Neologisms in the works of Russian writers. Brief information about the types of neologisms

Depending on the conditions of creation, neologisms should be divided into general language that appeared along with a new concept or a new reality, and individually-author's introduced by specific authors. The vast majority of neologisms belong to the first group; Thus, the neologisms collective farm, Komsomol, five-year plan and many others that appeared at the beginning of the century are characterized by usage (that is, they are generally accepted, and are widely introduced into the vocabulary).

To the second group of neologisms belongs, for example, the word created by V. Mayakovsky, who were in session. Having crossed the boundaries of individual authorial use, having become the property of the language, these words have now joined the active vocabulary. The language also has long mastered the terms constellation, full moon, attraction introduced by M.V. Lomonosov; used for the first time by N.M. Karamzin words industry, future, etc.

The same group of neologisms also includes the so-called occasionalisms (lat. occasionalis random) - lexical units, the occurrence of which is due to a certain context. All of the above neologisms are linguistic, they have become the property of Russian vocabulary, are recorded in dictionaries, like any lexical unit, with all the meanings assigned to them.

Occasional neologisms are words formed by writers and publicists according to the existing word-formation models in the language and used only once in a certain work - wide-noisy oak trees (A. Pushkin), in heavy snake hair (A. Blok), fiery twigs of elderberry (M. Tsvetaeva). The authors of such neologisms can be not only writers; we ourselves, without noticing it, often come up with words in case (opener, unpack, repress). Especially many occasionalisms are created by children: I messed up; See how the rain poured; I'm not a baby anymore, but a big one and the like

To distinguish between occasionalisms artistic and literary and purely everyday, not a fact of artistic speech, the first are called individually stylistic. If everyday occasionalisms usually arise in oral speech, involuntarily, without being fixed anywhere, then individual stylistic ones are the result of a conscious creative process, they are imprinted on the pages of literary works and perform a certain stylistic function in them.

In terms of their artistic significance, individual stylistic neologisms are similar to metaphors: their creation is based on the same desire to discover new semantic facets in the word, to create an expressive image with economical speech means. Like the brightest, freshest metaphors, individual stylistic neologisms are original and unique. At the same time, the writer does not set himself the task of putting into use the words he invented. The purpose of these words is different - to serve as an expressive means in the context of one, specific work.

In rare cases, such neologisms can be repeated, but at the same time they are still not reproduced, but are “born again”. For example, A. Blok in the poem "On the Islands" (1909) used the occasional definition of snow-covered: "Newly snow-covered columns, Elagin bridge and two fires." In A. Akhmatova's poem "October 9, 1913" (1915) we read: "So I realized that no words are needed, snow-covered branches are light." However, no one will argue that such a coincidence indicates the dependence of the style of one poet on another, especially imitation, repetition of a "poetic find".

3.2 Spells in Porry Gutter as an example of satirical occasionalism.

The authors of the tetralogy introduced many new words and word formations as spells. Most of them are an example of a satirical connection or distortion of already existing words and terms. The following are examples of occasionalisms grouped according to their origin. A more complete dictionary of occasionalisms (spells) of the tetralogy is presented in Appendix 2.

1) "Military" occasionalisms - they owe their origin to commands and orders or set expressions that are used (or were used) by representatives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (formerly the USSR).

A) Rota-lights out - sleeping pills of mass action. Kills up to 100 people. Origin: from the order "Company, release!", Existing in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

B) Air defense-does not sleep - knocks flying objects off the radar screen. Origin: "Air defense (air defense) does not sleep" - a phrase that was especially popular during the Cold War.

2) "Household" - came from phrases and expressions widely used in everyday life.

A) Rheumaradiculitis - who used it feels older.

Origin: from diseases of the joints - rheumatitis and sciatica, characteristic of aged people.

B) Kras-nayamos-kva is the simplest cosmetic spell.

Origin: from the name of the Red Moscow perfume, which was widespread, especially in Soviet times, and did not have the most pleasant smell.

3) "Modern" - associated with modern life, the Internet and telesphere.

A) One of the most topical, at the time of writing the first part of the series (2002) is the Chubabis spell (turning off electricity within a radius of 5 kilometers).

B) Contraldel-contraldel - restarts the magutor (magic computer).

Origin: From the Ctrl+Alt+Del key combination that launches the task manager.

4) Personalized - owe the origin of some physiological feature, or character trait of a real person ( Chubabays can also be included in this category)

A) Christina-Orbakaite - a cosmetic spell that affects the nasopharynx.

Origin: from the specific structure of the face of the famous singer.

B) Bubkas-trubkas - a powerful "jumping" spell Origin: from the famous high jumper, multiple world record holder Sergei Bubka.

Chapter 2

Conclusion

Literature

Sources

Introduction

This work is devoted to the study of individual author's neologisms-nouns in the texts of young contemporary poets. The author's neologisms represent interesting material in terms of word formation and semantics.

The subject of this work is the methods of formation of individual author's neologisms in the texts of modern poets, as well as the features of their functioning.

The relevance of the research topic is explained by the possibility of identifying the features of the behavior of neoplasms at the word-formation level of the language over the past decade.

The main purpose of the work is the word-formation analysis of individual - author's neologisms. Giving a word-formation characteristic of new words, it is impossible not to give a semantic-stylistic analysis. Each case is accompanied by comments on the functioning of a new lexical unit in a particular text. In accordance with this goal, the following tasks were set:

1) to analyze scientific works devoted to the study of this topic, choose one of the classifications of methods for the formation of neologisms proposed in these works and make a word-formation analysis of the actual material;

2) to give a word-formation characteristic of individually - author's neologisms - nouns, taking into account the word-formation links between the generating and derivative bases, as well as non-typical methods of formation;

3) to identify new trends in the creation of individual author's neologisms associated with the rethinking of foreign vocabulary in modern Russian.

4) identify structural and semantic violations in the creation of occasional words, as well as give a semantic and stylistic description of occasionalisms, explain their functioning in a particular text, which is the only condition for determining the author's goal when creating this occasionalism.

Research material. The basis for the implementation of this work was the material collected from the works of young contemporary poets: L. Ivanov, M. Avis, R. Kharis, M. Avvakumova, L. Sergeeva, O. Smirnov, M. Vavzhkevich, S. Makarov, S. Yanyshev , A. Eviley, E. Umakova, M. Boroditskaya, whose career begins in the 90s of the 20th century. The choice of these authors is not accidental. In their poetic speech, there are interesting, individually unusual in their structure - author's neologisms. The works of these poets most accurately reflect modern reality, the changes taking place in it, contributing to the emergence of new words. We have studied 45 author's neologisms. The results of the study make it possible to identify and describe the most productive ways of forming individual author's neologisms.

Basic research methods. In this work, descriptive and comparative methods are used. The main research method is descriptive, involving the analysis of linguistic facts, their classification, typological generalization. Application comparative method of studying the actual linguistic material is explained by the involvement of various poets for the analysis of illustrative material.

The method of comparison was used in the derivational analysis of individual author's neologisms and comparison of their methods of formation.

Work structure. This work consists of an introduction, two chapters, the second chapter is provided with brief conclusions, a conclusion, a list of references.

In the second chapter - "Word-building analysis of individual author's neologisms-nouns" - a word-formation characteristic of individually - author's neologisms-nouns is given. The semantic and derivational characteristics of derived stems are given, cases of formation of occasional words with the help of foreign inclusions are described.

The second chapter is followed by conclusions. The result of the work done is contained in the Conclusion.

Despite the current numerous works devoted to the problems of the formation of new words in the language, there is no common understanding among scientists of the essence of a new word.

Neologisms are “new units of the lexical system of a language that arose due to the social need to give a name to a new object or express a new concept and which function in speech as ready-made, reproducible units” (Bragina 1973: 218).

In the dictionary-reference book of D. Rosenthal, M. Telenkova, neologisms are “new words that have not yet become familiar and everyday names of the corresponding objects, concepts” (Rosenthal, Telenkova 1976: 179).

M.N. Epshtein refers to neologisms as “words that are not in dictionaries and are perceived by society as new” (Epshtein 2006: 5).

L.I. Plotnikova explains the lack of a single definition of the basic concept of “neologism” by the difference in the criteria put forward. When analyzing scientific papers, we selected some criteria proposed by various researchers.

V.G. Gak, considering the main temporal criterion, defines neologisms as "new words that arise in the memory of the generation that uses them" (Gak 1997:67).

E.A. Zemskaya, defining new words, notes the importance of "a sense of novelty in the perception of a new word" associated with a time criterion. V.V. Lopatin also believes that neologisms are perceived as new as long as the objects and phenomena they denote actually retain the features of tangible novelty (Lopatin 1973:63).

G.I. Miskevich and L.K. Cheltsova, noting differences in the interpretation of neologisms, there are four main points in the characterization of the concept: 1) the time the word appeared;

2) presence - absence of a specific creator; 3) feeling - not feeling the novelty of words;

4) entry - non-entry into the language (Miskevich, Cheltsova 1970:119). A.G. Lykov denies a constant sign of the novelty of a word and, in defining neologism, quite rightly, in our opinion, puts forward a sign of the unusualness of a word (Lykov 1976: 74).

Recently, researchers often turn to the study of occasional word formation and the creation of occasionalisms. This is presented in most detail in the works of E.A. Zemskoy and I.S. Ulukhanov. For this reason, in this paper we will consider the classification of E.A. Zemskaya in more detail. E.A. Zemskaya identifies ways that are specific to the generation of occasionalisms.

1. Interword overlay. This is a technique for producing only occasional words. The imposition of the end of the first stem and the homonymous beginning of the second stem of two independent words: puns (pun + drillers). N.A. Yanko-Trinitskaya notes that as a result of such an overlay, “a complex word of a special type arises, which includes in its meaning the semantics of the combined words, and in its basis the stems of both combined words, and the second word acts as a definite word, and as defining - the first word.

2. Contamination. This technique consists in the fact that two ordinary words are combined, which give rise to the third - occasionalism. This technique differs from interword overlay in that part of one word is eliminated, i.e. does not enter into occasionalism, but remains in the background that serves to double comprehension of occasionalism (skilled (ORUD + erudite)).

3. Merging, or fusion- this is the use of a phrase or sentence as a base for a word: “Cowardly bureaucratic, no matter what happens, gave rise to the name of a person - like a bullshit (E. Yevtushenko is an example of E.A. Zemskaya).

4. Cross-stage education- a way of forming occasionalisms from non-existent words (“loneliness” from “to loneliness”).

5. Tmesis(actually an occasional way of forming individual author's neologisms) the invasion of an affix or a whole word inside a word, more often a composite (compound word): R.Yu. Namitokova gave her own term “tmesis” to this phenomenon. The factual material in this work is distributed in accordance with the classification of methods for the formation of author's neologisms, proposed by E.A. Zemskaya. However, an analysis of the factual material makes it possible to single out from the whole variety of word-formation methods those that are currently the most active links in word-formation processes. This work is dedicated to this.

Chapter 2

Poetic speech expresses tendencies in the formation of new words. Author's neologisms are a rich material in word-formation, functional and semantic terms. And they are of particular interest to researchers.

Chapter 2 deals with the actual occasional nouns formed:

1. according to the usual word-formation models, but in violation of semantic restrictions;

2.po little - and unproductive word-formation models;

3. according to actually occasional models, or out of type.

