What are the first conditioned reflexes connected with. Reflex - example

Differences between conditioned reflexes and unconditioned ones. Unconditioned reflexes are innate reactions of the body, they were formed and fixed in the process of evolution and are inherited. Conditioned reflexes arise, are fixed, fade away during life and are individual. Unconditioned reflexes are species-specific, that is, they are found in all individuals of a given species. Conditioned reflexes may be developed in some individuals of a given species, while others may be absent; they are individual. Unconditioned reflexes do not require special conditions for their occurrence; they necessarily arise if adequate stimuli act on certain receptors. Conditioned reflexes require special conditions for their formation; they can be formed to any stimuli (of optimal strength and duration) from any receptive field. Unconditioned reflexes are relatively constant, persistent, unchanging and persist throughout life. Conditioned reflexes are changeable and more mobile.

Unconditioned reflexes can be carried out at the level of the spinal cord and brain stem. Conditioned reflexes can be formed to any signals perceived by the body and are predominantly a function of the cerebral cortex, realized with the participation of subcortical structures.

Unconditioned reflexes can ensure the existence of the organism only at the very early stage of life. The adaptation of the organism to constantly changing environmental conditions is ensured by conditioned reflexes developed throughout life. Conditioned reflexes are changeable. In the process of life, some conditioned reflexes, losing their meaning, fade away, others are developed.

Biological significance of conditioned reflexes. An organism is born with a certain fund of unconditioned reflexes. They provide him with the maintenance of life in relatively constant conditions of existence. These include unconditioned reflexes: food (chewing, sucking, swallowing, separation of saliva, gastric juice, etc.), defensive (pulling the hand away from a hot object, coughing, sneezing, blinking when a jet of air enters the eye, etc.), sexual reflexes (reflexes associated with sexual intercourse, feeding and caring for offspring), thermoregulatory, respiratory, cardiac, vascular reflexes that maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body (homeostasis), etc.

Conditioned reflexes provide a more perfect adaptation of the body to changing conditions of life. They help to find food by smell, timely escape from danger, orientation in time and space. The conditioned reflex separation of saliva, gastric, pancreatic juices in appearance, smell, meal time creates the best conditions for the digestion of food even before it enters the body. An increase in gas exchange and an increase in pulmonary ventilation before the start of work, only at the sight of the environment in which the work is performed, contributes to greater endurance and better performance of the body during muscle activity.

Under the action of a conditioned signal, the cerebral cortex provides the body with a preliminary preparation for responding to those environmental stimuli that will have their effect in the future. Therefore, the activity of the cerebral cortex is a signal.

Conditions for the formation of a conditioned reflex. Conditioned reflexes are developed on the basis of unconditioned ones. The conditioned reflex is so named by I.P. Pavlov because certain conditions are needed for its formation. First of all, you need a conditioned stimulus, or signal. A conditioned stimulus can be any stimulus from the external environment or a certain change in the internal state of the organism. In the laboratory of I.P. Pavlov, a flashing light bulb, a bell, gurgling water, skin irritation, taste, olfactory stimuli, the sound of dishes, the sight of a burning candle, etc. were used as conditioned stimuli. Conditioned reflexes are developed for a while in a person subject to the work regime meals at the same time, a constant bedtime.

A conditioned reflex can be developed by combining an indifferent stimulus with a previously developed conditioned reflex. In this way, conditioned reflexes of the second order are formed, then it is necessary to reinforce the indifferent stimulus with a conditioned stimulus of the first order. It was possible to form conditioned reflexes of the third and fourth orders in the experiment. These reflexes are usually unstable. The children managed to develop reflexes of the sixth order.

The possibility of developing conditioned reflexes is hindered or completely excluded by strong extraneous stimuli, illness, etc.

In order to develop a conditioned reflex, the conditioned stimulus must be reinforced with an unconditioned stimulus, that is, one that causes an unconditioned reflex. The ringing of knives in the dining room will cause salivation in a person only if this ringing was reinforced by food one or more times. The ringing of knives and forks in our case is a conditioned stimulus, and the unconditioned stimulus that causes a salivary unconditioned reflex is food. The sight of a burning candle can become a signal for a child to withdraw his hand only if at least once the sight of a candle coincided with the pain of a burn. When a conditioned reflex is formed, the conditioned stimulus must precede the action of the unconditioned stimulus (usually by 1-5 s).

The mechanism of formation of a conditioned reflex. According to the ideas of IP Pavlov, the formation of a conditioned reflex is associated with the establishment of a temporary connection between two groups of cortical cells: between those who perceive conditioned and those who perceive unconditioned stimulation. This connection becomes stronger, the more often both parts of the cortex are simultaneously excited. After several combinations, the connection is so strong that under the action of only one conditioned stimulus, excitation also occurs in the second focus (Fig. 15).

Initially, an indifferent stimulus, if it is new and unexpected, causes a general generalized reaction of the body - an orienting reflex, which I.P. Pavlov called research or the “what is it?” reflex. Any stimulus, if it is used for the first time, causes a motor reaction (general startle, turning of the eyes, ears towards the stimulus), increased breathing, heartbeat, generalized changes in the electrical activity of the brain - the alpha rhythm is replaced by rapid fluctuations (beta rhythm). These reactions reflect the general generalized excitation. When the stimulus is repeated, if it does not become a signal for a certain activity, the orienting reflex fades. For example, if a dog hears a bell for the first time, it will give a general orienting reaction to it, but it will not salivate. Let's back up the sounding bell with food. In this case, two foci of excitation will appear in the cerebral cortex - one in the auditory zone, and the other in the food center (these are areas of the cortex that are excited under the influence of the smell, taste of food). After several reinforcements of the call with food in the cerebral cortex, a temporary connection will arise (close) between the two foci of excitation.

In the course of further research, facts were obtained indicating that the closure of the temporary connection occurs not only along the horizontal fibers (bark - bark). Gray matter incisions were used to separate different areas of the cortex in dogs, but this did not prevent the formation of temporary connections between the cells of these areas. This gave grounds to believe that the pathways cortex - subcortex - cortex also play an important role in establishing temporary connections. At the same time, centripetal impulses from a conditioned stimulus through the thalamus and a nonspecific system (hippocampus, reticular formation) enter the corresponding cortical zone. Here they are processed and reach the subcortical formations along the descending paths, from where the impulses come again to the cortex, but already in the zone of representation of the unconditioned reflex.

What happens in the neurons involved in the formation of a temporary connection? There are different points of view on this matter. One of them assigns the main role to morphological changes in the endings of the nerve processes.

