Temperament is a kind of foundation on the basis of which a person's personality is formed. This is the property of the psyche to adapt to the social system, which determines the behavior and speed of the individual's adaptation to the conditions around him.

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Hippocrates is considered the father of the doctrine of the types of temperaments. In total, four types of human temperament are distinguished - sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic. There is also a mixed type.

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  Properties of temperament in psychology

  The human psyche reacts differently to different situations and stimuli. The type of temperament depends on several properties that characterize the behavior of the individual:

  Property	Description
  Sensitivity	The degree of force with which it is necessary to act on the psyche in order to get a response. Some people easily resist external stimuli, others react quite violently for any reason.
  Reactivity	This property characterizes the speed of an involuntary reaction to any stimulus, whether it be an unpleasant sound or a sharp tone of voice.
  Activity, ratio of activity and reactivity	These qualities describe a person's reaction to the difficulties that he encounters in life. How he is able to cope with various obstacles and trials prepared by fate. Will the person struggle, strive to improve his life, is he attentive to details and how persistent in achieving goals
  Rigidity and plasticity	Characteristics of human abilities to adapt to external environmental influences
  Rates of reactive activity	The speed of mental processes, response to external irritating factors
  Introversion and extraversion	They characterize the speed of human reaction, how quickly a person is able to make the right decision in an emergency
  Emotional excitability	Gives a characteristic of the strength of external influence on a person, which manifests itself in the form of an emotional exciter

  Choleric

  Cholerics are strong and strong-willed personalities, their nervous system is unbalanced, they easily fall into a state of excitement, unrestrained and overly mobile.

  These people easily take on difficult work, they do not care about its complexity at all. Nature has rewarded choleric people with excellent oratory skills, the ability to speak beautifully gives them the power of persuasion. They can easily out-argue an opponent in any matter.

  Choleric people do not know how to keep anger and resentment towards people. The inflicted insult is quickly forgotten, because they are not able to keep anger at the person who offended them.

  Individuals with this type of temperament can become excellent leaders, as they know how to organize people, lead them and make difficult decisions for the whole team. In critical situations, they can group together to confront the enemy or act in defense of a weaker person.

  These people are incapable of lying. They can easily be rude, sometimes offend greatly, without wanting to. They like to occupy dominant positions in society. Choleric people very often change their mood, during conversations they are characterized by excessive gestures.

  In romantic relationships, choleric people act as irreconcilable jealous people. Almost always, the second half is treated as property. They tend to quickly fall in love and become attached to people. Quarrels and scandals are inevitable in relations with choleric people.

  Children with such a temperament are often capricious, they like to be in the center of attention, so that in the family their parents devote all their free time only to them. In adolescence, from an excess of energy, they are very active. They like to play sports, music, theater. The chosen occupation or hobby rather quickly bothers the child.

  

  Pros and cons of temperament

  The main disadvantages and advantages of choleric people:

  Experts strongly recommend that choleric people work on themselves. This is especially true of the ability to control oneself in difficult and conflict situations. Rough decisions can often lead to serious consequences. These people are able to throw themselves into the pool with their heads, not thinking about what will happen tomorrow.

  They definitely need to do an exercise that will help them make the right decision. Before making a decision or expressing your own opinion, you need to count to ten, and only then act.

  

  sanguine

  Sanguine people are cheerful people, optimistsfor life. They do not know how to sit in one place for a long time, they just need constant movement.

  These individuals are quite active. This manifests itself in almost all areas of their lives. They like to be in the center of everyone's attention, but they do not have dictatorial tendencies. Their feature is increased excitability.

  Sanguine people get along well with others, easily find a compromise in any situation. Quite resourceful and enterprising. They know how to organize people and lead them. Just like choleric people, nature did not deprive these people of the ability to speak beautifully. They are easily able to convince the crowd that they are right and make them take their side.

  Increased activity does not allow sanguine people to stay in one place for a long time. They like to add colors to their lives, making it more interesting and varied. They like traveling, exploring the unknown and unexplored. Sanguine people can realize their abilities in art: painting, music, acting.

  Their degree of response to external stimuli is quite high. But it takes them much longer to calm down, for this reason they perceive the reality around them a little differently than other people. But this does not affect the quality of memory and the ability to think rationally.

  Basically, sanguine people use memory only to remember moments of interest to them. They can easily remember an insignificant incident from their life, but they completely forget the date of birth of their loved ones. Their attention is drawn to objects that stand out from the overall picture - an extravagant outfit or an unusual hairstyle.

  Sanguine people know how and love to express their emotions without being afraid to seem ridiculous or misunderstood. They always supplement their story with gestures, they can easily hug or kiss a person when they meet. There is no doubt about the sincerity of their feelings, since they do not know how to play at all.

  These people have non-standard thinking, they are interested in everything new and incomprehensible. They like to experiment with their appearance, change their image, their field of activity. Monotonous and tedious work kills them, and depression develops from loneliness. Sanguine people have a wide circle of friends, they have many friends, acquaintances and just friends. They know how to keep friendship, help those in need and empathize with someone else's grief. In terms of romantic relationships, they are characterized by inconstancy. Building a strong and friendly family is hindered by the desire to be in the center of events, communicate and travel.

  Pros and cons of temperament

  Sanguine people are not ideal people. Like everyone else, these individuals have their drawbacks and advantages:

  Psychologists say that for dynamic development, sanguine people definitely need to develop strength of character. It is important to pay more attention to insignificant things, they need to learn to rely only on themselves.

  Phlegmatic person

  Phlegmatic people are balanced people who know how to think through their every act and every word they say. Nature endowed them with analytical abilities, the ability to soberly look at the state of things.

  But these individuals are lazy, sometimes it is easier for them to go with the flow than to take any action. Most of the time they are calm, it is difficult to piss them off. The equanimity of these personalities can be envied. Even in stressful situations, it is difficult to understand what is happening inside a phlegmatic person. They rarely show activity and joy, because they simply do not know how to do it. This is the most calm, emotionally stable type of temperament.

  Personalities with such a temperament have a hard time making contact with strangers. They need time to understand who is in front of them and whether it is worth interacting with a new acquaintance. They endure the forced change of scenery extremely hard, for them it is akin to a disaster. They do not like large crowds and fun parties. Noisy companies prefer watching a movie in their own living room.

  In professional activities, they are real workaholics. They can be entrusted with painstaking and monotonous work. By nature, these individuals have perseverance, are able to sit in one place for hours doing routine activities.

  Phlegmatic people are secretive, rarely share their problems and experiences with strangers. They do not know how to sympathize with people, but if they fall in love, they will do everything possible and impossible to achieve the location of the object of desire.

  Phlegmatic people have few friends, as they practically do not make contact with others. But everyone whom they call their friends can be sure that they have found in their person a real and faithful comrade-in-arms. Family relationships are taken seriously, considering them a stronghold and fortress. They are very scrupulous in choosing a partner, so they marry late.

  Pros and cons of temperament

  To find an approach to phlegmatic people, it is important to know their strengths and weaknesses. Psychologists identify the main ones:

  melancholic

  Melancholic people tend to get depressed. They are very lethargic and pessimistic personalities. Even the smallest incident makes these people deeply worried and upset. They are unable to find joyful moments in life. Their everyday life is spent in sadness and longing, which appears suddenly and for no reason. Melancholy people love to feel sorry for themselves.

  Personalities with this temperament are often secretive, trying to suppress any emotions. They experience all the events in themselves, not showing others their true feelings. Because of this, their psyche suffers, plunging a person into a state of stress and depression.

  These individuals are characterized by poor memory, they react poorly to external stimuli. There are a lot of notorious people among them who have rather low self-esteem. They are practically inactive, do not show initiative.

  Melancholics find it hard to do both intensive and monotonous work. They definitely need breaks in work, albeit small, but often. In society, they are lethargic, communicate little, finding a soul mate for them is a whole problem.

  It is quite difficult for these people to be active, to enjoy life. As a couple, preference is given to people with a sanguine or choleric temperament type. They subconsciously expect guardianship and care from their partner.