We analyzed 71 author's neologisms. The study showed that the most productive ways of forming new words in the speech of modern poets are the usual ways. However, there are some nuances. The occasional nature of words formed according to usual patterns is created in violation of semantic or structural restrictions. The material is classified according to the methods of formation of IAN.

Prefix way

International prefix anti- with the meaning "something opposite ... to what is called a motivating noun" in poetry joins the foundations, the semantics of which does not imply such an attachment to proper names:

Antipushkin (anti- + Pushkin) “And a country comes out from under the pen / / beautiful, like Hellas, / / all saturated with a dream, / / striving higher and higher ... / / where is there about Pushkin! / / Especially since about Antipushkin // the boy didn’t hear then” (A. Shiroglazov). Antimatrosov (anti- + Matrosov) “Will bypass everyone…// Inflates the opponent, taking the ball out from under his nose, // And throws it like Antimatrosov…” (M. Avvakumova). At the same time, the seme “against” is preserved, but an ironic connotation is introduced.

to common nouns with the meaning of person:

antibaba (anti- + woman). The negative attitude of the author is expressed. This is confirmed by the verbal environment: “At home, as always, the anti-woman kept talking about something and nothing ...” (O. Kochetkov). The strengthening of the negative is confirmed by the context, the choice of the verb "reiterated", emphasizing the rudeness of the character. Anti-jump (anti- + jump) “Having gathered his courage, he makes a fall-anti-jump ...” (L. Ivanov).

Prefix extra- with the meaning "highest, beyond ..." joins the word "miss" (extra - miss), which is an appeal to a girl in English-speaking countries. “I am the limit of perfection!// I am a girl -// Miss!// Extra-Miss!// Yes, and glamorous!” (M. Avis). The prefix extra- gives the meaning of the best, beyond the limits of perfection. This is emphasized by the context, the choice of definition (glamorous) and intonation (exclamation).

Suffix way

Among nouns, suffixal neoplasms are widely represented.

This is explained by the fact that the bases with which suffixes enter into word-formation relations are characterized by specificity, content and emotionality, and are associated with a wide range of phenomena of modern life.

Speaking of the suffix method, one can note the unusualness of the suffix - them with the meaning "the name of female animals", in the usus joining the nouns denoting animals. In a poetic speech, the following example came up: a mammoth “Somewhere the noise and clanging of a well.// Daws of loquacious disputes.// Goats, unfriendly cows.// Noon. And sleep in a hunter.// I went to the couch - a mammoth,// Like a mammoth, I approached ”(M. Vavzhkevich). The irony is emphasized by the context.

Unusual is the addition of the suffix - them to nouns with the meaning of the names of birds, as well as the formation of a correlation by gender from the names of birds in which sexual characteristics are not so clearly expressed: pheasant "And everyone strives to catch a pheasant with beauty" (S. Makarov).

In modern poetic speech, it is possible to attach this suffix with the same meaning to nouns denoting a car brand, which is a violation of semantic restrictions and makes these words occasionalisms: “From the fresh whiteness of large meadows, / / Lawns ..., i.e. I follow with my eyes / / For Toyotas and for jeeps with their sides. Perhaps the author used these neologisms, since women were driving the car. In this example, the correlation by gender is transferred to the make of the car.

Author's neologisms formed with the suffix -а n-, designate a long process: ticking (tickling + -anj-) (“Infinity of the continuous ticking of the clock”) (M. Vavzhkevich). In usus, this suffix is most often attached to verbs, and in our case, but the verb is fictitious and comes from the onomatopoeia tili-tili, by analogy with the word “peeping”. The meaning given by the suffix (continuous process) is emphasized by the context: the infinity of continuous ticking. According to V.V. Vinogradov, subjective assessment affixes “express the most diverse shades of expression: sympathy, irony, neglect, anger, a motley and contradictory range of emotions and assessments” (Vinogradov 1972: 98).

Addition with suffix

One of the productive ways of forming new words is addition with suffixation, where the combination of a noun with an adjective acts as a generator, to which a suffix with the meaning of abstractness, generalization is added. The author's neologisms-nouns formed in this way are presented by different poets, for example, by M. Avvakumova chernodyre (black + hole) - the meaning of abstractness, generalization is emphasized by the context: rushed, like Matrosov, // into the black hole of being. The combination of "black holes of being" takes on a philosophical connotation. Entitled

"Lecturer-instructor" L. Ivanov conveys the life of the students with irony. Hymn (song + sing + j): “Here suddenly the gray chanter fell silent. // I whistled to him, well, almost like a Basque, // And he answered me…” (M. Avis).

Union

Many occasionalisms are formed in this way. These include the following:

A shorn boy, a swallow is a boy, a girl is a boy (“You mean so much in my thin biography, // in all my drunkenness you will be the last nest egg, / / the sky of Moscow was covered with a diphtheria film // my shorn boy, / / my swallow boy, // my girl is a boy.”) (M. Avis). By such a selection of occasionalisms, the author wants to show that this image occupies an important place in the life of the lyrical heroine. Agniyabarto (Agniya + Barto) (“And soon I will be like Pushkin, // that Eugene, // Like Agniabarto, like Pasternak”). Here, apparently, the author used this method due to the frequent use of the first name together with the last name of the writer, which led to fusion. The ball will die (“Whoever comes to us with the ball // will die from the ball // That’s a sonnet about it - // the ball will die”), it will change (me + no), it will drive away (why + no) (“Why am I not happy in this life, // The answer is very simple.// I don't exist in this life -// I won't…” (“Fuck off”) (L. Ivanov).

Contamination and interword overlay

In the field of occasional word formation, there is a method of combining stems (or words) into one new word. As a result, words with a unique structure are formed. IAN unique structures arise in the following cases:

1 . When superimposing the end of the first stem and the homonymous beginning of the second stem of two independent words. NA Yanko - Trinitskaya calls this phenomenon interword overlay. (Yanko - Trinitskaya 1972: 254).

The author's neologism lublues is presented in M. Lebedeva's poem "Sisterly lu blues". The formation of this occasionalism is interesting: blues - how the musical genre is superimposed on the Russian word “I love” and introduces the meaning “I love the blues”. The method of formation of this neologism, in our opinion, can be considered as an interword overlay.

2. When the first part of one word penetrates into another and the displacement of its beginning from this other word. This phenomenon is called contamination: Stihlandia, Stihir, Stihoniya (“To the boundless country - the country Stihoniya, Stihir, Stihlandia ...”) (verse + Japan | onia, verse + Sib | ir, verse + Finland | land) (L. Ivanov). These author's neologisms express the boundlessness of the possibilities provided by word creation.

Mobility of love (love of love + mobility) “And there is no suspicion that we are still howling with the wind// Mobility of love is a challenge to the squeal of all the brakes…// I break off from them…” (M. Avis). This author's neologism shows the quality of love, now love has become mobile.

R.Yu. Namitokova quite rightly sees the difference between the first and second methods in the open (when superimposed) and hidden (when contaminated) presence of two bases involved in the formation and formation of the meaning of occasionalism (Namitokova 1986: 118). This, in our opinion, is indeed an important criterion differentiating overlay and contamination. When superimposed in occasionalism, two roots are materially present, when contaminated, there is one.

Tmesis.

A specific, actually occasional way of forming IAN in poetic speech can be recognized as such a phenomenon as the intrusion of an affix into a word. R.Yu. Namitokova also calls this phenomenon tmesis.

In our material, the following examples of tmesis were encountered: “Turn around - and go out, you, Stee cunningly creation! // Where, like a song and a voice, is your pupil, my sight” (S. Yanyshev). The author's irony is clearly expressed here; the image created by the author in this poem is cunning, as evidenced by the author’s appeal to him: “you, Poem!” (cunning poetic creation). “So you will live, waiting for your whole life for DREAM the greatest happiness, but it’s not so REALITY necking ... "(L. Sergeeva). The graphical selection of a segment within a word is functionally significant. So the author draws attention to the main idea, focusing the reader's attention on it. In these occasionalisms, the words "dream" and "reality" are graphically highlighted, which should draw the reader's attention to the most significant part of the word. The author shows their opposition, wants to convey to the reader the idea of the unfulfillment of dreams in such a reality.

Cross-stage education

Here the following individually - author's neologism is presented: spittle (spit - spittle - spittle) ("For example, a man and a woman, an adherent of strict poetry and a spittoon on the canons") (L. Sergeeva). The author's neologism spittoon expresses the indifference of women. This is emphasized by the context where she is opposed to a man - "an adherent of strict poetry."

Noting the trend of modern poetic speech, it should be said about the participation foreign inclusions in the formation of author's neologisms.

Most often, author's neologisms with English inclusions have an ironic connotation. This is what S.S. Izyumskaya: "The most common way to create a comic effect is the deliberate combination of native Russian words ... with lexemes of English origin" (Izyumskaya 2000: 90).

R. Haris has such a neologism: elko - love- chik (from English love - love) “I will stand here elko - love- chick. Here, the formation of a neologism occurs by addition with suffixation, one of the words is English, and its seme is included in the meaning of the new word (little lover of the Christmas tree (the meaning "small" is introduced by the suffix -chik)). There are many such cases: for example, “The cat dries up in the afternoon until noon, // And then the cat has dreams and harlots.// But not on weekdays and weekends day- ki // Closer to the night, the cat becomes prettier. Now he purrs, then he goes hunting ”(English day - day)

findings

1. The study showed that individual author's neologisms represent rich material in terms of word formation. They cover both ordinary ways of word formation, as well as unproductive and actually occasional ways. And it should be noted that the latter are almost as productive as the usual ones.

2. In words formed according to usual patterns, occasionalness is created in violation of semantic or structural restrictions. Thus, the prefix anti- with the meaning "something opposite ... to what is called a motivating noun" in poetry joins the foundations, the semantics of which do not imply such attachment, for example, to proper names: Antipushkin (anti- + Pushkin).

3. Among the suffix methods, there are interesting cases of attaching a suffix - them with the meaning "name of female animals" to nouns denoting the brand of a car, which is also a violation of semantic restrictions: toyotihi, jeepihi.

4. In the poetic speech of recent years, the process of including foreign words in Russian is widespread. For example, the author's neologism, formed by interword overlay, lyublues (blues - how a musical genre is superimposed on the Russian word "love"). At the same time, the semantics of the Russian word changes, it is supplemented by a foreign language.

Conclusion

In the linguistic literature, a clear definition of the term "neologism" has not yet been established. The lack of a single definition of the concept of "neologism" is explained by the difference in the criteria put forward.

So, V.G. Gak, giving a definition to new words, considers the criterion of time to be the main one.

E.A. Zemskaya, defining new words, emphasizes the “feeling of novelty” associated with the time factor. Researcher A.G. Lykov puts forward a sign of the unusualness of the word.

Giving a definition of individual author's neologisms, E.A. Zemskaya differentiates them into occasional and potential words. The analysis of the factual material makes it possible to single out the most active ones from the whole variety of ways of word formation of the author's neologisms.

The study showed that the most productive ways of forming new words are the usual ways. But the occasional nature of words formed according to usual patterns is created in violation of semantic or structural restrictions.