Another point of view on the mechanism of the conditioned reflex is based on the principle of dominant A. A. Ukhtomsky. In the nervous system at each moment of time there are dominant foci of excitation - dominant foci. The dominant focus tends to attract to itself the excitation that enters other nerve centers, and thereby intensify. For example, during hunger, a persistent focus with increased excitability appears in the corresponding parts of the central nervous system - a food dominant. If a hungry puppy is allowed to lap milk and at the same time begins to irritate the paw with an electric current, then the puppy does not withdraw the paw, but begins to lap with even greater intensity. In a well-fed puppy, stimulation of the paw with an electric current causes a reaction of its withdrawal.

It is believed that during the formation of a conditioned reflex, the focus of persistent excitation that arose in the center of the unconditioned reflex "attracts" the excitation that arose in the center of the conditioned stimulus to itself. As these two excitations combine, a temporary connection is formed.

Many researchers believe that the change in protein synthesis plays a leading role in fixing the temporal connection; specific protein substances associated with the imprinting of a temporal connection are described. The formation of a temporary connection is associated with the mechanisms of storage of traces of excitation. However, the mechanisms of memory cannot be reduced to the mechanisms of “belt connection.

There are data on the possibility of saving traces at the level of single neurons. Cases of imprinting from a single action of an external stimulus are well known. This gives reason to believe that the closure of a temporary connection is one of the mechanisms of memory.

Inhibition of conditioned reflexes. Conditioned reflexes are plastic. They can persist for a long time, or they can slow down. Two types of inhibition of conditioned reflexes are described - internal and external.

Unconditional, or external, inhibition. This type of inhibition occurs when a new, sufficiently strong focus of excitation arises in the cerebral cortex during the implementation of the conditioned reflex, which is not associated with this conditioned reflex. If a dog has developed a conditioned salivary reflex to the sound of a bell, then turning on a bright light at the sound of a bell in this dog inhibits the previously developed salivation reflex. This inhibition is based on the phenomenon of negative induction: a new strong focus of excitation in the cortex from extraneous stimulation causes a decrease in excitability in the areas of the cerebral cortex associated with the implementation of the conditioned reflex, and, as a result of this phenomenon, inhibition of the conditioned reflex occurs. Sometimes this inhibition of conditioned reflexes is called induction inhibition.

Induction inhibition does not require development (that is why it belongs to unconditioned inhibition) and develops immediately as soon as an external stimulus, extraneous for a given conditioned reflex, acts.

External braking also includes limiting braking. It manifests itself with an excessive increase in the strength or duration of the action of the conditioned stimulus. In this case, the conditioned reflex weakens or completely disappears. This inhibition is of protective importance, since it protects nerve cells from stimuli of too great strength or duration, which could disrupt their activity.

Conditional, or internal, inhibition. Internal inhibition, in contrast to external inhibition, develops within the arc of the conditioned reflex, i.e., in those nervous structures that are involved in the implementation of this reflex.

If external inhibition occurs immediately, as soon as the inhibitory agent has acted, then internal inhibition must be developed, it occurs under certain conditions, and this sometimes takes a long time.

One of the types of internal inhibition is extinction. It develops if many times the conditioned reflex is not reinforced by an unconditioned stimulus.

Some time after extinction, the conditioned reflex can be restored. This will happen if we again reinforce the action of the conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned one.

Fragile conditioned reflexes are restored with difficulty. Fading can explain the temporary loss of labor skill, the skill of playing musical instruments.

Decay is much slower in children than in adults. That is why it is difficult to wean children from bad habits. Fading is at the root of forgetting.

The extinction of conditioned reflexes is of great biological importance. Thanks to him, the body stops responding to signals that have lost their meaning. No matter how many unnecessary, superfluous movements a person would make during writing, labor operations, sports exercises without fading inhibition!

The delay of conditioned reflexes also refers to internal inhibition. It develops if the reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditioned stimulus is set aside in time. Usually, when developing a conditioned reflex, they turn on a conditioned stimulus-signal (for example, a bell), and after 1-5 seconds they give food (unconditioned reinforcement). When the reflex is developed, immediately after turning on the bell, without giving food, saliva already begins to flow. Now let's do this: turn on the bell, and gradually move the food reinforcement in time up to 2-3 minutes after the start of the bell. After several (sometimes very multiple) combinations of a sounding bell with a delayed food reinforcement, a delay develops: the bell turns on, and saliva will now flow not immediately, but 2-3 minutes after the bell is turned on. Due to non-reinforcement for 2-3 minutes of the conditioned stimulus (bell) by the unconditioned stimulus (food), the conditioned stimulus acquires inhibitory significance during the time of non-reinforcement.

Delay creates conditions for better orientation of the animal in the surrounding world. The wolf does not immediately rush to the hare, seeing him at a considerable distance. He waits for the hare to approach. From the moment when the wolf saw the hare, until the time when the hare approached the wolf, the process of internal inhibition takes place in the cerebral cortex of the wolf: motor and food conditioned reflexes are inhibited. If this did not happen, the wolf would often be left without prey, breaking into the chase as soon as he sees the hare. The developed delay provides the wolf with prey.

Delay in children is developed with great difficulty under the influence of education and training. Remember how the first grader impatiently stretches his hand, waving it, getting up from his desk so that the teacher notices him. And only by the senior school age (and even then not always) we note endurance, the ability to restrain our desires, willpower.

Similar sound, olfactory and other stimuli can signal completely different events. Only an accurate analysis of these similar stimuli provides biologically appropriate responses of the animal. The analysis of stimuli consists in distinguishing, separating different signals, differentiating similar interactions on the organism. In the laboratory of IP Pavlov, for example, it was possible to develop such a differentiation: 100 beats of the metronome per minute were reinforced with food, and 96 beats were not reinforced. After several repetitions, the dog distinguished 100 beats of the metronome from 96: saliva flowed for 100 beats, and saliva did not separate for 96 beats. The inhibition that develops at the same time suppresses the reflex reaction to unreinforced stimuli. Differentiation is one of the types of conditioned (internal) inhibition.

Thanks to differential inhibition, signal-significant signs of the stimulus can be distinguished from the many sounds, objects, faces, etc. that surround us. Differentiation is developed in children from the first months of life.

dynamic stereotype. The external world acts on the organism not by single stimuli, but usually by a system of simultaneous and successive stimuli. If this system is often repeated in this order, then this leads to the formation of a dynamic stereotype.

