functional state called the level of activity of the organism at which one or another of its activities is performed. The lowest levels of the functional state are coma, then sleep. The highest - aggressive-defensive behavior.

One of the varieties of functional states is stress. The doctrine of stress was created by the Canadian physiologist Hans Selye. Stress is a functional state with which the body responds to extreme influences that threaten its existence, its physical or mental health. Therefore, the main biological function of stress is the adaptation of the body to the action of a stressor or stressor. There are the following types of stressors:

Physiological. They have a direct effect on the body. These are pain, heat, cold and other stimuli.

Psychological. Verbal stimuli signaling current or future harmful effects.

According to the type of stressors, the following types of stress are distinguished.

Physiological. For example, hyperthermia.

Psychological. There are two forms of it:

Information stress - occurs during information overload, when a person does not have time to make the right decisions.

emotional stress. Occurs in situations of resentment, threats, unsatisfactoriness.

Selye called stress a general adaptation syndrome, since he believed that any stressor triggers non-specific adaptation mechanisms of the body. These adaptation processes are manifested by the stress triad:

Increased activity of the adrenal cortex.

The thymus gland is reduced.

Ulcers appear on the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines.

There are 3 stages of stress:

Anxiety stage. It consists in mobilizing the adaptive capabilities of the body, but then the resistance of the stressor drops and a triad of stress arises. If the adaptive capacity of the body is exhausted, death occurs.

stage of resistance. This stage begins if the strength of the stressor corresponds to the adaptive capabilities of the organism. The level of his resistance grows and becomes much higher than the norm.

stage of exhaustion. It develops with prolonged action of a stressor, when the possibilities of adaptation are depleted. The person dies.

The occurrence of stress is due to the excitation of the cerebral cortex. It, in turn, stimulates the activity of the centers of the hypothalamus, and through it the sympathetic nervous system, the pituitary gland and the adrenal glands. Initially, the production of catecholamines by the adrenal glands increases, and then corticosteroids, which stimulate the protective functions of the body. When the functions of the cortical layer are inhibited, the 3rd stage of stress develops.

Emotional stress impairs the purposeful activity of a person, as it negatively affects the processes of memory and thinking. Promotes intrusive thoughts. It provokes the development of psychosomatic diseases. In particular, somatized depression, which is manifested by asthenia, cardiophobia, carcinophobia, etc. Somatic diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum are largely associated with stress. Therefore, the prevention of stressful conditions is also the prevention of these diseases. However, the existence of an organism without moderate stress is also impossible.

It is a process of internal changes in body systems in response to any strong or prolonged exposure to the environment.

Physiology of stress

The influences causing stress are called stressors or stress factors. Stressors are different: external (wind, cold, heat) and internal (emotions, hunger, thirst, pain). The impact of a stressor triggers a chain of stress reactions, that is, it gives rise to stress.

Stress develops according to the scheme: anxiety-adaptation-exhaustion.

The state of anxiety is the first reaction of the body to some kind of influence. The state of anxiety is provided by the autonomic nervous system (specifically, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system), that is, that part of the nervous system that we are not able to control. This system responds instantly to any change in the environment. The greater the change, the stronger and more complex the reaction.

The autonomic nervous system is the bell of the body. It is she who is entirely responsible for any process of adaptation: the expansion of the pupils in the dark, narrowing in bright light, she ensures the withdrawal of the hand from the hot frying pan, in general, it protects the body as best it can.

Anxiety reaction

Having received information that something has changed somewhere, the vegetative system, not yet knowing what has changed and how it will be evaluated, is already preparing resources to respond to the environment. Any reaction, whether positive or negative, needs energy. Accordingly, the vegetative system triggers a reaction to increase metabolism, the supply of oxygen to vital organs, including the brain, increases. This is where the action of the nervous system ends.

The vegetative system did its job: it informed the body about the changes, made preliminary preparations. It takes her a fraction of a second.

Among others, the vegetative system wakes up the endocrine system, that is, the system that regulates the processes in the body through hormones. It is this system that carries out further actions. The endocrine system, awakened by the vegetative system, saves the changes that have taken place in the body. by secreting the hormone adrenaline. This hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands into the blood. Adrenaline supports the changes made by the autonomic system. this is a reaction of medium duration - from a few seconds to 10-15 minutes.