In poetic speech, when creating new words, international prefixes are more often used. Among nouns, suffixal neoplasms are widely represented. The bases with which suffixes enter into word-formation relations are characterized by

specificity, content and emotionality, are associated with a wide range of phenomena of modern life.

In the poetic speech of recent years, such unproductive methods of word formation as fusion and addition with suffixation are becoming widespread. Of the actual occasional methods, contamination and tmesis dominate. Interword overlay, cross-step formation, fusion + contamination are presented in a smaller number. A large number of AN in modern poetic speech with the participation of foreign inclusions, which, in our opinion, is an emerging trend. Interword overlay, cross-step formation, fusion + contamination are presented in a smaller number.

Literature

1. Bragina A.A. Neologisms in Russian. - M.: Enlightenment, 1973

2. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language (grammatical doctrine of the word). - M., 1972.

4. Zemskaya E.A. Word formation as an activity. - M., 1992.

5. Izyumskaya S.S. New English borrowings as a means of a language game // Russian language at school.-2000.-No. 4

6. Kalniyazov M.U. Articulation of occasional and potential words // Actual problems of Russian word formation.-Tashkent, 1975.

7. Lykov A.G. Modern Russian lexicology (Russian occasional word). - M., 1976.

8. Miskevich G.M., Cheltsova L.K. New words, their adoption and normative assessment // Actual problems of the culture of speech - M., 1970.

10. Tikhonov A.N. Word-building dictionary of the Russian language.-M., 1977.

11. Jacobson R. The latest Russian poetry. Sketch one: V. Khlebnikov. - Prague, 1921.

12. Epstein M.N. Types of new words. Classification experience // Topos.

Literary and philosophical (electronic) journal. - 2006. - No. 6

13. Yanko-Trinitskaya N.A. Interword overlay // Development of the modern Russian language. - M., 1972.

Sources

1. M. Avis collections of poems "Lazur", "Redway".

2.L.N. Ivanov collections of poems: "Singles", "New Year".

3. L.S. Sergeev collection of poems "Palace detective".

Our work presents poems by the following authors: R. Kharis, M. Avvakumova, O. Smirnov, M. Vavzhkevich, S. Makarov, S. Yanyshev, A. Evili, E. Umakova, M. Boroditskaya, published in the literary journals “Our contemporary”, “October”, “New World”, “Aurora” for the period 1997-2000.

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Author's neologisms-nouns in the texts of young poets

1.2 Ways of formation of author's neologisms. Literature review

1. Interword overlay. This is a technique for producing only occasional words. The imposition of the end of the first stem and the homonymous beginning of the second stem of two independent words: puns (pun + drillers). N.A. Yanko-Trinitskaya notes that as a result of such an overlay, “a complex word of a special type arises, including in its meaning the semantics of the combined words, and in its basis - the stems of both combined words, and the second word acts as a definite one, and as defining - the first word.

2. Contamination. This technique consists in the fact that two ordinary words are combined, which give rise to the third - occasionalism. This technique differs from interword overlay in that part of one word is eliminated, i.e. does not enter into occasionalism, but remains in the background that serves to double comprehension of occasionalism (skilled (ORUD + erudite)).

3. A merger, or fusion, is the use of a phrase or sentence as a base for a word: “Cowardly bureaucratic, no matter what happens - gave rise to the name of a person - like a bullshit (E. Evtushenko - an example of E.A. Zemskaya).

4. Cross-step formation - a way of forming occasionalisms from non-existent words (“loneliness” from “loneliness”).

5. Tmesis (actually an occasional way of forming individual author's neologisms) the invasion of an affix or a whole word inside a word, more often a composite (compound word): (do a caricature + caricature = do a caricature). R.Yu. Namitokova gave her own term “tmesis” to this phenomenon. The factual material in this work is distributed in accordance with the classification of methods for the formation of author's neologisms, proposed by E.A. Zemskaya. However, an analysis of the factual material makes it possible to single out from the whole variety of word-formation methods those that are currently the most active links in word-formation processes. This work is dedicated to this.

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 deals with the actual occasional nouns formed:

1. according to the usual word-formation models, but in violation of semantic restrictions;

2.po little - and unproductive word-formation models;

3. according to actually occasional models, or out of type.

Prefix way

The international prefix anti- with the meaning "something opposite ... to what is called a motivating noun" in poetry joins the stems, the semantics of which does not imply such attachment to proper names:

to common nouns with the meaning of person:

The prefix extra- with the meaning "highest, beyond ..." is attached to the word "miss" (extra - miss), which is an appeal to a girl in English-speaking countries. “I am the limit of perfection!// I am a girl -// Miss!// Extra-Miss!// Yes, and glamorous!” (M. Avis). The prefix extra- gives the meaning of the best, beyond the limits of perfection. This is emphasized by the context, the choice of definition (glamorous) and intonation (exclamation).

Suffix way

Among nouns, suffixal neoplasms are widely represented.

Speaking about the suffix method, one can note the unusualness of the suffix - ih with the meaning "the name of female animals", which in the usus joins the nouns denoting animals. In a poetic speech, the following example came up: a mammoth “Somewhere the noise and clanging of a well.// Daws of loquacious disputes.// Goats, unfriendly cows.// Noon. And sleep in a hunter.// I went to the couch - a mammoth,// Like a mammoth, I approached ”(M. Vavzhkevich). The irony is emphasized by the context.

Unusual is the addition of the suffix - them to a noun with the meaning of the name of birds, as well as the formation of a correlation by genus from the names of birds in which sexual characteristics are not so clearly expressed: pheasant "And everyone strives to catch a pheasant with beauty" (S. Makarov).

The author's neologisms, formed with the suffix -an-, denote a long process: ticking (tickling + -anj-) (“Infinity of continuous ticking of the clock”) (M. Vavzhkevich). In usage, this suffix is most often attached to verbs, and in our case, but the verb is fictitious and comes from the onomatopoeia tili_tili, by analogy with the word "peeping". The meaning given by the suffix (continuous process) is emphasized by the context: the infinity of continuous ticking. According to V.V. Vinogradov, subjective assessment affixes “express the most diverse shades of expression: sympathy, irony, neglect, anger, a motley and contradictory range of emotions and assessments” (Vinogradov 1972: 98).

Addition with suffix

Union

Many occasionalisms are formed in this way. These include the following:

Contamination and interword overlay

1. When imposing the end of the first stem and the homonymous beginning of the second stem of two independent words. NA Yanko - Trinitskaya calls this phenomenon interword overlay. (Yanko - Trinitskaya 1972: 254).

The author's neologism lyublues is presented in M. Lebedeva's poem "Sisterly lyublues". The formation of this occasionalism is interesting: blues - how the musical genre is superimposed on the Russian word “I love” and introduces the meaning “I love the blues”. The method of formation of this neologism, in our opinion, can be considered as an interword overlay.

In our material, the following examples of tmesis were encountered: “Turn around - and out, you, Poem! // Where, like a song and a voice, is your pupil, my sight” (S. Yanyshev). The author's irony is clearly expressed here; the image created by the author in this poem is cunning, as evidenced by the author’s appeal to him: “you, Poem!” (cunning poetic creation). “So you will live, waiting all your life for your most wonderful happiness, but never realized ...” (L. Sergeeva). The graphical selection of a segment within a word is functionally significant. So the author draws attention to the main idea, focusing the reader's attention on it. In these occasionalisms, the words "dream" and "reality" are graphically highlighted, which should draw the reader's attention to the most significant part of the word. The author shows their opposition, wants to convey to the reader the idea of the unfulfillment of dreams in such a reality.

Cross-stage education

Here the following individually - author's neologism is presented: spittle (spit - spittle - spittoon) ("For example, a man and a woman, an adherent of strict poetry and a spittoon of the canons") (L. Sergeeva). The author's neologism spittoon expresses the indifference of women. This is emphasized by the context where she is opposed to a man - "an adherent of strict poetry."

Noting the trend of modern poetic speech, it should be said about the participation of foreign inclusions in the formation of author's neologisms.

R. Haris has such a neologism: elko - love - chik (from the English love - love) "I will stand here elko - love - chik." Here, the formation of a neologism occurs by addition with suffixation, one of the words is English, and its seme is included in the meaning of the new word (little lover of the Christmas tree (the meaning "small" is introduced by the suffix -chik)). There are many such cases: for example, “The cat dries up in the afternoon until noon, // And then the cat has dreams and harlots.// But not on weekdays and weekends day-ki// Closer to the night, the cat gets nicer. Now he purrs, then he goes hunting ”(English day - day)

2. In words formed according to usual patterns, occasionalness is created in violation of semantic or structural restrictions. So, the prefix anti- with the meaning "something opposite ... to what is called a motivating noun" in poetry is attached to the bases, the semantics of which do not imply such attachment, for example, to proper names: Antipushkin (anti- + Pushkin).

Introduction

The concept of "translation" is central in translation studies.

In translation studies, the interaction between theory and practice is of primary importance. Theory studies practical activity, and practice incorporates the achievements of theoretical thought. This connection is not always direct: sometimes it may seem that the theory has broken away from the needs of practical translators and is engaged in speculative constructions. This, however, is not so, since the theory, even in its speculativeness, still eventually comes to a better understanding of its own object and subject of study, thanks to which practice eventually gets the opportunity to improve, and theory - to study the translation process in new, changed conditions. This is approximately the mechanism of interaction between theory and practice in translation studies (Tyulenev S.V., 2004, 29).

Translation is a complex process. In order to correctly and accurately convey the thought of the original, it is necessary not only to find the most suitable words in the target language, but also to clothe them in the appropriate grammatical form. In most cases, stylistic factors are also added to this, which cannot be ignored. To translate means to express correctly and fully by means of one language what has already been expressed earlier by means of another language.

This thesis is devoted to the problem of translating author's neologisms, new words, usually introduced in fiction and journalism by writers and journalists in order to emphasize the individual features of the style. Author's neologisms give the text emotional expressiveness and expressiveness.

The purpose of the thesis is: to identify the main ways of translation, or rather the transfer of author's neologisms by translators, using various types of translated and non-translated equivalents. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved:

The theoretical basis for describing the new vocabulary was the works of Soviet and foreign researchers (Rosen, Rosenthal, Golub, Telenkova, Lopatin, Namitokova, Zhluktenko, etc.).

The research material of this thesis is based on the trilogy of John Ronald Reuel Tolkien "The Lord of the Kings" and the translation of this trilogy by Muravyov and Kistyakovsky.

In total, 43 examples were considered in the analysis of neologisms.

The thesis work will consider in detail the ways of forming author's neologisms in texts, since knowledge of these methods is the main point in understanding the meaning of a new word, as well as the way of translation, or rather the transfer of author's neologisms by translators, using various types of translated and non-translated equivalents.

The diploma work used such methods of linguistic analysis as contextual analysis, comparative analysis of translation.

Before defining the term "neologism", it should be noted that among scientists there is no consensus on the question: whether to consider neologism and occasionalism as synonyms or consider them as completely different concepts.