  Pros and cons of temperament

  Like other types of temperament, melancholics have a number of shortcomings and strong character traits:

  Psychologists say that it is dangerous for melancholic people to become isolated in their own world. They should try to study the world around them, people. It will be useful to go on a journey where you will definitely meet new faces. Sports, dancing and various types of creativity will have a good effect on the formation of personality.

  mixed type

  It is common for every person to manifest all four types of temperaments at the same time in a given situation. This is due to the fact that the behavior of a person is influenced not only by temperament, but also by the environment, willpower, morality, the level of understanding of the current situation, and many other factors. Psychologists believe that three types of mixed temperaments are most common:

  1. 1. Choleric melancholic. Personalities in which these two types of temperament are dominant are always executive and responsible, but often withdraw into themselves, protecting themselves from the rest of the world. In emergency situations, they react quickly, but manage to catch the details and identify the most important components.
  2. 2. Sanguine melancholic. These people are very sociable, trying to pay a lot of attention to detail. They are sensitive to the mood of the interlocutor, quickly recognize the essence of a person, which allows them to avoid unnecessary connections. In companies they are always cheerful, but left alone they are able to burst into tears, remembering any moment of their life. The reason for this extraordinary behavior is a special nervous system.
  3. 3. Phlegmatic choleric. Thoughtful and reasonable people. Any work is carried out clearly according to the instructions, they will never overdo it. They know what they want, have a clear life plan and strictly adhere to it. They are not afraid of any obstacles, since the combination of the composure of the phlegmatic and the self-confidence of the choleric give them the strength to overcome them.

  The combination of various components people called the mixed type of temperament. One of the four types will dominate.

May be useful to many.

Types of temperament

A very, very long time ago, back in 400 BC, the scientist Hippocrates said that people can be conditionally divided into 4 main groups. The Roman physician Gallen supplemented this theory by discovering four main types of temperament:

1. Melancholic. The name comes from two words: "melena" and "hole", which means "black bile". In short, such people are distinguished by touching, sophistication and sadness.
2. Phlegmatic person. The word from which this term arose is "phlegm" - sputum, lymph. Such people are calm, balanced, but malleable and slow.
3. Sanguine. From the Greek, the term "sanguinis" is translated as blood. These are cheerful active people.
4. Choleric. In translation, the term "chole" means "yellow bile." These are emotional impulsive people who are prone to sudden mood swings.

How to find out what type of temperament a person has? Is it sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic or choleric? The Eysenck test can help with this. This is a classic task for determining the type of temperament. However, it must be said that in their pure form they are quite rare. In a person, two main types of temperament are most often mixed, one of which is more active, i.e. leading.

Appearance

So, the characteristic of choleric. Scientists have identified even the main external features of a person with this type of temperament:

1. Choleric is most often thin. He has long limbs, thin muscles.
2. The chest, pelvis, and back of such people are predominantly narrow.
3. The skull is cone-shaped, retracted, narrowed upwards with a slightly pointed parietal region.
4. The facial features of the choleric person are also pronounced, pointed.
5. Such people are distinguished by a fast, purposeful and clear gait.

About kids

Characteristics of choleric (this type of temperament) may begin with a consideration of the nature of such children. How will they differ from their other peers? Already at a very early age, these kids know their worth and love to command. They easily subjugate adults. Parents achieve everything through crying, tantrums, which may not stop for hours. If the child gets what he wants, he becomes affectionate, loving. He has fun and plays, expressing joy with all his being. However, it must be said that from a very early age, such babies become dictators and tyrants. This type of behavior sometimes persists for the rest of your life.

Motility of choleric people

What else is interesting about the type of "choleric"? Such a person can be recognized even by special movements. Their motor skills have the following features:

1. Mimicry is always expressive.
2. Their movements are sharp, feverish.
3. Feels strong and energetic.
4. Speech is very fast. It seems that they are simply afraid of being late to say or do something.

Positive aspects of character

Be sure to consider the nature of the choleric. What are its positive aspects can be identified in people with this type of temperament?

1. Optimism. Most choleric people are optimists. They almost never get upset, because. can find a way out of a variety of situations. In addition, they are able to inspire other people, lead, show the way. Cholerics are excellent at concentrating solely on what is necessary, always making the right decision.
2. Confidence. Cholerics are always confident in the correctness of their actions and decisions. That is why very often they achieve success in life. They are alien to doubt, which, in fact, is a destructive sensation.
3. Leadership. Cholerics are very often leaders. Often - informal, the so-called black cardinals. They have a sharp mind and the ability to make the right decisions with lightning speed. That is why they are respected by others.
4. Responsibility. People with this type of temperament are very hardworking. And they are responsible for the fulfillment of the assigned tasks. This quality often helps them achieve success in their careers.

Negative character traits

What else needs to be said if the characteristic of choleric is considered? So, it is necessary to highlight the negative aspects of the character of people with this type of temperament.

1. Authoritarianism. Very often, such people think that only they know what is right and how. In addition, choleric people most often do not know how to sympathize and sympathize. Justifying this by the fact that everyone is to blame for their own misfortunes.
2. Irritability. Cholerics are very fast, both in thought and in action. They do not like slow people, as well as those who are indecisive and shy. These qualities of people with this type of temperament are very annoying. Also, choleric people do not tolerate when they do not agree with their opinion.
3. prone to violence. Cholerics are not inclined to forgive insults. In addition, they are very vindictive. Such people can exert psychological pressure. These are demanding parents and sometimes cruel partners.
4. tendency to prejudice. Choleric people make others believe in what they themselves believe.
5. Impatience. People with this type of temperament do everything very quickly, without dwelling on the details. That is why they sometimes miss important little things.
6. Stubbornness and cunning. A choleric person can easily persuade a person to his opinion, ignite him and make him work for himself. He is also very jealous of his own opinion, not wanting to listen to someone else's.
7. Limited communication. Choleric people do not like being surrounded by too many people. They choose for themselves such comrades and employees who do not annoy them. If the boss is a choleric, he will interact with the team through one person.

emotional sphere

1. Cholerics very often fall in love at first sight. This feeling captures them instantly, like an explosion.
2. They are very proud and ambitious. They love to be honored or respected by others.
3. Cholerics are characterized by frequent and rapid mood swings. They come out of a calm state abruptly, becoming aggressive, impatient, angry.
4. People with this type of temperament are characterized by irascibility. They have a lack of self-control.
5. Emotions of a choleric person manifest themselves brightly, openly, without hesitation.

Labor activity

So, the characteristic of the choleric, what else should be mentioned? So, I would like to talk separately about how such people behave in the workplace. As mentioned above, these are very hardworking and purposeful people. They are not alien to the desire to become a leader, and for this they will do a lot (sometimes going, as they say, over their heads). To achieve their goal, choleric people can even sacrifice personal relationships with employees. In the hands of such a worker, everything goes smoothly, he does any work quickly. However, not always qualitatively, because he does not know how to focus on details. If a choleric becomes a leader, he will be very demanding, authoritarian. Everyone will have to reckon with his opinion, and the initiative will most often be punished. Any innovations should pass through such a director, all issues should be resolved. However, the enterprise itself with such a leader will only benefit and prosper.

Compatibility

With whom does a choleric person get along best? Its compatibility with other types of temperament:

1. Choleric phlegmatic. Choleric will be very comfortable in the shadow of an unflappable phlegmatic. And the latter, in turn, will rejoice in the activity and restlessness of the partner. A phlegmatic person will never fully open his soul, but this is nothing for a choleric person. After all, he does not pay attention to trifles and details. Such an alliance is possible and can last for a very long time.
2. Choleric-sanguine. In this pair, mutual support of partners comes to the fore. The choleric will be a generator of ideas, the sanguine will try to bring them all to life. Problems can arise at the stage of choosing the leader of the relationship, because both members of the couple strive for leadership and the main position. There will be constant competition. If this is dealt with, the couple will be able to live together for a very long time.
3. Choleric melancholic. Most likely, such a relationship is doomed to failure. After all, a morally weak melancholic simply cannot withstand the pressure of a choleric. In addition, the choleric will not reckon with the partner's emotions, bringing him to tears and tantrums. The latter will not last long and will soon simply run away.
4. Choleric-choleric. This is a very noisy and stormy union. Everything will be here - love and fights until you drop. Possible beating dishes and passionate reconciliation. There will be practically no mutual assistance, since everyone seeks to be independently responsible for their actions. Attempts to take a leadership position will lead to multiple scandals. Such an alliance can both quickly fall apart and last a very, very long time.