At this, the alarm reaction ends and turns into an adaptation reaction.

If the impact of the environment is weak, then the alarm reaction can develop slowly, over several hours or even days.

If, for example, you get lost in an unfamiliar city and look for your way for an hour, stress will not develop, but if you cannot find your way for three hours, the experience will be different.

adaptation reaction

This is the longest stage of stress. This is a chain of changes, it occurs with the participation of the brain (specifically, the hypothalamus). All actions are aimed at adapting to environmental conditions. At this stage, such changes occur as an increase in blood glucose (providing an increased supply of energy), an increase in the number of cellular structures that synthesize energy, and so on. The reaction of adaptation can be long or not, it all depends on the state of the body and the strength and duration of the stressor.

The reaction of adaptation has two outcomes: either the body adapts to new conditions and lives on, or the body's strength comes to an end and then the stage of exhaustion begins.

Exhaustion reaction

The exhaustion reaction is a period of stress development, when the body's forces are no longer able to withstand the effects of the stressor and the body begins to slowly die. The first to suffer is the immune system, the digestive system. If the stress factor does not stop, the body dies.

These are facts, but there are facts and others. Other facts suggest that people today tend to see stress where it does not exist at all, and stress is spoken primarily by those who cannot and do not want to take responsibility for coping with elementary difficulties. Getting yourself to work is already called stress. Listening to the remark that they are busy with extraneous matters at work is already a terrible stress ... Knowing the physiology of stress is useful, but it is even more useful to remember the illness of first-year medical students who begin to study diseases and suddenly discover all the diseases in themselves. In summary: do not stress yourself, do not scare yourself: nothing threatens you personally. Lead a healthy lifestyle, teach yourself to think about business, take care of loved ones, live in a positive mode - and you will not be afraid of any stress.

Hormones that are produced during stress, which are necessary in physiological quantities for the normal functioning of the body, in large quantities cause many undesirable reactions leading to illness and even death. Their negative effect is exacerbated by the fact that modern man, in contrast to primitive man, rarely uses muscle energy during stress. Therefore, biologically active substances circulate in the blood for a long time in high concentrations, not allowing the nervous system or internal organs to calm down.

New direction in medicine : psychosomatic medicine. (considers various forms of stress as the main or concomitant pathogenetic factor of many somatic (bodily) diseases.

According to some Western experts, 70% of diseases are related to emotional stress. In Europe, more than a million people die every year due to stress-related disorders of the cardiovascular system. The main causes of these disorders are emotional stress, interpersonal conflicts in the family and strained industrial relations, etc.

Stress Meaning:

From the point of view of biological expediency (applying the "fight or flight strategy") stress increases efficiency functioning of organ systems - for example, when a person runs away from an aggressive dog or participates in a sports competition.

A decrease in efficiency occurs only when natural behavioral programs conflict with social norms or conditions of intellectual activity. (which manifests itself, for example, in the stress of air traffic controllers or stockbrokers).

It is necessary to distinguish between concepts "psychological stress" and "emotional stress"

• emotional stress is inherent not only to humans, but also to animals, while psychological stress occurs only in humans with their developed psyche;
• emotional stress is accompanied by pronounced emotional reactions, and the development of psychological stress is dominated by the cognitive component (analysis of the situation, assessment of available resources, forecasting of further events, etc.);
• the term "emotional stress" is more commonly used by physiologists, and the term "psychological stress" by psychologists.

At the same time, both of these types of stress have a common pattern of development, include similar neurohumoral mechanisms of adaptive responses and in their development, as a rule, go through three "classical" stages - anxiety, adaptation and exhaustion.

Everyone react differently to an external stressor. This shows his individuality. Consequently, personal characteristics are most closely related to the form of response to the stressor and the likelihood of developing negative consequences.

Stress management, overcoming it:

« You shouldn't be afraid of stress. It doesn't happen only to the dead. Stress must be managed. Managed stress brings the flavor and taste of life».
Hans Selye

Helps overcome stress:

Physical activity(long-term exercise, cardio, which strengthens the heart and lungs, helps reduce depression and anxiety)
Positive, optimistic attitude, good mood.
Relaxation(the ability to relax, calm down, hobby).
The moral support(the presence of friends, relatives, loved ones - those who are ready to help and support you in difficult times).
Spirituality(religiosity).
No bad habits(smoking, overeating) - that is, control of normal weight, smoking cessation.

