unit in the Separate Border Guard Corps" dated February 26, 1896. 55
On February 1, 1899, the Emperor approved the document prepared by the State Council of the Russian Empire "On the approval of the staff of the OKPS districts" 56 .
Political events of the middle of the XIX century. affected the interests of Russia in the Far East. The desire of the British and French to test the solidity of Russia's presence in Kamchatka and Primorye, as well as Japan's increased interest in China, forced the Russian government to pay great attention to the development of this region.
Strengthening its position in the Far East, the tsarist government obtained from China the right to build the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) 57 through the territory of Manchuria along the route connecting Transbaikalia with Vladivostok by the shortest route. The contract for the construction and operation of the CER was signed in Berlin on August 27, 1896. The Russian-Chinese agreements reached in 1896 were a major success for the Far Eastern policy of the Russian government and, above all, the Minister of Finance of Russia Syu. Witte. The implementation of the agreements between Russia and China was supposed to lead to a serious change in the balance of power in the Far East in favor of Russia. Manchuria itself was turning into a base of Russian influence. The CER became a powerful tool for the tsarist government to carry out its active policy in the region. At the same time, such prospects caused serious dissatisfaction with Russia's rivals in the Far East, primarily Japan and England. The existence of such a powerful factor of Russian influence, which was the CER with its developed political base, an extensive network of auxiliary institutions and many thousands of Russians living along the CER right-of-way 58 , was a source of both constant irritation of the Chinese and local authorities, and the sharpest discontent of the Japanese cabinet and the governments of Western countries. The Treaty of 1896 and the construction of the CER paved the way for a number of international conflicts in the Far East at the beginning of the 20th century. (e.g. boxer uprisings) 59 in China 1900-1901, the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905)
Workers and employees who worked on the construction of the CER were subjected to repeated attacks by hunghuzi 60 . The Yihetuan uprising that broke out in Manchuria in the spring of 1900 61 destroyed about 1000 km of railway track out of 1430 km built. Almost all telegraph poles were cut down, all station buildings were burned. The total amount of losses amounted to 71 million rubles 62 . To ensure the safety of the CER, a special guard was created, subordinate to the leadership of the CER and maintained at its expense. In 1901, on its basis, the Zaamursky district of the border guard was organized under the command of Colonel A.A. Gengross. The district was formed under the close attention of the chief of OKPS, Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte 63 , on the basis of the highest command of Nicholas II given on December 4, 1900 64 The district was intended to guard the Chinese Eastern Railway and its employees. By imperial order of January 19, 1901, he was included in the OKPS. On May 18, 1901, the Provisional States of the District were approved by the Emperor of Russia, according to which, it consisted of 55 hundreds, 55 companies and 6 horse-mountain batteries, which made up 12 detachments, combined into 4 brigades 65 . The total number of the district after its full staffing was to be 25 thousand people 66 . At the head of the district was a chief with a subordinate to the last headquarters. The district had 24 training teams that provided training for the district rangers and guards; one artillery training team, which trained the lower ranks for the artillery batteries of the district; one artillery depot 67 .
The Zaamursky district of the border guards was for the OKPS a special formation that differed from other districts of the corps in its numbers (at the beginning of the 20th century, only 36 thousand people served in the OKPS without Zaamurs), its organization, the presence of its own artillery, as well as the peculiarity of the tasks being solved. The main organizational unit in the district was a detachment, consisting of "three types of weapons." The detachment, depending on the importance and length of the section of the railway guarded by it, included from three to five companies and from three to five hundred. Some detachments had, in addition, one horse-mountain battery 68 . At the same time, eight detachments were linear, and four were reserve (there was practically no fundamental difference between them). Due to the same circumstances, the brigades also differed in size. The largest was the 2nd brigade: it consisted of 18 companies, 18 hundreds and 3 batteries. She guarded a very important section of the road: Harbin - Kayuan, and, in addition, the waterway of the theater of military operations - the Songhua River - from Harbin to its confluence with the Amur River. Almost the same strength was the 4th brigade, guarding the road from Kayuan to Port Arthur. The 1st and 3rd brigades, guarding the western and eastern branches, were weaker in their composition 69 .
The states of the district were specified and changed several times. An example of this is the highest approved report to the Emperor by the Minister of Finance of February 16, 1902 and the highest command of June 14, 1902. 70 The staff and payroll in the district often varied. So, in February 1902, in the district, according to the list, there were 23,576 lower ranks, and by January 1, 1903, 24,576 lower ranks, with a staffing table for this year of 24,500 lower ranks 71 .
The service of the ranks of the OKPS in Transcaucasia and Central Asia was distinguished by its specificity, where the divisions of the OKPS closely cooperated with parts of the Military Ministry. This is how the commander of one of the detachments M. Pospelov described his service in the Trans-Caspian Border Guard Brigade: “In pre-revolutionary times, the thirtieth border guard brigade guarded the entire border with Persia (1743 versts). The brigade was divided into five departments and one training detachment. The department consisted of four to five posts (cordons). The brigade also included the maritime border guard on the Caspian Sea, consisting of the destroyer "Sentinel" and four border boats of the naval type.
The detachment was located in the village of Germab. There was also one of the posts. A shooting range was set up near the Germab post. There, the soldiers were trained in combat and equestrian riding, vaulting, and blade skills. Large local predators were considered useful in guarding the border, as they posed a serious danger to lone smugglers, so they were not hunted. 72 .