For example, Rosen (Rozen E.V., 1991), Lopatin (Lopatin N.M., 1978), as well as researchers in several sources (www.gramma.ru) consider the terms "neologism" and "occasionalism" to be synonymous: "Author's , individual stylistic, occasional neologisms pursue certain artistic goals. They rarely go beyond the context and are not widely used ... The term occasional refers to facts that do not correspond to generally accepted language norms (from Latin occasio - accident). Occasional words are distinguished by the fact that when they are formed, the laws of construction of the corresponding language units, the norms of the language are violated (usually consciously, for the purpose of expressiveness)” (www2.ark.ru/trp/talk.10003/msg00040.html); “Individual-author neologisms (occasionalisms) are words that are formed by word artists, publicists, poets in order to enhance the expressiveness of the text” (www.rusmanual.ru/lexic/17V.html).

Rosenthal, Golub, Telenkova (1995), Namitokova (1986) believe that “... occasionalisms (lat. occasionalis - “random”) should be distinguished from author’s neologisms - words formed “on the occasion”, in specific conditions of speech communication and, as a rule that contradicts the language norm, deviating from the usual ways of forming words in a given language.

Thus, in order to avoid inaccuracies, we will assume that the author's (individual-author's) neologism is a word or the meaning of a word created by a writer, poet, publicist to denote new or fictional phenomena of reality, new or fictional objects or concepts. The words newly invented by the author differ from the usual, widely used designations by the novelty of the internal form or the originality of the combination of elements. Author's neologisms often do not become dictionary units, although the most successful and communicatively significant or necessary words are adopted by the language community and fall into the vocabulary of the language.

Depending on the purpose of creation and purpose in speech, author's neologisms can be divided into nominative and stylistic. The former perform a purely nominative function in the language, while the latter give a figurative description of objects that already have names.

Nominative author's occasionalisms arise as the names of new concepts. These words usually do not have synonyms, although the simultaneous emergence of competing names is possible, one of which, as a rule, subsequently displaces the other. Nominative neologisms include, for example, the following: futurology, feminization, pre-perestroika (period), riot police, federals. The appearance of nominative neologisms is dictated by the needs of the development of society, the success of science and technology. The bulk of nominative neologisms are highly specialized terms that are constantly replenishing the scientific vocabulary and may become commonly used over time.

Stylistic neologisms are created as figurative names of already known objects and phenomena: pioneer, collapse, steep, lawlessness, starship. Stylistic neologisms have synonyms that are inferior to them in intensity of expressive coloring. However, the frequent use of these neologisms in speech translates them into an active vocabulary, neutralizes their stylistic coloring.

Depending on the conditions of creation, neologisms should be divided into general language and individual author's.

General language, which appeared along with a new concept or a new reality. The vast majority of neologisms belong to this group; for example, the neologisms collective farm, Komsomol, five-year plan, and many others that appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. etc.)

Individually-author's, put into use by specific authors. For example, the word created by V. Mayakovsky was in session. Having crossed the boundaries of individual author's use, becoming the property of the language, it joined the active vocabulary. The language also has long mastered the terms constellation, full moon, attraction introduced by Lomonosov; used for the first time by Karamzin N.M. words industry, future.

Depending on the method of appearance, lexical and semantic neologisms are distinguished.

Lexical neologisms are created according to productive models or are borrowed from other languages. Among lexical neologisms, on the basis of word-formation, one can single out words produced with the help of suffixes (earth-yan-e), prefixes (pro-Western), as well as suffix-prefix formations (at-lun-eni-e, ras-join-ovate) , names created by compounding (moon rover, hydroweightlessness), compound words (riot police, special forces) and abbreviated words (help, deputy, federal).

Semantic neologisms arise as a result of assigning new meanings to already known words. Semantic neologisms include, for example, such words as collapse (landslide), steep. These words have always been in all Russian dictionaries, but were interpreted differently. For example, steep in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" S.I. Ozhegov is interpreted as: 1. steep, sheer - steep bank; 2. with a sharp, sudden change of direction - a sharp turn; 3. harsh, strict - tough character, tough measures; 4. brought by boiling, kneading to a certain degree of density, density - a hard boiled egg, hot porridge, hot boiling water - bubbling boiling water. In these meanings, the word cool had limited possibilities of compatibility with nouns: combinations of a cool person, a cool girl, a cool motive were impossible. The use of the adjective in a new meaning - the highest degree of evaluation of the manifestation of quality allows it to be combined with an unlimited range of nouns; the fashion for the word made it common. Let's give an example: ... then Alexander Ivanovich looked absent-minded, with all his appearance he seemed to be trying to say: “Actually, I'm cool, I'm just sick now” (MK) (Rosenthal, Golub, Telenkova, 1995).

) by word-building derivation - the formation of new words from morphemes existing in the language according to known (usually productive) models; the most common ways of forming neologisms are suffixation (grounded, - grounded, wind-it - wind-to-a, tease-teaser), prefixation (post-Yeltsin, super-profitable) prefix-suffix method (household-oh, - oh-life-and-th, sound - oh-sound-iva-th) addition of bases, often in combination with suffixation (drug addiction, low picture, foreignness), truncation of bases (reverse derivation), fusion and conversion;

) by semantic derivation, i.e. development in an already existing word of a new, secondary meaning based on the similarity of the newly designated phenomenon with the phenomenon already known: shadow - associated with illegal ways of enrichment (shadow business, shadow economy); paralysis - complete inaction of power, economic, social and political mechanisms in the state (paralysis of power, the economy is on the verge of paralysis), a guest performer is a criminal who commits crimes in different places outside his permanent residence;

) by borrowing words from other languages (voucher, image, marketing, know-how, thriller, and many others) or from non-codified subsystems of a given language - from dialects, vernacular, jargons: for example, for the 1960s, neologisms were a word borrowed from dialects craftsman, the colloquial noun window dressing (and the adjective ostentatious derived from it), which has entered the literary circulation, are felt in modern speech as relatively new slang words of lawlessness, disassembly, party, etc.).

The book, as a source of information, has less feedback with the recipient than, for example, a magazine, newspaper, or the Internet. Thus, the author must select language means much more carefully and encode the message in such a way that the reader, by decoding, can extract the information that the author wanted to convey to him. The use of certain linguistic means can be of particular importance when the author not only refers to the vocabulary of his native language in order to designate well-known concepts, but also invents new words for those phenomena that he himself first invented and recorded in his work. The task of the author is to convey to the reader in the shortest, but most complete language form, the content of an object, concept or phenomenon that he well represents, but which is still unknown to the reader.

Author's neologisms in novels cover a very wide layer of vocabulary: from very specific objects and actions that often already have their own name (in order to achieve greater expressiveness, they come up with a new word), to the names of new things and often unreal, fantastic characters, including not substantial, i.e. about whom nothing more than a name is often known. This is done to give greater credibility to the created world.

.1 Using dictionaries to understand the meaning of the author's neologism

The main difficulty in translating author's neologisms is understanding the meaning of a new word. Actually, the translation of a neologism, the meaning of which is already known to the translator, is a relatively simpler task, and it is solved by using the methods given below, depending on what type of words this neologism belongs to.

If a new word is not in the English-Russian dictionary, then you should try to find it in the English-English explanatory dictionary. Many well-known dictionaries have New Words Sections. It is recommended to use the most recent dictionaries. It should be borne in mind that dictionaries of small and medium volume are most quickly prepared and published, however, due to the limitations of their vocabulary, they are not able to meet the needs of a professional.

In the Russian lexicographic tradition, neologisms are recorded in special dictionaries. The most famous of them are several editions of the reference dictionary New words and meanings, edited by N.Z. Kotelova and Yu.S. Sorokin (L., 1973, 1984) and ed. E.A. Levashov (St. Petersburg, 1997), based on materials from the press and literature of the second half of the 20th century; Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late twentieth century, edited by G.N. Sklyarevskaya (St. Petersburg, 1998), Dictionary of perestroika, ed. VI Maksimova (St. Petersburg, 1992), as well as a series of books called New in Russian vocabulary. Dictionary materials, published from 1977 to 1996. Dictionaries of author's neologisms are also being created: for example, N.N. Pertsova compiled the Dictionary of Neologisms by Velimir Khlebnikov (Vienna - Moscow, 1995).

Nevertheless, dictionaries, for objective reasons, cannot fully reflect all newly appearing words in their vocabulary, because lexicographers are wary of including author's neologisms in dictionaries. Such words often turn out to be "not viable" and disappear as quickly as they appear.

Based on the definition of the term "author's neologism", it can be assumed that the translator, when encountering a neologism proper for the first time, naturally has no idea about the concept designated by it. Therefore, the meaning of a new word has to be clarified most often from the context.

The process of translating a word is usually divided into two stages:

Understanding the meaning of a word in context;

Transfer of this value by means of the target language;

Within the general concept of context, a narrow context (microcontext) and a broad context (macrocontext) are distinguished. Narrow context refers to the context of the sentence, that is, the linguistic units that make up the environment of this unit, which does not go beyond the scope of the sentence; a broad context is a set of language units surrounding a given unit within limits that lie outside the given sentence, in other words, in sentences adjacent to it. The exact scope of the broad context cannot be specified - it can be the context of a group of sentences, a paragraph, a chapter, or even the entire work (eg a story, article or novel) as a whole. When understanding the meaning of neologisms, it is very important to take into account just the macro context, since it is in it that the “hint” can be contained.

The narrow context, in turn, can be divided into syntactic and lexical contexts. The syntactic context is the syntactic construction in which the given word, phrase or (subordinate) sentence is used. The lexical context is a set of specific lexical units, words and set phrases, in the environment of which this unit occurs.

Taking into account the syntactic context will allow the translator to determine whether a neologism belongs to one of the parts of speech, however, when understanding the meaning of a neologism, it is the lexical context that is decisive (Retzker, 1982).

2.3 Analysis of the structure to understand the meaning of neologism

New words, as a rule, arise on the basis of words and morphemes already existing in the language. The analysis of these words and morphemes can be of great help to the translator in understanding the meaning of neologism. To do this, you need to know well the ways of word formation in English:

* formation of semantic neologisms

There is no consensus among researchers about the status of semantic copyright neoplasms. The most controversial, obviously, should include the question: in what cases do semantic changes lead to the formation of an independent word, and in what cases - only a new meaning of an already existing lexical unit? Most researchers on this issue adhere to the point of view expressed at the time by V.V. Vinogradov, who believed that semantic word formation consists "in rethinking the old words, in the formation of homonyms by splitting one word into two" (English neologisms, 1983, 132).

Consequently, one can speak of a full-fledged, independent lexical unit only in cases where semantic changes in a polysemantic word have led to a complete break in the generality of the semantic connection between the individual meanings of this word, that is, to the formation of a homonym - a word that, with the same sound graphic shell, has a completely different meaning.

But still, most researchers are currently of the opinion that in all cases where a semantic connection between the meanings of a polysemantic word is preserved, it should be considered as a word - a lexeme that includes a certain number of lexico-semantic variants ("meanings"). This also applies to the status of semantic neoplasms. They are lexico-semantic variants of words that appear in the structure of the language in a dual status: as actual semantically divided signs in relation to the word - lexeme and as virtual in relation to speech realizations of the word.

In general, the semantic method of nomination belongs to those phenomena in the language that cannot be unambiguously interpreted. This is obviously due to the fact that we are talking about semantic processes, which are equally related to semasiology and onomasiology.

Like most scientists, we will consider the phenomenon of the formation of semantic neologisms as giving an already existing word one more meaning.