Stress management - at a universal algorithm for managing stress, which is not aimed at counteracting the energy of stress, but allows you to use this energy in the interests of personal growth and self-improvement.

1. Early recognition of stress.

The goal is to start looking for the cause of stress in time to change it;
2. Choice of optimal behavior.

The goal is to master the stressful situation;
3. Use of anti-stress self-defense techniques.

The goal is to transform stress from a destructive to a creative force;
4. Restoration of the spent resource, counteracting chronic fatigue.

The goal is to prevent stress diseases.

The rhythm of life of a modern person is accelerating every year. Today, a woman is not only a mother and a keeper of the hearth, but also a businesswoman, an athlete, a Komsomol member and just a beauty. Men are also not limited to mammoth hunting - they are obliged to help around the house, raise children, go in for sports, their development, business, and so on. As responsibilities increased, many began to develop obsessive stress states. And so today stress is not the privilege of suspicious young ladies, but a serious psychological and physiological diagnosis.

Stress haunts almost every modern person.

What is physiological stress

Physiological stress is the reaction of the human body to any negative external stimuli (stressors). The stress function is the mobilization experienced by the stressed organism. And in small quantities, such a state is really useful - a person begins to think and act more actively. However, if there are more stressful situations, then the forces of the body, thrown into solving problems, are simply depleted. And this applies to both psychological and physiological resources.

Scientists around the world have long recognized the power of stress on the body. Many studies have been carried out, a huge number of articles and books on psychophysiology have been written, and all of them are devoted to one phenomenon - the physiology of stress. It would seem that this process has been studied far and wide. But the psychophysiological mechanisms of its occurrence, the stages of development and the consequences of the influence of stressors on the psyche and health of a person are so complex that they are unique for almost everyone. Although there are common symptoms.

The structure of the development of physiological stress

Any stressful state, when it occurs, goes through three stages: anxiety, adaptation, exhaustion. These processes are the physiological mechanisms of stress.

The first reaction that accompanies the physiology of stress is a state of anxiety. Here, the autonomic nervous system, which a person is not able to control on his own, is directly involved in the process. It immediately responds to all changes in the environment, and the degree of change in its work depends on the strength of the resulting reaction. It is thanks to the influence of the autonomic nervous system that our body is able to adapt to external factors. So, in the dark, the pupils expand, and in bright light, the pupils constrict, the hand is pulled away from the hot surface, and so on. Further, the endocrine system “turns on” in the process, it is it that allows the production of the hormone adrenaline. This hormone "saves" the changes that have occurred.

The next step is longer. This reaction occurs already with the participation of the brain, the amount of glucose in the blood increases, energy production increases, and much more.

There are two options for completing this stage - either the body adapts to new realities, or the resources will come to an end, and the third stage will begin - a period of exhaustion. This phase of development of stress just causes all the unpleasant changes. Strength is running out, resistance is reduced, there are physical consequences of stress. If the irritant is not eliminated at this stage, a fatal outcome is possible.

Stress-Related Responses Occur in the Human Brain

Causes of stress

The cause of stress (stressor) can be anything, any psychological or other changes. It is based on completely different features, components and reactions. Someone hardly experiences problems in his personal life, and someone is killed due to the loss of the right thing.

Stressors are divided into external and internal. The external ones include the death of a loved one, the loss of a job, etc. The internal ones include low self-esteem, deep and constant self-digging, inconsistency of ideals with reality.

If these causes occur relatively rarely, then most people experience them easily. Stress connects hidden forces, so a person is able to cope even with very serious difficulties. The main and common cause of the negative consequences of stress is the constant occurrence of irritants.

Types of stress

Thanks to numerous researches in the field of psychophysiology, two types of stressful conditions are distinguished - eustress and distress.

Eustress is positive. It triggers the necessary changes in the body to eliminate the irritant, increases mental and physical activity, and speeds up the reaction. When you need to run a marathon, then a “second wind” opens up. Or when preparing a report, the employee is able to work more hours and much more efficiently. It should be remembered that the resources spent on such a “marathon” must be restored, otherwise there is a high risk of a second type of stress.

Distress is negative. Appears when the body is no longer able to deal with external stimuli (chronic lack of sleep or endless problems in the family, as if revolving around its axis, conflicts at work).

