13.1 Post-war development of the USSR (1945-1953).

13.2 Reforms of N.S. Khrushchev (1953-1964).

13.3 L.I. Brezhnev (1964-1982).

13.4 Perestroika 1985-1991

The Cold War had a decisive influence on the post-war development of the USSR. Participation in it forced to spend huge amounts of money on the military-industrial complex, diverting from the production of consumer goods. Against the backdrop of growing needs of the population, the deficit served as a cause of growing discontent. The ideological indoctrination by American propaganda of the Soviet population, primarily of the nomenklatura, led to the conviction that the Soviet system was ineffective and that it needed to be broken.

13.1 Post-war development of the USSR (1945-1953)

Beginning of the Cold War. The end of the Second World War fixed a new geopolitical reality. Two superpowers arose on the world stage - the USA and the USSR. The United States was able to strengthen itself by becoming a world creditor. In addition, there were no hostilities in America.

The USSR made a decisive contribution to the defeat of fascism, thereby ensuring the growth of its popularity in the world. If in 1941 the USSR had diplomatic relations with only 26 countries, then in 1945 - with 52. In 1945, the Communists were part of the governments of 13 bourgeois states, including France and Italy. The Soviet army was a powerful force and was the largest in the world. The political influence of the USSR extended to Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and also eastern Germany.

However, the growing influence of the USSR worried the United States, which began against the Soviet Union. "cold war"- confrontation between the US and the USSR in the military-political, economic and ideological spheres.

The Cold War began on March 5, 1946, with the Fulton Speech by former British Prime Minister W. Churchill. Speaking in Fulton in the presence of US President G. Truman, W. Churchill announced the threat posed by the USSR.

In 1947, W. Churchill's ideas were developed in President G. Truman's message to the US Congress (the "Truman Doctrine"). They defined two strategic tasks in relation to the USSR:

The minimum task is to prevent further expansion of the sphere of influence of the USSR and its communist ideology (“the doctrine of containment of socialism”);

The maximum task is to do everything to force the USSR to withdraw to its former borders (“the doctrine of the rejection of socialism”).

The doctrine determined specific measures to fulfill these tasks (the Cold War program):

Providing economic assistance to European countries, making their economies dependent on the United States (“Marshall Plan”);

Creation of military-political alliances led by the United States;

Deployment of US bases along Soviet borders;

Support for anti-socialist forces within the countries of the Soviet bloc.

In 1949, at the initiative of the United States, the NATO military-political bloc (Organization of the North Atlantic Alliance) was created, which, in addition to the United States, included Canada, England and a number of Western European states. Plans were developed for military aggression against the USSR, the atomic bombing of Soviet territory. Only the successful test of the Soviet atomic bomb in 1949 stopped the implementation of these plans.

After the Western countries began pursuing a "cold war" policy towards the Soviet Union, the USSR began to strengthen and expand cooperation with the countries of socialism. In 1946-1948. The USSR contributed to the fall of the coalition governments of the “Popular Front” and the establishment of communist rule in their place in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia (in Yugoslavia and Albania, the communists came to power as early as 1945). In these countries, reforms were carried out according to the Soviet model: nationalization, collectivization, etc.

Moscow's imposition of its political will had a material basis. Even in the conditions of the famine that engulfed most of the Soviet territory in 1946, the USSR supplied the Allies with 2.5 million tons of grain. The countries of the "socialist camp" were granted preferential loans, which amounted to 1945-1952 in 1945-1952. 3 billion dollars.

In 1947, the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties, the Information Bureau, was formed. It existed until 1956 and was called upon to coordinate the actions of these parties for the adoption of joint resolutions. The USSR began to actively promote the communist movement in the capitalist countries, contributed to the growth of the national liberation movement, and the collapse of the colonial system.

The relations between the USSR and the countries of the "socialist camp" did not always develop easily and simply. So, in 1948, relations between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia were severed due to personal contradictions of I.V. Stalin and the leader of the Yugoslav communists I. Broz Tito.