For example, the words galleon and sickle in English mean “galleon” (sailing ship) and, accordingly, “sickle, smth. in the shape of a sickle; pink salmon (fish). However, in the works of Joanna Rowling, galleon and sickle are translated by different translators by transcription as “galleon” or “galleon” and “sickle” and have the meaning “gold and silver coins circulating in the magical world” (probably due to images on the sides of the coins ). In this case, the meaning of the given words can be guessed from the context:

Inside were mounds of gold coins. Columns of silver. Heaps of little bronze Knuts.

Inside, in a cell, lay mountains of gold coins. Silver columns. Piles of small bronze chickpeas.

…"The gold ones are Galleons," he explained. "Seventeen silver Sickles to a Galleon and twenty-nine Knuts to a Sickle, it"s easy enough.

“...- Gold ones are galleons,” he explained. - “There are seventeen silver Sickles in one Galleon, and twenty-nine chickpeas in one Sickle, everything is quite simple” (English neologisms, 1983).

* education through word formation

Composition is one of the most ancient, universal and widespread ways of word formation in the English language. The process of compounding is a juxtaposition of two bases, as a rule, homonymous word forms. The analysis of the components that make up the author's neologism - a compound word, gives the translator the opportunity, knowing their lexical meaning, to find out the meaning of the entire complex.

Since the norms of the modern English language allow the combination of words that have the same lexical and grammatical characteristics as the stems that are combined in the composition of the stem, it is rather difficult to determine in which cases the translator is dealing with a complex neologism word, and in which cases with a phrase.

Gak and Meshkov (English neologisms, 1983, 114) propose to consider neologism - a compound word, “as a unit that combines the features of a word and a phrase, and at the same time abandon the notion that the boundaries separating these types of language formations should be clear and clear (air bridge - "air bridge"; carbon fiber - "carbon fiber." Occupying a border position between words and phrases, these neologisms, consisting of several words, have a pronounced semantic integrity, which is manifested in the idiomatization (but not idiomaticity) of their meanings, and can be identified structurally and functionally as compound words. Such a semantic cohesion of the components of a complex whole is the result of the highly specialized nature of the meaning of one or another neologism or the presence of a semantic increment in it.

Zwilling (Zwilling, M.Ya., 1984, 149) believes that when translating author's neologisms in English texts, the spelling criterion deserves special attention, the essence of which is to consider any complex written all together or with a hyphen as a compound word, but a complex, whose components are written separately, like phrases.

In order to avoid mistakes when considering neologisms, we will adhere to the point of view of Zwilling M.Ya.

As noted by O. D. Meshkov (1976), there are two ways to form compound words: from phrases and from models. The latter, in turn, has two varieties:

when the formation of a new compound word is not prepared by anything and arises as a name for a certain phenomenon of reality;

when the formation of a new word occurs by analogy by replacing components in an already existing word.

Let's consider these methods in more detail:

formation of compound words from phrases

Author's neologisms formed in this way can be represented as phrases, for example: armor-bewitching (charm) - armor which are bewitched (a spell that makes knightly armor sing Christmas carols). These constructions mainly consist of word stems from different parts of speech and are written with a hyphen. In English, they often represent participles and gerunds, and they are translated into Russian by participle definitions, participial phrases and complex definitions. Author's neologisms - compound words can also be formed by the affixal method of word formation (see below).

The compound word leg-locker (curse) (shackled curse) consists of the stems leg - “leg”, lock - “lock; constipation; shutter" and the suffix -er, denoting an object or device with a special function. For translation, the method of functional replacement is used.

How he had managed to climb through the portrait hole was anyone"s guess, because his legs had been stuck together with what they recognized at once as the Leg-Locker Curse.

How he even managed to get into the hole behind the portrait remained a mystery - at first glance it was clear that his legs were bound by the Shackle Curse (English neologisms, 1983).

the formation of compound words according to models) the formation of a new compound word as a name for a certain phenomenon of reality

The neologism ashwinder consists of three components: the base ash (ash, ashes; remains, ashes; deathly pallor; ruins, ruins; to ash - turn into ashes), the base wind (from English to wind - twist, wriggle, bend (outdated. , dial.)) and the subject suffix -er. For translation, the method of functional replacement is used. Also, this word can be translated by understanding its meaning from the context:

A thin, pale-grey serpent with glowing red eyes, it will rise from the embers of an unsupervised fire and slither away into the shadows of the dwelling in which it finds itself, leaving an ashy trail behind it.

This is a thin pale gray snake with eyes glowing like hot metal. She is born in the ashes of an unattended fire and crawls away somewhere darker, leaving an ashen trail behind her.

b) the formation of neologisms by analogy by replacing components.

The phrase deathday party in different sources is translated as "death party", "birthday of a ghost" and "anniversary of death" (celebration of the day of one's death, adopted by ghosts). The neologism deathday is formed by analogy with the word birthday (birthday) from the phrase death day (day of death). In these words (deathday and birthday), one can even single out a common semantic feature: a holiday, a celebration. The method of functional replacement was used to translate the author's neologism.

A deathday?said Hermione…I bet there aren't many living people who can say they've been to one of those-it'll be fascinating!

"Deaths?" Hermione exclaimed briskly. (English neologisms, 1983).

* affixal way of formation

Affixal units, as a rule, are formed entirely in line with the English word-formation traditions, their morphological structure and the nature of the motivation for the meaning fit into the idea of an ordinary, standard word that has developed among English speakers. Therefore, the appearance of derivative neologisms is consciously noted by native speakers only when they are aware of the novelty of the signified.

This method prevails in the creation of individual author's neologisms. A derived word, as well as a compound one, is characterized, in contrast to a simple one, by the presence of semantic dismemberment and the presence of internal predication (www.sch-yuri.by.ru/intermed/zabotkina.htm).

To correctly understand the meaning of the author's neologisms formed in this way, the translator needs to know the productive affixes in modern English and be able to correctly divide the word into components.

J. K. Rowling from the word gnome (gnome) formed the verb degnome (to degnome, get rid of gnomes, degnominate, degnominate) and the noun degnoming (the process of expelling gnomes, dispersal, regnoming), which have the prefix de-, meaning separation or deprivation. In addition, the last neologism was created using the -ing suffix, which is used to create verbal nouns with the meaning of process, action. Tracing and description techniques were used to translate the author's neologisms

You "re going to degnome the garden for me; they "re getting completely out of hand again-

“You will go to the garden, it needs to be dispersed long ago; they [the dwarfs] are completely out of hand again…”

See, they're not too bright,said George, seizing five or six gnomes at once.The moment they know the degnoming "s going on they storm up to have a look…"

“You see, they are not very smart,” said George, holding a whole armful in his hand, “as soon as it [the gnomes] realizes that someone has decided to destroy the garden, they climb up to stare ...” (English neologisms , 1983).

* conversion

Conversion is the functional transition of a word from one part of speech to another, i.e. the use of the same word as different parts of speech. However, some scientists (A.I. Smirnitsky, V.N. Yartseva) (Kharitonchik Z.A., 1992, 167) consider conversion to be an act of word formation, when the resulting words are homonymous to their generating bases, but differ from them in paradigms.

In J. Rowling's novels, only one author's neologism was found, formed in this way.

The word erumpent in English is an adjective and means "exploding, bursting" (from Latin erumpo, rupi, ruptum, ere - to break through, break through, explode). It is also consonant with the English word rampant - frantic, unrestrained. In Rowling's books, erumpent (thundermoth) is a magical animal:

The Erumpent is a large gray African beast of great power. Weighing up to a tonne, the Erumpent may be mistaken for a rhinoceros at a distance. It has a thick hide that repels most charms and curses, a large, sharp horn upon its nose and a long, rope-like tail…The Erumpent will not attack unless sorely provoked, but should it charge, the results are usually catastrophic. The Erumpent's horn can pierce everything from skin to metal, and contains a deadly fluid which will cause whatever is injected with it to explode.

Gromamont is a large gray African animal, weighing up to a ton, with great strength. At a great distance, a Thundermont can be confused with a rhinoceros. It has a thick hide that repels most spells and curses, a sharp horn on its nose, and a long, rope-like tail... The Thundermont will only attack when taunted, and the consequences are usually quite deplorable. The Thundermont's horn pierces anything from skin to metal, and contains a substance that explodes when it enters the victim's body.

The name of this animal (thunder) was translated by the method of functional replacement through the creation of a new neologism, which is probably formed by the method of fusion (see below) of the words "thunder" + "mammoth", since these words indicate the distinguishing features of the animal: "thunder" - on the ability to blow up, "mammoth" - on the large size of the body (English neologisms, 1983).

* formation of neologisms-telescopic words (English neologisms, 1983, 256)

Telescoping is understood as a method of word formation in which each word arises from the merging of the full stem of the original word with the truncated stem of another or from the merging of two truncated stems of the original words. The meaning of a new word includes, in whole or in part, the meanings of its constituent structural components. In the literature, this method of forming new lexical units is also known under the names: fusion, acquisition, contamination, intercalary word formation, hybridization, fusion, etc.

Consider this method of word formation with examples:

Thus, the neologism acromantula (acromantula) is possibly formed by combining the truncated Greek root acros - "huge" and the English truncated root tarantula - "spider" according to the principle ab + cd? ad (a, b, c, d, - components of words ). The word was translated by transcription.

The Acromantula is a monstrous eight-eyed spider capable of human speech.

Acromantula is a huge eight-eyed spider that can talk.

* formation of neologisms-complex abbreviations (abbreviation)

Among the irregular ways of forming neologisms, the most productive in recent decades are abbreviations, which reflect the tendency to rationalize the language, to save language efforts. Despite the fact that abbreviations make up only a small percentage of the total number of neologisms, their number is growing. (www.sch-yuri.by.ru/intermed/zabotkina.htm).

There are several types of this method of word formation. We will consider only two types of neologisms-compound abbreviations.) The most numerous of the types of compound abbreviations are initial abbreviations. They are represented by the initial letters of the abbreviated components of phrases or compound words:

Abbreviation S.P.U.G. (Society for Protection of Ugly Goblins) translates as "O.Z.U.G. (Society for the Protection of Ugly Goblins)" or "O.Z.B.G. (Society for the Protection of the Ugly Goblins)": Society - "society, association, organization", Protection - "protection, protection; patronage, guardianship, guardianship", Ugly - "ugly, ugly; vile, repulsive; unpleasant; nasty; bad”, Goblin - “brownie, goblin”. Here, semantic translation is used, since it requires the transfer of the contextual meaning of a neologism - a compound abbreviated word. (English neologisms, 1983).

b) acronyms are pronounced as whole words (and not as alphabetic names of individual letters). In addition, in J. Rowling's novels, the letters in acronyms are in such an order that the formed compound words - "speaking" abbreviations - are already real-life words of the English language that have a certain meaning.

So, for example, J. Rowling deliberately made the author's neologism S.P.E.W. (Society for Promotion of Elfish Welfare) is a homonym for the English word spew - "vomit, vomit." The neologism itself is translated as “P.U.K.N.I. (Against the oppression of rogue witch peoples)" or "Z.A.D. (Protection of the Autonomy of Brownies)": Society - "society, association, organization", Promotion - "encouragement, stimulation; development, promotion; assistance", Elfish - "pertaining to elves, elvish; ghostly, unreal, fantastic”, Welfare- “prosperity, well-being, well-being; measures to improve living conditions (poor, etc.); charity; material aid; social Security". It is noteworthy that with the help of the formation of their own neologisms-abbreviations, the translators conveyed a negative attitude towards such an organization. Here, the method of functional replacement is applied, because the main object is not so much the linguistic composition of the original text as its content and emotional-aesthetic meaning (English neologisms, 1983).