A dynamic stereotype is a sequential chain of conditioned reflex acts that are carried out in a strictly defined order fixed in time and are the result of a complex systemic reaction of the body to a complex of conditioned stimuli. Thanks to the formation of chain conditioned reflexes, each previous activity of the organism becomes a conditioned stimulus - a signal for the next one. Thus, the previous activity prepares the body for the next one. A manifestation of a dynamic stereotype is a conditioned reflex to time, which contributes to the optimal activity of the body with the correct daily routine. For example, eating at certain hours ensures a good appetite and normal digestion; Consistent adherence to bedtime helps children and adolescents fall asleep quickly and, thus, sleep longer; the implementation of educational work and labor activity always at the same hours leads to faster development of the body and better assimilation of knowledge, skills, and abilities.

A stereotype is difficult to develop, but if it is developed, then maintaining it does not require significant stress on cortical activity, and many actions become automatic. ;d The dynamic stereotype is the basis for the formation of habits in a person, the formation of a certain sequence in labor operations, the acquisition of skills and abilities.

Walking, running, jumping, skiing, playing the piano, eating with a spoon, fork, knife, writing - all these are skills based on the formation of dynamic stereotypes in the cerebral cortex.

The formation of a dynamic stereotype underlies the daily routine of each person. Stereotypes persist for many years and form the basis of human behavior. Stereotypes that have arisen in early childhood are very difficult to change. Let us recall how difficult it is to “retrain” a child if he has learned to hold a pen incorrectly when writing, to sit incorrectly at a table, etc. The difficulty of reshaping stereotypes forces one to pay special attention to the correct methods of raising and teaching children from the first years of life.

The dynamic stereotype is one of the manifestations of the systemic organization of higher cortical functions aimed at ensuring stable reactions of the organism.

Reflexes are unconditional, that is, innate, and conditional, that is, acquired during the life of a person or animal. In this article, we will consider conditioned reflexes, which play a very important role in our lives. Conditioned reflexes were studied by such a famous scientist and psychologist as I.P. Pavlov, a person I respect, his works are invaluable to me. In principle, conditioned reflexes have something in common with the theme of the so-called anchoring, the term used in NLP, but I see these things differently and treat them differently, conditioned reflexes, after all, they were studied much earlier and the study and management of human behavior was built on their basis . A person or animal can be given a certain reaction to a certain external stimulus, this will be the so-called indifferent irritation, which in turn will cause excitation in the corresponding receptors, from which the impulses will already go to the brain in the appropriate analyzers.

There is nothing difficult in understanding conditioned reflexes, it is enough to understand that there is some information from the outside, which is associated in an organism with a central nervous system, central nervous system, a person or an animal with a specific type of action on the part of both the stimulus and itself. We encounter conditioned reflexes constantly and everywhere, for example, you can develop a reaction in a person to a certain sound, to a visual stimulus, olfactory and tactile. I will not go into the technical details of a theoretical nature, after all, in the library and on the Internet you can find a lot of information on conditional instincts, but I'll give you some practical recommendations on using this reflex, or it would be more correct to say, on developing it, that for you and I are much more important. It is known from Pavlov's experiments that in some of them he used a sound signal as a conditioned stimulus, food as an unconditioned stimulus, and the reaction was salivation in dogs. After the dogs developed a reaction in the form of salivation, a black square appeared in front of the dogs in a short time before the initial stimulus, that is, the second conditioned stimulus.

And after ten such combinations, salivation per square only began to occur with half the intensity. This is called the second order conditioned reflex, the third order conditioned reflex was discovered by Pavlov in cases with a defensive reflex when he used electric shocks. And now let's try to compare this whole chain of actions and reactions to external stimuli with our human life, in which we call conditioned reflexes our habits as well. To what extent can a modern person do something in this life, fully thinking through each step? This is a rarity, friends, I assure you of this, much more often people act according to the stereotypes that they have accumulated thanks to their life experience and their beliefs, and therefore, the mass of external stimuli that affect these people activate their conditioned reflexes, and we In this case, we observe relatively primitive behavior and not well-thought-out actions that can be called reasonable, adequate. Habit my friends, this is your conditioned reflex, and any habit can be developed if it is trained in the same way that Pavlov achieved salivation in dogs just by showing a black square.

For example, they treat recruits in the same way in the army, where it is extremely important to make organized fighters out of an unruly herd, acting in a certain way under certain conditions, which is why they say that smart soldiers are not needed in the army. In principle, training animals and training a person is not much different, because our central nervous system is the same, and the difference in intellectual development is almost imperceptible, because, as I said, most people rely on previously gained experience and have a ready-made algorithm of actions for each case. Needless to say, when a non-standard situation arises, many begin to panic, because they have a protective reflex when they just need to save themselves, because they don’t know what to do. It is extremely important to find the patterns of all your actions that occur exclusively after certain external stimuli, and those that are not relevant, of course, must be revised. Another example is a situation in which it is very difficult for people to find a new job, because they are just used to the old one, it can be terrible and low-paid, but they are used to it, and they don’t need anything else.

It is the same with fears, which have no meaning at all, and yet people react precisely reflexively to most dangerous situations, often only aggravating the situation. Conditioned reflexes are used in relation to people, starting from childhood, when children do something wrong, something that adults simply do not like, then violence, physical or moral, is used against them. The child may not understand why it is impossible to do certain things, which, by the way, may negatively affect his further development, it is undesirable to leave questions unanswered, but he knows that this cannot be done, because they will be punished for it. Just as Pavlov used electric shocks on his experimental animals, forcing them to act according to the algorithm he needed, they do the same with a person, using violence against him. And it works perfectly, in principle, only beliefs can be an alternative to the development of conditioned reflexes through violence, but they are not applicable to everyone. Take a look at your life as if from the outside, try to act outside the box in a standard situation, and try to understand why you always react in a certain way to external stimuli, whether your algorithm of actions suits you, or maybe they suit your actions more than someone else ?

There is such a concept as training and there is such a concept as training, in the first case, work can be carried out with your consciousness, which studies and learns, if you only learn without cramming and stupidly memorizing. But in cases with training, we are talking about developing certain reactions, the meaning and relevance of which you may not understand at all, but you know that it is necessary to act this way and not otherwise. These are conditioned reflexes, there is a situation, there is a variant of your actions in case of its occurrence, and here a person is not much different from animals, and therefore often acts primitively. Now look at our education, how much it looks like training and how much it looks like training, for me it is training, or even training, it is most of all. If a person is forced to remember, not to understand, this is training, this is programming if you like, template thinking, template lifestyle, template reactions and behavior.