The OKPS brigades covered the entire Black Sea coast, with the exception of the section from Gelendzhik to Gagrinsky Cape (258 versts) that remained under the protection of the Cossack troops. 2 hundreds of Kuban Cossack troops were stationed there. In addition, the ships of the OKPS flotilla served at sea. So, the cruiser "Griden" guarded the border area with Turkey to Sukhum 73 .
On the basis of an agreement with the Ministry of War, from April 1 to September 1, units and subunits of regular troops and Cossacks were sent to assist the border guard brigades. In 1914, to reinforce units of the 6th border district (Tiflis), by order of the commander of the Caucasian Army, 2 companies from the 20th and 1 company from the 39th infantry divisions were allocated to the Kars border guard brigade, and 1 company to the Erivan brigade 39th Infantry Division 74 .
On May 2, 1909, a law was adopted on the organization of supervision in the Amur Governorate General, in the Trans-Baikal and Yakutsk Regions and the Irkutsk Governorate of the Irkutsk Governor General. On the basis of this legislative act, the protection of the border in the Amur District was entrusted to customs posts and customs examiners. In addition, according to the report of the Minister of Finance dated April 30, 1910, 3 hundred of the Zaamursky district OKPS were sent to the border with Manchuria and Korea in the Trans-Baikal and Amur regions. In accordance with the instructions developed for this contingent of border guard troops (350 ranks), each hundred set up outposts and posts, which were reduced to sections and entrusted to one of the officers of the hundred 75 .
The study showed that in peaceful days the ranks of the OKPS carried out military service. This confirms the fact that the number of border violations for smuggling purposes has not decreased. Only from 1894 to 1913, the ranks of the border guards participated in 3595 armed clashes with smugglers and border violators, in which 1302 violators were killed and 1702 were wounded, and the losses of the border guards amounted to 177 dead and 369 wounded 76 . At the same time, the border guards made a significant contribution to the Russian treasury. So, only in 1913, when implementing fiscal functions, it collected 370 million rubles (14%) of the Russian budget. The cost of maintaining the border guards amounted to 14.5 million rubles 77 .
Thus, the specificity of the service at the border forced the ranks of the border guards to be in constant readiness for battle, and sometimes to fight, giving their lives in the performance of their duty. The government has repeatedly paid attention to the special conditions of service of the ranks of the border guards. So, in the report of the Commission for the direction of Legislative proposals of the State Duma it was said that: “... Indeed, if we compare the duties of the ranks of the border guards and the conditions of their service with the ranks of the military department, it turns out that the duty of the chief officer of the Border Guard is not only the education and preparing for battle the lower ranks subordinate to him, but also protecting the state border, and this duty often leads him to armed clashes with smugglers and other intruders. Such duties of an officer of the Border Guard, in fairness, should be equated with wartime conditions. As for living conditions, most officers of the Border Guard have to live in sparsely populated areas and be forced to overpay for all essentials excessively, due to the remoteness of his stay from populated areas. At the same meeting of the State Duma, it was proposed to increase the official salaries of officers of the Border Guard from January 1, 1909 by almost one third 78 .
On the eve of the First World War 1914-1918. OKPS consisted of seven western and southern districts, thirty-one border brigades, two special border departments, a cruising flotilla consisting of ten sea cruisers, and the Zaamursky district of the Border Guard. The quantitative composition of the OKPS, together with the Zaamursky district of the border guards, was about 60 thousand people.
As the study showed, with the announcement of mobilization due to the outbreak of the First World War, almost all border units became part of the active army, initially forming hundreds of foot and cavalry, and then larger formations. In those areas where there were no active hostilities (the coast of the White, part of the Baltic and Black Seas), the ranks of the border guards, after being subordinated to the military and naval command, remained in their places and continued to guard the border with Sweden, Persia and Afghanistan 79 .
On January 1, 1917, the OKPS was renamed the Separate Border Corps (OPK) by the decision of Nicholas II. By an order signed on February 3, 1917 by the Commander-in-Chief of the Separate Border Corps, Minister of Finance P. Bark, it was determined that “the lower ranks of the Corps, who bore the name of the bypassers, will henceforth be called horse-border guards, and the guards - border guards” 80 . By this time, the length of the land border of the Russian Empire was about 18,640 versts (20,000 km). Russia bordered on ten states (Norway, Sweden, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Japan) 81 .
The revolutionary processes of 1917 also affected the defense industry, including the units that were at the front (see Appendix 3). On March 5, a meeting was held at the headquarters of the defense industry complex in Petrograd, chaired by non-commissioned officer R.A. Muklevich. At this meeting, it was decided to remove General of Infantry N.A. Pykhachev and the chief of staff of the defense industrial complex and lieutenant general N.K. Kononov. Instead, Lieutenant General G.G. became the corps commander. Mokasey-Shibinsky, and the chief of staff, Colonel S.G. Shamshev 82 .
From February to the end of October 1917, there were no significant changes in the structure of the defense industry. By the time the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, the state border in the European part functioned only in the north-west of Russia. The main flow of passengers and cargo from Russia to Europe went along the railway linking Petrograd with Beloostrov (a village on the Karelian Isthmus) and further with the Torneo station, located on the border of the former Russian Empire with Sweden. Further south, from the Gulf of Finland to Persia, there was a border line that was violated by the war and was not controlled by the state bodies of Russia.
