Physics is one of the basic sciences of natural science. The study of physics at school begins in the 7th grade and continues until the end of schooling. By this time, schoolchildren should already have formed the proper mathematical apparatus necessary for studying the course of physics.

• The school curriculum in physics consists of several large sections: mechanics, electrodynamics, oscillations and waves, optics, quantum physics, molecular physics and thermal phenomena.

Topics of school physics

In the 7th grade there is a superficial acquaintance and introduction to the course of physics. The basic physical concepts are considered, the structure of substances is studied, as well as the pressure force with which various substances act on others. In addition, the laws of Pascal and Archimedes are studied.

In 8th grade various physical phenomena are studied. Initial information is given about the magnetic field and the phenomena in which it occurs. A direct electric current and the basic laws of optics are studied. Separately, various aggregate states of a substance and the processes occurring during the transition of a substance from one state to another are analyzed.

Grade 9 is devoted to the basic laws of motion of bodies and their interaction with each other. The basic concepts of mechanical oscillations and waves are considered. The topic of sound and sound waves is analyzed separately. The fundamentals of the theory of the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic waves are studied. In addition, there is an acquaintance with the elements of nuclear physics and the structure of the atom and the atomic nucleus is studied.

In 10th grade an in-depth study of mechanics (kinematics and dynamics) and conservation laws begins. The main types of mechanical forces are considered. There is an in-depth study of thermal phenomena, the molecular-kinetic theory and the basic laws of thermodynamics are being studied. The basics of electrodynamics are repeated and systematized: electrostatics, the laws of direct electric current and electric current in various media.

Grade 11 devoted to the study of the magnetic field and the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Various types of oscillations and waves are studied in detail: mechanical and electromagnetic. There is a deepening of knowledge from the section of optics. Elements of the theory of relativity and quantum physics are considered.

• Below is a list of grades 7 to 11. Each grade contains physics topics written by our tutors. These materials can be used by both students and their parents, as well as school teachers and tutors.

Name: Physics. Full school course

Annotation: The textbook contains notes, diagrams, tables, a workshop on solving problems, laboratory and practical work, creative tasks, independent and control work in physics. Both schoolchildren and teachers can work with the universal textbook with equal success.
AST-Press, 2000. - 689 p.
This tutorial is universal both in structure and purpose. A summary of each topic ends with training and information tables that allow you to summarize and systematize the knowledge gained on the topic. Laboratory, independent, practical work is a learning process and testing knowledge in practice. Control work carries out thematic generalizing control. Creative tasks allow you to take into account the individuality of each student, develop the cognitive activity of the student. All theoretical concepts are supported by practical tasks. A clear sequence of types of educational activities in the study of each topic helps any student to master the material, develops the ability to independently acquire and apply knowledge, teaches to observe, explain, compare, experiment. Both schoolchildren and teachers can work with the universal textbook with equal success.

Title: Physics-profile course. Molecular Author: G. Ya.

Title: Physics-profile course. Optics. Quanta.

Title: Physics. Vibrations and waves. Grade 11

Title: Physics-profile course. Molecular Author: G. Ya. Myakishev Abstract: Physics as a science. methods of scientific knowledge Physics is the fundamental science of

Title: Mankind - one species or several?

Title: Physics. The entire school course prog. in diagrams and tables Annotation: The book contains the most important formulas and tables

M.: 2010.- 752p. M.: 1981.- T.1 - 336s., T.2 - 288s.

The book by the famous US physicist J. Orir is one of the most successful introductory courses in physics in the world literature, covering the range from physics as a school subject to an accessible description of its latest achievements. This book has taken pride of place on the bookshelf for several generations of Russian physicists, and for this edition the book has been substantially supplemented and modernized. The author of the book, a student of the outstanding physicist of the 20th century, Nobel laureate E. Fermi, has been teaching his course to students at Cornell University for many years. This course can serve as a useful practical introduction to the widely known in Russia "Feynman Lectures on Physics" and "Berkeley Physics Course". In terms of its level and content, Orir's book is already available to high school students, but it may also be of interest to students, graduate students, teachers, as well as all those who wish not only to systematize and replenish their knowledge in the field of physics, but also learn how to successfully solve a wide class physical tasks.

Format: pdf(2010, 752s.)

The size: 56 MB

Watch, download: drive.google

Note: Below is a color scan.

Volume 1

Format: djvu (1981, 336 pp.)

The size: 5.6 MB

Watch, download: drive.google

Volume 2

Format: djvu (1981, 288 pp.)