This is the state we mean when we say that we are "under stress." It is because of him that many people drink antidepressants, alcohol, or seek help from specialists. Usually, when talking about the occurrence of stress or depression, they mean it.

Symptoms

To avoid the negative impact of stress on your body, both psychologically and physically, you should be attentive to yourself and your loved ones. The first symptoms of inability to cope with difficulties on their own include:

• constant fatigue, irritability even for minor reasons;
• inability to adequately respond to people and events;
• bad sleep;
• immunity to positive events in life, lack of a keen interest in what is happening;
• the inability to “forget” for a while about your problems and relax;
• low activity.

If someone began to notice such manifestations of stress behind themselves or loved ones, you should be alert and be sure to understand the causes, and then eliminate them as much as possible and restore strength. The consequences of not detected signs of stress in time can be serious, because irreversible processes occur in the body.

If there is a sharply negative attitude towards one's own work or boss, many take it for granted, there is no getting away from it, because having an income is vital. Gradually accumulate irritation and fatigue. As a result, health may be shaken, relationships in the family may worsen or even collapse. But it was worth it just to look for a new field of activity.

Poor sleep is a symptom of stress

Stress Management Techniques

The most effective method for dealing with stress is sound healthy sleep, so you need to carefully prepare for this process. There are many methods, techniques and recommendations for improving the quality of sleep: from airing the room to falling asleep in one position. Of course, this is the first and easiest thing to do.

Some people turn to alcohol, drugs, gambling, and more to deal with stress. At the initial stage, such "antidepressants" are really able to alleviate the condition a little, but their effect is very short-lived. However, it is they who are able to turn a person around their own axis by 180 degrees and lead from a stressful state to a state of painful dependence, which is also incredibly difficult to get rid of.

The main thing is balance and the obligatory desire to soberly evaluate your life and your capabilities.

Most problems can be solved fairly quickly with just a little patience. This will stop the development of stress, and life will return to normal.

Stress enhances a person's capabilities and distinguishes him from the general series,

and high stress resistance allows you to pay the lowest price for it.

© 2016 Sazonov V.F.

General definition of "stress"

Stress = pressure - adaptability (Robert Dato, Letter to the Editor: The Low of Stress, Int. Journal of Stress Management 3 (1996): 181-182.). This means that adaptability reduces stress pressure, stress levels are lowered, and stress is easier to bear.

Physiology of stress

Stress is a general non-specific adaptive response of the body to a stressor, which is provided by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system of regulation and makes the body work harder.

stressor is a stimulus that is subjectively perceived by the body as excessive or damaging, and therefore triggers the stress response.

The qualities of an excessive stimulus, which has an increased subjective biological significance, are attached to the stressor by the nervous system or psyche. In order to become a stressor and trigger a stress reaction, it is not enough for an irritant to cause damage to the body, it is necessary that sensory receptors react to these damages and activate the corresponding nervous structures. So, for example, radioactive radiation by itself does not trigger a stress response through the nervous system, because the organism simply does not have sensory receptors for its perception.
Excessiveness of the stimulus is expressed in its increased intensity, duration, information saturation, monotony, sematic (semantic) significance, or vice versa - in weakened characteristics that cause tension in the sensory systems that perceive it.

The concept of "stress" is also currently being transferred from the level of the body to individual organ systems, organs, tissues, and even to individual cells, meaning the general non-specific adaptive reactions of these structures, provided with an enhanced mode of their functioning.

Types of stress

According to the sources of stress reaction, there are:
a) information stress,
b) emotional stress
c) physiological stress.

At the organismic level, the state of stress is provided by the work of several departments of the nervous and endocrine systems.

Structures of the bioregulation system providing a stress response

1. The limbic system, its emotional structures that form the emotional state and activate the autonomic nervous system.

2. Autonomic nervous system, its sympathetic department.

3. Adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines.

4. The pituitary zone of the hypothalamus, which secretes corticoliberin.

5. Pituitary gland secreting ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).

6. The cortical layer of the adrenal glands, secreting steroid hormones - corticosteroids. Strong stress exposure leads to a sharp increase in the level of cortisol in the blood within 25-30 minutes from the onset of stress.