However, it is worth saying that in any case, relationships should be fought for. And if both sides give in to each other, even the most seemingly incompatible types of temperament can exist side by side for a very long time.

From birth, all people differ from each other in the type of temperament, which remains unchanged throughout life, under the influence of circumstances, only character traits change. So what is the temperament of a phlegmatic, melancholic, sanguine or choleric, what characteristic in the description will allow you to accurately distinguish one from the other?

Temperament and appearance

Based on the fact that temperament is a biologically determined feature, many researchers have tried to link it with the appearance of a person. It was not possible to obtain rigorous proofs of this theory, but in practice it often confirms its validity. You will find a description of the appearance of a typical sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic person in the table below.

But to accurately determine who is in front of you: phlegmatic, melancholic, sanguine or choleric, appearance alone is not enough, you need to look at the behavior characteristic of a person.

Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic - characteristic

It is very difficult to find a pure temperament, most often a person shows traits of two or even three types. But, as a rule, the characteristics of one species prevail over others. So, what are the distinguishing features of each temperament.

1. Choleric. It is common for people of this type to stay in constant search for something new, they cannot sit in one place, peace and stability are too boring for them. Practical sociability, determination and exactingness help choleric people achieve a lot, but uncompromisingness and perseverance do not allow them to stay with all their friends. Therefore, they have many enemies and envious people. When communicating with a choleric person, you need to remember about his extreme temper. If he raised his voice or stamped his foot, this is just an outburst of emotions, and not sincere anger at you.
2. sanguine. Real diplomats, able to adapt flexibly to any situation. Such people do not like to quarrel, preferring to achieve their goal in a roundabout way. Therefore, they have almost no enemies, everyone treats them positively. But sanguine people are characterized by some superficiality, they will achieve complex goals, preferring to choose something that does not require titanic efforts. Communication with a sanguine person is not a problem, just remember his subconscious desire to please everyone, so he will avoid situations that could compromise him.
3. Phlegmatic person. People of this temperament are just as persistent as choleric people, but much more restrained and patient. Phlegmatic people avoid conflicts with all their might, but they will not allow anyone to sit on their necks. These people will not argue, they will simply continue to follow the chosen course, not paying any attention to others. It is extremely difficult to piss off such a person, and it is not necessary to do this, their rage is destructive. When communicating with a phlegmatic, you should not expect quick reactions, it is not available to him. And never try to bend it under you, it will only cause irritation.
4. melancholic. Very vulnerable people, anything can offend them. Usually they have poor health, but not always poor health is caused by real diseases. They often feel deeply unhappy, and it is extremely difficult to shake this belief. But melancholics, like no one else, know how to empathize, you won’t find a better comforter. When communicating with such a person, it is necessary to take into account his vulnerability, therefore he needs boasting and encouragement more than others. But it’s completely impossible to scold him for constant complaints, so you will further damage his condition.

The ability to determine the type of temperament is necessary not only for psychologists, it can also be useful in everyday life. Knowing the innate weaknesses and strengths of a person, you can choose the most favorable tactics for a conversation.

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What is the nature of a choleric person?

Choleric temperament is a strong but unbalanced type of higher nervous system.

The most striking feature of a choleric person is an explosive character and problems with controlling their emotions. This is an impulsive, active, energetic person. But excitation processes prevail over inhibition.

It takes a lot of work for a choleric person to “pull himself together”, or not to express aggressiveness if he experiences it in relation to something or someone.

Hot-tempered and impatient, he tends to move quickly. This happens the faster, the sooner the irritating factor disappears.

Despite their irritability, these people are very hardy and easily overcome any obstacles. They are easily recognizable by their determined gait and sharp, jerky movements. Sometimes these people resemble a taut string that can burst at any moment.

Cholerics in the world

Cholerics find friends easily, but not so much for the sake of communication, but for extras. They need a team in which they take on the role of leader and commander of the parade. Choleric is very zealous about his leadership, does not tolerate a number of rivals and those who do not agree with his opinion.

He loves to control his environment and impose his point of view and his value system on him. It is difficult to be friends with him, but those who have been honored with his sincere affection can count on faithful and strong friendship.

Advice 1: How to distinguish between sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic

Such people are self-confident, proud and sometimes in love with themselves. Cholerics do not complex and do not belittle their merits. On the contrary, they are often confident in their exclusivity and have an overestimated self-esteem.

Relationships with the opposite sex

In relations with the opposite sex, the choleric person shows all those unpleasant features that are in communication with others. He is intolerant, categorical, unrestrained, confident in his rightness. As in the circle of friends, in the family he will gravitate towards dominance and authoritarianism.

In the heat of anger, he is able to break off relationships many times, after which he usually tries to stick them together. It is not easy to have such a life partner, but if you try to give in to him (or pretend to give in), then a good family man will turn out of a choleric person. Representatives of this temperament are very sensitive to blood ties. They are a strong support for the spouse and good educators for their children.

Working rhythm in choleric people

As workers, choleric people are valuable for their ability to quickly recuperate and work hard. Their ability to work, however, is not constant and depends on many factors.

But, if the case really captivates him, he is able to move mountains.

In a fit of enthusiasm, this person can work all night long without experiencing any discomfort. By the way, choleric people generally experience less need for sleep than representatives of other types of temperament.

When the ardor is wasted, and interest in work has faded, a person quickly cools off in his activity and continues to work formally, without a “light”.

Raising a choleric child

A choleric child begins to grow into a problem for parents from the moment they are born. These children, even in infancy, sleep poorly and little. In order to lull such a child, you have to carry him for hours in your arms.

These kids are like little pandas. They literally grow up, clasping the neck of their parents, like a tree trunk.

A child of choleric temperament is naughty, scandalous with or without. He has a lot of requirements that must be met.

If his whims are not in a hurry to indulge, the baby will still achieve his roar and tantrums. But the choleric can not only hysteria. He is capable of displaying the deepest emotions for his family members and is very sensitive to affectionate treatment.

Parents should be more attentive to the upbringing of such a child. A lack of attention in the future can turn into uncontrolled aggression and cruelty. The inability to keep attention on something for a long time will lead to the fact that the choleric person will not complete any business.

If the child’s aggression is directed in the right direction in time, then an excellent athlete can turn out of him. And work on perseverance and attention will help you achieve your goals in adulthood.

Advantages and disadvantages

Choleric, whose temperament is briefly described in two words: strong and impulsive, has its pros and cons.

The undoubted advantages of the choleric include: energy seething in him and the ability to give himself over to his favorite business. The ability to lead people, captivate them with your ideas is another fat plus of this temperament. Choleric is a born leader and initiator of new ideas.

People of this type of temperament are distinguished by increased resistance to stress and the ability to quickly make serious decisions.

It is difficult to communicate with choleric people and maintain friendly relations. They rarely complete their undertakings and do not know how to calculate their own strength, which quickly deplete their energy.

If you have chosen a representative of the choleric type of temperament as a friend or companion, be tolerant and do not pay attention to sudden changes in his mood. Take it for granted that you will have to constantly make concessions, put up with his harshness and put up with the world around him.

Temperament- a stable association of individual personality traits, this is the pace and rhythm of mental processes, the degree of stability of feelings, the degree of volitional effort.

Phlegmatic, melancholic, sanguine, choleric - types of temperament

The type of temperament is closely related to the innate characteristics of higher nervous activity. This is manifested in the stability of the emotional state, impressionability, energy of actions and deeds.

But temperament does not characterize beliefs, attitudes and is not an indicator of the value of the individual. Temperament manifests itself in early childhood, it is stable and poorly amenable to education.

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Hippocrates' classification of temperament types

The most common temperament is a mixed type, get acquainted with the characteristic features. I am sure that you will be able to find those traits that are similar to you. Remember that there is practically no pure temperament, a certain type dominates.