The size: 5.3 MB

Watch, download: drive.google

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword by the editor of the Russian edition 13
Preface 15
1. INTRODUCTION 19
§ 1. What is physics? 19
§ 2. Units of measurement 21
§ 3. Analysis of dimensions 24
§ 4. Accuracy in physics 26
§ 5. The role of mathematics in physics 28
§ 6. Science and society 30
Application. Correct answers without some common mistakes 31
Exercise 31
Tasks 32
2. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOVEMENT 34
§ 1. Speed ​​34
§ 2. Average speed 36
§ 3. Acceleration 37
§ 4. Uniformly accelerated motion 39
Main findings 43
Exercise 43
Tasks 44
3. TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOVEMENT 46
§ 1. Trajectories of free fall 46
§ 2. Vectors 47
§ 3. The movement of the projectile 52
§ 4. Uniform motion in a circle 24
§ 5. Artificial satellites of the Earth 55
Main findings 58
Exercise 58
Tasks 59
4. DYNAMICS 61
§ 1. Introduction 61
§ 2. Definitions of basic concepts 62
§ 3. Newton's laws 63
§ 4. Units of force and mass 66
§ 5. Contact forces (forces of reaction and friction) 67
§ 6. Solution of problems 70
§ 7. Atwood's machine 73
§ 8. Conical pendulum 74
§ 9. Law of conservation of momentum 75
Main findings 77
Exercise 78
Tasks 79
5. GRAVITY 82
§ 1. Law of gravity 82
§ 2. Cavendish experiment 85
§ 3. Kepler's laws for planetary motions 86
§ 4. Weight 88
§ 5. Equivalence principle 91
§ 6. Gravitational field inside a sphere 92
Main findings 93
Exercise 94
Tasks 95
6. WORK AND ENERGY 98
§ 1. Introduction 98
§ 2. Job 98
§ 3. Power 100
§ 4. The scalar product 101
§ 5. Kinetic energy 103
§ 6. Potential energy 105
§ 7. Gravitational potential energy 107
§ 8. Potential energy of a spring 108
Main findings 109
Exercise 109
Tasks 111
7. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY FROM
§ 1. Conservation of mechanical energy 114
§ 2. Collisions 117
§ 3. Conservation of gravitational energy 120
§ 4. Diagrams of potential energy 122
§ 5. Conservation of total energy 123
§ 6. Energy in biology 126
§ 7. Energy and the car 128
Main findings 131
Application. Law of conservation of energy for a system of N particles 131
Exercises 132
Tasks 132
8. RELATIVISTIC KINEMATICS 136
§ 1. Introduction 136
§ 2. The constancy of the speed of light 137
§ 3. Time dilation 142
§ 4. Lorentz transformations 145
§ 5. Simultaneity 148
§ 6. Optical Doppler effect 149
§ 7. The twin paradox 151
Main findings 154
Exercises 154
Tasks 155
9. RELATIVISTIC DYNAMICS 159
§ 1. Relativistic addition of velocities 159
§ 2. Definition of relativistic momentum 161
§ 3. Law of conservation of momentum and energy 162
§ 4. Equivalence of mass and energy 164
§ 5. Kinetic energy 166
§ 6. Mass and force 167
§ 7. General relativity 168
Main findings 170
Application. Energy and Momentum Conversion 170
Exercises 171
Tasks 172
10. ROTARY MOVEMENT 175
§ 1. Kinematics of rotational motion 175
§ 2. Vector product 176
§ 3. Angular moment 177
§ 4. Dynamics of rotational motion 179
§ 5. Center of mass 182
§ 6. Rigid bodies and the moment of inertia 184
§ 7. Statics 187
§ 8. Flywheels 189
Main findings 191
Exercises 191
Tasks 192
11. VIBRATIONAL MOVEMENT 196
§ 1. Harmonic force 196
§ 2. Period of oscillations 198
§ 3. Pendulum 200
§ 4. Energy of simple harmonic motion 202
§ 5. Small oscillations 203
§ 6. Intensity of sound 206
Key Findings 206
Exercises 208
Tasks 209
12. KINETIC THEORY 213
§ 1. Pressure and hydrostatics 213
§ 2. The equation of state of an ideal gas 217
§ 3. Temperature 219
§ 4. Uniform distribution of energy 222
§ 5. Kinetic theory of heat 224
Main findings 226
Exercises 226
Tasks 228
13. THERMODYNAMICS 230
§ 1. The first law of thermodynamics 230
§ 2. Avogadro's conjecture 231
§ 3. Specific heat 232
§ 4. Isothermal expansion 235
§ 5. Adiabatic expansion 236
§ 6. Petrol engine 238
Main findings 240
Exercise 241
Tasks 241
14. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 244
§ 1. Carnot machine 244
§ 2. Thermal pollution of the environment 246
§ 3 Refrigerators and heat pumps 247
§ 4. The second law of thermodynamics 249
§ 5. Entropy 252
§ 6. Time reversal 256
Main findings 259
Exercise 259
Tasks 260
15. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE 262
§ 1. Electric charge 262
§ 2. Coulomb's Law 263
§ 3. Electric field 266
§ 4. Electric power lines 268
§ 5. Gauss' theorem 270
Main findings 275
Exercises 275
Tasks 276
16. ELECTROSTATICS 279
§ 1. Spherical charge distribution 279
§ 2. Linear charge distribution 282
§ 3. Flat charge distribution 283
§ 4. Electric potential 286
§ 5. Electric capacity 291
§ 6. Dielectrics 294
Key Findings 296
Exercises 297
Tasks 299
17. ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MAGNETIC FORCE 302
§ 1. Electric current 302
§ 2. Ohm's Law 303
§ 3. DC circuits 306
§ 4. Empirical data on magnetic force 310
§ 5. Derivation of the formula for the magnetic force 312
§ 6. Magnetic field 313
§ 7. Magnetic field units 316
§ 8. Relativistic transformation of *8 and E 318
Key Findings 320
Application. Relativistic transformations of current and charge 321
Exercises 322
Tasks 323
18. MAGNETIC FIELDS 327
§ 1. Ampère's Law 327
§ 2. Some configurations of currents 329
§ 3. Bio-Savart Law 333
§ 4. Magnetism 336
§ 5. Maxwell's equations for direct currents 339
Main findings 339
Exercises 340
Tasks 341
19. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 344
§ 1. Engines and generators 344
§ 2. Faraday's Law 346
§ 3. Lenz Law 348
§ 4. Inductance 350
§ 5. Energy of the magnetic field 352
§ 6. AC circuits 355
§ 7. Chains RC and RL 359
Key Findings 362
