Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case (who? what?).
Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:
a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);
b) the main form of expression of the subject - Nominative case(question who? what?).
Note!
To the question what? answers not only the nominative, but also the accusative case of the noun; nominative and accusative forms can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): Nominative case - book; accusative - book.
Wed: On the table lies pencil (book) - nominative case; I see a pencil(book) - accusative case.
Let's compare two sentences:
1. I did not sleep; 2. I didn't sleep.
They mean roughly the same thing in meaning. However, in the first sentence I did not sleep) has a subject, because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject, because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative).
Ways of expressing the subject
A) Subject - one word:
| The form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Name | |
| 1.1. Noun | eldest son(who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.2. Pronoun | He(who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.3. Adjective | Older(who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.4. Participle | Raised(who?) the sword will die by the sword. |
| 1.5. Numeral | Two(who?) left for the capital. |
| 2. Infinitive (indefinite form of the verb) | Be in love(what?) - this is wonderful. Live(what?) - serve the motherland. |
| 3. Invariable (significant or service) part of speech in the meaning of a noun | |
| 3.1. Adverb | It has come and the fateful day after tomorrow(what?). |
| 3.2. Pretext | "AT"(what?) is a suggestion. |
| 3.3. Union | "BUT"(what?) - antagonistic union. |
| 3.4. Particle | "Not"(what?) verbs are written separately. |
| 3.5. Interjection | Rushed from all sides "ay"(what?). |
| 4. Indirect form of a name, conjugated form of a verb, sentence in the meaning of a noun | "Brother"(what?) - dative form of a noun. "Reading"(what?) - 1st person form of the present tense verb. "Do not forget yourself, do not worry, work moderately" (what?) - was his motto. |
B) The subject is an integral, that is, syntactically indivisible phrase (main + dependent word):
| The form | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Name in the nominative case (adverb) + name in the genitive case | quantitative value | Five chairs stood against the wall. Some chairs stood against the wall. Some of the chairs stood against the wall. There were many chairs against the wall. |
| 2. Name in the nominative case + name in the genitive case with a preposition from | Selective meaning | Two of us will go to the capital. Each of us will go to the capital. Many of us will go to the capital. |
| 3. Name in the nominative case + name in the instrumental case with the preposition c (only with the predicate - in the plural!) | Consistency value | Wed: Mother and son are going(plural) rest. Mother and son are going(units) rest. |
| 4. Nouns beginning, middle, end+ noun in genitive case | Phase value | It was the end of September. |
| 5. Noun + agreed name (phraseologism, terminological combination and phrase with metaphorical meaning) | The members of the phrase only in the aggregate express a single or inseparable concept in this context | The Milky Way spread across the sky. white flies(snowflakes) circled in the sky. A cap of blond curls swayed on his head. |
| 6. Indefinite pronoun (from the basics who, what) + agreed name | undefined value | something unpleasant was in all its forms. |
Note!
1) You can always ask questions to the subject who? what? , even if it does not change case by case.
2) Nominative case- the only case with which the subject can be expressed.
Note. The subject can be expressed in the indirect case if it indicates the approximate number of someone or something. Wed: thirty ships went out to sea. About thirty ships went out to sea. Over thirty ships went out to sea.
Subject Parsing Plan
Specify how the subject is expressed:
- Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; adverb or other invariable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
- Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).
Sample parsing
The lake seemed to be covered with ice(Prishvin).
Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Around noon, a lot of round high clouds usually appear.(Turgenev).
Subject many clouds expressed by a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) lots of) is in the nominative case.
In the dark, the bearded man stumbled on something(Sholokhov).
Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.
But to pay for something, even the most necessary, suddenly two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles seemed to them almost suicide.(Goncharov).
Subject pay expressed in the infinitive.
It's been about an hour(Paustovsky).
Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.
The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal
The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.
The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are connected with the meanings of moods and tense of the verb-predicate.
Troops move to the front.
(The action is actually happening and takes place in the present tense).
Yesterday he came to us.
(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).
Would you talk to your mother, Ivan!
(The action is not realized in reality, but desired by the speaker).
The subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.
We show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:
The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram..
The subject as a member of the sentence. Subject forms
The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?
The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help determine the correct subject.
The main ways of expressing the subject.
| Part of speech in subject position | |
| Noun in and. P. | Language reflects the soul of a people. |
| Pronoun in i. P. | He left. Who was there? This is right. This is my brother (when asked: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep. |
| Infinitive | Being honest is only half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is injurious to health. |
| A combination of words (one of which is in I. p.) | We used to go there often. Two clouds float across the sky. |
| Combination of words without and. P. | It's been about an hour. |
Predicate as a member of a sentence. Predicate types
The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has a meaning expressed in questions, what does the subject of speech do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.