Cholerics

Choleric- the personality is unbalanced, unrestrained, quick-tempered, even unbridled. Choleric temperament is characterized by great intensity and vivid expression of emotional experiences and the speed of their flow. The choleric is characterized by irascibility and quickness, which immediately follows violent outbursts of feelings. A choleric person is a hot, passionate person, characterized by a sharp change in feelings, which are always deep in him, capture him entirely. He deeply and strongly experiences both joys and sorrows, which finds its (sometimes violent) expression in his facial expressions and actions. With difficulty performs monotonous work, reactions are fast, strong. He gets down to business with enthusiasm, but quickly cools down - a “disregard” mood appears.

In communication, impatient and harsh. Facial expressions and movements are energetic, the pace of work is fast. Often teenagers with such temperament disrupt lessons, get into fights, generally cause a lot of trouble to parents and teachers. These are fervent, fighting, active guys. They become ringleaders among their peers, involving them in various romantic ventures.

Stendhal said: "Choleric people are the temperament of outstanding people." Typical choleric people were Peter the Great, Marat, Napoleon.

Melancholy

melancholic- unbalanced, deeply experiencing any event with a sluggish and weak external response.

The reaction is slow. Features of the melancholic temperament are manifested externally: facial expressions and movements are slow, monotonous, restrained, poor, the voice is quiet, inexpressive.

Sensitive, vulnerable, afraid of difficulties, characterized by increased anxiety. Avoids unexpected situations. Prefers to perform actions that do not require mental stress.

The feelings and moods of the melancholic are monotonous and at the same time very stable. Often they are asthenic in nature. In this regard, the very term "melancholic" often denotes a person who is distinguished by a sad and even gloomy mood. People with a melancholic temperament are often very sensitive to external circumstances, are easily vulnerable, and are hard pressed by the difficulties of life. Often they are distinguished by isolation in themselves and unsociableness.

Melancholics are characterized by decadence, lack of vigor and determination in their actions, frequent hesitation, in deep manifestations - passivity, lethargy, disinterest in the work entrusted to a person.

Melancholic children cannot resist injustice, often fall under the influence of others, they are teased, offended. It is often difficult for these guys in a team. Melancholic teens are often timid and shy, and may burst into tears easily.

Sanguine

sanguine- the personality is balanced, his reactions are distinguished by speed and moderate strength, however, he is distinguished by a relatively weak intensity of mental processes and a quick change of some mental processes by others. He quickly masters new professional knowledge, can work for a long time without getting tired, provided that the work is varied. The sanguine person is characterized by the ease and speed of the emergence of new emotional states, which, however, quickly replacing each other, do not leave a deep trace in his mind.

Usually a sanguine person is distinguished by rich facial expressions, his emotional experiences are accompanied by a variety of expressive movements. This is a cheerful person, characterized by great mobility. The speed of mental processes is associated with external mobility in a sanguine person: he is impressionable, quickly responds to external stimuli and is less focused and deepened in his personal experiences.

Sanguine easily copes with tasks that require quick wits, unless these tasks are particularly difficult and serious.

He easily takes on different cases, but at the same time he easily forgets about them, becoming interested in new ones. In his decisions, he is often hasty, thinks little about them, often scatters. Sanguine easily enters into communication with other people. However, his attitude towards other people is often superficial: he easily parted with his attachments, quickly forgets sorrows and joys, resentment and reconciliation. Facial expressions and movements are expressive, speech is fast.

Many brilliant people belonged to different types of higher nervous activity. For example, Giordano Bruno and Pushkin, apparently, are sanguine (combined with features of a choleric temperament).

Phlegmatic

Outwardly, a person of a phlegmatic temperament is distinguished, first of all, by low mobility, his movements are very slow and even lethargic, not energetic, one cannot expect quick actions from him. Phlegmatic is also characterized by weak emotional excitability. His feelings and moods are distinguished by an even character and change slowly.

This is a calm, measured person in his actions. He rarely comes out of an even, calm emotional state, he can rarely be seen very agitated, affective manifestations of personality are alien to him.

The structure of emotional states characteristic of the phlegmatic also finds a corresponding external expression. Facial expressions and gestures of the phlegmatic are monotonous, inexpressive, speech is slow, devoid of liveliness, not accompanied by expressive movements.

Before doing anything, the phlegmatic thinks about the upcoming actions for a long time and in detail; however, he carries out the decisions made calmly and relentlessly, is strongly attached to his usual work and hardly switches to new types of work.

It would be a mistake to think that each person can be assigned to one of the four types of temperament discussed above. The described temperaments are rare in life. In the character of each person, traits inherent in different temperaments are usually combined in a peculiar way; such people are said to have a mixed temperament. Only when the features of one or another temperament significantly predominate in a person’s character can he be attributed to representatives of one of the four types of temperament indicated.

It is necessary to take into account the type of temperament of your partner. Seek advice.

The representative of this type is a lively, inquisitive, mobile (but without sharp, impetuous movements) person. As a rule, cheerful and cheerful. Emotionally unstable, easily succumbed to feelings, but they are usually not strong and not deep. He quickly forgets insults, relatively easily experiences failures.

Choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguine

He is very inclined to the team, easily establishes contacts, sociable, friendly, affable, quickly converges with people, easily establishes good relations.

With proper upbringing, a sanguine person is distinguished by a highly developed sense of collectivism, responsiveness, an active attitude to educational work, work and social life. Under adverse conditions, when there is no systematic, purposeful education, a sanguine person may show a frivolous, carefree and careless attitude to business, scattered, inability and unwillingness to bring things to the end, a frivolous attitude to learning, work, other people, overestimation of oneself and one's capabilities.

The representative of this type is slow, calm, unhurried. In activity shows solidity, thoughtfulness, perseverance. Inclined to order, familiar surroundings, does not like changes in anything. As a rule, he brings the work begun to the end. All mental processes in a phlegmatic person proceed slowly. This slowness can interfere with his learning activities, especially where you need to quickly memorize, quickly understand, figure out, quickly do. In such cases, the phlegmatic may show helplessness, but he usually remembers for a long time, thoroughly and firmly.

In relations with people, the phlegmatic is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable. The calmness of a person of a phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of life: a phlegmatic person is not easy to get angry and hurt emotionally, he avoids quarrels, he is not unbalanced by troubles and failures. With proper upbringing, a phlegmatic person easily develops such traits as perseverance, efficiency, perseverance. But in adverse circumstances, a phlegmatic person can develop such specific negative traits as lethargy, inertia, passivity, laziness. Sometimes a person of this temperament can develop an indifferent, indifferent attitude towards work, the surrounding life, people and even himself.

Representatives of this type are distinguished by speed (sometimes feverish speed) of movements and actions, impulsiveness, and excitability.

Their mental processes proceed quickly and intensively. The imbalance inherent in the choleric is clearly reflected in his activities: he takes up the matter with enthusiasm and even passion, takes the initiative, works with enthusiasm. But his supply of nervous energy can be quickly depleted in the process of work, especially when the work is monotonous and requires perseverance and patience, and then cooling may set in, uplift and inspiration disappear, and the mood drops sharply. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this temperament, is clearly manifested in communication with people with whom the choleric person allows harshness, irascibility, irritability, emotional restraint (which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate people's actions) and on this basis sometimes creates conflict situations in the team .

The positive aspects of the choleric temperament are energy, activity, passion, initiative. Negative manifestations - general intemperance, rudeness and harshness, irascibility, a tendency to affect - often develop in adverse conditions of life and activity.

In representatives of this temperament, mental processes proceed slowly, people hardly react to strong stimuli; Prolonged and strong stress causes them to slow down their activity, and then stop it. They get tired quickly. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work productively. Emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholics are easily vulnerable, they can hardly endure insults, grief, but outwardly these experiences are expressed in them weakly.