On March 30, 1918, the Soviet government, on the basis of the administration and headquarters of the Separate Frontier Corps, formed the Main Directorate of the Border Guard (GUPO) under the People's Commissar for Finance. The experience of OKPS, OPK was largely used after the October Revolution, especially in the initial period of the creation of the Soviet border troops.
In the course of the study, the author tried to generalize and analyze both the essence and the dynamics of the tasks set for the border guards during the period under study.
Initially, the main tasks of the border guards during this period were the fight against smuggling, i.e. protection of the economic interests of Russia on the land section of the state border and the detention of persons who illegally crossed the border, the main of which were smugglers, as well as fugitives and deserters. Indicative in this matter can be considered the Customs Charter of 1857, which stated that: “... the purpose of the border guard is to avert the secret, not through the established points, the transportation and carrying of all kinds of goods across the border and the secret crossing of the border by people” 83 . The same provision was confirmed in the circular of the Director of the Department of Customs Collections dated July 14, 1887 "On smuggling", sent to the heads of the customs districts of the western border 84 . In the Military Encyclopedia of 1915, in the section “Border Guard”, it was indicated that “the border guard was established in order to prevent the placement of goods from abroad that have not been paid for by the established duty (smuggling), as well as the secret crossing of the border of persons wishing for some reason. then illegal purposes to avoid customs ... " 85 . The candidate of historical sciences S. Dmitriev in the article “Border Service in Russia in the first half of the 19th century” determines that “the main task assigned to the border guards was to teach neighbors to respect the inviolability of the borders of Russia” 86 . The Soviet historian I. Shevtsov addressed this issue in the article “Border Service in Russia in the Second Half of the 19th Century” as follows: “The main task of the border guards was to protect the state border from encroachments by neighboring states and to combat smuggling” 87 . The task named by I. Shevtsov about "... protecting the state border from encroachments of neighboring states ..." raises doubts. As studies show, the border guards of that period had neither the strength nor the means to carry out this task.
Soon enough, the range of these tasks began to expand significantly. Therefore, among them, according to the author, the following can be distinguished: cessation of riots, robberies and all kinds of unrest in the border line, the implementation of quarantine supervision in some places of the border, assistance to ships in distress near the coast, rescue of people on board, and preservation property of wrecked ships 88 . In fact, the tasks of a police nature were assigned to the border guards.
The funds of the Russian State Historical Archive contain the “Instructions for the revision of the Border Guard”, which was approved by the Minister of Finance on December 12, 1876. 89 An analysis of this document allows the author to assert that at the beginning of the last quarter of the 19th century. the ranks of the border guards of Russia, solving the most important tasks of combating smuggling and preventing illegal crossing of the border by various persons, were obliged to: regularly carry out the service of supervision abroad; to know perfectly the sections of the border entrusted to them for protection down to the smallest detail, including all paths, roads, forests, bushes, swamps, streams, bridges, crossings, villages, manors, individual villages and buildings, factories, factories, taverns; to know for certain what the inhabitants of each village are doing, which of them trades in smuggling, participating at the same time as a carrier or as an owner, in which places there are shops selling smuggled goods; have similar information about the foreign area closest to the border and collect information about the points in Russia and abroad where the main smuggling warehouses are established, have trustworthy scammers (this also applied to the chiefs and lower ranks of the border guards); collect information about what goods are mainly carried on a given section of the border and for what use (local or within the region) they were intended (the task of border guard officers); collect information about exactly when the nearest and most important foreign fairs take place, at which Jews usually buy a significant amount of goods for their placement in Russia exclusively by smuggling (this information was to be collected in customs districts and brought to the frontier guard brigades).
The chiefs of the border guards at the brigade level and above were supposed to “seek ... the opportunity, through maintaining friendly relations with government officials of neighboring states, to receive various information from them privately, and in extreme cases, assistance for the prosecution of border violators ...” 90
The ranks of the coastal brigades of the border guard, along with the listed duties, were additionally assigned to: according to special instructions, deal with ships wrecked off the coast of the areas protected by them; as well as with “goods, timber, various objects and drowned people thrown ashore by the sea”; maintain strict control over the name and quantity of goods allowed to be imported by sea by local residents; monitor and inspect coastal shipping. The lower ranks were required to learn how to manage rowing and sailing ships. 91 .
The border guard during the service was called upon to monitor the state of the border line, while only stating the state of the signs marking it, patrol roads, border ditches, etc., and inform the relevant responsible authorities about this. 92 .
The Instructions do not even hint at checking the readiness of the ranks and brigades of the border guards to participate in the war, if it starts.