Of course, such a person responds well to the conditions of society, but often this person is an instrument in the hands of those who really understand, who do not react, do not act reflexively, but creatively approach each new situation, each new problem. At the same time, such an approach can only be in relation to one’s own behavior and actions, while in relation to other people it is possible and even necessary to act in a standard way, for them it is standard, they paint exactly the picture that they should see according to your plans. For someone, a black square will be a word, for someone it will be money, or it may be a bottle of vodka. In the vast majority of people, it is possible to develop a conditioned reflex of social utility, that is, a reflex that will be of interest to you, but not to him, not to this person. And this can be done by getting a person interested in something that may be interesting for him, taking into account the peculiarities of his character, in other words, everyone needs something and you can play on it. It is necessary to create such conditions for a person, using for this purpose the necessary external stimuli, under which he will be useful to you, and not harmful, under which he will be your friend and not an enemy. And you, in principle, can see all this in every person, if you just take a closer look at the behavior of the people around you. Each of us can be turned on by something, so to speak, each of us can be stimulated in a certain way.

As an example, I can also cite the situation with women who will only have to say a few kind words at a certain moment, and any of them will be yours, maybe not for long, but still, and she will not need any gold and diamonds, you will not need to buy her. Only now, in order to control the conditioned reflexes of other people, in order to develop them in the way you need, you yourself must not be a victim of unconscious behavior, not follow your central nervous system, and act according to the template that is in your database in your head.

Unconditioned reflexes are constant innate reactions of the body to certain influences of the external world, carried out through the nervous system and not requiring special conditions for their occurrence.

All unconditioned reflexes are divided into simple and complex according to the degree of complexity and severity of the body's reactions; depending on the type of reaction - to food, sexual, defensive, tentative-research, etc.; depending on the attitude of the animal to the stimulus - into biologically positive and biologically negative. Unconditioned reflexes arise mainly under the influence of contact stimulation: food unconditioned reflex - when food enters and acts on the tongue; defensive - with irritation of pain receptors. However, the emergence of unconditioned reflexes is also possible under the influence of such stimuli as the sound, sight and smell of an object. So, the unconditioned sexual reflex arises under the influence of a specific sexual stimulus (sight, smell and other stimuli emanating from a female or male). An orienting-exploratory unconditioned reflex always occurs in response to a sudden little-known stimulus and usually manifests itself in turning the head and moving the animal towards the stimulus. Its biological meaning lies in the examination of a given stimulus and the entire external environment.

Complex unconditioned reflexes include those that are cyclic in nature and are accompanied by various emotional reactions (see). Often carry to such reflexes (see).

Unconditioned reflexes serve as the basis for the formation of conditioned reflexes. Violation or perversion of unconditioned reflexes is usually associated with organic lesions of the brain; the study of unconditioned reflexes is carried out to diagnose a number of diseases of the central nervous system (see Pathological reflexes).

Unconditioned reflexes (specific, innate reflexes) are innate reactions of the body to certain influences of the external or internal environment, carried out through the central nervous system and not requiring special conditions for their occurrence. The term was introduced by I. P. Pavlov and means that a reflex certainly occurs if adequate stimulation is applied to a certain receptor surface. The biological role of unconditioned reflexes is that they adapt an animal of a given species in the form of appropriate acts of behavior to constant, familiar environmental factors.

The development of the doctrine of unconditioned reflexes is associated with the studies of I. M. Sechenov, Pfluger (E. Pfluger), Goltz (F. Goltz), Sherrington (C. S. Sherrington), Magnus (V. Magnus), N. E. Vvedensky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, who laid the foundations for the next stage in the development of the reflex theory, when, finally, it was possible to fill the concept of the reflex arc with physiological content, which had previously existed as an anatomical and physiological scheme (see Reflexes). The undoubted condition that determined the success of these searches was the full realization that the nervous system acts as a whole, and therefore acts as a very complex formation.

The brilliant predictions of I. M. Sechenov about the reflex basis of the mental activity of the brain served as the starting point for research, which, developing the doctrine of higher nervous activity, discovered two forms of neuro-reflex activity: unconditioned and conditioned reflexes. Pavlov wrote: “... it is necessary to recognize the existence of two types of reflex. One reflex is ready, with which the animal is born, a purely conductive reflex, and the other reflex is constantly, continuously formed during individual life, of exactly the same regularity, but based on another property of our nervous system - on closure. One reflex can be called innate, the other - acquired, and also, respectively: one - species, the other - individual. Inborn, specific, permanent, stereotyped we called unconditional, the other, since it depends on many conditions, constantly fluctuates depending on many conditions, we called conditional ... ".

The most difficult dynamics of interaction of conditioned reflexes (see) and unconditioned is a basis of nervous activity of the person and animals. The biological significance of unconditioned reflexes, as well as conditioned reflex activity, lies in the adaptation of the organism to various kinds of changes in the external and internal environment. Such important acts as self-regulation of functions are based on the adaptive activity of unconditioned reflexes. The exact adaptation of unconditioned reflexes to the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the stimulus, especially carefully studied in Pavlov's laboratories on examples of the work of the digestive glands, made it possible to interpret the problem of the biological expediency of unconditioned reflexes materialistically, bearing in mind the exact correspondence of the function to the nature of the stimulus.

The differences between unconditioned and conditioned reflexes are not absolute, but relative. A variety of experiments, in particular with the destruction of various parts of the brain, allowed Pavlov to create a general idea of the anatomical basis of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes: “Higher nervous activity,” Pavlov wrote, “is composed of the activity of the cerebral hemispheres and the nearest subcortical nodes, representing the combined activity of these two major divisions of the central nervous system. These subcortical nodes are ... the centers of the most important unconditioned reflexes, or instincts: food, defensive, sexual, etc. ... ". Pavlov's stated views must now be recognized only as a scheme. His own doctrine of analyzers (see) allows us to consider that the morphological substrate of unconditioned reflexes actually covers various parts of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, meaning the afferent representation of the analyzer from which this unconditioned reflex is evoked. In the mechanism of unconditioned reflexes, an important role belongs to the reverse afferentation about the results and success of the completed action (P.K. Anokhin).

In the early years of the development of the doctrine of conditioned reflexes, individual students of Pavlov, who studied salivary unconditioned reflexes, asserted their extreme stability and immutability. Subsequent studies have shown the one-sidedness of such views. In the laboratory of Pavlov himself, a number of experimental conditions were found under which unconditioned reflexes changed even during one experiment. Subsequently, facts were presented that testify that it is more correct to speak of the variability of unconditioned reflexes than of their immutability. Important points in this regard are: the interaction of reflexes with each other (both unconditioned reflexes among themselves, and unconditioned reflexes with conditioned ones), hormonal and humoral factors of the body, the tone of the nervous system and its functional state. Of particular importance are these questions in connection with the problem of instincts (see), which a number of representatives of the so-called ethology (the science of behavior) tries to present as unchanged, independent of the external environment. Sometimes it is difficult to determine the specific factors of variability of unconditioned reflexes, especially if it concerns the internal environment of the body (hormonal, humoral or interoceptive factors), and then some scientists fall into error when talking about spontaneous variability of unconditioned reflexes. Such adeterministic constructions and idealistic conclusions lead away from the materialistic understanding of the reflex.