Representatives of the melancholic temperament are prone to isolation, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. In unfavorable conditions of life and activity, such traits as painful vulnerability, depression, gloom, suspiciousness, and pessimism can develop on the basis of a melancholic temperament. Such a person is alienated from the team, avoids social activities, plunges into his own experiences. But in favorable conditions, with proper education, the most valuable qualities of a melancholic personality are revealed. His impressionability, subtle emotional sensitivity, acute susceptibility to the world around him allow him to achieve great success in art - music, drawing, poetry. Melancholic people are often distinguished by softness, tact, delicacy, sensitivity and responsiveness: whoever is vulnerable himself usually subtly feels the pain that he causes to other people.

Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic - characteristic

Each person is individual, has his own character, habits, worldview, temperament, etc. However, psychologists still divided people into four types of temperament - choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic, and each of these categories has its own characteristics. Let us consider in more detail the main character traits of the people of each of these groups.

Features of temperament and character of sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic

So, let's figure out what is the difference in the psychology of choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic, what is their personality type, and what unites people in each of these categories:

1. Phlegmatic person. Such a person is distinguished by enviable calmness and equanimity. It is very difficult to piss off people of this type, but if you already succeeded, then it will not be easy to stop the phlegmatic's anger. People belonging to this category are very reasonable, they like order in everything, they are very consistent, attentive, they love stability. It is very difficult for them to “switch” from one thing to another, it is difficult for them to adapt to something new. The character of phlegmatic people is soft, they are almost conflict-free people, so they can get along with representatives of any category.
2. sanguine. A distinctive feature of these people is activity and vigor. Sanguine people easily "light up" with any idea and just as easily "burn out", they have a light and playful disposition. Sanguine people are the soul of any company, they practically do not give in to stress, they love communication, but often they cannot keep this promise. Sanguine people are emotional people, however, if necessary, they can hold back emotions and not show their feelings. These are kind, sensitive and friendly people, they cope with failures quite easily. The nature of these people is quite flexible, they are balanced and have the ability to adapt to the proposed circumstances, these people are hardworking and love discipline. Sanguine people are optimistic and honest people, and friendliness invariably remains the main character trait.
3. melancholic. Quiet, shy people may seem completely uninteresting from the outside, but only a melancholic has such a rich and varied inner world. These people are very sensual natures, dependent on mood swings and completely insecure. Melancholic people can be great and loyal friends who keep their word and are ready to come to the rescue anytime, anywhere. A balanced character and restraint help such people think sensibly in an emergency, but excessive self-doubt can fail at a crucial moment. Melancholic people are timid and self-contained individuals, they prefer to obey rather than control.
4. Choleric. Very temperamental personalities, characterized by irascibility, aggressiveness and emotionality. When communicating with people, choleric people always try to take a dominant position, by the way, the qualities of a leader are innate in them. Having high self-esteem, they try never to show weakness in anything, they are always ready to defend their opinion, ready to compete.

   What is your temperament? (online test)

   However, despite such a violent temper, choleric people quite easily find a common language with others. It is worth noting that arguing with such people is not recommended, they will never retreat, moreover, they will not lag behind until they force you to give up. Despite the bad character, perhaps no one can love like a choleric. If a choleric person really fell in love, he will be the most faithful, gentle and caring partner.

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Temperaments and their compatibility

The world consists of revelations for those who were able to discover it.

A. Tyurin

Temperament, along with other additional features of the type, has a significant impact on the character and behavior of a person, as well as on his relationship with others. It is another reason for behavioral differences in people of the same personality type. The classification of temperaments will organically complement the picture of your psychological characteristics and allow you to expand your understanding of yourself. Knowing your temperament, you can more accurately determine your subtype. In addition, knowledge of temperaments will help you avoid many mistakes in determining the personality types of your acquaintances.

The first attempt to create a typology of personality was the division of people into four temperaments, which dates back to the time of antiquity and is associated with the names of the famous doctors of that era, Hippocrates and Galen. According to this typology, people are divided into four types: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. Each temperament indicates the way a person thinks and behaves emotionally. The famous Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov associated the type of temperament with certain pairs of signs that characterize the human nervous system. This is:

• stability - instability;
• dynamism - inertia;
• strength is weakness.

The comparison showed that sanguine and phlegmatic people are people with a stable nervous system, and choleric and melancholic people are unstable. A person's belonging to a particular temperament is reflected in the style of his behavior and relationships with others.

The English psychologist G. Eysenck, using the scale of extraversion-introversion proposed by Jung, built the following classification of characters with different stability of the nervous system:

• choleric: extrovert, emotionally unstable;
• phlegmatic: introvert, emotionally stable;
• sanguine: extrovert, emotionally stable;
• melancholic: introvert, emotionally unstable.

H. Eysenck created a table with a set of basic qualities inherent in each temperament:

Unstable
Irritable alarming Unyielding Impressionable Pessimistic Restrained Uncommunicative	restless Aggressive Excitable Volatile Impulsive Optimistic Active
introverted	Melancholic	Choleric	extrovert
phlegmatic	Sanguine
Passive Diligent Thoughtful Peaceful Directed Reliable Measured Calm	Communicative Open Talkative Accessible Alive Carefree Loving convenience Initiative
Stable

In order to find your place in the above diagram, you need to define yourself on a scale " extraversion - introversion"and find out the type of temperament that matches your personality. You can determine the first quality from the table, and the type of your temperament from the test.

TEMPERAMENT TEST

From the four character descriptions below, choose the one that best suits you. Its serial number will correspond to the name of your leading temperament (see the key to the test). Since pure temperaments are rare, from the remaining descriptions, choose one more that suits you more than the others. Its number will match your additional temperament.

1. I am an energetic and assertive person, I do not always control my emotions. If I lose my temper, I do not immediately calm down. I do my job energetically and with full dedication, I am not distracted by extraneous things. Straightforward in business and in relationships. I prefer to overcome even the most difficult obstacles, rather than bypass them.

2. I am a calm and balanced person, it is very difficult to piss me off. By nature I am patient, I know how to wait. Slowly adjusting to the new environment. I delve deeply into the matter, work slowly, step by step moving in the chosen direction, I do not like to be distracted from the main occupation.

3. I am a flexible and dynamic person, I always need a variety of external impressions. Although I get excited easily, I calm down just as quickly. I prefer to expand my circle of contacts and easily switch from one activity to another. Under no circumstances do I lose heart, I can find a way out of any situation.

4. I am a sensitive and changeable person, I am very dependent on my inner state. I easily get upset over trifles and do not calm down for a long time. Due to the subtle susceptibility, peace of mind is difficult for me, so I need the emotional support of loved ones. It's hard for outsiders to guess about my mood swings.

Let us characterize fragmentarily each of the types of temperament you have defined.

1. SANGUINE- Emotional and good performance. He quickly navigates in an unfamiliar environment, is proactive, optimistic, enters the team in a short time, creates a positive microclimate around himself, and relatively easily survives failures. At the same time, he avoids acute problems, often simplifies the tasks.

2. PHLEGMATIC - calm even in the most difficult situations, imperturbable, stable and consistent in aspirations and relationships. Adheres to the developed routine, strives for the system, unhurried and thorough. At the same time, he is inert, slowly switching from one job to another.

CHOLERIC - characterized by speed of action and decisions, frequent mood swings, increased excitability. In relationships, he is often overly harsh, straightforward in his assessments. Often quarrelsome, unable to restrain himself. Has influence on others, quickly moves from one case to another. Likes to be the center of attention.

4. MELANCHOLIC- we quickly tire, not sure of ourselves, anxious and suspicious. He is well versed in the shades of feelings, cautious and prudent. Secretive and shy, very worried about the slightest reason. Difficulty adjusting to new people.

According to the Eysenck scheme and Pavlov's classification, we came to the conclusion that there is the following classification of temperamental groups:

• choleric: extrovert, strong, dynamic, emotionally unstable;
• phlegmatic: introvert, strong, inert, emotionally stable;
• sanguine: extrovert, strong, dynamic, emotionally stable;
• melancholic: introvert, weak, inert, emotionally unstable.

So, from the point of view of temperaments, choleric and sanguine people have a more active temperament, while melancholic and phlegmatic people are somewhat passive.

Test G. Eysenck to determine the type of temperament.