The predicate in Russian is simple and compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
(Verb was colonel
(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)
Among compound predicates, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.
Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:
| The present and past tenses of the verb. |
|
| The future tense of the verb. | |
| Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. |
We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here it began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
(Here I don’t want to - this is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (should, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and a linking service verb to be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).
(here the linkage will be omitted).
So, let's imagine the structure of the compound verbal predicate by the formula:
| CONST. VERB SKAZ. = AUX. VERB + UNDETERMINATED THE FORM |
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a linking verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here the connective verb will become, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)
(Here the connective verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)
Let's represent the structure of the compound nominal predicate by the formula:
| CONST. NAME. SKAZ. = LINK. VERB + NOMINAL PART |
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the category of state, verb in indefinite form.
In Russian, at least four main types of one-component sentences can be distinguished.
The main types of two-part sentences
| Expression form of subject and predicate | Examples |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a certain form of the verb. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is also expressed by the indefinite form of the verb. Between the subject and the predicate, particles are possible, which means. | |
| The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by an adverb. | |
| The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears in the predicate. |
Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical foundations in them.
The main types of one-part sentences
| Typical form and meaning | ||
| Nominative (naming) sentences | These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun in the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicate that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (has) in the present. | Large area in the city. Here is the bench. |
| Definitely personal suggestions | The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 or 2 persons. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as the subject. | |
| Indefinitely personal sentences | The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural (in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the actor is either unknown or not important to the speaker, so the subject is absent in them. |
|
| impersonal proposals | These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves”, without the participation of an active agent. In form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - the word of the state category. The verbal predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the present and future tense) or in the form of the neuter singular (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. | In order not to freeze she is captured jacket. |
| In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word no. |
The owners are not at home. |
Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance
All members of the sentence, except for the main ones, are called secondary.
Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but spread (explain) it. They can explain other secondary terms as well.
Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:
According to their meaning and role in the sentence, secondary members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.
Valued (to what extent?) high- circumstance.
appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.
Canvases (whose?) his- definition.
Complement as a member of the proposal. Types of add-ons
The addition is a minor member of the sentence, which answers the questions of indirect cases (that is, all but the nominative) and designates the subject. The complement usually spreads the predicate, although it can also spread other members of the sentence.
I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition of the logs extends the predicate.)
Reading (what?) magazines is an exciting activity. (Here, the addition of logs propagates the subject.)
Supplements are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of the verb and phrases that are integral in meaning.
He shaved in the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here, the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)
This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) Beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed by the adjective as a noun.)
And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the object to remain is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.)
He read (what?) many books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)
Additions are either direct or indirect.
Direct objects are transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.
I don’t know when I will see my relatives now (v. p.).
These furnaces used to melt steel (vp).
All other additions are called indirect.
Play the piano (p. p.).
I put the bread on the table (c.p. with a preposition).
I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).
However, not everyone fully understands what this mysterious definition means. Let's try to fill in the gaps in our knowledge and understand in detail, the predicate and the subject. What parts of speech can they be expressed in? And in what cases are they separated in a letter such as a dash?
Definition
To understand what a predicate and a subject are, it is necessary to understand their definitions.
Subject who? or what? and denoting the subject that is being discussed in the sentence. Warm weather prevailed throughout the region. In this example, the word "weather" acts as a subject (that is, the subject of speech), and the grammatical features that the other main member of this sentence, the predicate, depend on it.
Predicate- this is one of the main members of the proposal, answering the questions: what to do? what? what's happening? who it(or what) subject? It denotes an action that is performed by the subject of speech, its state or sign. In the above example, the verb " established". From the subject, he received such features as the singular and the feminine ending.
Ways of expressing the subject and predicate
This is one of the most difficult questions in this topic. Indeed, in order to understand what the predicate and the subject are, it is necessary to be able to correctly determine them in speech.
Subject
The subject of a sentence can be expressed in the following parts of speech:
- Noun or pronoun (in I. p.). Good weather has set in.
- Adjective, numeral or participle (in I. p.). Seven do not wait for one.
- Composite structures:
- numeral + noun: There were a lot of people in the room;
- adjective + preposition + noun: The best of the athletes did not come to the start of the competition;
- pronoun + adjective or participle: Something light rustled in the air;
- noun + preposition + noun: Elena and her husband came to visit friends.
- Infinitive. Smoking is injurious to health.
Predicate
The predicate in a sentence can be expressed by the following parts of speech:
- verb (simple or compound). Marina dreams of becoming a biologist.
- Noun. Victor is my only love.
- Adjective or participle. How rich is the nature of the Ural Mountains!
Dash between subject and verb
The table below clearly shows in which cases the main members
sentences are separated in writing by this punctuation mark.