* borrowing from other languages

Among the means used by J. Rowling to nominate phenomena, an important place is occupied by the words of the Latin language. It can be assumed that the Latin language attracts her because it has always been considered the language of scientists, the language of the mysterious science of alchemy, which is associated with magic. Not everyone, but only a truly educated person, knew Latin. The use of this language as terms gives a certain mystery to the child, who will not always be able to make out what is hidden behind this or that word.

J. Rowling uses especially many Latin words in spells.

Very often the name of the spell is English, and the magic formula (incantation) - the words that invoke it - are taken from Latin (Disarming spell - Expelliarmus). Most of the borrowed words are translated by transcription or transliteration or are not translated at all, remaining written in Latin letters. Consider the most interesting of them:

The magic formula densaugeo (a curse that greatly increases the teeth) consists of two bases: the Latin dens (dentis) m - “tooth” and the Latin augeo (auxi, auctum, ere) (lat.) - “increase, strengthen, multiply”. (English neologisms, 1983).

In the course of interlingual contacts, a number of ways of transferring neologisms were developed.

3.1 Transcription, transliteration

Quasi-translational methods of transferring neologisms. They are named so because when using these techniques, the act of translation is, as it were, bypassed and replaced by the act of borrowing the sound (during transcription) or graphic (during transliteration) form of the word along with the meaning from the FL to the TL. However, the untranslatability of this technique is actually only apparent: in fact, here the borrowing is carried out precisely for the sake of translation as a necessary prerequisite for its implementation. The borrowed word becomes a fact of the TL and already as such acts as an equivalent of a foreign word outwardly identical with it. In essence, this path is one of the oldest and most widespread at the stage of natural (pre-written) language contacts, but it continues to play a significant role at the present time. True, the use of this technique in our time is associated with a number of restrictions (language policy, stylistic norms, traditions of various sociolinguistic groups, etc.).

The transliteration method is to use Russian letters to convey the letters that make up the English word. (see table 1). Transliteration was widely used by translators until the end of the 19th century. To do this, the translator did not need to know the pronunciation of the English word, and he could limit himself to its visual perception.

For the transfer of author's neologisms, the transliteration method is more suitable, since the sound of the neologism is unknown. For example, in Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings" eored - eored is the name of the people, translators transliterate it to create visual perception.

Significantly more widespread in the translation practice of the present time is the method of transcription, which consists in the transfer of not the spelling form of the word, but the phonetic one. Due to the significant difference between the phonetic systems of Russian and English, such a transmission is always somewhat arbitrary and reproduces only some semblance of English sound.

In general, the translator should always keep in mind that when using the transcription technique, there is always an element of transliteration. Summing up all that has been said, we can state that the elements of transliteration during transcription are found in the following:

transliteration of unpronounceable sounds

transliteration of reduced vowels

transmission of double consonants

if there are several pronunciation options, choose the option that is closer to the graphics. (Telenkova, 2004).

3.2 Tracing

Among the actual translation methods, tracing stands out in a separate branch, which occupies an intermediate position between fully translatable and non-translatable methods of transmitting neologisms. The “non-translation” of tracing is manifested in the preservation of an unchanged internal form of a word (cf. the preservation of an unchanged external form in a non-translational transmission). Tracing implies the existence of two-way interlingual correspondences between elementary lexical units, which are used as a "building material" to recreate the internal form of a borrowed or translated word.

Tracing as a technique for creating an equivalent is akin to a literal translation - the equivalent of a whole is created by simply adding the equivalents of its constituent parts. For example, in Tolkien, the neologism Wingfoot - Wingfoot, is formed using the word combination from two bases wing - wing and foot - foot. But since in the context this word is a proper name, the translators were faced with the task of making this word a proper name, the translators translate it by tracing using the connecting vowel of the Russian language -o-, and in the translation of Wingfoot it is Krylonog (the fairy-tale character of Tolkien's trilogy "The Lord of the Rings").

The advantage of the tracing technique is the brevity and simplicity of the equivalent obtained with its help and its unambiguous correlation with the original word, reaching the complete reversibility of the correspondence.

Although tracing-paper equivalents "suffer" from literalism, brevity and potential terminology make them very attractive for use in newspaper and journalistic and social science works. (Telenkova, 2004).

3.3 Functional replacement

The method of functional replacement is most often used to translate author's neologisms, because it is especially relevant in the case of the so-called non-equivalent vocabulary, i.e. when none of the matches offered by the dictionary fit the given context. New words in the rapidly developing modern civilization no less rapidly arise and exist to refer to objects and phenomena that individual peoples or entire groups of countries face. No new dictionaries or additions or supplements to dictionaries can keep up with such a stream of word formation, and, in essence, it is the translators who are the first to take the “blow on themselves”, invent functional correspondences, which later may turn out to be either successful and enter the dictionary of the target language, and after after this - and in bilingual dictionaries, or less successful, suitable only for one-time use. For example, in Tolkien "Burrows" is again a proper name, the surname of one of the heroes. In the dictionary "Longman. Dictionary of contemporary English" - "burrow" - v. to make a hole or passage in the ground; n. a passage in the ground made by a rabbit or fox as a place to live; respectively, the English plural ending is -S, that is, holes, if it is a noun. The author does not see the most correct way of translation, except for functional replacement. Because in order to dig a hole, you have to dig, dig deep. The author of the translation translates it as Glubokop, by analogy with the character of Russian fairy tales Cyclops.

In this part, the ways of word formation and methods of translation of author's neologisms are considered on examples of their use. To clarify the meanings of words from the context, small excerpts from the work of John Ronald Reuel Tolkien "The Lord of the Rings" and the translation of the Muravyov and Kistyakovsky trilogy are presented. For analysis, the words most appropriate in context are given from dictionaries, translations of various translators are given, all kinds of allusions and associations are considered.

In the course of studies of Tolkien's neologisms, it was revealed that the most common and most productive ways of forming neologisms are: compounding, the affixal method of formation and the formation of semantic neologisms.

1.1 Education through compounding

For example, words such as Snowmane - from the two words snow and mane. Wormtongue - from the words worm and tongue. Watchwood - from the words watch and wood. Windlord - from the words wind and lord. Quickbeam - from the words quick and beam. And many others, which will be described in detail when considering how to translate them.

1.2 Affixal way of formation

In Tolkien's work "The Lord of the Rings" this method of forming neologisms is in second place after compounding. For example, Bywater - the preposition by is attached to the word water. Halfling - The -ling suffix denotes a small creature. Easterlings, and others.

1.3 Formation of semantic neologisms

As mentioned above, semantic neologisms are words whose meaning is already given in all dictionaries, but in Tolkien's work they acquire other meanings. Research into Tolkien's neologisms has revealed several such neologisms. For example, Men - Chiefs, Hill - Krucha, Bag End - Torba.

In the course of research into Tolkien's neologisms, it was revealed that the most productive ways of conveying author's neologisms are functional replacement, tracing, transcription and transliteration. Let's consider these methods in more detail:

2.1 Functional replacement

The word Whitfoot - Topolap, consists of two bases whit - a church. Whit Monday - Spirits day; Whit Sunday - Whit Sunday; n droplet, iota, and foot - leg, foot (Müller, 2001). It is clear that the translator translates the second component of this word by tracing, but it is not clear where the part “topo” or “top” came from, if -o- is a connecting vowel of the Russian language, if stomp - to trample, to stamp with the feet. From the context of this work, this is a hero, a little man, a hobbit, but he is one of the main leaders of the dwarfs. If we draw an analogy with the meaning of the word Whit - a drop, an iota, then it is clear that this hero is a little man. Since the translation of the first component of the word did not help to understand its meaning, the translators came up with their own neologisms, taking into account the distinctive features of the creature. The translators decided to resort to a functional replacement, as they considered this option to be the most suitable.

They took old Will Whitfoot the Mayor, first, and they have taken a lot more. (3, 340).

The first one they took was old Wil Topolap, our head, especially since they plant in batches. (4, 939).

The neologism Wormtongue is Rottongue, the name of one of the heroes, a traitor, a vile person who wanted to take the loot for himself. The word is formed from two bases worm - a worm, a worm, a worm; low person, despicable personality and tongue - language, speech, manner of speaking. The authors select the most correct translation of this word with the help of a functional replacement: Worm - a worm, a low person, translators offer such a translation as rot, something nasty, which actually causes this character, and he always said nasty things, shielding myself.

Think you that Wormtongue had poison only for Theodens ears?…Saruman spoke them, the teacher of Wormtongue. (3, 163).

Do you think Wormtongue poisoned only Theoden's hearing? ... They were spoken by Saruman, Wormtongue's mentor. (4, 814).

Saruman turned to go, and Wormtongue shuffled after him. (3, 362).

Wormtongue trailed after Saruman. (4, 957).

The word Sandyman - Peskuns, is formed from two bases sand - sand, gravel or sandy - sandy, sandy, fragile, unsteady and man - a man, a person. Because of the last component, it is clear that this is the name of the hero. When reading this word in translation, readers get the feeling that this is a negative character, because the word "skunk" causes such sensations in readers of the translation. And in fact, this hero is a traitor, the culprit of many troubles. The translators have chosen the most suitable translation option with the help of a functional substitution, because the readers create a negative attitude towards this character.

But see here, Master Sandyman, I have a score to pay in this village, and dont you make it any longer with your jeering, or youll foot a bit too big for your purse. (3, 359).

Just keep in mind, sir Peskuns, that I have returned to settle scores, and if you bare your teeth, we will reckon with you too: oh, and it will cost you dearly! (4, 954).

The neologism Wilderland - Deafness, is formed from two bases. Perhaps the first component of this word is based on the English word wilderness - desert, wilderness; neglected terrain and land - land, land, soil; country, state; land property. In the context of this work, this is an area that used to be a habitat, but was plundered and devastated. In Russian, the word "wilderness" has the same meaning, which is why translators translate it as wilderness. The translation uses the method of functional replacement.

Every Elf in Wilderland has sung songs of the old Onodrim and their long sorrow. (2, 119).

Yes, any Elf in the Wilderness has heard and remembers plaintive songs about the Onodrim separation. (4, 463).

The word Bracegirdle - Fat Belly - the name of one of their characters, is formed from two bases brace - n (support) support, v (make fast) fasten, fasten; v to make smth stronger by supporting it; n smth that is used to strengthen, stiffen or support smth; and girdle - n (belt) belt, sash; v surround. At first glance, the translation of this word raises doubts about where such components came from. But, apparently, the translators considered the method of functional replacement the most appropriate. Since in the context of the work the hero is a very obese person, and the belt or sash is intended to support the stomach, the translators offer such a translation of this word.

For the collection of Hugo Bracegirdle, from a contributor; on an (empty) book-case. Hugo was a great borrower of books, and worse than usual at returning them. (1, 86).

"To replenish the library of Hugo Fat Belly from the replenisher" - a bookshelf (empty). Hugo was very fond of reading other people's books and had no idea of returning them. (4, 37).