IP Pavlov repeatedly emphasized the importance of systematizing and classifying unconditioned reflexes, which serve as the foundation for the rest of the body's nervous activity. The existing stereotyped division of reflexes into food, self-preserving, sexual ones is too general and inaccurate, he pointed out. A detailed systematization and a thorough description of all individual reflexes are needed. Speaking of systematization along with classification, Pavlov had in mind the need for a broad study of individual reflexes or their groups. The task must be recognized as both very important and very difficult, especially since Pavlov did not single out such complex reflexes as instincts from a number of unconditioned reflex phenomena. From this point of view, it is especially important to study the already known and to find new and complex forms of reflex activity. Here we must pay tribute to this logical direction, which in a number of cases receives facts of undoubted interest. However, the ideological basis of this trend, which fundamentally denies the reflex nature of instincts, remains completely unacceptable.

The unconditioned reflex "in its purest form" can manifest itself one or several times after the birth of the animal, and then, in a fairly short time, "acquires" conditioned and other unconditioned reflexes. All this makes it very difficult to classify unconditioned reflexes. So far, no single principle of their classification has been found. So, for example, A. D. Slonim based his classification on the principle of balancing the body with the external environment and maintaining the constancy of the composition of its internal environment. In addition, he singled out groups of reflexes that do not ensure the preservation of an individual, but are important for the preservation of the species. The classification of unconditioned reflexes and instincts proposed by N. A. Rozhansky is extensive. It is based on biological and ecological characteristics and dual (positive and negative) manifestation of the reflex. Unfortunately, Rozhansky's classification sins with a subjective assessment of the essence of the reflex, which is also reflected in the naming of some reflexes.

The systematization and classification of unconditioned reflexes should provide for their ecological specialization. With the ecological adequacy of stimuli and the biological fitness of the effector, a very subtle differentiation of unconditioned reflexes is manifested. The speed, strength, and the very possibility of the formation of a conditioned reflex depend not so much on the physical or chemical characteristics of the stimulus, but on the ecological adequacy of the stimulus and the unconditioned reflex.

Of great interest is the problem of the emergence and development of unconditioned reflexes. I. P. Pavlov, A. A. Ukhtomsky, K. M. Bykov, P. K. Anokhin and others believed that unconditioned reflexes arise as conditioned ones, and subsequently are fixed in evolution and pass into innate ones.

Pavlov pointed out that new emerging reflexes, while maintaining the same conditions of life in a number of successive generations, apparently continuously turn into permanent ones. This is probably one of the active mechanisms of the development of the animal organism. Without recognizing this position, it is impossible to imagine the evolution of nervous activity. Nature cannot allow such extravagance, - said Pavlov, - that each new generation should start everything from the very beginning. Transitional forms of reflexes, which occupied an intermediate position between conditioned and unconditioned, were found with a high biological adequacy of stimuli (V. I. Klimova, V. V. Orlov, A. I. Oparin and others). These conditioned reflexes did not fade away. See also Higher nervous activity.

Human behavior is associated with conditionally unconditioned reflex activity and is a higher nervous activity, the result of which is a change in the ratio of the organism with the external environment.

In contrast to higher nervous activity, lower nervous activity consists of a set of reactions aimed at unification, integration of functions within the body.

Higher nervous activity manifests itself in the form of complex reflex reactions, carried out with the obligatory participation of the cerebral cortex and the subcortical formations closest to it.

For the first time, the idea of the reflex nature of the activity of the brain was widely and in detail developed by the founder of Russian physiology, I. M. Sechenov, in his book "Reflexes of the Brain". The ideological setting of this classic work is expressed in the original title, changed under the influence of censorship: "An attempt to introduce physiological foundations into mental processes." Before I. M. Sechenov, physiologists and neurologists did not even dare to raise the question of the possibility of an objective, purely physiological analysis of mental processes. The latter remained completely at the mercy of subjective psychology.

The ideas of I. M. Sechenov were brilliantly developed in the remarkable works of I. P. Pavlov, who opened the way for an objective experimental study of the functions of the cerebral cortex and created a coherent theory of higher nervous activity.

I. P. Pavlov showed that while in the underlying parts of the central nervous system - the subcortical nuclei, the brain stem, the spinal cord - reflex reactions are carried out along innate, hereditarily fixed nerve pathways, in the cerebral cortex, nerve connections are developed and created in the process individual life of animals and humans, as a result of a combination of countless stimuli acting on the body.

The discovery of this fact made it possible to divide the entire set of reflex reactions occurring in the body into two main groups: unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.

Conditioned reflexes

these are reactions acquired by the body in the process of individual development on the basis of "life experience"
are individual: some representatives of the same species may have them, while others may not
are unstable and, depending on certain conditions, they can develop, gain a foothold or disappear; this is their property and is reflected in their very name
can form in response to a wide variety of stimuli applied to various receptive fields
closed at the level of the cortex. After the removal of the cerebral cortex, the developed conditioned reflexes disappear and only unconditioned reflexes remain.
carried out through functional temporary connections

Conditioned reflexes are developed on the basis of unconditioned reflexes. For the formation of a conditioned reflex, it is necessary to combine the time of any change in the external environment and the internal state of the organism, perceived by the cerebral cortex, with the implementation of one or another unconditioned reflex. Only under this condition does a change in the external environment or the internal state of the organism become an irritant of the conditioned reflex - a conditioned stimulus, or signal. The stimulus that causes an unconditioned reflex - an unconditioned stimulus - must, during the formation of a conditioned reflex, accompany the conditioned stimulus, reinforce it.

In order for the ringing of knives and forks in the dining room or the knock of a cup from which a dog is fed to cause salivation in the first case in a person, in the second case in a dog, these sounds need to coincide again with food - reinforcement of stimuli that are initially indifferent in relation to salivary secretion by feeding , i.e., unconditioned irritation of the salivary glands.

Likewise, the flashing of an electric bulb before the dog's eyes or the sound of a bell will only cause a conditioned reflex flexion of the paw if they are repeatedly accompanied by electrical stimulation of the skin of the leg, causing an unconditioned flexion reflex with each application.