After the formation of the OKPS, its ranks in their activities for the protection of the state border were guided by the Customs Charter, the Instruction "On the basic principles of guard duty and the use of weapons by the ranks of the Separate Corps of the Border Guard" (1897), "The Rules on the Separate Corps of the Border Guard" (1910), "Instruction service of the ranks of the Separate Corps of the Border Guard "(1912). In these documents, the general duties of border guard officials were to prevent smuggling and crossing the border in unidentified places of people, to detain border violators with everything they had and to forward to customs offices, to check suspicious people. At the same time, the procedure for the use of weapons by the ranks of the border guards was regulated. On the sea and river sections, it was necessary to inspect all ships and fishing boats, both landing on the shore and departing from it; provide all possible assistance to people who have been wrecked; not to allow lighting on the shore of lights closer than the established 50 versts from stationary lighthouses; carry out quarantine supervision, and the Zaamursky District of the Border Guard was additionally charged with the protection of the CER, consulates general in Harbin, Qiqihar and Girin 93 . The ranks of the border guards of the Zaamursky District, in addition to the road, guarded steamship communications along the Sungari River, large forest developments, and also performed judicial and police functions. 94 .
In order to put intelligence work on a solid basis, the Ministry of Finance in 1913 applied to the State Duma with a special report "On the organization of intelligence agents for smuggling in the Separate Corps of the Border Guard." It substantiated the need to introduce the positions of chief officers to the states of corps 21 to work with agents. It was not possible to fully implement these ideas in OKPS - the First World War began. Nevertheless, the very idea of ​​organizing a secret service to combat smuggling is relevant in modern conditions. 95 .
End of the 19th century was a period of great changes in the life of Russia. The development of capitalism, new socio-economic relations, the manifestation of an open struggle for the redistribution of colonies and spheres of influence of the largest capitalist powers forced Russia to pay more and more attention to the protection of its state border.
Large and economically developed states were feverishly preparing for war. They formed new armies, created first-class weapons, built communications. It is quite natural that under these conditions, the advance preparation of agents was assigned not the last role. Of particular concern in this regard was the western border. Here Germany and Austria conducted enhanced reconnaissance against Russia. Despite the ban on foreigners to live in the border zone, the Germans, under any pretext, tried to introduce their citizens to permanent residence in the border area of ​​Russia. Many of these citizens were or became agents of German intelligence. Thus, Germany prepared in advance for itself an agent network that conducted intelligence activities in its interests. 96 .
German and Austrian intelligence stepped up their activities not only in deploying an agent network in the Russian border, but also succeeded in establishing various communication channels. One of the most convenient and promising was considered a channel using pigeon mail. The command of the OKPS and the ranks of the border guards took measures on the ground to block these channels of information transmission, but they could not completely solve this problem: there were not enough forces and means to suppress this activity, although the largest number of border guards was concentrated on the western border. However, to neutralize the activities of enemy reconnaissance in the border zone, its forces were still not enough. The border with Prussia with a length of 1322 miles was guarded by 10 brigades, which set up 608 posts 97 . The Russian-Austrian section of the border with a length of 1117 versts was guarded by 6 brigades, which set up a total of 220 posts.
Another channel for collecting intelligence information and maintaining illegal communication channels was the launch of balloons across the Russian border. In November 1891, Alexander III issued an order in which he demanded that “in the event of a repetition of such cases, balloons should be confiscated, and the balloonists themselves should be detained and sent to Warsaw, Kyiv and Vilna to the governor-general to explain exactly the reason for the appearance of balloons within our borders” 98 . Despite the joint agreement between Germany and Russia on the balloon flight regime, the German side systematically violated this agreement. 99 .
As the analysis of archival documents showed, before the First World War, cases of recruitment of border guards by agents of foreign intelligence became more frequent. So, in the Velunskaya brigade, non-commissioned officer L. Sergievsky, who served as a clerk and had access to secret documents, was offered by the tradesman Ruzhevich to cooperate with German intelligence. Intelligence agent arrested and convicted 100 .
Another important task of the border guards was the fight against political threats to Russia. It was expressed in the timely opening of channels for the transport of political literature and weapons. The growth of the revolutionary movement inside Russia and abroad led to the fact that a flood of leaflets, brochures, books and newspapers of revolutionary content literally poured into Russia. As a rule, upon receipt of information about the possible facts of such violations, the protection of the border was strengthened. So, for example, the commander of the Volokhov detachment of the Volochisk brigade, captain Kokushkin, having received information on October 19, 1903 about a possible transfer of political literature from Austria-Hungary, appointed an additional number of secrets that detained border violators 101 .
With the help of agents of the OKPS, a struggle was waged against revolutionary agitators in the border zone. So, for example, the senior sergeant major F. Maslensky (Riga Border Guard Brigade), after receiving information about the appearance on September 14, 1905 in the village of Raggatsem of a man who incited local residents to "actions against the government", went to the village with an outfit and detained the agitator 102 .
Officers and non-commissioned officers of the OKPS interacted with the ranks of the police, the Department of Customs Duties, gendarmes in matters of political investigation and customs investigation. To eradicate the smuggling of political literature in the most vulnerable sections of the border, interdepartmental commissions and meetings were created, which worked out additional measures.
So, by the decision of the government, on the western section of the border, a commission was created under the chairmanship of the actual State Councilor A.A. Makarov. Among its resolutions were such items that prescribed "to expand the area of ​​operations of the border guard officials for the prosecution of political literature up to 50 miles from the western border." As a result of the measures taken, in 1905 alone, the ranks of the border guards on the western border detained 153,692 copies of political literature. 103 . But the level of undercover work was low and did not allow the full use of the available forces and means. Apparently, one of the reasons was the underestimation of the importance of the intelligence service, since more preference was given to the guard service.