In general, the stress reaction is characterized by phase changes in the work of the regulatory systems of the body (nervous, endocrine, immune, etc.) and executive (cardiovascular, blood, digestive, etc.).

The stress reaction is divided into 3 stages following the creator of the doctrine of stress G. Selye.

Stages of the stress response

I, Stage of anxiety

The anxiety stage (synonyms: "alarm reaction", mobilization stage, emergency stage) proceeds in two phases: shock and countercurrent (countershock).

The duration of the stage varies from a few seconds and minutes to 6-48 hours.
- shock phase characterized by shock changes: hyponatremia (decrease in sodium levels in the blood), arterial hypotension (decrease in blood pressure), muscle hypotension (decrease in muscle tone), increased membrane permeability, thickening of the blood, a decrease in BCC, leukocytosis, turning into leukopenia, lympho- and eosinopenia , negative nitrogen balance (activation of catabolic decay processes), hypoglycemia (decrease in blood glucose levels), hyperthermia (temperature increase), alternating hypothermia (low body temperature), depression of the nervous, immune and endocrine (especially gonadal) systems against the background of activation of synthesis of glucocorticoids , mineralocorticoids and catecholamines.
- Counterflow phase characterized by countershock changes: hypernatremia, arterial hypertension, muscular hypertension, activation of the SNS, SAS, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, etc. organism, resulting in increased resistance of the organism.
If the body does not die in the alarm stage, then the stage develops resistance, and later the development of the stage exhaustion.

II. Stage of resistance (resistance)

The stage of resistance is characterized by a steady hypertrophy (growth) of the adrenal cortex, a persistent increase in the secretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex, activation of the process of gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose), activation of anabolic synthesis processes, the development of long-term adaptation of the body, a steady increase in nonspecific resistance (resistance) of the body (direct and cross). It is this stage that determines the main adaptive effect of the stress response.
Increased secretion of adaptive steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex produces major beneficial effects.

Effects of adrenal hormones on stress

1. Activation of cell functions by increasing the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the cytoplasm, which stimulate the activity of key intracellular regulatory enzymes - protein kinases.

2. Lipotropic effect, realized due to the activation of lipases, phospholipases of cells and free radical oxidation (the influence of catecholamines, vasopressin, etc.). The adaptive effect is due to an increase in the activity of membrane receptor proteins, enzymes, ion transport channels, which increases the functionality of cells and the body as a whole.

3. Activation of the functions of blood circulation and respiration at the same time. The main effect of mobilization is caused by adrenaline together with glucagon, which activate glycogenolysis and glycolysis, the breakdown of neutral fats. At the same time, glucocorticoids, together with parathyroid hormone, stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver and skeletal muscles, causing protein hydrolysis and an increase in free amino acids in the blood.

4. Directed transfer of energy and structural resources to a functional system that adapts the body to stress. There is a so-called "working hyperemia", mainly of the myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles. At the same time, in the organs of the abdominal cavity (for example, intestines, kidneys), there is a narrowing of blood vessels and a decrease in blood flow by 5-7 times compared with the initial level. The main role in the implementation of this adaptive effect belongs to catecholamines, vasopressin, angiotensin II, substance P. The local vasodilation factor is nitric oxide NO released by the vascular endothelium.

5. Activation of the synthesis of stress proteins (anabolic phase of stress) - the result of direct or receptor-mediated stimulation of the genetic apparatus of cells (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, thyroxine, insulin, etc.). This adaptive mechanism was discovered relatively recently - in the late 80s. It explains the body's resistance to repeated stresses in the form of the formation of a structural trace in the cells of the adaptive system - muscle, nervous, endothelial, etc. The molecular mechanism of adaptive stabilization of structures is associated with the expression of proto-oncogenes and the accumulation in the nucleus and cytoplasm of stress proteins that protect the cell from damage. The best known stress protein is the heat shock protein HSP-70.

The general functional and biochemical activation of the organism in the resistance phase allows it to adapt to mild and short-term stresses or creates energy, plastic and functional capabilities for the functioning of specific long-term adaptation mechanisms. It is this phase of stress that determines the main protective physiological nature of adaptation under stress.

However, these positive effects of stress can, under certain conditions (usually, with too strong or prolonged, prolonged stress) turn into damaging ones and lead to the development of the third stage of stress - the stage exhaustion.