Similarly, the crying of a child and his pulling his hands away from a burning candle will be observed only if the sight of the candle coincided at least once with the sensation of a burn.

In all the examples cited, external agents that are relatively indifferent at the beginning - the ringing of dishes, the sight of a burning candle, the flashing of an electric light bulb, the sound of a bell - become conditioned stimuli if they are reinforced by unconditioned stimuli. Only under this condition, the initially indifferent signals of the external world become irritants of a certain type of activity.

For the formation of conditioned reflexes, it is necessary to create a temporary connection, a circuit between the cortical cells that perceive the conditioned stimulation, and the cortical neurons that make up the arc of the unconditioned reflex.

With the coincidence and combination of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, a connection is established between various neurons in the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, and a closure process occurs between them.

Unconditioned reflexes

these are congenital, hereditary reactions of the body
are specific, i.e. characteristic of all representatives of a given species
relatively constant, usually persisting throughout life
carried out in response to adequate stimuli applied to one specific receptive field
close at the level of the spinal cord and brain stem
are carried out through a phylogenetically fixed, anatomically expressed reflex arc.

It should be noted, however, that in humans and monkeys, which have a high degree of corticalization of functions, many complex unconditioned reflexes are carried out with the obligatory participation of the cerebral cortex. This is proved by the fact that its lesions in primates lead to pathological disturbances of unconditioned reflexes and the disappearance of some of them.

It should also be emphasized that not all unconditioned reflexes appear immediately at the time of birth. Many unconditioned reflexes, for example, those associated with locomotion, sexual intercourse, occur in humans and animals a long time after birth, but they necessarily appear under the condition of normal development of the nervous system.

The whole set of unconditional and conditioned reflexes formed on their basis is usually divided into a number of groups according to their functional significance.

According to the receptor
1. Exteroceptive reflexes
  - visual
  - olfactory
  - taste, etc.
2. Interoreceptive reflexes- reflexes in which the conditioned stimulus is irritation of the receptors of internal organs by a change in the chemical composition, temperature of internal organs, pressure in hollow organs and vessels
According to effector, i.e. by those effectors that respond to stimulation
1. autonomic reflexes
  - food
  - cardiovascular
  - respiratory, etc.
2. somato-motor reflexes- manifested in the movements of the whole organism or its individual parts in response to the action of the stimulus
  - defensive
By biological significance
1. food
  - reflex act of swallowing
  - reflex act of chewing
  - reflex act of sucking
  - reflex act of salivation
  - reflex act of secretion of gastric and pancreatic juice, etc.
2. defensive- elimination reactions from damaging and painful stimuli
3. Sexual- reflexes associated with the implementation of sexual intercourse; the so-called parental reflexes associated with feeding and rearing offspring can also be included in this group.
4. Stato-kinetic and locomotor- reflex reactions to maintain a certain position and movement of the body in space.
5. Reflexes of maintaining homeostasis
  - thermoregulation reflex
  - respiratory reflex
  - cardiac reflex
  - vascular reflexes that contribute to maintaining the constancy of blood pressure, etc.
6. Orienting reflex- a reflex to novelty. It arises in response to any fairly rapidly occurring fluctuation of the environment and is expressed externally in alertness, listening to a new sound, sniffing, turning the eyes and head, and sometimes the whole body in the direction of the light stimulus that has appeared, etc. The implementation of this reflex provides the best perception of the acting agent and has an important adaptive value.
  IP Pavlov figuratively called the orienting reaction the reflex "what is it?" This reaction is innate and does not disappear with the complete removal of the cerebral cortex in animals; it is also observed in children with underdeveloped cerebral hemispheres - anencephaly.

The difference between the orienting reflex and other unconditional reflex reactions is that it fades relatively quickly with repeated applications of the same stimulus. This feature of the orienting reflex depends on the influence of the cerebral cortex on it.

The above classification of reflex reactions is very close to the classification of various instincts, which are also divided into food, sexual, parental, defensive. This is understandable due to the fact that, according to IP Pavlov, instincts are complex unconditioned reflexes. Their distinguishing features are the chain nature of reactions (the end of one reflex serves as the causative agent of the next) and their dependence on hormonal and metabolic factors. Thus, the emergence of sexual and parental instincts is associated with cyclic changes in the functioning of the gonads, and the food instinct depends on those metabolic changes that develop in the absence of food. One of the features of instinctive reactions is also that they are characterized by many properties of the dominant.

The reflex component is a reaction to irritation (movement, secretion, change in breathing, etc.).

Most unconditioned reflexes are complex reactions, which include several components. So, for example, with an unconditioned defensive reflex caused in a dog by strong electrical stimulation of the limb, along with protective movements, there is also increased and increased respiration, acceleration of cardiac activity, voice reactions appear (screeching, barking), the blood system changes (leukocytosis, platelets and etc.). In the food reflex, its motor (grasping, chewing, swallowing), secretory, respiratory, cardiovascular and other components are also distinguished.

Conditioned reflexes, as a rule, reproduce the structure of the unconditioned reflex, since the conditioned stimulus excites the same nerve centers as the unconditioned one. Therefore, the composition of the components of the conditioned reflex is similar to the composition of the components of the unconditioned reaction.

Among the components of the conditioned reflex, the main reflexes specific to this type and secondary components are distinguished. In the defensive reflex, the motor component is the main one, in the food reflex, the motor and secretory ones.

Changes in respiration, cardiac activity, and vascular tone accompanying the main components are also important for the integral response of the animal to a stimulus, but, as IP Pavlov said, they play a "purely auxiliary role." Thus, increased and increased respiration, increased heart rate, increased vascular tone, caused by a conditioned defensive stimulus, contribute to an increase in metabolic processes in the skeletal muscles and thereby create optimal conditions for the implementation of protective motor reactions.

In the study of conditioned reflexes, the experimenter often chooses any one of its main components as an indicator. Therefore, they speak of conditioned and unconditioned motor or secretory or vasomotor reflexes. However, it must be taken into account that they are only separate components of the integral reaction of the organism.

The biological significance of conditioned reflexes lies in the fact that they make it possible to adapt much better and more accurately to the conditions of existence and survive in these conditions.

As a result of the formation of conditioned reflexes, the body reacts not only directly to unconditioned stimuli, but also to the possibility of their action on it; reactions appear some time before unconditional irritation. This very organism turns out to be prepared in advance for the actions that it has to carry out in a given situation. Conditioned reflexes help to find food, avoid danger in advance, eliminate harmful influences, etc.