Cases when a dash is put | Examples |
noun in I. p. - noun. in I. p. | My years are my wealth |
noun in I. p. - verb. unspecified f. | The main task for the newlyweds is to learn to understand each other |
vb. unspecified f. - vb. unspecified f. | Smoking is injurious to health |
vb. unspecified f. - noun in I. p. | Loving is an art |
noun in I. p. - idiomatic expression | My friend is a shirt guy! |
quantity num. - quantity num. | Seven six - forty two |
quantity num. - noun in I. p. | Eight hundred meters - the length of the stadium's running track |
noun in I. p. - quantity. num. | The depth of our pool is four meters |
It should be remembered what the predicate and subject are, as well as the fact that when they change places in a sentence, they change their functions. My best friend is Julia. Julia is my best friend.
grammatical basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). That is, the grammatical basis of the sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: the subject and the predicate. See also introductory words..
Subject.
Remember!
Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:
| 1) numeral, adjective and participle in I.P. as a noun; Seven (num.)one is not expected. All Past (adj. as noun)I only dreamed. |
2) designs: Numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.; The prince gathered in the sakla multitude of people. Several ladies were walking quickly up and down the square. Someone, everyone, many / adjective + of + noun in R.P.; The best student solved this problem quickly. Someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun; Something so insignificant tied in a scarf. Noun / pronoun + c + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by the verb in the plural!). Vanya and Iwent along the forest road predicate in plural.). Annawith her daughter in her arms entered the room (predicate in singular). |
3) an infinitive that names an action that does not occur in time. livein a lordly way - this is a noble affair |
Predicate.
There are three types of predicates in Russian. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.
Distinguish!
If there are homogeneous predicates in the sentence, then each of them should be considered separately.
Also watch the video presentation.
Clue.
1) Most often, doubts are caused by the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word:
I I will take part in the exhibition.
In this example I will take part- a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I participate. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.
Trap!
Often they make a mistake, calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:
Everything in Moscow is saturated with poetry, pierced with rhymes.
This error is due to two factors.
First, a short passive participle should be distinguished from the past tense form of the verb.
Remember!
The short participle has suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, impregnated, pierced are short passive participles.
Secondly, we have a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but what is it - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of a word with examples)? Try adding some adverbial tense to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.
At the beginning of the 20th century, everything in Moscow was saturated with poetry, rhymes were pierced.
A bunch appears It was and the predicate already clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a bunch to be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow there is impregnated with verses, rhymes there is pierced.
Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates expressed by short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.
Remember!
The words can't, can, must, must included in composite predicates.
to me need to get off at this stop.
Trap!
Be careful with words to be, to appear, to be, because by highlighting only them, you can skip one more component of the predicate.
She seemed funny to me.Wrong!
If you highlight only the words seemed, then the meaning of the sentence is completely changed ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).
Right: She seemed funny to me
Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).
Right: The teacher was strict.
Trap!
In this task, quite complex sentences are offered for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What "traps" can you expect here?
1) Offers can be made according to different models:
- subject + predicate;
- only predicate or subject (single-member sentences);
- subject + homogeneous predicates;
- homogeneous subjects + predicate.
In the answer option, the subject, predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates may be omitted.
Remember!
The grammatical basis includes ALL the main members of the sentence, the omission of one of them is a clear mistake.
2) In the answer option, the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases can be combined.
3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. deliberately incorrect (except when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).
4) The answer option may contain participial or participle turnover, which are never included in the grammatical basis.
Distinguish!
Structures should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. and noun + passive participle.
The coordinates were calculated. ? Coordinates calculated.
AT first case coordinates is a noun in the accusative case that depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:
Calculate coordinates. coordinate calculated.
The subject and predicate always agree with each other, and the object will remain unchanged.
5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences are subjects.
[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks] , (which are on the windows during the rain). (which = droplets).
Parsing the task.
1. Which of the combinations of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the "television version" of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired a unique ability to create ideal images of reality in his imagination, but they no longer seem to be a direct cast from a specific thing. (5) Thanks to the development of cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, being distracted from all other, insignificant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows you to see and recognize common features and qualities of various phenomena of reality.
1) perception is (sentence 2)
2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)
3) they are not represented as a cast (sentence 4)
4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)
Option number 1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the whole sentence (perception is = in the meaning of “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the Predicate section.
Option number 2 is also incorrect, since it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4, the subject is the word human.
Option number 3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast does not stand in the form of I.P., but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the narrative is lost. They do not introduce themselves = Images do not call their names?!
Option number 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which the, as we have said, may be subject. In the subordinate part, it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the offer it is allows you to see and recognize.
So way, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.
2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?
(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their age is different, and the professions are very different, and the level of knowledge is completely different, but everyone strove to know more than they already know. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people, eagerly absorbing all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).