Thus, in the late XIX - early XX century. the border guards faced a new task - the fight against military, political and economic espionage 104 .
The intensification of the activity of armed smuggling and robber gangs in the border area forced the government to assign another task to the OKPS - to monitor public order in the border zone, to protect citizens and their property from the encroachments of robber gangs. When solving the tasks of maintaining public order, the OKPS troops were guided by the highest approved "Rules for the Conscription of Troops to Assist Civil Authorities" 105 . On the one hand, this task distracted the border guards from the main task of protecting the border, and on the other hand, it allowed them to more fully know what was happening in the rear of the protected areas.
By the end of the XIX century. new territories were included in Russia. It was necessary to consolidate these territorial acquisitions in Transcaucasia, Central Asia and the Far East and organize the defense of the southern, southeastern and Far Eastern borders.
In 1894, to cover the coast of the Pacific Ocean, it was proposed to create 3 border brigades: Ussuriysk, South Ussuriysk and Pacific, which would cover sections of the borders with a length of 5817 miles. But this proposal was not implemented. The government has repeatedly addressed the issues of strengthening the borders in the Far East. In the report of the former commissioner for the financial part of the Kwatun region N.N. Protasyev “On the customs issue in the Amur Territory” the following was said “... In essence, the improvement of the border guard of the Amur Territory can be achieved in two ways: either by strengthening the composition of the current customs and excise guards or by creating a border guard for this region, similar to the current on the western border of the Empire ... The device of such protection in the Trans-Baikal, Amur and Primorsky regions, as well as along the sea coast, will require 1777 lower ranks, which will average 1 person. for 2-2.5 versts of the border line, and this will cause a one-time expense of 3,076,861 rubles. and a constant expense of 1,132,192 rubles. 106 This proposal was not implemented due to lack of funds.
The staffing of the border brigades with recruits set a new task for the command staff of the Border Guard - the full-fledged training of young soldiers in the qualified performance of official tasks even before they arrived at the duty stations.
Before the formation of the OKPS, the training of young soldiers of the border guards was carried out for four months according to the program of the Military Department, with the addition of special classes for the border surveillance service. After the recruits arrived in the brigades, they immediately went to the border and were assigned to posts. Their training was entrusted to the commanders of the detachments, who, for objective reasons (great remoteness of posts from each other, workload, etc.) could not provide comprehensive professional training to young soldiers. Since 1894, first on an experimental basis, and since 1895 everywhere in the OKPS, the corps commander decided to create training detachments at the border guard brigades. The course of a young soldier, as a rule, lasted from November 15 to February 15. During this time, the young lower rank of the OKPS was introduced to the activities of the corps, the political and economic structure of neighboring states, the tricks of smugglers and the procedure for pursuing border violators. In addition, brief information was given on the history and geography of Russia and other necessary knowledge. 107 .
The composition of the soldiers called up for service in the OKPS was very heterogeneous. Many did not know how to read and write, had different religions. Taking into account these features, the composition of officers, non-commissioned officers and teachers of training teams was selected with great care. The readiness of young border guards to fulfill the tasks assigned to them largely depended on the quality of teaching. At the initial stage, teachers sent from the variable composition of the training teams 108 had poor knowledge and turned out to be "of little use for training young soldiers." Therefore, on July 31, 1908, the corps commander allowed "to appoint teachers to young soldiers of the lower ranks at the discretion of the heads of districts" 109 .
The experience of the training detachments allowed the corps commander to accept and approve in 1914 the “Regulations on the training detachments at the headquarters of the units” 110 . Based on this provision, the commander of the training detachment was elected the commander of the brigade, and his appointment to the post was approved by the head of the district. To help the commander of the training detachment, a chief officer, an ensign and five senior non-commissioned officers were given 111 .
The training programs for young soldiers of the OKPS included the main provisions of the charters of the military department and the instructions of the border service. The instructions explained the general purpose of the soldier and emphasized that he is "a servant of the Sovereign and the Motherland, its defender from enemies." Particular attention was paid to the fact that the lower ranks had to know the area well from the border to the end of the border strip, all villages, roads, trails, fords, swamps, streams, rivers, their banks, places convenient for mooring, etc.
The soldier of the border was called up primarily for its armed protection both in peacetime and in wartime. Therefore, the training was delivered in such a way that from the first steps of the service he understood the situation in which he was to serve. 112 .
When training young soldiers, great importance was attached to shooting, explaining the rules for the use of weapons by the ranks of the border guards. In 1897, the State Council adopted a document “On the basic principles of guard duty and the use of weapons by the ranks of a separate border guard corps” 113 .
The rules were approved by the highest on December 22, 1897. On the basis of them, an instruction was developed “On the main principles for the administration of official duties by the ranks of the Separate Corps of the Border Guard and on the use of weapons by them for border surveillance within the border strip along the European border” 114 . Previously, upon noticing the intruder, the rank of the border detachment had to shout “stop” and, if the intruder ran away, catch up and detain him. The use of weapons was allowed only in response to an enemy attack. The new instruction allowed the use of weapons on border violators after a double hail of “stop” and a warning shot, as well as when attacking a squad 115 . The new rules came into effect on March 1, 1898.