The adaptive significance of conditioned reflexes is also manifested in the fact that the precedence of a conditioned stimulus to an unconditioned one strengthens the unconditioned reflex and accelerates its development.

The behavior of animals is different forms of external, mainly motor activity, aimed at establishing vital connections between the organism and the environment. Animal behavior consists of conditioned, unconditioned reflexes and instincts. Instincts include complex unconditioned reactions that, being innate, appear only at certain periods of life (for example, the instinct of nesting or feeding offspring). Instincts play a leading role in the behavior of lower animals. However, the higher an animal is at the evolutionary level, the more complex and diverse its behavior, the more perfect and subtle it adapts to the environment, and the greater the role of conditioned reflexes in its behavior.

The environment in which animals exist is very variable. Adaptation to the conditions of this environment through conditioned reflexes will be subtle and precise only if these reflexes are also changeable, i.e., conditioned reflexes that are unnecessary in new environmental conditions disappear, and new ones are formed instead. The disappearance of conditioned reflexes occurs due to the processes of inhibition.

Distinguish between external (unconditioned) inhibition of conditioned reflexes and internal (conditioned) inhibition.

External inhibition of conditioned reflexes arises under the influence of extraneous stimuli that cause a new reflex reaction. This inhibition is called external because it develops as a result of processes occurring in areas of the cortex that are not involved in the implementation of this conditioned reflex.

So, if before the beginning of the conditioned food reflex an extraneous sound suddenly appears or some extraneous smell appears, or the lighting changes sharply, then the conditioned reflex decreases or even completely disappears. This is explained by the fact that every new stimulus causes an orienting reflex in the dog, which inhibits the conditioned reaction.

Extraneous stimuli associated with the activity of other nerve centers also have an inhibitory effect. For example, pain stimulation inhibits food conditioned reflexes. Irritations emanating from the internal organs can also act. Bladder overflow, vomiting, sexual arousal, inflammation in any organ cause inhibition of conditioned food reflexes.

Superstrong or long-acting extraneous stimuli can cause prohibitive inhibition of reflexes.

Internal inhibition of conditioned reflexes occurs in the absence of reinforcement by an unconditioned stimulus of the received signal.

In this case, internal inhibition does not appear immediately. As a rule, repeated application of an unreinforced signal is required.

The fact that this is inhibition of the conditioned reflex, and not its destruction, is evidenced by the restoration of the reflex the next day, when the inhibition has passed. Various diseases, overwork, overstrain causes a weakening of internal inhibition.

If the conditioned reflex is extinguished (not reinforced with food) for several days in a row, then it may disappear altogether.

There are several types of internal inhibition. The form of inhibition considered above is called extinctive inhibition. This inhibition underlies the disappearance of unnecessary conditioned reflexes.

Another variety is differentiated (distinctive) inhibition.

An unreinforced conditioned stimulus causes inhibition in the cortex and is called an inhibitory stimulus. With the help of the described technique, it was possible to determine the distinctive ability of different sense organs in animals.

The phenomenon of disinhibition. It is known that extraneous stimuli cause inhibition of conditioned reflexes. If an extraneous stimulus occurs during the action of an inhibitory stimulus, for example, when a metronome is used with a frequency of 100 times per minute, as in the previous case, then this will cause the opposite reaction - saliva will flow. IP Pavlov called this phenomenon disinhibition and explained it by the fact that an extraneous stimulus, causing an orienting reflex, inhibits any other process that is currently taking place in the centers of the conditioned reflex. If the inhibition process is inhibited, then all this leads to the excitation and implementation of a conditioned reflex.

The phenomenon of disinhibition also indicates the inhibitory nature of the processes of discrimination and extinction of conditioned reflexes.

The value of conditional inhibition very large. Thanks to inhibition, a much better correspondence of the reaction of the organism to external conditions is achieved, and its adaptation to the environment is more perfect. The combination of two forms of a single nervous process - excitation and inhibition - and their interaction enable the body to orient itself in various complex situations, are the conditions for the analysis and synthesis of stimuli.

A reflex is the body's response to an internal or external stimulus, carried out and controlled by the central nervous system. The first scientists who developed ideas about human behavior, which had previously been a mystery, were our compatriots I.P. Pavlov and I.M. Sechenov.

What are unconditioned reflexes?

An unconditioned reflex is an innate stereotyped reaction of the body to the influence of the internal or environment, inherited from the offspring from the parents. It remains with a person throughout his life. Reflex arcs pass through the brain and spinal cord, the cerebral cortex does not take part in their formation. The significance of the unconditioned reflex is that it ensures the adaptation of the human body directly to those changes in the environment that often accompanied many generations of his ancestors.

What reflexes are unconditioned?

The unconditioned reflex is the main form of activity of the nervous system, ...

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A reflex is a stereotypical (monotonous, repeating in the same way) response of the body to the action of stimuli with the mandatory participation of the central nervous system.

Reflexes are divided into unconditional and conditional.

Unconditioned reflexes include:

1. Reflexes aimed at preserving the species. They are the most biologically significant, prevail over other reflexes, are dominant in a competitive situation, namely: sexual reflex, parental reflex, territorial reflex (this is the protection of one's territory; this reflex is manifested in both animals and humans), hierarchical reflex (the principle of subordination is reflexively embedded in a person, i.e. we are ready to obey, but we also want to command too - relations in society are built on this, but there is also a biological basis here).

2. Self-preservation reflexes, They are aimed at preserving the individual, personality, individual: drinking reflex, food reflex, defensive reflex, aggressiveness reflex (attack is the best ...

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All unconditioned reflexes are divided into simple and complex according to the degree of complexity and severity of the body's reactions; depending on the type of reaction - to food, sexual, defensive, tentative-research, etc.; depending on the attitude of the animal to the stimulus - into biologically positive and biologically negative. Unconditioned reflexes arise mainly under the influence of contact stimulation: food unconditioned reflex - when food enters the mouth and its effect on the receptors of the tongue; defensive - with irritation of pain receptors. However, the emergence of unconditioned reflexes is also possible under the influence of such stimuli as the sound, sight and smell of an object. So, the unconditioned sexual reflex occurs under the influence of a specific sexual stimulus (view, ...

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Physiology of higher nervous activity Congenital forms of behavior. unconditioned reflexes.