1) books were needed, they were lost
2) they needed, they were lost
3) books were needed, coming here, they were lost
4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean
The right one is Option 1, since in the remaining options, the second included secondary members of the sentence in the basis: in the second, the word is superfluous them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is a participial turnover that is not included in the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is a circumstance in the ocean.
3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?
(1) ... (2) She will die of hunger if the gate is strong and no one opens it, but does not think to move away from the gate and pull it towards her. (3) Only a person understands that one must endure, work hard and do not what one wants, in order to get what one wants. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep, only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, but his ability to think teaches him this. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…
1) she will die (sentence 2)
2) what you want (sentence 3)
3) what is good and should do (sentence 4)
4) teaches ability (sentence 4)
This is an advanced task.
Option number 1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The proposal has a rather difficult structure for analysis. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include the predicate won't think of stepping back and pulling.
Option number 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and cannot have a subject.
Option number 3 similar to the previous one. This offer is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state, which is used in sentences without a subject.
True is Option 4.
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case (who? what?).
Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:
a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);
b) the main form of expression of the subject - Nominative case(question who? what?).
Note!
To the question what? answers not only the nominative, but also the accusative case of the noun; nominative and accusative forms can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): Nominative case - book; accusative - book.
Wed: On the table lies pencil (book) - nominative case; I see a pencil(book) - accusative case.
Let's compare two sentences:
1. I did not sleep; 2. I didn't sleep.
They mean roughly the same thing in meaning. However, in the first sentence I did not sleep) has a subject, because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject, because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative).
Ways of expressing the subject
A) Subject - one word:
| The form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Name | |
| 1.1. Noun | eldest son(who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.2. Pronoun | He(who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.3. Adjective | Older(who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.4. Participle | Raised(who?) the sword will die by the sword. |
| 1.5. Numeral | Two(who?) left for the capital. |
| 2. Infinitive (indefinite form of the verb) | Be in love(what?) - this is wonderful. Live(what?) - serve the motherland. |
| 3. Invariable (significant or service) part of speech in the meaning of a noun | |
| 3.1. Adverb | It has come and the fateful day after tomorrow(what?). |
| 3.2. Pretext | "AT"(what?) is a suggestion. |
| 3.3. Union | "BUT"(what?) - antagonistic union. |
| 3.4. Particle | "Not"(what?) verbs are written separately. |
| 3.5. Interjection | Rushed from all sides "ay"(what?). |
| 4. Indirect form of a name, conjugated form of a verb, sentence in the meaning of a noun | "Brother"(what?) - dative form of a noun. "Reading"(what?) - 1st person form of the present tense verb. "Do not forget yourself, do not worry, work moderately" (what?) - was his motto. |
B) The subject is an integral, that is, syntactically indivisible phrase (main + dependent word):
| The form | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Name in the nominative case (adverb) + name in the genitive case | quantitative value | Five chairs stood against the wall. Some chairs stood against the wall. Some of the chairs stood against the wall. There were many chairs against the wall. |
| 2. Name in the nominative case + name in the genitive case with a preposition from | Selective meaning | Two of us will go to the capital. Each of us will go to the capital. Many of us will go to the capital. |
| 3. Name in the nominative case + name in the instrumental case with the preposition c (only with the predicate - in the plural!) | Consistency value | Wed: Mother and son are going(plural) rest. Mother and son are going(units) rest. |
| 4. Nouns beginning, middle, end+ noun in genitive case | Phase value | It was the end of September. |
| 5. Noun + agreed name (phraseologism, terminological combination and phrase with metaphorical meaning) | The members of the phrase only in the aggregate express a single or inseparable concept in this context | The Milky Way spread across the sky. white flies(snowflakes) circled in the sky. A cap of blond curls swayed on his head. |
| 6. Indefinite pronoun (from the basics who, what) + agreed name | undefined value | something unpleasant was in all its forms. |
Note!
1) You can always ask questions to the subject who? what? , even if it does not change case by case.
2) Nominative case- the only case with which the subject can be expressed.
Note. The subject can be expressed in the indirect case if it indicates the approximate number of someone or something. Wed: thirty ships went out to sea. About thirty ships went out to sea. Over thirty ships went out to sea.
Subject Parsing Plan
Specify how the subject is expressed:
- Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; adverb or other invariable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
- Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).
Sample parsing
The lake seemed to be covered with ice(Prishvin).
Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Around noon, a lot of round high clouds usually appear.(Turgenev).
Subject many clouds expressed by a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) lots of) is in the nominative case.
In the dark, the bearded man stumbled on something(Sholokhov).
Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.
But to pay for something, even the most necessary, suddenly two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles seemed to them almost suicide.(Goncharov).
Subject pay expressed in the infinitive.
It's been about an hour(Paustovsky).
Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.