In 1949 the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was established. It became the main channel for material aid from the USSR to the countries of socialism. The CMEA included Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, East Germany, Cuba, Mongolia, Poland. Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia. In 1949, Albania joined the CMEA, but since the end of 1961, it has not participated in the activities of the organization. Since 1961, Yugoslavia has taken part in the activities of the CMEA on certain issues.

The USSR began to pursue an active policy in Asia. Thus, the USSR contributed to the socialist revolution in China and the creation of the People's Republic of China - the People's Republic of China (1949).

In 1949, the first Berlin crisis erupted, resulting in the division of Germany. In May 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) with its capital in Bonn was created on the territory of the western occupation zones. As a response, in October 1949, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was created in the Soviet occupation zone.

The first armed conflict of the Cold War was the Korean War (1950-1953). North Korea in the war was supported by the USSR, which helped with military equipment, and China, which sent its troops. The United States took the side of South Korea, whose troops launched military operations on the territory of the peninsula. As a result, the war ended with the final division of Korea.

In 1955, the Eastern European part of these countries was united in a military-political union - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD). It included Albania (withdrew in 1968), Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Romania, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia.

Socio-political life. The transition to a peaceful life required a reorganization of management. In September 1945, the state of emergency was lifted in the USSR and the GKO was abolished. In 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers, with I.V. Stalin.

The victory in the Great Patriotic War gave rise to hopes for the weakening of the repressive regime and the improvement of life. The generation of Soviet soldiers and officers who went through the harsh school of war, who felt the relative independence and importance of the initiative, expected the democratization of public life. People were full of optimism, believing that the worst was left behind. Many peasants hoped for the dissolution of the collective farms. The intelligentsia dreamed of the possibility of free creativity.

The beginning of the "cold war" led to the fact that since 1946 there was a tightening of the political regime. The Stalinist leadership began to “tighten the screws” that had weakened in previous years. In 1946 a large group of officers and generals was arrested. G.K. was disgraced. Zhukov, appointed to command first the Odessa military district, and then the Urals.

Former Soviet prisoners of war and civilians deported to Germany were subjected to a "purge", some of them ended up in camps. There was a fight against nationalist movements in Western Ukraine ("Ukrainian Insurgent Army"), in the Baltic States ("Forest Brothers")

In the summer of 1946, an ideological campaign against the creative intelligentsia began. Within its framework, there were persecutions of the journals "Leningrad", "Zvezda", representatives of the intelligentsia (A. Akhmatova, M. Zoshchenko, S. Eisenstein, S. Prokofiev, S. Shostakovich, etc.). They were accused of lack of patriotism, currying favor with the West, lack of ideas in creativity.

In 1948, the struggle began with "cosmopolitanism"- a worldview that puts universal human interests and values ​​above the interests of an individual nation. Contacts with foreigners, marriages with them were forbidden. In 1948-1952. A trial was organized in the case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee.

Entire scientific areas, such as genetics and cybernetics, were declared bourgeois and banned, which slowed down the development of these areas of science in the USSR for decades. It was planned to ban quantum theory and the theory of relativity, but the need to have an atomic bomb saved physics.

At the end of Stalin's life (he turned 70 in 1949), the struggle for power between his associates intensified. One of the groups (L.P. Beria, G.M. Malenkov, N.S. Khrushchev) managed to achieve organization in 1949-1952. "Leningrad case", as a result of which a very influential "Leningrad group" was destroyed. During it, the current or former leaders of Leningrad were repressed, including the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR N.A. Voznesensky (one of the possible successors of Stalin), Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR M.I. Rodionova and others.

In 1952-1953. fabricated "case of doctors" accused of plotting to assassinate Stalin and other Soviet leaders.

Despite the high-profile processes of the post-war period, their scale was incommensurable with the repressions of 1937-1938. There was no real protest against the existing regime; it continued to enjoy mass support. In October 1952, the 19th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks took place, renaming the party into the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

Socio-economic development. During the war years, a third of the national wealth of the USSR was lost. The western part of the country lay in ruins. Therefore, the main task in the field of economics in the first post-war years was the restoration of the national economy destroyed by the war and the transition to peaceful construction.