The neologism Quickbeam is the name of an incredible creature, a huge tree that could walk and talk. The word is formed from two bases quick - fast, agile, lively, fast; quick-witted, resourceful and beam - beam, timber, crossbar; beam, radiance. The first stem of the word is calque. Perhaps, the translation of the second component, the word beam, is based on the first meaning of this word - a beam, a bar, a crossbar. But the translators used a functional replacement to convey the external data of the hero: this is a tree, and the translators, apparently, use the word "stem" and come to the most correct translation of this word.

Quickbeam bowed like a tree bending in the wind and handed to Aragorn two great keys of intricate shape, joined by a ring of steel. (3, 312).

Speeder bent down like a tree in the wind and handed Aragorn two black ornate keys on a steel ring. (4, 916).

The word Crickhollow - Rabbit beam, the name of the area where the rabbits lived (the fabulous people of this work). The word is formed from two bases crick - Longman dictionary. The Dictionary of contemporary English gives it like this: n a sudden, painful stiffening of the muscles, especially in the back or the neck; v to do smth that produces a crick in your back or neck and in Muller's dictionary - n muscle strain; v to stretch the muscle, and the second base is hollow - emptiness, depression, depression, hole; hollow; hollow, hollow. Translators do not see the most correct translation of this word than to correlate the name of this area with its inhabitants. And the translation of the second component of the word is taken by analogy with the word "hollow, deepening", since in the dictionary of Ozhegov's beam it is a hollow, a hollow, a ravine, one of these meanings is the word hollow. Since “stretching the muscles” would be meaningless here, the translators chose the most optimal translation of this word with the help of a functional substitution.

They had not made any definite plans, but had vaguely thought of going down to Crickhollow together first, and resting there a bit. (3, 337).

They were going to first go to Rabbit Balka and live there for a week at their pleasure. (4, 937).

Neologism Flourdumpling - Donut, the name of one of the heroes, is formed from the two bases of flour - flour, grains; powder and dumpling - dumpling; apple baked in dough; unfold, shorty. The word is translated in the best possible way, since the translation of this word corresponds to the translation of both its components and the context of the work: this hero was a little man, very plump, which shows one of the meanings of the word dumpling - a short man. In Ozhegov's dictionary, a donut is a round pie fried in boiling fat, a donut. Donut, in turn, is a transfer. About a fat, chubby child or woman. When translating, the method of functional replacement was used.

They took old Flourdumpling… (3, 340).

They took the old Donut ... (4, 939).

The neologism Lockholes - Correct, is formed by the way of compounding from two bases lock - lock, constipation, congestion and hole - hole, hole, pit; razg, predicament. For translation, the authors use the method of functional replacement. In the context of the work, this is the place where the guilty hobbits were kept imprisoned so that they would no longer repeat their mistakes. From the translation of both components, it is clear that these are enclosed spaces underground, so the translators have chosen the most optimal translation option using a functional replacement.

Old Will Whitfoot had been in the Lockholes longer than any,… (3, 340).

Old Wil Topolap spent the longest time in Ispravnory... (4, 939).

Neologism Skinbark - Soon, the name of an unusual character, a tree. The word is formed from two bases skin - skin, skin; peel; outer layer, sheath and bark - bark (of a tree). From the meanings of these words it is clear that they are synonyms. But in translation we have “root” and this word has a completely opposite meaning. If the "bark" is on the surface, it is visible, then the "root" is not visible, it is hidden underground. The translators used the method of functional substitution.

Skinbark lived on the mountain-slopes west of Isengard. That is where the worst trouble has been. (2, 86).

And Skorologn took a fancy to the mountain slopes to the west of Isengard - the most unreliable places, it must be said. (4, 439).

The word Bywater - Riverside, the name of the area in the work. The neologism is formed by the affixal way of word formation, but by is a preposition of the English language. The author formed this word by adjoining the preposition by - at, at, about, that is, this preposition shows the proximity of the location, to the word water - water. To translate the word water, translators use the method of functional replacement: “water” can also be “river” and this word is translated as “Prirechye”, perhaps by analogy with the common name of the area, settlements in Russia “Zarechye”.

But I would dearly like to see Bywater again,… (3, 249).

Only it’s a pity, I won’t see the Riverside anymore ... (4, 872).

Neologism Halfling - Low, as in a conversation between the heroes they called the hobbits. Hobbits are extraordinary, fabulous, very small people invented by the author of this work. The word is formed by the affixal method of word formation.

The suffix -ling of English denotes a small creature.

The word half is half; part of something.

Translators in the translation of this word used the method of functional replacement, since the word “Low-click” indicates that the character is a little man. Apparently, the translation "half-hearted" or other authors considered it inappropriate.

And what of the kings esquire? The Halfling? (3, 165)

And what about the king's squire, that little fellow? (4, 816)

The word Easterlings is Easterlings, the name of the fabulous people living in the east, the opponents of the main characters of this work.

Perhaps the word is derived from the word east - east; eastern, since the word Easter - Easter does not fit the context. In this case, the suffix -er denotes the subject of the doer and the suffix -ling denotes a small creature and, accordingly, the English plural ending -s. But translators use the vowel -а-, in the root of this word. But still, the translation is consonant with the word "east". When translating, the method of functional replacement was used.

The host of Easterlings had turned back out of Anorien,… (3, 184)

The Easterlings invaded from Anorien... (4, 829).

The neologism Underhill - Nakruchins, the name of the hero, is formed by the affixal method of word formation. The prefix of the English language under- carries the meaning below, under. This prefix is attached to the noun hill - hill, elevation, hill. If we translate this word literally, then it means “under the mountain”, “at the foot of the mountain”. But the translators were faced with the task of forming a proper name. The authors translate it as "Nakruchins". Apparently from the word "steep", in Ozhegov's dictionary it is a steep descent, a cliff. In Russian there is an expression "climb the steep", that is, climb downhill, uphill. The translators used the method of functional substitution.

I will give you a traveling name now. When you go, go as Underhill. (1, 142).

Let me think of another name for you. Call yourself, perhaps, Nakruchins. (4, 61).

Semantic neologism Men - Heads. You can find this word in any English dictionary. This is the plural of the noun man - a man; Human; humanity; servant; pl soldiers, ordinary sailors; husband; buddy. To translate the author's neologism, the method of functional replacement was used, and in translation it is "Chiefs". In Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary, a boss is an official who leads, manages something. Apparently, the translators drew an analogy, since a man is a stronger sex, he can also be a boss.

The Chief doesn'tt hold with beer. Leastways that is how it started. But now I reckon its his Men that has it all. (3, 339).

The Generalissimo does not drink beer and does not order others. It would seem that's why. True, beer is brewed even now, but only for the Chiefs. (4, 938).

Semantic neologism Hill - Krucha, the name of the area in this work. In any dictionary of the English language hill is a hill, an elevation, a hill. In Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" this word takes on the meaning of "Steep". In the explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov, “steep” is a steep descent, a cliff. The translation uses the method of functional replacement.

…new holes were dug in the southward face, back into the Hill, and they were lined with brick. (3, 366).

... dug new holes on the south side of Krucha and finished them with bricks. (4, 960).

The semantic neologism Bag End is Bag End, the name of a part of Hobbitania, the country where Hobbits live. The translators used the method of functional replacement, since “bag” means a bag, a bag, a suitcase, and “sack” in Ozhegov’s dictionary means a bag, a bag.

…before even the removal of the new mill, was the cleaning of the Hill and Bag End,… (3, 366).

... they did not have time to demolish a new mill, but they already began to clear Krucha and Torba ... (4, 960).

The word Shire - Hobbitania, is the second name of the country where the Hobbits live. In Muller's English-Russian dictionary, shire is a county. It was possible to trace this word and use it as "Shir", it is possible that in other translations of this work the word "Shir" is used. But Muravyov and Kistyakovsky decide not to confuse the readers of the translation and use the method of functional substitution when translating a given word.

May the Shire live for ever unwithered! (3, 167).

May Hobbitania bloom forever and ever! (4, 817).

2.2 Tracing

The word Watchwood - Sentinel forest is formed from two bases watch - n 1) attention, observation, vigilance; 2) watch; 3) watchman, guard, guard, watch; 4) wakefulness; v 1) observe, follow; look; 2) stay awake, be on duty; 3) guard, guard, protect; and wood - n tree, wood, firewood, forest, grove. In the work, this is a group of people who examined the area. Translators translate this word as a phrase, because sometimes when translating it is the most correct, if translated as a phrase, then the option “Dozorles” is not quite suitable. Tracing technique was used in translation.

The Watchwood we will call it. Not a squirrel will go here. (2, 234).

They will be called Watch Forest. Any squirrel will be noticed at the same moment. (4, 549).

The word Snowmane is Belogriv, the nickname of a horse that possessed extraordinary beauty. The word consists of two bases snow - snow; whiteness, gray hair and mane - mane. It is clear that the authors translate this word using the technique of tracing and the connecting vowel of the Russian language -o-. But the first stem of the word "snow" is not translated as "snow", since the authors of the translation considered that Snowmane was not suitable and therefore came to the Belogriv variant.

But the king sat upon Snowmane, motionless, gazing upon the agony of Minas Tirith, as if stricken suddenly by anguish, or by dread. (3, 124).

But the king sat motionless on his Whitemane and looked at the dying Minas Tirith; he seemed to be seized with confusion and horror, and drooped senilely under the burden of years. (4, 786).

Suddenly the king cried to Snowmane and the horse sprang away. (3, 125)

The king shouted something to Whitemane and he took off. (4, 787).

The word Treebeard is Treebeard, the name of the main tree, the leader of this fabulous people. He was very brave, despite the fact that he was the oldest. Neologism is formed from two bases tree - tree, tree; family tree and beard - beard; facial hair; v dare to oppose. From the translation of the first component, it can be seen that this hero is an extraordinary creature, a tree or a tree, and the translation of the second component tells us that this hero is elderly, who has lived his life, since the presence of a beard indicates that the person is already elderly. But the translators do not calque the word beard, as they select the most appropriate context for the word "Dreven". It is consonant with the word "tree" and "ancient", "antiquity". One word carries two meanings.

Treebeard repeated the words thoughtfully. (2, 75).

Treebeard slowly and thoughtfully weighed the suggested words. (4, 431).

Treebeard fell silent, striding along, and yet making hardly a sound with his great feet. (2, 78)

Treebeard fell silent, striding slowly and silently, then muttered again... (4, 433).

Neologism Leaflock - Larch, also the name of a tree. The word is formed from two bases leaf - leaf, foliage and lock - lock, constipation, congestion. The translators used the method of tracing when translating the first component, but the second one is deliberately omitted, apparently, they consider it necessary. The translation options selected by the translators for these fairy-tale characters blend harmoniously and sonorously into the context of the entire work.

Leaflock has grown sleepy, almost tree-ish, you might say: he hs taken to standing by himself half-asleep all through the summer with the deep grass of the meadows round his knees. (2, 86).

The foliage has fallen asleep, quite, one might say, has become stiff: all summer it stands and dozes, overgrown with grass knee-deep. (4, 439).