The most lively and mobile people are choleric and sanguine. Moreover, the choleric is the most unbalanced of them, and this is clearly seen by the fact that he is unbalanced both externally and internally. Sanguine is internally balanced, although outwardly it can be very emotional. The melancholic, on the other hand, is internally unbalanced, although outwardly this does not always manifest itself, unless he has an additional admixture of a choleric or sanguine temperament.

Temperaments not only add variety to the descriptions of personality types, but also determine their biorhythms of work capacity. There are two main poles of efficiency. These are people - "larks" and people - "owls". Larks are pronounced choleric or sanguine. They are more effective at the beginning of the process, as they are easily and actively involved in the work, but by the time it is completed, they often run out of steam or lose interest. "Owls", on the contrary, are passive and indecisive in new beginnings, swing for a long time before getting involved in the work, but they are more effective in completing what they have started and in bringing it to perfection.

The combination of passive and active temperaments in a person creates an indefinite biorhythm of working capacity. People with such a biorhythm, these are people - "pigeons", but with a more detailed analysis, they still reveal some tendency to one or another pole of efficiency, depending on which temperament prevails in them.

To check the correctness of the determination of temperament, a brief test for biorhythms of working capacity will help you.

TEST FOR BIORHYTHMS OF WORKABILITY

Choose on two scales: A and Z - on one of the two opposing statements and calculate which scale will have more of them.

Scale "A":

"Z" scale:

1. You are most productive in the morning . 2. Usually, you get involved in a new business right away, without any delay. 3. It is easier for you to start new things. than finish the previous ones. 4. You can easily put one thing aside and move on to another. 5. Think slowness is worse than haste. 6. .You like to go to bed earlier so that you wake up in the morning in a cheerful mood and immediately get down to business. 7. Interest in your work is higher at the beginning, and usually decreases slightly towards the end.

1. Your performance is better in the afternoon. 2. You need some time to get involved in a new business. 3. You are more willing to finish old things than start new ones. 4 . It is difficult for you to put off the work you have started, even if you are tired. 5. You think haste is worse than slowness. 6. You like to stay up late, and in the morning you are reluctant to get involved in work. 7. Interest in your work increases as you approach its end.

Test key:

A-"larks"; Z-"owls".

So, if you are a "lark" - you have a more active type of temperament (choleric or sanguine or their varieties), and if you are an "owl" - more passive (phlegmatic or melancholic or their varieties).

If you scored an equal number of positive statements on both scales of the test, then you have a dove type. This is the result of a combination of passive and active temperaments, perhaps due to the development of atypical accents of your type, which also have temperamental features.

A person's belonging to one of the four typological temperamental groups can be determined situationally - according to the reaction that manifests itself in him as a response to an obstacle that has arisen in his path:

• choleric sweeps away the obstacle;
• the sanguine bypasses;
• the phlegmatic often does not even notice;
• the melancholic stops before an obstacle.

Usually, there are practically no pure temperaments. Each person has a combination of two temperaments, one of which is the leader, it is more pronounced. This is the temperament of the subtype. The second, additional, most likely is the one that manifests itself at a deeper psychophysical level of the type - the level of type accents.

But the constant manifestation in a person in all cases of life of only the predominant and additional temperament is the exception rather than the rule. Each personality contains all four temperaments, but in different proportions. Each of them comes to the fore, depending on the situation and the magnitude of the psychological distance with other people, and this, in turn, depends on the nature of the relationship (formal or informal), as well as the psychological climate (comfortable or uncomfortable).

The main, dominant temperament manifests itself at a close psychological distance (in a familiar environment, with loved ones) in a comfortable psychological atmosphere.

The second in descending order is the additional temperament, which manifests itself more clearly at the farthest psychological distance - in formal communication with others, more often strangers.

The third type of temperament manifests itself in a formal setting, at a far psychological distance (official relations with management, subordinates or partners from other organizations, just strangers). This type of temperament can be called role-playing, because. a person in such a situation is bound by conventions, and, adapting to society, plays a certain social role.

The fourth type of temperament, which is least often manifested in a person, is characteristic of stressful situations or those that are commonly called force majeure (company collapse and unexpected dismissal, serious illness or death of a loved one, some kind of natural disaster: fire, flood, etc. ). Such situations can also include states of severe alcohol or drug intoxication.

Since our book is devoted to an in-depth study of the variability of personality types in all their diversity, we can consider these four types of temperament in their varieties. For this purpose, we use Le Sen's typology of the eight temperaments. In our opinion, one can trace their relationship with the temperaments described above as follows:

Cholerics There are two types (according to Le Seine): passionate type and just choleric .

Passionate type - very emotional, active, not inclined to scatter, prefers to concentrate efforts in one direction, needs vigorous activity, without which the accumulated and unrealized energy can lead to the same nervous exhaustion as violent activity.

Choleric - a decisive person who does not think about the consequences and often loses his sense of proportion.

Freedom-loving, optimistic, often cordial in communication.

Phlegmatic (according to Le Seine), it's just phlegmatic person and lethargic.

Phlegmatic person - mentally balanced, everything counts in advance and is not inclined to waste time on unnecessary, from his point of view, affairs and experiences. You can only convince him with arguments. He is moderately active and can take the initiative in what he considers necessary.

apathic - more inert, prefers to perform only the most necessary work, requiring a calm pace, a systematic approach and order.

Sanguine (according to Le Seine), it's just sanguine and amorphic .

sanguine - is open to solving any problems, looks at overcoming them as a kind of game, also does not take conflicts to heart, knows how to smooth out misunderstandings in time.

Amorphic - not punctual and scattered in business, can easily postpone any work until tomorrow, rather careless and not always obligatory in his promises.

Melancholy (according to Le Seine) is sentimental and nervous types.

Sentimental - sensitive, dreamy, cautious, prudent, shy and timid, unable to mobilize and often lost in a difficult situation.

Nervous type – worries about the slightest provocation, very sensitive and touchy, but does not know how to be prudent.

In addition, he is indecisive, shows passivity when it is necessary to overcome a difficult situation and this can lead him to nervous exhaustion.

It can be seen that each first type of temperament in these pairs is more rational in its behavior than the second, but it is too early to draw conclusions about the relationship of these temperaments with the rationality-irrationality scale. Properties similar to rationality have two linear psycho-forms of character - Square and Triangle, and properties similar to irrationality - two non-linear ones - Zigzag and Circle, which can be considered in their intro- and extraverted manifestations, that is, in the first approximation, these are four psycho-forms, and in the second - eight.

Since psychoforms are included in the formation of character accents, we will dwell on them in more detail later. From the foregoing, we can conclude that temperaments influence not only the formation of subtypes, but also their variants, which is quite natural and once again convinces of the logical harmony and consistency of these approaches.

Sometimes we come across diagnostically complex cases of a combination of temperaments and type accents. They lie in the fact that both subtypes and type accents are connected at their mental and physical level with temperaments. In this case, for example, the inert temperament inherent in the subtype can compete with the active temperament inherent in the accent of the subtype. In this case, it can be difficult to distinguish which of these different temperaments prevails in a person, especially if one of the two most “energetic” elements is strengthened in his leading accent - the ethics of emotions or volitional sensory (internal initiative and type mobilization), which, as a rule, associated with an active temperament.

In this case, the influence of a calmer temperament, corresponding to the inert subtype, may not be sufficiently pronounced due to the influence of an active additional (“accent”) temperament. So, for example, in SEE (Politics), in such a situation, a mixture of "subtype" phlegmatic and "accent" choleric temperaments can manifest itself. Such a variant of this type will be somewhat inertial in undertakings, but outwardly it is a completely lively and mobile person.

Another case is when an inert subtype of EIE (Mentor) has a "subtype" melancholic temperament, and at the level of type accents, for example, a nervous or passionate temperament. Outwardly, it will be quite a lively and emotional person, but internally - indecisive, vulnerable and touchy. As a result, he can be mistaken for a representative of an active temperament. Nevertheless, you will not find in him that determination, activity and "ease of climbing", which a representative of an active temperament should have. That is, the "subtype" (in this case, passive) temperament of this type of personality will still be leading, even if outwardly it will seem alive and emotional due to the active "accent" temperament.