At the same time, they had to rely only on their own strength. Reparations from defeated Germany amounted to only 4.3 billion dollars. From American assistance to the USSR under the "Marshall Plan" refused, because. it meant the loss of part of the sovereignty. The main sources were internal sources of development - the redistribution of funds from the agricultural sector to industry, government loans, free labor of prisoners of war and prisoners. The unprecedented spiritual uplift of the people was also used.

Priority attention continued to be given to the development of heavy industry. In a short time was carried out conversion industry - transfer to the production of peaceful products. During the fourth five-year plan (1946-1950), more than 6.2 thousand industrial enterprises were restored and rebuilt. By 1947 the industry had reached the pre-war level, and in 1950 it exceeded it by more than 70%.

In 1949, an atomic weapon was tested, and in 1953, a hydrogen bomb.

In the field of agriculture, the first post-war five-year plan was not fulfilled. Considering the countryside as a source for industry, the country's leadership stepped up non-economic coercion of the collective farm peasantry. The social benefits that were available in the industrial sector did not apply to him, the peasants could not leave the village without the sanction of the authorities. The collective farm system was strengthened, labor discipline became tougher, exorbitant taxes grew.

The situation in agriculture was complicated by the fact that in 1946 Ukraine, the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, and the central black earth regions were seized by a severe drought. The famine that began, according to some estimates, led to the death of 770 thousand people.

At the turn of the 1940-1950s. In order to make better use of technology and improve the manageability of agriculture, small collective farms were enlarged. During 1950-1953. their number decreased from 255 to 94 thousand. Peasants settled on central estates, and small villages were liquidated.

As the factories were restored, new equipment was sent to the village, and the village was electrified. Despite the measures taken, the situation in agriculture remained difficult.

In 1947, the card system for food and industrial goods was abolished and a monetary reform was carried out in the form of a denomination, which consisted in the exchange of old money for new money, mainly in a ratio of 10:1.

The price cuts for consumer goods, carried out for propaganda purposes, also placed an additional burden on the peasantry, since they were carried out mainly by reducing the purchase prices of agricultural products.

The Cold War, being primarily a phenomenon of world politics, nevertheless seriously influenced domestic life. The black-and-white vision of the world gave rise to a sense of wariness in relation to the outside world and created a craving for artificial internal cohesion in the face of an external enemy. Dissent came to be seen as subversive. In the USA, this resulted in massive violations of civil rights and freedoms, and in the USSR, it helped to strengthen the totalitarian features of the regime. At the same time, in Western countries, the Cold War became an incentive to complete social reforms in order to create a "welfare state" - it was seen as a barrier to the penetration of communist ideas.

The Cold War forced huge funds to be directed to armaments, the best engineers and workers worked on new weapon systems, each of which depreciated the previous one. But this race also gave rise to unprecedented scientific discoveries. It stimulated the development of nuclear physics and space research, created the conditions for the powerful growth of electronics and the creation of unique materials. The arms race ultimately bled the Soviet economy dry and reduced the competitiveness of the American economy. At the same time, Soviet-American rivalry had a favorable effect on the restoration of the economic and political positions of West Germany and Japan, which became the front line of the struggle against communism for the United States. The rivalry between the USSR and the USA made it easier for the peoples of the colonial and dependent countries to fight for independence, but also turned this emerging "third world" into an arena of endless regional and local conflicts for spheres of influence.

In other words, the Cold War had a profound and multifaceted impact on post-war world history. This impact cannot be overestimated. But could the Cold War have been avoided?

Its emergence is largely due to the peculiarities of the results of the Second World War. It led to the fact that only two powers remained in the world, the power of which turned out to be sufficient to start and maintain global rivalry for a long time. The rest of the great powers, for various reasons, were unable to do so. The USSR and the USA in this sense became not just great powers, but superpowers. This bipolarity, the bipolarity of the world, thus, became the result of the war, and it could not but give rise to rivalry. The participation in this rivalry of not just different states according to their historical experience, geographical location, economic, social and political system, but also different worldviews could not but give it a particularly sharp form, a form of ideological conflict, reminiscent of religious wars in the Middle Ages.