Application. Freeform Outline 363
Exercises 364
Tasks 366
20. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND WAVES 369
§ 1. Displacement current 369
§ 2. Maxwell's equations in general form 371
§ 3. Electromagnetic radiation 373
§ 4. Radiation of a flat sinusoidal current 374
§ 5. Non-sinusoidal current; Fourier expansion 377
§ 6. Traveling waves 379
§ 7. Energy transfer by waves 383
Key Findings 384
Application. Wave Equation Derivation 385
Exercise 387
Tasks 387
21. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH SUBSTANCE 390
§ 1. Radiation energy 390
§ 2. Radiation pulse 393
§ 3. Reflection of radiation from a good conductor 394
§ 4. Interaction of radiation with a dielectric 395
§ 5. Refractive index 396
§ 6. Electromagnetic radiation in an ionized medium 400
§ 7. Radiation field of point charges 401
Key Findings 404
Appendix 1 Phase Diagram Method 405
Application2. Wave Packets and Group Velocity 406
Exercises 410
Tasks 410
22. WAVE INTERFERENCE 414
§ 1. Standing waves 414
§ 2. Interference of waves emitted by two point sources 417
§3. Interference of waves from a large number of sources 419
§ 4. Diffraction grating 421
§ 5. Huygens' principle 423
§ 6. Diffraction by an individual slit 425
§ 7. Coherence and incoherence 427
Key Findings 430
Exercises 431
Tasks 432
23. OPTICS 434
§ 1. Holography 434
§ 2. Polarization of light 438
§ 3. Diffraction by a circular hole 443
§ 4. Optical instruments and their resolution 444
§ 5. Diffraction scattering 448
§ 6. Geometric optics 451
Key Findings 455
Application. Brewster Act 455
Exercises 456
Tasks 457
24. WAVE NATURE OF SUBSTANCE 460
§ 1. Classical and modern physics 460
§ 2. Photoelectric effect 461
§ 3 Compton effect 465
§ 4. Wave-particle duality 465
§ 5. The great paradox 466
§ 6. Electron diffraction 470
Key Findings 472
Exercise 473
Tasks 473
25. QUANTUM MECHANICS 475
§ 1. Wave packets 475
§ 2. The uncertainty principle 477
§ 3. A particle in a box 481
§ 4. The Schrödinger Equation 485
§ 5. Potential wells of finite depth 486
§ 6. Harmonic oscillator 489
Key Findings 491
Exercises 491
Tasks 492
26. HYDROGEN ATOM 495
§ 1. Approximate theory of the hydrogen atom 495
§ 2. The Schrödinger equation in three dimensions 496
§ 3. Rigorous theory of the hydrogen atom 498
§ 4. Orbital angular momentum 500
§ 5. Emission of photons 504
§ 6. Stimulated emission 508
§ 7. Bohr's model of the atom 509
Key Findings 512
Exercises 513
Tasks 514
27. ATOMIC PHYSICS 516
§ 1. Pauli exclusion principle 516
§ 2. Multielectron atoms 517
§ 3. Periodic system of elements 521
§ 4. X-ray radiation 525
§ 5. Bonding in molecules 526
§ 6. Hybridization 528
Key Findings 531
Exercises 531
Tasks 532
28. CONDENSED MATTER 533
§ 1. Communication types 533
§ 2. The theory of free electrons in metals 536
§ 3. Electrical conductivity 540
§ 4. Zone theory of solids 544
§ 5. Physics of semiconductors 550
§ 6. Superfluidity 557
§ 7. Penetration through the barrier 558
Key Findings 560
Application. Various applications /? - n-transition a (in radio and television) 562
Exercises 564
Tasks 566
29. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 568
§ 1. Dimensions of nuclei 568
§ 2. Fundamental forces acting between two nucleons 573
§ 3. The structure of heavy nuclei 576
§ 4. Alpha decay 583
§ 5. Gamma and beta decays 586
§ 6. Nuclear fission 588
§ 7. Synthesis of nuclei 592
Key Findings 596
Exercise 597
Tasks 597
30. ASTROPHYSICS 600
§ 1. Energy sources of stars 600
§ 2. The evolution of stars 603
§ 3. Quantum-mechanical pressure of a degenerate Fermi gas 605
§ 4. White dwarfs 607
§ 6. Black holes 609
§ 7. Neutron stars 611
31. PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 615
§ 1. Introduction 615
§ 2. Fundamental particles 620
§ 3. Fundamental interactions 622
§ 4. Interactions between fundamental particles as an exchange of quanta of a carrier field 623
§ 5. Symmetries in the world of particles and conservation laws 636
§ 6. Quantum electrodynamics as a local gauge theory 629
§ 7. Internal symmetries of hadrons 650
§ 8. Quark model of hadrons 636
§ 9. Color. Quantum Chromodynamics 641
§ 10. Are quarks and gluons "visible"? 650
§ 11. Weak interactions 653
§ 12. Parity non-conservation 656
§ 13. Intermediate bosons and the non-renormalizability of the theory 660
§ 14 Standard Model 662
§ 15. New ideas: GUT, supersymmetry, superstrings 674
32. GRAVITY AND COSMOLOGY 678
§ 1. Introduction 678
§ 2. Principle of equivalence 679
§ 3. Metric theories of gravitation 680
§ 4. The structure of the GR equations. The simplest solutions 684
§ 5. Testing the equivalence principle 685
§ 6. How to estimate the scale of GR effects? 687
§ 7. Classical tests of general relativity 688
§ 8. Fundamentals of modern cosmology 694
§ 9. Model of the hot Universe ("standard" cosmological model) 703
§ 10. Age of the Universe 705
§eleven. Critical Density and Friedmann's Evolution Scenarios 705
§ 12. Density of matter in the Universe and hidden mass 708
§ 13. Scenario of the first three minutes of the evolution of the Universe 710
§ 14. Near the very beginning 718
§ 15. Inflation scenario 722
§ 16. The riddle of dark matter 726
APPENDIX A 730
Physical constants 730
Some astronomical information 730
APPENDIX B 731
Units of measurement of basic physical quantities 731
Electrical units 731
APPENDIX B 732
Geometry 732
Trigonometry 732
Quadratic Equation 732
Some derivatives 733
Some indefinite integrals (up to an arbitrary constant) 733
Products of vectors 733
Greek alphabet 733
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS 734
INDEX 746