Unconditioned reflexes are innate responses of the body to irritation. Properties of unconditioned reflexes:

1. They are innate, i.e. inherited

2. Inherited by all representatives of this species of animals

3. For the occurrence of an unconditional reflex reaction, the action of a specific stimulus is necessary (mechanical irritation of the lips, a sucking reflex in a newborn)

4. They have a constant receptive field (a zone of perception of a specific stimulus).

5. They have a constant reflex arc.

I.P. Pavlov divided all unconditioned reflexes (B.U.R.) into simple (sucking), complex (sweating) and complex (food, defensive, sexual, etc.). Currently, all unconditioned reflexes, depending on their value, are divided into 3 groups:

1. Vital (vital). They ensure the preservation of the individual. To them...

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Each person, as well as all living organisms, has a number of vital needs: food, water, comfortable conditions. Everyone has the instincts of self-preservation and continuation of their kind. All mechanisms aimed at satisfying these needs are laid down at the genetic level and appear simultaneously with the birth of the organism. These are innate reflexes that help to survive.

The concept of an unconditioned reflex

The very word reflex for each of us is not something new and unfamiliar. Everyone has heard it in their life, and enough times. This term was introduced into biology by IP Pavlov, who devoted much time to the study of the nervous system.

According to the scientist, unconditioned reflexes arise under the influence of irritating factors on the receptors (for example, pulling the hand away from a hot object). They contribute to the adaptation of the organism to those conditions that remain practically unchanged.

This is the so-called product of historical...

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Pull your hand away from a hot kettle, close your eyes at a flash of light... We perform such actions automatically, without having time to think about what exactly we are doing and why. These are the unconditioned human reflexes - innate reactions that are characteristic of all people without exception.

History of discovery, types, differences

Before considering unconditioned reflexes in detail, we will have to make a short digression into biology and talk about reflex processes in general.

So what is a reflex? In psychology, this is the response of the body to a change in the external or internal environment, which is carried out with the help of the central nervous system. Thanks to this ability, the body quickly adapts to changes in the surrounding world or in its internal state. For its implementation, a reflex arc is necessary, that is, the path along which the signal of irritation passes from the receptor to the corresponding organ.

For the first time, reflex reactions were described by Rene Descartes in the 17th century.

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Features of unconditioned reflexes

In the specialized literature, in the conversations of specialists - cynologists and amateur trainers, the term "reflex" is often used, but at the same time there is no common understanding of the meaning of this term among cynologists. Now many are addicted to Western training systems, new terms are being introduced, but few people fully understand the old terminology. We will try to help systematize ideas about reflexes for those who have already forgotten a lot, and to get these ideas for those who are just starting to master the theory and methodology of training.

A reflex is the body's response to a stimulus.

(If you have not read the article on irritants, then be sure to read it first, and then proceed to this material). Unconditioned reflexes are divided into simple (food, defensive, sexual, visceral, tendon) and complex reflexes (instincts, emotions). Some researchers...

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Types of conditioned reflexes

Depending on the characteristics of the responses, the nature of the stimuli, the conditions for their application and reinforcement, etc., various types of conditioned reflexes are distinguished. These types are classified based on various criteria, in accordance with the tasks. Some of these classifications are of great importance both in theoretical and practical terms, including in sports activities.

Natural (natural) and artificial conditioned reflexes. Conditioned reflexes that are formed to the action of signals characterizing the constant properties of unconditioned stimuli (for example, the smell or type of food) are called natural conditioned reflexes.

An illustration of the regularities in the formation of natural conditioned reflexes are the experiments of I. S. Tsitovich. In these experiments, puppies of the same litter were kept on different diets: some were fed only meat, others only milk. In animals that have been fed meat, the sight and smell of it...

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Reflex (from lat. reflexus - reflected) - a stereotyped reaction of a living organism to a certain effect, taking place with the participation of the nervous system. According to the generally accepted classification, reflexes are divided into unconditional and conditional.

Unconditioned reflexes are innate, characteristic of a given species, responses to environmental influences.

1. Vital (vital). The instincts of this group ensure the preservation of the life of the individual. They are characterized by the following features:

a) failure to satisfy the corresponding need leads to the death of the individual; and

b) no other individual of this species is needed to satisfy a particular need.

Vital instincts include:

food,

Drinking,

Defensive,

Sleep-wake regulation

Economy reflex...

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Classification of unconditioned reflexes

I.P. Pavlov at one time divided unconditioned reflexes into three groups: simple, complex and most complex unconditioned reflexes. Among the most complex unconditioned reflexes, he singled out the following: 1) individual - food, active and passive defensive, aggressive, freedom reflex, exploratory, game reflex; 2) specific - sexual and parental. According to Pavlov, the first of these reflexes ensure the individual self-preservation of the individual, the second - the preservation of the species.

P.V. Simonov identified 3 classes of reflexes:

1. Vital unconditioned reflexes provide individual and species preservation

organism. These include food, drink, sleep regulation, a defensive and orienting reflex (the "biological caution" reflex), a reflex to save strength, and many others. The criteria for the reflexes of the vital group are as follows: 1) dissatisfaction of the corresponding need leads to the physical death of the individual and 2) realization ...

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Classification of reflexes. What are the reflexes.

The functioning of the nervous system is based on the inseparable unity of congenital and acquired forms of adaptation, i.e. unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.

Unconditioned reflexes are congenital, relatively constant species reactions of the body, carried out through the nervous system in response to the action of certain stimuli. They ensure the coordinated activity of various functional systems of the body, aimed at maintaining its homeostasis and interaction with the environment. Examples of simple unconditioned reflexes can be knee, blinking, swallowing and others.

There is a large group of complex unconditioned reflexes: self-preservation, food, sexual, parental (caring for offspring), migratory, aggressive, locomotor (walking, running, flying, swimming), etc. Such reflexes are called instincts. They underlie the innate behavior of animals and represent ...

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Unconditioned reflexes - what is it and what is their role?

Such habitual actions as breathing, swallowing, sneezing, blinking - occur without the control of consciousness, are innate mechanisms that help a person or animal survive and ensure the preservation of the species - all these are unconditioned reflexes.

What is an unconditioned reflex?

I.P. Pavlov, a physiologist, devoted his life to the study of higher nervous activity. In order to understand what unconditioned human reflexes are, it is important to consider the meaning of the reflex as a whole. Any organism that has a nervous system carries out reflex activity. Reflex - a complex reaction of the body to internal and external stimuli, carried out in the form of a reflex response.

Unconditioned reflexes are innate stereotypical reactions laid down at the genetic level in response to changes in internal homeostasis or environmental conditions. For the emergence of unconditioned reflexes of special conditions, this is ...

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Portal for the student. Self-training

What are unconditioned reflexes?

What reflexes are unconditioned?

The concept of an unconditioned reflex

History of discovery, types, differences

What is an unconditioned reflex?

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