So it is difficult to imagine a situation where the Cold War could have been avoided.

Conclusion

Having considered the causes of the Cold War, the course of its events and its results, I achieved the goals and objectives I had set.

Analyzing the events that served as the prologue of the Cold War, I found out for myself the reasons for biopolarity and the growing confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States.

The diplomatic history of the creation and use of atomic weapons, if we take it in the context of inter-allied relations, was a prelude to a long confrontation between the two powers that found themselves in the power of countries before mutual extermination and found the means of combating it in the accumulation of weapons of mass destruction beyond any reasonable limits.

Bipolarity, which is the main characteristic of the Cold War, arose not only because Europe was bled dry by war, and the USSR and the USA were the most powerful powers, but also because of those nuclear weapons. That is, technology for the first time radically intervened in the course of history. In my opinion, if the atomic bomb had not appeared, the Cold War might not have happened.

The atomic bomb gave confidence to the United States. The USSR, until 1949, carried out events in politics in which two lines were observed:

efforts were concentrated on the creation of Soviet atomic weapons, to eliminate the US monopoly.

another line of the party and state apparatus of the USSR on the issue of nuclear weapons was of a propaganda nature. Not possessing nuclear weapons, the USSR began to conduct propaganda against the use of these deadly weapons. But after 1949 the situation changed, Stalin began to consider the atomic bomb as the main weapon in a possible third world war.

W. Churchill's speech in Fulton, the "Truman Doctrine", and later the "Marshall Plan", testify that the policy of the West was aimed at confrontation with the USSR. Churchill announced the creation of an Anglo-American military alliance claiming world domination.

The Truman Doctrine was created to implement US hegemonic plans. Attention to Turkey and Greece was due to their important strategic position near the borders of the USSR. The United States sought to establish its military bases here. At the same time, the White House was gaining experience in imposing an anti-Soviet position by a European state in exchange for providing American economic assistance.

The main goal of the "Marshall Plan" was to stabilize the socio-political situation in Western Europe, to involve Western Germany in the Western bloc and reduce Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. The "Marshall Plan" itself and the sharply negative reaction to this plan from the USSR were an important step towards the split of Europe, to confront socio-political coalitions, and then this split was already formalized into military-political blocs, thus, more and more bipolarity clearly acquired its outlines.

The psychological atmosphere created as a result of the Berlin crisis served to create a Western alliance directed against the USSR. In May 1949, the constitution of a separate West German state, the Federal Republic of Germany, was adopted. In response, the USSR in October 1949 created a second state in its zone - the German Democratic Republic. Two hostile blocs confronted each other on the same continent; each of these two forces now owned one of the parts of defeated Germany.

The Berlin crisis was, on the whole, an unsuccessful policy of the USSR to prevent the implementation of separate actions by the Western powers in the German question. Of course, the measures taken by the USSR in the summer of 1948 created a very dangerous situation in the center of Europe. But the then leadership of the USSR considered these measures as defensive.

Eastern Europe was the main field in which the Cold War was fought, which was not the result of any decision, but the result of the dilemma faced by the parties. Each side felt an irresistible desire to pursue precisely the policy that the other could in no way consider otherwise than as a threat to the principles of the established peace. Each side then felt the need to take defensive measures. Thus, the Russians saw no other choice but to strengthen their security in Eastern Europe. The Americans, who believed that this was just a pretext and a first step towards Western Europe, reacted by declaring their interests in a zone that the Russians considered very important for their security. The Russians came to the conclusion that the West was resuming its former course of creating a ring of capitalist states around Russia, in lands that centuries of experience had shown to be essential for Russia's survival. Each side passionately believed that future international stability depended on the success of its own concept of world order. Each side, pursuing its own, clearly defined principles for it, only fueled the fear of the other side.

