The most popular guide for preparing for the exam. The new handbook contains all the theoretical material on the course of physics required to pass the main state exam in the 9th grade. It includes all elements of the content, checked by control and measuring materials, and helps to generalize and systematize knowledge and skills for the basic school course. The theoretical material is presented in a concise and accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test tasks. Practical tasks correspond to the OGE format. Answers to the tests are given at the end of the manual. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren, applicants and teachers.
MECHANICAL PHENOMENA.
mechanical movement. Trajectory. Way. Move.
Mechanical motion is a change in the position of a body in space relative to other bodies over time. There are various types of mechanical movement.
If all points of the body move in the same way and any straight line drawn in the body remains parallel to itself during its movement, then such a movement is called translational.
The points of a rotating wheel describe circles about the axis of this wheel. The wheel as a whole and all its points make a rotational movement.
If a body, for example, a ball suspended on a thread, deviates from the vertical position either in one direction or the other, then its movement is oscillatory.
The definition of the concept of mechanical motion includes the words "relative to other bodies". They mean that a given body can be at rest relative to some bodies and move relative to other bodies. Thus, a passenger sitting in a bus moving relative to buildings also moves relative to them, but is at rest relative to the bus. A raft that floats along the river is stationary relative to the water, but moving relative to the shore. Thus, speaking of the mechanical motion of a body, it is necessary to indicate the body relative to which the given body is moving or at rest. Such a body is called a reference body. In the above example with a moving bus, a house, or a tree, or a pole near the bus stop can be chosen as the reference body.
Content
Foreword
MECHANICAL PHENOMENA
mechanical movement. Trajectory. Way. moving
Uniform rectilinear motion
Speed. Acceleration. Uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion
Free fall
Uniform motion of a body in a circle
Weight. Matter density
Force. Addition of forces
Newton's laws
Friction force
Elastic force. Body weight
The law of universal gravitation. Gravity
body momentum. Law of conservation of momentum
Mechanical work. Power
Potential and kinetic energy. Law of conservation of mechanical energy
simple mechanisms. Efficiency of simple mechanisms
Pressure. Atmosphere pressure. Pascal's law. Law of Archimedes
Mechanical vibrations and waves
THERMAL PHENOMENA
The structure of matter. Models of the structure of gas, liquid and solid body
Thermal motion of atoms and molecules. Relationship between the temperature of a substance and the speed of the chaotic motion of particles. Brownian motion. Diffusion. Thermal equilibrium
Internal energy. Work and heat transfer as ways to change internal energy
Types of heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation
Quantity of heat. Specific heat
The law of conservation of energy in thermal processes. Energy conversion in heat engines
Evaporation and condensation. boiling liquid
Melting and crystallization
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA
Electrification of tel. Two types of electric charges. Interaction of electric charges. The law of conservation of electric charge
Electric field. The action of an electric field on electric charges. Conductors and dielectrics
Constant electric current. Current strength. Voltage. Electrical resistance. Ohm's law for a section of an electrical circuit
Series and Parallel Connections of Conductors
Work and power of electric current. Joule-Lenz law
Oersted's experience. The magnetic field of the current. Interaction of magnets. The action of a magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor
Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's experiments. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves
The law of rectilinear propagation of light. The law of reflection of light. Flat mirror. Light refraction
Light dispersion Lens. Focal length of the lens. The eye as an optical system. Optical devices
QUANTUM PHENOMENA
Radioactivity. Alpha, beta, gamma radiation. Rutherford's experiments. Planetary model of the atom
The composition of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear reactions
Reference materials
An example of a variant of OGE control and measuring materials (GIL)
Answers.
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GIA - 2013 Physics (thermal phenomena) Prepared by the teacher of physics MAOU secondary school No. 12 of Gelendzhik Petrosyan O.R.
Correct answer: 3
Correct answer: 2
Correct answer: 2
Correct answer: 231
Correct answer: 4 Thermal equilibrium. Internal energy. work and heat transfer.
8.Correct answer 3 9.Correct answer 2
Correct answer: 122
Correct answer: 3
Correct answer: 1 The amount of heat. Specific heat.
4. Answer: 31.5 5. Answer: 52.44
6. Answer: 2.5 7. Answer: 2400
8. Answer: 21 9. Answer: 2
The figure shows the heating curve of a crystalline substance of mass m at a constant power of heat transfer to it. Match the sections of curves and formulas for calculating the amount of heat supplied to the substance in the section (c is the specific heat capacity, is the specific heat of fusion, r is the specific heat of vaporization). Answer 132 Melting and crystallization. Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid. Air humidity.
Answer: 118 Answer: 1360
11. Answer: 5150 J. The amount of heat expended is the sum of the amount of heat required to heat up to the melting point and the amount of heat spent on melting half the mass of the original lead 12. Answer: 38000 J. The amount of heat expended is the sum of the amount of heat required for melting the initial mass of ice and the amount of heat spent on heating the entire mass of water from 0 to 100C. 13. Answer: ≈2.4 MJ. The amount of heat spent on heating is the sum of the amount of heat required to heat water from 20 to 100C, the amount of heat spent on heating aluminum of a given mass from 20 to 100C. In addition, it must be taken into account that more heat will be needed, because not all of it goes to water heating.