Neologism Wandlimb - Greetings, the name of the heroine. The word is formed from two bases wand - a magic wand; rod, stick; wand and limb - limb; bough, branch. It is possible that the meaning of the word in the translation is taken as "branch" and diminutive - the pet suffix of the Russian language -chk-. Apparently, the variant “Vetochka” seemed insufficient to the translators, therefore, using the prefix pri, they wanted to show that the heroine was very sweet and kind, since the word “Hello” is also consonant with the word “hello”. The translation uses the method of tracing.

…ah! The loveliness of Fimbrethil, of Wandlimb the lightfooted, in the days of our youth! (2, 87).

... there was nothing more beautiful than my Fimbretili, light-footed Hello in the days and years of our youth! (4, 440).

The neologism Smalborrow - Norochkins, the name of a fairy-tale character, is formed from two bases small - small, small and borrow - a hole, a hole. In the translation of this word, there is an element of “nor”, which means that the tracing technique was used, but the translators decided to convey the word “small” using the diminutive - affectionate suffix of the Russian language -chk-, since the translators were faced with the task of forming a proper name.

"Hey, come here Smallborrow!" he called. "I want a word with you." (3, 339).

"Hey Norochkins, come over here," he called. - I have a conversation with you. (4, 938).

Neologism Frogmorton - Frog, the name of the area. In the translation of this word, there is an element of tracing, since frog is a frog. Since in the context of the work this word is the name of the area, the translators were faced with the task of forming the most suitable word. In Ozhegov's dictionary, "paddling pool" is 1. a container for the laboratory keeping of frogs. 2. trans. Shallow children's pool (colloquial). The translation of this word is more consistent with both the English word and the context of the entire work.

As evening fell they were drawing neat to Frogmorton, a village right on the Road, about twenty-two miles from the Bridge. (3, 338).

Towards evening, the Frogger appeared in the distance - a roadside village twenty-two miles from the bridge. (4, 937).

2.3 Transliteration

Transcription consists in transferring the sound content of a word, but since we do not know the sound of a word, it will therefore be advisable to consider the following examples from the point of view of transliteration.

In the course of research into the translation of Tolkien's neologisms, several cases of transliteration have been identified. Basically, these are the names of fabulous peoples and localities. Here are some examples:

The word Hobbiton is Hobbitania, the land where Hobbits live. It is clear that the translators transliterated this word and added elements inherent in the names of countries that sound in Russian, for example, Denmark, Great Britain, etc.

One of the first things done in Hobbiton,… (3,366).

One of the first things done in Hobbitania... (4, 960).

The word mumakil - mumaki, the name of the people, is translated using a letter transmission.

…the mumakil of the Harad dragging through the lanes amid the fires huge towers and engines. (3, 111).

... it was the Horodrim mumaks who brought siege towers and wall tools from behind the fiery ditches. (4, 777). - Gorguns, also the name of a fairy-tale people.

Kill gorgun in woods,... You hate gorgun too. (3, 116).

We shoot the gorguns in the forest... And the gorguns are your enemies. (4, 781).- Puccola, in the translation of this word there are elements of transliteration and functional replacement (men - converted to plural).

…and suddenly he remembered the Pukelmen. (3, 116).

... and suddenly he remembered Pukkola. (4, 781).- Orcs, the name of the people.

…and spread stamping ruin among the orcs innumerable that guarded it,… (3, 112).

... trampling countless orcs ... (4, 778).

All of the above peoples were opponents of the main characters.

The next example: - galenas, the name of a medicinal herb used in the work as a potion that gives strength and in the treatment of wounds.

…and galenas by the noble, and other names in other tongues more learned… (3, 166).

... and according to the scientist galenas, and other names in the rarest languages ... (4, 817).

And two place names Rimmon - Rimon and Druadan - Druadan.

They went through Druadan to Rimmon with great wains. (3, 117).

Through the Druadan, large wagons went to Rimon. (4, 782).

2.4 Mixed translation

The word Windlord - Windbreaker, in the work is a very brave hero, capable of feats. The neologism is formed by adjoining two bases wind - wind; breath; empty words, nonsense; smell, spirit; rumor, hint, and lord - lord, lord, lord, ruler. The first component of this word is translated using tracing paper, but the translators do not tracing the second component, but use the method of functional replacement. Although the word Lord of the Wind would not be badly consistent with the context of the work. But the translators chose this version of the translation "Windbreaker". But this hero did not fight the wind, as it seems from the translation, but rushed with a fair wind to others to help, so the Lord of the Wind option would be the most correct.

The came Gwaihir the Windlord,… who built his eyries in the inaccessible peaks of the Encircling Mountains when Middle-earth was young. (3, 269).

Gwaigir Windbreaker appeared, ... who made his nest at the impregnable peaks of the Outlying Mountains - when Middle-earth was still celebrating the holiday of youth. (4, 885).

Neologism Brandybuck - Brandybuck, the hero's surname, is formed from two bases brandy - brandy, cognac and buck - male (deer, antelope, hare, rabbit); mouth Dandy, dandy. The translators considered it correct to transliterate the first component of a given word, and when translating the second component, use the tracing or modulation technique, i.e. semantic development, therefore, they use the meaning "male hare".

As a matter or fact Im a Brandybuck… (2, 73).

For that matter, my name is Brandybuck... (4, 430).

Neologism Longbottom Leaf - Longtail, the name of the area in Tolkien's work "The Lord of the Rings". The word is formed with the help of compounding from the basics long - long, long, bottom - bottom, bottom; bottom, lower part and leaf - leaf, foliage. When translating this word, the translators used the techniques of tracing (long - long) and functional replacement: they replaced leaf - “leaf” with “tail”. And they formed the translational occasionalism "Long-tailed".

And anyway I have some stuff of my own. Come on now! Longbottom Leaf it is. (3, 167).

Yes, and I have enough potion. Here, take it! The one from Longtail. (4, 817).

Neologism Mirkwood - Mirkwood, the name of a dark and gloomy area in the work. The word is formed from two bases mirk = murk - n darkness, gloom; a dark, gloomy and wood - forest, grove; wood. The second component of the given word is translated by translators, and when translating the first one, the method of functional replacement is used. In Ozhegov's dictionary famously - (mouth) the same as evil. There is such an expression in Russian “to remember dashingly” - to remember badly about someone, about something. The translation of this word is successful and fits the whole context.

There was songs about the hunt … sung among Elves and Men from Mirkwood to Gondor. (2, 87).

... how many songs about it: and the elves sang them, and people, from Mirkwood to Gondor. (4, 439).

2.5 Translation occasionalisms

The neologism Shadowfax is Svetozar, the name of a horse with unrealistic capabilities: it galloped faster than the wind and had extraordinary beauty. In Muller's English - Russian dictionary shadow - shadow, twilight, gloom, despondency. If translators used any correspondence to these meanings, then it would not fit the context of the work. Therefore, they decide to come up with their own translational occasionalism and replace “shadow” with “light”, since the horse was snow-white.

Over the plains Shadowfax was flying, needing no urging and no guidance. (2, 246).

Svetozar rushed across the dark steppe, he did not need to be urged or directed. (4,558)

But Shadowfax will have no harness. (2, 246).

But Svetozar does not tolerate harness. (4, 558).

Neologism Landroval - Swiftwing, the name of the hero. The word in translation also does not correspond to the English word. Translators resort to translational occasionalism in order to compensate for his extraordinary abilities in the name of this hero.

…and Landroval, the greatest of the Eagles of the North… (3, 269).

... and Swiftwing, the greatest eagles of the northern region ... (4, 885).

Neologism Noakes - Sduben, the name of the hero. If you look closely at this word, you can see the word oak - oak. Apparently, the translators saw this word and translated it as "Sduben", since they were faced with the task of forming a proper name.

"But what about this Frodo that lives with him?" asked Old Noakes of Bywater. (1, 51).

“Why, besides Bilbo, is there another Frodo in the hole, what’s his name? - noticed old Sduben from Prirechye. (4, 22).

Neologism Bree - Hillside, the name of the valley leading to the ominous mountains that were inhabited by different peoples. The word Bree is not in the English language, so translators come up with their own translational occasionalism, which fits the context of the work.

"Go at ones! Ever since that night at Bree we have been a nuisance to you" (3, 166).

We imposed ourselves on your head back in Prigorye. (4, 817).

The neologism Took is Krol, the name of a fairy-tale people, small, with hairy legs and arms. The word of the English language took - past from take - to take, take, capture. Translators use translational occasionalism to convey a proper name and to match this name with the external data of the characters, by analogy with "rabbit".

We Tooks, we cant live long on the heights. (3, 167).

All the same, it is unusual for us, Krols, to live at these heights. (4, 817).

Conclusion

The author's neologism should be perceived as a normal linguistic phenomenon, and the absence of a word in the dictionary cannot serve as an obstacle to its translation, moreover, it is the translation practice that makes the greatest contribution to replenishing the lexical composition of the target language with new words coming from other languages, and hence the bilingual dictionaries. dictionaries. In any case, when the meaning of a new word is known, it is possible to convey it using the considered methods.

So, the process of translating neologisms from English into Russian takes place in two stages:

clarification of the meaning of neologism (when the translator either refers to the latest editions of English explanatory (encyclopedic) dictionaries, or clarifies the meaning of a new word, taking into account its structure and context).

proper translation (transmission) by means of the Russian language, namely: transcription, transliteration, tracing, descriptive translation, functional replacement.

Among the lexical units used by John Ronald Reuel Tolkien to refer to fictional objects and subjects of the magical world, the most popular are constructions formed by the wording method (Wingfoot), which is not surprising, since the wording is based on the principle of linguistic economy. In second place in demand is affixation (Bywater, Halfling).

The most common translation techniques are functional replacement (Burrows - Glubokop (name)), since it is very difficult for author's neologisms to find matches in the target language, then, of course, transcription and transliteration, as well as the necessary technique for conveying neologisms, tracing (Watchwood - Watch forest, Wingfoot - Krylonog (name)).

List of used scientific literature

English neologisms. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1981

Kabakchi V.V. English language of intercultural communication, M., 1993

Kazakova T. A. Practical foundations of translation. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Lenizdat; Soyuz Publishing House, 2002

Lopatin N.M. The birth of a word. Neologisms and occasional formations. - M.: Nauka, 1973

Meshkov O.D. Word formation of modern English. M: Science, 1976

Retsker Ya.I. Manual for translation from English into Russian. - M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

Rozen E.V. New words and set phrases in English. - M .: Education, 1991

Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. "Modern Russian language". - M.: "International Relations", 1995

Popovich A. Problems of literary translation. M., 1980

Tyulenev S.V. Theory of Translation, M, 2004, 334

Fedorov A.V. Fundamentals of the general theory of translation. - M: Higher School, 1983

Florin, Vlahov Untranslatable in translation. M., 1986

Kharitonchik Z.A. Lexicology of the English language. - Minsk: 1992,

Zwilling M.Ya. Translation equivalents of neologisms in the dictionary and text. - M.: Enlightenment, 1984

Schweitzer A.D. Translation and linguistics. M., 1973

. #"justify"> List of dictionaries

Muller V.K. New English - Russian Dictionary, M, 2001

Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, M, 1999

3 Longman. Dictionary of contemporary English.

Russian dictionary; Oxford, 2000

Portal for the student. Self-training

Tutoring

Author's neologisms-nouns in the texts of young poets

1.2 Ways of formation of author's neologisms. Literature review

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