I, the author of this work, understood that the Cold War at that time was inevitable not only due to geopolitical and ideological factors, but also due to the fact that the mentality of the leaders of that time in the United States and the USSR was not ready to accept those realities of the post-war world faced by the two powers. And it was precisely this unwillingness to accept the realities of the post-war period and adapt to them that determined the form of sharp and tough military-political confrontation that the Cold War took.

So, I found out that the causes of the Cold War were:

the existence of two superpowers;

the struggle for the division of the world between them;

the presence of nuclear weapons.

The existence of two centers of power simultaneously initiated two global processes: the struggle of the superpowers to divide the world into spheres of influence and the desire of all other countries, with rare exceptions, to join one of the superpowers themselves, to use its economic and political power to ensure their own interests.

The result of this was the inevitable formation of a bipolar geopolitical system based on an irresistible antagonism between the superpowers. Such antagonism presupposes the use of force, including military force. But in the case of the Soviet-American confrontation, atomic weapons became a powerful deterrent from the very beginning.

The more I think about the Cold War, the more pointless it seems to me to try to assess the degree of guilt of the parties. The Second World War brought the international community into terrible chaos. With countries shattered, European allies exhausted, colonial empires in turmoil and in the process of disintegration, gaping holes appeared in the world power structure. The war left only two states - America and Soviet Russia - in a state of political, ideological and military dynamism, making them capable of filling this vacuum. Moreover, both these states were based on opposite, antagonistic ideas. Neither knew exactly what the other intended to do. That is why Truman was not going to share the secrets of creating an atomic bomb, but rather wanted to use the atomic monopoly in order to influence the USSR. The Soviet Union, led by Stalin, having emerged victorious from the war, did not want to put up with the role of a minor power, Stalin wanted to force the United States to reckon with whom, for this purpose the Berlin crisis was started. And all the subsequent events that served as a prologue to the Cold War arose from both sides as a reaction of self-defense. In the current situation, none of us should be surprised by the results. What would be truly amazing to me would be if there were no Cold War.

The greatest role was played by military-technical factors that directly affected the policy of the USSR and the USA. None of the great powers managed to create an absolute superiority of forces, which would become a source of confidence in military victory in the event of a direct conflict. In the early days of the Cold War, the United States had a monopoly on nuclear weapons, but had no more reliable means of delivering them than heavy bombers, vulnerable to Soviet air defenses. In addition, in the potential Eurasian theaters of operations, the USSR would have an advantage in conventional weapons. With the advent of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons in the USSR, and then ballistic missiles, although the United States had an advantage in their number until the end of the 1960s, the territories of both great powers became vulnerable to nuclear strikes. With the achievement of quantitative equality (parity) in strategic arms, the rivalry has embraced a different side - their qualitative improvement. The formulas for orderly rivalry took some time to develop. At the initial stage of the "cold war", the chronological framework of which was determined by the period 1947-1953, both sides proceeded from a very high degree of probability of a military clash with each other. Both the USSR and the USA sought as quickly as possible to include in the orbit of their influence all countries whose fate and choice had not yet been determined, and at least to prevent the expansion of the opponent's sphere of influence.

The Berlin crisis of 1948 - Germany and its capital - Berlin were divided into zones of occupation by the USA, Great Britain, France, the USSR. After the monetary reform in the western part of the country, the USSR closed communication with the eastern part, hoping to solve the problem through negotiations, hoping that in this situation the Western countries would make concessions on the German issue. However, the US categorically ruled out negotiations from a position of weakness.

The blockade was broken with the establishment of an air bridge with West Berlin, through which food was supplied to the city. The command of the US troops in Germany did not rule out a direct military conflict if the USSR tried to interfere with these deliveries. War in Korea, 1950-1953 The second conflict that brought the USSR and the USA to the brink of a direct confrontation. A similar impasse developed in Indochina, where France, having lost direct control over Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, sought to maintain a pro-Western dictatorial regime in Vietnam.