Law of conservation of energy Correct answer 2
Correct answer: 213
Correct answer 4
Correct answer 3
Correct answer 2
Useful tips 3 hours (180 minutes) are allotted for the completion of the examination paper in physics. The work consists of 3 parts, including 27 tasks. Part 1 contains 19 tasks (1 - 19). For each of the first 18 tasks, four possible answers are given, of which only one is correct. When completing these Part 1 tasks, circle the number of the selected answer in the exam paper. If you circled the wrong number, cross out the circled number with a cross, and then circle the number of the new answer. The answer to task 19 of part 1 is written on a separate sheet. Part 2 contains 4 short answer tasks (20 - 23). When completing the tasks of Part 2, the answer is recorded in the examination paper in the space provided for this. If you write down an incorrect answer, cross it out and write a new one next to it. Part 3 contains 4 tasks (24 - 27), which should be given a detailed answer. Answers to the tasks of part 3 are written on a separate sheet. Task 24 is experimental, and for its implementation it is necessary to use laboratory equipment. When calculating, it is allowed to use a non-programmable calculator. When completing tasks, the use of a draft is allowed. Please note that entries in the draft will not be taken into account when evaluating the work. We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip the task that you can't complete right away and move on to the next one. If after completing all the work you have time left, you can return to the missed tasks.
The main changes in the GIA 2013 in physics are as follows: The total number of tasks has been increased to 27 The maximum primary score is 40 points The task has been added with a choice of answers - for thermal phenomena The task has been added with a short answer - for understanding and analyzing experimental data The task has been added with a detailed answer - on the use of information from the text of physical content
The maximum score is 40 points. Below is a scale for recalculating the primary score for the performance of the examination paper into a mark on a five-point scale. The minimum GIA score in physics for admission to specialized classes is 30 points. 2 3 4 5 0 - 8 9 - 18 19 - 29 30 - 40 Recalculation of primary points into the GIA mark in physics
Physics. A new complete guide to preparing for the OGE. Purysheva N.S.
2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2016 - 288 p.
This handbook contains all the theoretical material on the course of physics required to pass the main state exam in the 9th grade. It includes all elements of the content, checked by control and measuring materials, and helps to generalize and systematize knowledge and skills for the basic school course. The theoretical material is presented in a concise, accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test tasks. Practical tasks correspond to the OGE format. Answers to the tests are given at the end of the manual. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren and teachers.
Format: pdf
The size: 6.9 MB
Watch, download:drive.google
CONTENT
Preface 5
MECHANICAL PHENOMENA
mechanical movement. Trajectory. Way.
Move 7
Uniform rectilinear motion 15
Speed. Acceleration. Uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion 21
Free fall 31
Uniform motion of a body in a circle 36
Weight. Matter density 40
Force. Composition of forces 44
Newton's laws 49
Friction force 55
Elastic force. Body weight 60
The law of universal gravitation. Gravity 66
body momentum. Law of conservation of momentum 71
Mechanical work. Power 76
Potential and kinetic energy. Law of conservation of mechanical energy 82
simple mechanisms. Efficiency of simple mechanisms 88
Pressure. Atmosphere pressure. Pascal's law. Archimedes' Law 94
Mechanical vibrations and waves 105
THERMAL PHENOMENA
The structure of matter. Models of gas, liquid and solid structure 116
Thermal motion of atoms and molecules. Relationship between the temperature of a substance and the speed of the chaotic motion of particles. Brownian motion. Diffusion.
Thermal equilibrium 125
Internal energy. Work and heat transfer as ways to change internal energy 133
Types of heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation 138
Quantity of heat. Specific heat capacity 146
The law of conservation of energy in thermal processes.
Energy conversion in heat engines 153
Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid 161
Melting and crystallization 169
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA
Electrification of tel. Two types of electric charges. Interaction of electric charges. The law of conservation of electric charge 176
Electric field. The action of an electric field on electric charges. Conductors and dielectrics 182
Constant electric current. Current strength. Voltage. Electrical resistance. Ohm's law for the plot
electrical circuit 188
Series and parallel connections of conductors 200
Work and power of electric current. Joule-Lenz law 206
Oersted's experience. The magnetic field of the current. Interaction of magnets. The action of a magnetic field on a conductor with current 210
Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's experiments.
Electromagnetic vibrations and waves 220
The law of rectilinear propagation of light. Law
reflections of light. Flat mirror. Refraction of light 229
Light dispersion Lens. Focal length of the lens.
The eye as an optical system. Optical instruments 234
QUANTUM PHENOMENA
Radioactivity. Alpha, beta, gamma radiation.
Rutherford's experiments. Planetary model of the atom 241
The composition of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear reactions 246
Reference materials 252
An example of a variant of control and measuring materials OGE (GIA) 255
Answers 268
The handbook contains all the theoretical material on the basic school physics course and is designed to prepare 9th grade students for the main state exam (OGE).
The content of the main sections of the reference book - "Mechanical phenomena", "Thermal phenomena", "Electromagnetic phenomena", "Quantum phenomena", corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the control and measuring materials (KIMs) of the OGE are compiled.
The theoretical material is presented in a concise and accessible form. The clarity of presentation and clarity of the educational material will allow you to effectively prepare for the exam.
The practical part of the handbook includes samples of test tasks, which, both in form and in content, fully correspond to the real options offered at the main state exam in physics.