Thus, combinations of temperaments - basic and additional, manifested at different levels of information exchange in a personality type, at first glance, introduce a contradiction in their interpretation and sometimes cause difficulties in diagnosing temperament. But with experience, this problem is solved quite easily, it is enough to remember the subtype characteristics, characteristics of temperaments, psychoforms and accents of the type, which you will meet later. Knowing all the "shells" of a type and comparing them during analysis simplifies and refines the diagnosis of types and their variants.

Temperament Compatibility

Dealing with the problem of the correlation of temperaments and socionic types, we noticed that temperaments bring diversity to the behavioral reactions of sociotypes and leave their mark on their relationships.

Different combinations of temperaments create different types of their interaction. Here we will consider only the main trends in the interaction of the main temperaments.

So, a choleric person, for example, is best calmed and complemented in his work by his opposite - a phlegmatic person, and a melancholic person is well supported and toned by a sanguine person. These two pairs of temperaments complement each other in many ways and even partially smooth out the misunderstandings that may arise when their personality types are incompatible.

Other combinations (choleric - sanguine and phlegmatic - melancholic) require adjustment, since the first pair is too emotional and proactive, as a result of which leadership problems may arise, and the second is rather inert and passive.

The pairs "choleric - melancholic" and "sanguine - phlegmatic" interact more problematically, even if they are duals. True, quarrels among duals can be light, temporary. It is much worse if poorly compatible personality types also have incompatible temperaments. However, it is most difficult for people who have incompatible personality types, subtypes, accents and psychoforms and temperaments. Fortunately, this is extremely rare.

In cases of poorly compatible temperaments, the following can be advised: in a choleric-melancholic pair, choleric people need to restrain themselves more, and melancholic people should not take everything so close to their hearts, although for both it will not be easy. It is difficult for a choleric person not to hurt a melancholic, whose touchiness is reflected in both; in a pair of phlegmatic - sanguine phlegmatic people should try to more openly and directly express their feelings and not be so stubborn and conservative in their behavior, and sanguine people should try to be more consistent in business and more reliable in their promises. Otherwise, it will be difficult for them to cope with the growing irritability of their partner.

If people have a similar type of nervous system, then the most favorable is the interaction of two phlegmatic or melancholic, somewhat worse - two sanguine and very bad - two choleric. This can be explained as follows: phlegmatic people are the most balanced people, it is difficult to piss them off. Melancholic people are impressionable, very vulnerable and touchy, but they are quite compliant and prone to compromises in order to achieve peace of mind. Sanguine people are independent and emotional, but quick-witted. Noticing that the brewing conflict can take a serious turn, they easily compromise to restore balance in the relationship.

The most difficult thing is to keep a balance in relationships for straightforward, excitable and unrestrained choleric people, who often cannot stop in time in their statements and actions and therefore can offend others without wanting to.

Since ancient times, there has been a connection between temperament and physiology. The father of medicine, Hippocrates, who lived in the 5th century BC, distinguished four types of temperament. In his opinion, they were determined by one or another liquid that prevails in the human body. For sanguine people it is blood, for choleric people it is bile, for phlegmatic people it is mucus, and for melancholic people it is black bile. That is, temperaments were considered as exclusively physiological phenomena. What changes in their understanding have taken place since then? - This will be discussed.

What is temperament

Temperament - in psychology, this is an individual feature of a person, which to a greater extent depends on his innate, psychophysiological qualities. Temperament is a strictly individual trait based on mental activity, speed and intensity of psychophysiological processes.

There are three areas in which temperament is manifested:

• The degree of human activity in a general sense.
• Differences in the field of movement.
• The degree of external expression of feelings.

General activity characterized by the intensity with which a person interacts with the natural or social environment. There are two extremes here: some people are too lethargic, passive, while others are very fast and active.

Motor activity (motor) expressed in how fast and abrupt are movements, speech, or, conversely, how slow they are, and the person is silent.

Expression of feelings, or emotionality, is manifested in how quickly the emotional state changes, susceptibility to external influences, to the feelings of another person.

Types of temperament

At the beginning of the 18th century, the types of temperament described by Hippocrates were compared with four psychotypes, which served as the beginning of a psychological direction in the study of temperaments. Today, the simple ideas of ancient people practically do not differ from those that were in the 18th century.

• The choleric type is defined as irritable.
• The sanguine type is associated with cheerfulness.
• The phlegmatic type is defined as calm.
• The melancholic type is associated with sadness and excessive impressionability.

In modern psychology, temperament is described as stable and well-established natural qualities of a person that determine the speed of mental activity, regardless of its internal content.

Extroverts and introverts

Introversion and extraversion, the rate of ongoing reactions, rigidity (stubbornness) and plasticity act as qualities of temperament.

Extraversion and introversion are qualities of temperament that were introduced as concepts by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung.

• extrovert focuses on its own manifestation in the surrounding world, that is, on external impressions that have arisen in a given period of time. These include choleric and sanguine.
• Introvert- on his inner world, psychological state, that is, the inner reality is more important for him than the outer one. They are phlegmatic and melancholic.

Reaction rate, rigidity, plasticity

Reaction rate is a characteristic of the pace at which mental processes and the response of the body occur. These include speed of mind, speech and gestures. The reaction rate is high in people who are sanguine and choleric, as well as melancholic - if they are well rested. In melancholic, who are tired, and phlegmatic, it is lowered.

Sometimes this introduces problems in the communication of people with different temperaments. People with quick reactions do not always notice that people who are more inhibited do not have the opportunity to follow their train of thought. Because of this, they come to unfounded conclusions that the latter have low mental abilities. Especially it can interfere with business relations.

Rigidity and plasticity. The first quality indicates that a person has difficulty adapting to external influences, and the second, on the contrary, speaks of good adaptation. Sanguine people are distinguished by the highest plasticity. Rigidity is characteristic of melancholic, phlegmatic and choleric.

Inactivity and activity

Inactivity is an indicator of an involuntary reaction to stimuli, both external and internal. It is a defensive reaction to criticism, resentment, increased tone. Inactivity is inherent in phlegmatic and melancholic people and is rare for choleric and sanguine people.

Activity- this is the opposite of inactivity, it is a characteristic of a person's ability to overcome obstacles and achieve goals.

Its expression is:

• purposefulness;
• persistence;
• high concentration of attention.

The phlegmatic person is highly active, but since he has low reactivity, his inclusion in the work is slow. The phlegmatic does not overwork. Choleric shows high activity in combination with reactivity. Sanguine people are also quite active, but they may lose interest in monotonous activities. Melancholics are characterized by low activity.

How activity and reactivity are correlated in a person largely determines his activity. From random circumstances, external or internal (mood, unplanned, insignificant events) or from goal-setting, strong desires, conviction in something.

Emotional excitability

It is a reflection of that line of minimal impact, beyond which an emotional reaction occurs, as well as the speed of its development. Sanguine, melancholic and choleric people are characterized by increased excitability. In phlegmatic people, it is reduced.

Features of temperament inherent in an individual are due to the peculiarity of the combination of activity and the severity of emotional reactions to one degree or another. Activity is determined by how intensively a person interacts with the environment.

To date, the scientific community remains confident that the considered properties of human behavior are based on physiology. That is, they are determined by some features in the work of physiological structures. But what these structures are is still unclear. However, it is indisputable that temperament is an innate property that serves as the basis for most personality traits, which include character. And the sensual basis of character is temperament.

Phlegmatic and melancholic

Phlegmatic person- this is a person who is unhurried, indifferent to many things, has a stable sense of purpose and mood, outwardly extremely restrainedly shows his emotions. In work, he shows perseverance and firmness, while remaining calm and diligent.

melancholic- this is a type of personality, characterized by a vulnerable psyche, he is constantly experiencing different events. It is difficult for a person with such a temperament to keep his experiences inside, he is very impressionable and does not have enough willpower to cope with feelings.