III. Exhaustion stage

The stage of exhaustion is characterized by atrophy of the adrenal cortex, the development of hypocorticism, a decrease in blood pressure, an increase in catabolism (breakdown) of proteins, the development of dystrophic processes, wear and tear of biological systems, early aging of the body, the development of necrobiotic and necrotic processes, and death of the body.

Among the various stress hormones, the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (HPAS) have the greatest adaptive value when exposed to various stressors. The insufficiency of various adaptive hormones (primarily HGAS hormones) leads to a decrease in the body's nonspecific resistance to both physiological and pathogenic factors.

Inadequate incretion of adaptive hormones (primarily HGAS hormones) leads to "diseases of adaptation". The pathogenesis of adaptation diseases is associated both with excessive release of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and with a number of unfavorable contributing factors.

Stress and General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

According to modern concepts, the mechanisms and biological significance of stress and general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are not identical to each other. OAS is considered much broader than G. Selye characterized it. OSA includes a variety of non-specific changes in both regulatory and executive systems (central and peripheral nervous system, humoral-hormonal system, including not only HGAS, but also various other endocrine complexes, as well as mediators, PAS, metabolites, enzyme systems, changes in physiological and functional systems), which, from a biological point of view, have a predominantly adaptive value, although they may also include various “breakdown” phenomena.

Stress (usually non-specific) reaction may include specific manifestations. For example, the formation of hormones in new ratios characteristic of a certain effect, or the synthesis of hormones that are new in structure and functions (not normally present in the body).

The specificity of the response of both the endocrine and other physiological systems to a particular effect can be manifested by various expressions of nonspecificity: quantitative (intensity of manifestation), temporal (terms and speed of occurrence) and spatial.
In response to the action of various stressors, not only adaptive, but also maladaptive stress reactions.

Both urgent and long-term adaptation of the body to the action of stress stimuli begins with disturbances in the body's homeostasis. Adaptation includes both specific and non-specific components and mechanisms.

So, for example, in response to an increased muscle load, the parameters of the body's homeostasis shift, which activates the higher regulatory centers that ensure the formation and enhanced functioning of the dominant functional system (FS) responsible for providing specific adaptation. This is where the adaptation comes to an end.

If the load on the body continues, the hyperfunction of this dominant PS is preserved, which leads to an increase in the intensity of the functioning of the corresponding cell-tissue structures. The latter is accompanied by an increase in the amount of wear metabolites, which are responsible for the activation of genetic structures that provide enhanced formation of muscle mass (for example, myocyte hypertrophy) as a result of stimulation of protein synthesis. This is ensured by an increase in Ca2 content in myocytes, activation of DNA polymerase, accumulation of mRNA in polyribosomes, etc. As a result, a systemic structural trace is formed, which provides an increase in the power of the system of specific adaptation. This is how long-term adaptation is formed.

Phases of development of stress disorders according to Kositsky Grigory Ivanovich

The deterioration of the state of the nervous system and the body as a whole due to the lack of a way out of a stressful situation, and its protracted nature, suggests a certain algorithm for the transformation of negative functional states.

1. Phase WMA - attention, mobilization, activity . Natural adaptive tendencies are formed, aimed at solving the problem at the behavioral level.

2. Phase ESR - sthenic negative emotions (anger, aggression). Emotions are sthenic, i.e. giving strength. This phase occurs if the previous phase was unsuccessful. As a result, a desperate attempt to mobilize all possible resources that were not previously involved arises, a state of maximum tension develops.

3. Phase AOE - asthenic negative emotions (anxiety, despair, depression). This condition is associated with the impossibility of getting out of a traumatic situation. Negative emotions predominate, which are retained for a long time and pass into a stagnant state or a stationary form due to physiological mechanisms similar to the epileptiform syndrome. Emotions are asthenic, i.e. taking away power.

4. Phase SA- failure of adaptation, neurosis . Chronic mental tension, stagnant negative emotions lead to the formation of a stable state of the brain, in which the relationship between the cortex and subcortical formations is restructured, which, in particular, is manifested by a violation of the autonomic regulation of the activity of internal organs (psychosomatic pathology), which is considered as a dynamic cerebrovisceral syndrome of emotional stress . There is also a violation of adaptation in the form of emotional-volitional disorders, inappropriate behavior and the development of neurosis-like states.