Much attention was paid to working out actions as part of various border detachments, and all training was carried out by the method of mastering actions by soldiers in specific situations, i.e. in practice, under the direction of detachment commanders and supervision of department commanders 116 .
In parallel with the young soldiers in the training detachments from March 1 to November 1, non-commissioned officers were also trained. They were annually selected from among the most trained lower ranks, who served the second year. The main task of training non-commissioned officers was to train them, firstly, as reliable instructors for training young lower ranks and monitoring the internal order at the posts, and secondly, as “leading and sensible chiefs of posts familiar with accepted methods border protection" 117 .
The need to be ready for the use of weapons and hostilities required special training from the ranks of the border guards (primarily from the officer corps) of the border guards.
Various officers entered the OKPS service. There were no special educational institutions that would train personnel for the border guards then. To acquire the necessary skills and improve professional knowledge, hundreds of training and regimental training sessions were held annually with all officers of the troops.
For the collection, orders were issued for OKPS, which determined the procedure and terms for the collection. Usually the time of the collections was set in the spring-summer period. Approximately one month was allotted for each turn.
The hiking program usually consisted of the following activities:
1. Visual determination of distances.
2. Single training in actions in the shooting chain.
3. Combat and tactical platoon exercises.
4. Self-digging.
5. Working out actions during field service: the procedure for issuing orders, reports, flying mail, patrol guards of troops, familiarization with the task during small war operations (ambush, defense, crossing, transport escort, etc.).
6. Shooting. (Annually, at least 30 combat and 40 blank cartridges were allocated for a pistol. The lower ranks of the border guards were issued 60 and 70 cartridges, respectively, for one rifle.) 118
Training camps were a continuation of classes in training teams, which were in fact the main training centers for personnel of the border guard corps. When young officers were commissioned, they were seconded to teams under the guidance of experienced specialists in order to prepare for further service.
Particular attention was paid to tactical training. Classes were conducted, as a rule, by department commanders. The study was based on a single program. The following questions were studied:
1. Reconnaissance of the path, local objects and the enemy who is on vacation.
2. Guard service and communication service.
3. Marching movements.
4. Locations on vacation - bivouac and apartment-bivouac order.
5. Attack and defense of local objects, gorges and crossings.
6. Actions in a small war, an attack on the railway, its protection and defense 119 .
Also in the classroom, the issues of breaking through the border strip guarded by the enemy, capturing points in neighboring foreign territory, and countering the mobilization conducted by the enemy were worked out.
And yet, more attention was paid to the preparation of the ranks of the border guards for actions in peacetime (non-military) time. And only after the Eastern (1853-1856) and Russian-Turkish (1877-1878) wars, it became clear that the Border Guard would have to actively participate in hostilities. Therefore, in the 80s of the XIX century. The Russian state began to put forward tasks for the Border Guard to participate in a military confrontation with the armed forces of the enemy. Because of this, the “Instructions for the mobilization of the border guards” appeared. 120 , several provisions "On the organization and use of border guards in case of war" (1882), (1899 and 1901), approved by the State Council. Therefore, in peacetime, the border guards began to prepare for the tasks of a “small war”: ambushes, raids on important objects (bridges, railway stations, telegraphs, etc.) and settlements 121 .
Thus, changes in the border guards of Russia, its staffing, organizational structure and methods of action occurred gradually, as internal and external political conditions changed. This affected the quantitative change in the number of border guards from 1827 to 1901 (see Appendix 4), and the search for effective organizational forms.
The economic policy of Russia forced the government to strengthen border guards, firstly, to combat smuggling. The transition of smugglers to armed resistance to the lawful actions of the border guards led the state to the decision to strengthen the military component of the border guards, based on military principles.
The entry of the capitalist countries into the imperialist stage of development was marked by the aggravation of interstate contradictions and their intensified preparations for war. Under these conditions, the Russian state was forced to take additional measures to increase the country's combat capability, to protect its interests in various geographical areas. Adequately responding not only to the growth of external, but also internal threats (primarily economic and political), the government of the Russian Empire decided to further strengthen the border guards, which were separated from the Department of Customs Duties and transformed into a separate corps. In addition to the border guard brigades guarding the European, Transcaucasian and Transcaspian sections of the state border of Russia, it included the security guard of the CER, on the basis of which the Zaamur border guard district was formed.
The activities of the border guards were clearly regulated in legal terms. Particular attention was paid to the professional training of both recruits and experienced border guards.
By the end of the XIX century. the development of the border guard as a special state structure based on military principles was basically completed. Having turned at the beginning of the 20th century into a very impressive force of more than 60 thousand people, the border guards became an important part of the Russian Armed Forces.
The revolutionary changes in the country also affected the border guard: in early 1918, it ceased to exist, like many other institutions of the former Russia.