Choleric and sanguine

Choleric- this is a sharp, fast and impetuous type, while he is extremely unbalanced, with lightning-fast changes in mood and emotional outbursts. In nervous processes, the choleric person has no balance, which distinguishes him from the sanguine person. People with this temperament recklessly squander their emotional strength and become exhausted.

sanguine- this is a lively, bright, very mobile person, with a high frequency of mood changes and impressionability, with a quick reaction to any events taking place in the world around him. Sanguine is very easy to put up with any setbacks and problems. As a rule, he is distinguished by lively facial expressions, successful in his activities. This happens when he is interested in a process from which he is strongly aroused. If the work is not of particular interest to him, then the sanguine person becomes indifferent and begins to get bored.

Each type of temperament includes both positive and negative traits. From the excessive manifestation of negative properties inherent in nature, a person can be protected by his upbringing and good attitude towards other people.

The temperament of a sanguine according to Pavlov

The physiologist Pavlov, in his description of the distinctive features of the sanguine temperament, says that he is a productive worker, an enthusiast, but only when he has many interesting things to do that cause incessant excitement. In the absence of such a case, he is lethargic and boring. Sanguine easily adapts to changing life situations. He has a sociable nature that allows him to communicate well with a large number of people. His feelings arise with ease and speed, replacing each other.

His stereotypes are not well-established, and conditioned reflexes are developed at a high speed. In an unfamiliar environment, he does not feel constrained, he can quickly switch attention and change activities. In his feelings, the sanguine is stable. People with this temperament are especially suitable for activities that require great effort, high speed of reactions, distribution of attention between several objects.

Choleric temperament

According to Pavlov, choleric is a combative person, being on the rise, he is prone to rapid irritability. When he gets carried away in any business, he uses his strength to the maximum and eventually feels severe exhaustion or even exhaustion.

Choleric is characterized by high emotional reactivity and motor sharpness. In an unfavorable situation, an increased level of excitability, characteristic of people with a choleric temperament, can play a trick on them. They can flare up over a trifle, becoming aggressive.

When a choleric person has the necessary motivation, he can overcome great difficulties by passionately devoting himself to his work. His mood changes drastically. The choleric achieves the greatest result in a situation in which high reactivity and simultaneous exertion of forces are necessary.

Phlegmatic temperament

The phlegmatic always behaves evenly, calmly, he is a worker of life, stubborn and persistent. This is how I. P. Pavlov described him. The reactions of a phlegmatic person are characterized by slowness and stability of mood. He expresses his feelings little, in difficult situations he is calm and self-possessed. Impulsive and jerky movements are absent, since in his nervous system excitation is balanced by inhibition.

The phlegmatic has the ability to correctly calculate the forces, is persistent and brings the matter to the end. It is not easy for him to switch attention and switch to another type of activity. He has stable stereotypes, and his behavior is not flexible. A person with a phlegmatic temperament can be successful in those areas of activity in which you need to evenly distribute forces, have perseverance, great patience, and the ability to concentrate.

Melancholic temperament

According to Pavlov, the melancholic temperament is a type of nervous system that is inhibitory. The melancholic does not trust anyone, does not have any hopes, sees the evil and dangerous in everything. He is distinguished by vulnerability to an increased degree, a tendency to strong feelings, sometimes from scratch. His feelings quickly manifest themselves, he cannot restrain them, so they are always noticeable to others. Melancholic activity often hampered by strong external influences.

He is a pronounced introvert, closed in on his own experiences, avoids contact with strangers and a change of scenery. He is prone to indecision, shyness, is timid and sometimes cowardly. If the melancholic is in the habitual, favorable environment, then he is able to achieve good results in activities that require high sensitivity, observation, reactivity, good learning ability.

In conclusion, it should be noted that there are no people who have one or another temperament in its purest form. But the general trend, as a rule, is visible. According to researchers, a person's character can change throughout life, but temperament never.

I. P. Pavlov, Allan Pease, Norbekov, Darwin, Sviyash, Cialdini - this is not a complete list of writers who devoted many years of their lives to the study of human behavior. Their contribution to the study of psychology, emotions, people's characters cannot be overestimated. Why? Because each person is a unique individual, each needs a different approach. Through knowledge of the emotions and behavior of the interlocutor, we can avoid a lot of trouble caused by a lack of mutual understanding. Naturally, we will not consider all existing gestures, emotional manifestations and facial features of different people. At least because it will take a lot of time.

In this article, we will only talk about the types of temperaments. I. P. Pavlov believes that there are only 4 of them. At the same time, revealing temperament is already enough to get an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe character of a person. As a bonus, consider tips for communicating with representatives of different temperaments. Referring to the work "Body Language", we point out the basic manners and habits of different people. On the basis of the "Psychology of Influence" we will talk about how to negotiate with phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine and melancholic people.

Types of temperaments: description and characteristics

calmness

Phlegmatic person- this is a person who personifies equanimity, slowness and stability in terms of emotional behavior. People with such a temperament show perseverance and perseverance in any operations that they undertake. They are mentally stable. It's hard to get them out. Phlegmatic people are stingy with emotions. At the same time, slowness in work is compensated by diligence.

Phlegmatic temperament characterizes people who never allow impulsive and abrupt movements. As a rule, such individuals have good concentration. If you see a person in front of you, whose eyes are located at a relatively large distance from each other, you probably encountered a phlegmatic person. A striking example is the porter of Immanuel Kant (the genius of philosophy). Watch your manners. If a person does not allow choppy movements, stays in one place for a long time - the assumption is correct! Great patience and steady attention will be a clear confirmation of what has been said.

Phlegmatic people are good employees, but not very comfortable partners. Don't expect a quick response from them. If you need to agree on something with a phlegmatic, constantly speed up the pace of communication so that it becomes more active. By increasing the dynamics of the conversation, you will force the person to react, since not understanding the situation is considered by the phlegmatic as a failure.

imbalance

Choleric- This is a person who is characterized by impulsive, unbalanced behavior. These people are constantly changing mood. It often seems that several different people live in one choleric person. Emotional outbursts quickly exhaust choleric people, which is why, in fact, there are quick mood swings.

Choleric temperament, as I. P. Pavlov noted, reflects people with increased emotional activity. They are easy to piss off. They are irritable and take everything personally. The distinctive features of the face should include clearly defined contours. As a rule, furrowed eyebrows, thin lips and large cheekbones.

An example is the famous film actor Robert Downey Jr. Regarding the manner of behavior, choleric people are characterized by sharp movements, a fast pace of communication. It is worth noting that with good motivation, choleric people are able to achieve high achievements in their careers. They are excellent leaders and partners. Trying to get in touch with this type of temperament, it is important to consider that from the first minutes of communication, choleric people analyze how you feel about them. Therefore, you need to be completely concentrated on your words and behavior.

Optimism

sanguine is a person characterized by a love of life. People with this type of temperament are impressionable, emotional and mobile. At the same time, they treat everything with a positive attitude, even failures. If a sanguine person is interested in something, he enters a state of excitement.

The sanguine temperament represents good employees and productive partners. If a sanguine person has an interesting job, he will not stop until he completes the project. At the same time, he tries to do everything meticulously, as interesting and unusual as possible. Not at all, if there is no interest, such a person enters a state of rest and becomes indifferent.

Regarding facial features, the famous film actor Will Smith can serve as a striking example. As a rule, in people with this temperament, the eyebrows are lowered down to the tips of the eyes. In this case, there are many wrinkles from the eyes to the area of ​​the visas. It is worth adding that sanguine people think a lot, so they often have a wrinkled forehead. During an emotional outburst, it is important to understand that such a person is distracted. As part of communication with a sanguine person, it is necessary to attract the attention of the interlocutor by changing the tone of the conversation.

As for the face, there are no obvious contours. Nevertheless, it is very easy to define a melancholic, because if he doesn’t like something, facial expressions ideally reveal emotions. One of the brightest examples is the hero of the matrix - Keanu Reeves. Despite the seriousness and steadfastness, in life it is a sensual talent. Megan Fox is also among the melancholic. Behind the proud and serious facial expressions, not many are able to discern a sensitive and vulnerable nature in Megan, but this is so.
Finally, I would like to add that people tend to change, as well as the type of temperament. And this is reflected in the manners, behavior. Even facial features change.