At present, there is practically no area of ​​natural science or technical knowledge where, to one degree or another, the achievements of physics would not be used. Moreover, these achievements are increasingly penetrating the traditional humanities, which is reflected in the inclusion of the discipline "Concepts of modern natural science" in the curricula of all humanities specialties of Russian universities.
The book by J. Orir brought to the attention of the Russian reader was first published in Russia (more precisely, in the USSR) more than a quarter of a century ago, but, as happens with really good books, it has not lost interest and relevance. The secret of Orir's book's vitality lies in the fact that it successfully fills a niche invariably demanded by new generations of readers, mainly young ones.
Not being a textbook in the usual sense of the word - and without pretensions to replace it - Orir's book offers a fairly complete and consistent presentation of the entire course of physics at a quite elementary level. This level is not burdened by complex mathematics and, in principle, is available to every inquisitive and hardworking schoolchild, and even more so to a student.
An easy and free style of presentation that does not sacrifice logic and does not avoid difficult questions, a thoughtful selection of illustrations, diagrams and graphs, the use of a large number of examples and tasks that, as a rule, are of practical importance and correspond to the life experience of students - all this makes Orir's book an indispensable tool for self-education or additional reading.
Of course, it can be successfully used as a useful addition to ordinary physics textbooks and manuals, primarily in physics and mathematics classes, lyceums and colleges. Orir's book can also be recommended to junior students of higher educational institutions in which physics is not a major discipline.