The national liberation forces, which adopted a communist orientation, were assisted by China and the USSR. French troops suffered heavy defeats. By 1954, it became clear that neither side was capable of achieving military success. Caribbean crisis of 1962 and its significance. The most acute conflict of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The victory in 1959 in Cuba of the revolutionary movement led by F. Castro and his choice of a course of cooperation with the USSR caused concern in Washington. In Moscow, on the contrary, the appearance of the first ally in the Western Hemisphere was greeted as a sign of coming changes in favor of the USSR in Latin America. The confidence of the Soviet leaders that the United States would somehow try to overthrow the regime of F. Castro, the desire to change the balance of power in their favor, prompted them to deploy medium-range missiles with nuclear warheads in Cuba, capable of reaching most American cities. This step, taken in secret not only from the world community, but also from its own diplomats, became known to the US government thanks to aerial reconnaissance. He was seen as posing a mortal threat to American interests. The retaliatory measures (imposing a naval blockade of Cuba and preparing for preemptive strikes on Soviet bases on the island) brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The settlement of the conflict became possible thanks to the restraint and common sense shown by US President John F. Kennedy and Soviet leader N.S. Khrushchev. Zagladin N.V. World History: XX century. Textbook for schoolchildren of 10-11 grades. Second edition. M .: LLC Trade and Publishing House Russian Word - PC, 2000

Any of the above conflicts, in which, on the one hand, the countries of the Western bloc were involved, and on the other, the USSR and its allies, could lead to major military operations. This was especially dangerous because of the large number of scientific discoveries and their application in the military industry.

rental block

Start of the Cold War

The beginning of the Cold War was marked by the speech of the English ruler Churchill, delivered in Fulton in March 1946. The US government's top priority was to achieve complete military superiority of the Americans over the Russians. The US began to implement its policy already in 1947 by introducing a whole system of restrictive and prohibitive measures for the USSR in the financial and trade spheres. In short, America wanted to defeat the Soviet Union economically.

The course of the cold war

The most culminating moments of the confrontation were 1949-50, when the North Atlantic Treaty was signed, the war with Korea took place, at the same time the first atomic bomb of Soviet origin was tested. And with the victory of Mao Zedong, rather strong diplomatic relations between the USSR and China were established, they were united by a general hostile attitude towards America and its policies. there will be no side, and it is worth considering what will happen to ordinary people and the planet as a whole. As a result, since the beginning of the 1970s, the Cold War has entered the stage of normalizing relations. A crisis erupted in the United States due to high material costs, but the USSR did not tempt fate, but made concessions. An agreement was signed to reduce nuclear weapons called START-2. 1979 proved once again that the Cold War was not over yet: the Soviet government sent troops into the territory of Afghanistan, whose inhabitants put up fierce resistance to the Russian army. And only in April 1989 the last Russian soldier left this unconquered country.

End and results of the Cold War

In 1988-89, the process of “perestroika” began in the USSR, the Berlin Wall fell, and soon the socialist camp disintegrated. And the USSR did not even begin to claim any influence in the countries of the third world. By 1990, the Cold War was over. It was she who contributed to the strengthening of the totalitarian regime in the USSR. The arms race also led to scientific discoveries: nuclear physics began to develop more intensively, space research gained a wider scope.

Consequences of the Cold War

The 20th century has ended, more than ten years have passed in the new millennium. There is no longer the Soviet Union, and the countries of the West have also changed ... But as soon as the once weak Russia rose from its knees, gained strength and confidence on the world stage, the United States and its allies again see the “ghost of communism”. And it remains to be hoped that the politicians of the leading countries will not return to the policy of the Cold War, since, in the end, everyone will suffer from it ...

The basis for the development of the economies of the advanced countries of the world in the second half of the XX beginning of the XXI century. were achievements in the field of science. Research in the field of physics, chemistry, and biology made it possible to radically change many aspects of industrial and agricultural production and gave impetus to the further development of transport. Thus, mastering the secret of the atom led to the birth of nuclear energy. A huge leap forward was made by radio electronics. Advances in genetics have made it possible to obtain new plant varieties and improve the efficiency of animal husbandry.

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