Notes

1 See: Dmitriev S. Border Service in Russia in the first half of the 19th century. // Border guard. - 1944- No. 7. - S. 46.
2 See: Military Encyclopedia. T. 18. - Pg., 1915. -S. 483.
3 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 17.
4 See: Yezhukov E.L. The origin, formation and development of the border guard of Russia. Tutorial. 4.1. - M .: Academy of the Federal Border Guard Service of the Russian Federation, 1997. - P. 72.
5 See: Plekhanov A.A., Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 18.
6 See: A Brief History-Chronicle of the Border Guard and Its Separation into a Separate Corps// Border Guard. - 1907. - No. 15. - S. 243.
7 See: Chernushevich M.P. Materials for the history of the border guard. Part 2. Issue 2. Service in wartime. Crimean campaign 1854-1856 - St. Petersburg, 1904. - S. 47.

8 See: Chernushevich M.P. Materials for the history of the border guard. 4.2. Issue 2. Service in wartime. Crimean campaign 1854-1856 - St. Petersburg, 1904. - S. 48.
9 See: Ibid. - p. 49
10 See: Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. In 16 volumes. V.6. - St. Petersburg, 1857. - Art. 48. - S. 15.
11 See: Ibid. - S. 15.
12 See: Ibid. - S. 70.
13 See: Boyarsky V.I. Stand on the guard of Russia. Pages of the history of the border guards of the Russian state. - M.: Border, 1992. - S. 86.
14 See: Kharlamov V.I. The development of military education for officers of the regular army and the border guards of Russia (1700-1917). Dis.... dr. history Sciences.-M.: APV RF, 1994.-S. 391.
15 See: Shevtsov I. Border Guard Service in Russia in the Second Half of the 19th Century // Border Guard.-1944.-No. 18.-S. 40.
16 See: Yezhukov EL. The origin, formation and development of the border guard of Russia. Part 1. - M .: A FPS RF, 1997. - S. 73
17 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 21.
18 See: Military Encyclopedia. T. 18. - Pg., 1915. - S. 484.
19 See: Kislovsky Yu.G. History of the customs of the Russian state. - M.: Author, 1995.-S. 85.
20 Plekhanov A.A., Decree. op. - S. 19.

21 See: Shevtsov I. Border Service in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. // Border guard. - 1944. -№ 18. -S. 39-40.
22 See: TsPM FSB RF. Doc. f. 1098, l. 21.

23 See: Moshkov F.A. Maritime Border Guard of Russia: from Peter I to the Present Day: A Brief Historical Review. - M.: Border, 2003. - S. 15.

24 Moshkov F.L. Maritime Border Guard of Russia: from Peter I to the Present Day: A Brief Historical Review. - M.: Border, 2003. - S. 16.

25 See: Chernushevich M.P. Materials for the history of the border guard. 4.1. Issue. 2. - St. Petersburg, 1901.-S. 128.
26 See: Ibid. - S. 136.
27 See: Moshkov F.A. Decree. op. - S. 20.

28 See: Moshkov F.A. Decree. op. - S. 21. See: Ibid. - S. 24.

29 See: Collection of instructions and orders of the government, published under the government Senate. - St. Petersburg, 1877. - S. 182.
30 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 23.
31 Yezhukov E.L. Hot outskirts of Russia. - M.: Border, 2000. - S. 138.
32 Plekhanov A.A., Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 22.
33 See: Ministry of Finance 1802 - 1902.4.1. - St. Petersburg, 1902. - S. 381.

34 See: Pilipenko A.N. Protection of Russian borders and the fight against smuggling on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (1829-1853) // Collection of articles of the department of frontier studies of the International Academy of Informatization. Issue. 5. Part 2. - M .: Department of borderology MAI, 1998.-S. 87.
35 Index of government orders for the Ministry of Finance. - St. Petersburg, 1876.-No. 37.-S. 118.
36 RGVIA, f. 485, op.1, d.147, l. 12.
37 See: Chernushevich M.P. Materials for the history of the border guard. 4.1. Issue 2. -SPb., 1901.-S. 151.

38 See: Chernushevich M.P. Materials for the history of the border guard. 4.2. Issue 2. - St. Petersburg, 1909.-S. 287.
39 See: Plekhanov A.A., Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 21.
40 See: Boyarsky V.I. Stand on the guard of Russia. Pages of the history of the border guards of the Russian state. - M.: Border, 1992.-S. 136.137.

41 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 25.
42 See: TsPM FSB RF. Doc. f. 617, l. 2-14.
43. See: Klementiev V.V. The military department in the protection of the borders of the Russian Empire. Dis.... cand. history Sciences. - M.: AFPS RF, 2000. - S. 120.

44 See: On guard of the borders of the Fatherland. History of the Border Service: A Brief Essay. - M.: Border, 1998. - S. 248.
45 See: RGVIA, f. 15863, op. 1, d. 5, l. 72.
46 So in the document.

47 RGVIA, f.4888, op.1, d. 92, l. 72.
48 Ibid. -JI, 71.

49 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 62.
50 See: Instructions for the service of the ranks of the Separate Corps of the Border Guard. - St. Petersburg, 1912.-ct.61.
51 See: Ibid. - Art. 61.
52 Yezhukov E.L. The origin, formation and development of the border guards of Russia. 4.1.-M., 1997.-S. 102.

53 See: On guard of the borders of the Fatherland. History of the border service. Brief essay. - M.: Border, 1998. - S. 259.
54 See: Boyarsky V.I. Stand on the guard of Russia. Pages of the history of the border guards of the Russian state. - M., 1992. - S. 116.
55 See: Goryachevsky A.P., Sirazetdinov SM. Essays on the history of the medical service of the border troops of Russia. - Golitsino, GKVG FPS of Russia, 1996. - P. 13.
56 See: Sinitsin K. Assignees of OKPS // Frontier of Russia. -2002. - No. 41.

57 CER - named at the suggestion of Li Hongzhang, the Ambassador Extraordinary of China, who participated in the Russian-Chinese negotiations on the part of China on the construction of the CER in 1895-1896.
58 The right-of-way of the CER - land allotted under the contract of 1896 for the construction and operation of the road. The width of the road outside the station settlements was determined at an average of 33 sazhens (70.4 m): 32 m on one side of the track and 38.4 m on the other (in case a second track was built). Under the station settlements, land was alienated as needed. In total, the right-of-way occupied a territory with a total area of ​​113,951.06 hectares, of which Harbin - 11,999.39 hectares.
59 In 1900-1901. uprising in China against foreign presence.

60 Honghuzi - gangs of Chinese bandits who supported the Japanese and attacked units of the Russian army and border guards.
61 Yihetuan is the Chinese name for the members of the Boxer Rebellion.
62 See: Ablova N.E. Decree. op. - S. 12-19.
63 See: Vysotenko A.V. Valor, crowned with St. George's standards // Bulletin of the border of Russia. - 2003. - No. 3. - S. 118.
64 See: RGIA, f. 560, op. 28, d. 280, l. 95.
65 See: Ibid.-L. 95.
66 See: Ibid.-L. 74.95.
67 See: Ibid. - L. 21.22v., 32.

68 See: Zaamursky district of the border guard guarding the railway in the campaign of 1904-1905// Military collection. - 1908. - No. 8. - S. 65.
69 See: Ibid. - S. 66.
70 See: RGIA, f.560, op. 28, d. 280, ll. 15, 34.
71 See: Ibid. -L. 18,19,22.

72 Popov E.L. The White Sun of the Desert was filmed about him // Newspaper. - 2003. - January 17.
73 See: Decree. op.-S. 35.
74 See: On guard of the borders of the Fatherland. History of the Border Service: A Brief Essay. -M.: Border, 1998. - S. 264.

75 See: Yezhukov E.L. The origin, formation and development of the border guards of Russia. Part 1. - M.: AFPS RF, 1997. - S. 89.
76 See: Yakovlev JI.C. Russian counterintelligence on the eve and during the First World War: Historical readings at the Lubyanka. - M., 2002. - S. 70.
77 See: Boyarsky V. The main stages, contradictions and trends in the development of the border service of Russia (XIV-XX centuries) // Bulletin of the border of Russia. - 1996.- No. 5. - S. 39.

78 RGVIA, f. 4888, op. 1., D. 92, l. 4.
79 See: Plekhanov L.L. Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 218.

80 RGVIA, f. 4948, op. 2, d. 115, l. 115.
81 See: Chepelkin. M. Features of the formation of the state territory and borders of the Russian Empire // Bulletin of the borders of Russia. - 1995.- No. 5. - S. 65.
82 See: Yezhukov E.L. The origin, formation and development of the border guard of Russia. Ch. 1.-M.: AFPS RF, 1997. -S. 90.
83 Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. In 16 volumes. V.6. - St. Petersburg, 1857. - S. 13. - Art. 37.
84 Collection of legalizations and circulars on the customs part for 1887 - St. Petersburg, 1888. - S. 76.
85 Military encyclopedia. T. 18. - Pg, 1915. - S. 438.
86 Dmitriev S.S. Border Guard Service in Russia in the First Half of the 19th Century// Border Guard.-1944.-No.7.-P.46.

87 Shevtsov I. Border Service in Russia in the second half of the 19th century.
88 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 48.
89 See: RGIL, f. 21, op. 1, d. 360, l. 20-31.
90 RGIA, f. 21, op. 1, d. 360, l. 24-25.
91 See: RGIA, f. 21, op. 1, d. 360, l. 25.26.
92 See: Ibid. - L. 20.

93 See: On guard of the borders of the Fatherland. History of the border service. Brief essay. - M.: Border, 1998.-S. 258.
94 See: Decree. op. - S. 14.

95 See: Yezhukov E.L. The origin, formation and development of the border guard of Russia. Part 1. - M.: AFPS RF, 1997. - S. 84.
96 See: Shevtsov I. Border guards of Russia in the second half of the 19th century // Border guard - 1944. - No. 18. - P. 39.

97 See: Yezhukov E.L. The origin, formation and development of the border guard of Russia. Ch. 1.-M., 1997.-S. 77.
98 Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 116.
99 See: Ibid.-S. 117.
100 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 117.

101 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 104.
102 See: Ibid. - S. 106.
103 See: Ibid. - S. 100.

104 See: Yezhukov E.L. The origin, formation and development of the border guard of Russia. Part 1. - M .: L FPS RF, 1997. - S. 77.
105 See: Ibid. - S. 113.

106 Protasiev N.N. On the customs issue in the Amur region // Vladivostok leaflet. - 1905. - March 10.
107 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 157.

108 Lower ranks who trained recruits in training teams, but did not have sufficient experience of serving on the border.
109 Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 157.
110 See: TsPM FSB RF. Doc. f. 455, l. sixteen.
111 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 158.
112 See: Ibid. - S. 161.
113 See: Shevtsov I. Border Service in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. // Border guard. - 1944. - No. 18. - S. 43.
114 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 40.
115 See: Boyarsky V.I. Stand on the guard of Russia. Pages of the history of the border guards of the Russian state. - M.: Border, 1992. - S. 116.
116 See: TsPM FSB RF. Doc. f. 1098, l. 54.
117 Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 168.

118 See: TsPM FSB RF. Doc. f. 1098, l. 43.

119 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 150.
120See: Klementiev V.V. The military department in the protection of the borders of the Russian Empire. Dis.... cand. history Sciences. - M.: Mosk. ped. un-t, 2000. - S. 139.

121 See: Plekhanov A.M. Decree. op. - S. 152.

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