The concept of a complicated sentence
Proposals with homogeneous members
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
Generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence
1. The concept of a complicated sentence
Complicated sentences include such sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic constructions and turns: isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, introductory constructions, plug-in constructions, appeals, comparative turns. Complicated sentences on the scale of transitivity occupy the transition zone between simple and complex sentences. The complicating part of the sentence contains a semi-predicative that complements the main predicative core of the sentence. Thus, semi-predicativity is an additional message to the main statement about the relation of the statement to reality.
Proposals with homogeneous members
Homogeneous members of a sentence – these are members of the same name, connected with each other by a coordinative connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence, i.e. united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with enumeration intonation. In the absence of unions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses. The selection of homogeneous components is based on three leading characteristics:
1. single functionality;
2. subordinating relationship with a common / co-subordinating or co-subordinating / word;
3.compositional connection between them, marked by intonation or compositional unions.
For example: The story is needed not onlychildren , but alsoadults /K.Paustovsky/ - in this sentence, homogeneous indirect objects are equally subordinate to the predicate need and are among themselves in the relationship of comparison, realized by the coordinating union. Homogeneous subjects, unlike all other homogeneous members, do not obey, but subordinate to themselves the member of the sentence associated with them - the predicate: Neither power nor life amuses me/A.Pushkin/.
The main members of one-component sentences are not covered by all three parameters, so their syntactic structure is not recognized or questioned: They didn’t knock, they didn’t shout, they didn’t ask questions/BUT. Chekhov/: Night, street, lamp, pharmacy/A.Blok/.
Homogeneous can be both main and secondary members of the sentence, for example: Gardenershut up, stuck a tube for the top of a boot (P.S.) - homogeneous predicates; Dunyashki walked pastcaps and headscarves, overcoats andoveralls (E.N.) - homogeneous subjects; Vasya drew on the corners of album sheetsbirds, animals andangels (P.S.) - homogeneous additions.
Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but may be expressed by different parts of speech: Saidhe is calm, without sadness, without complaint in voice andSo , as if he himself were attentively listening to his speech, checking it mentally(Bitter).
Homogeneous members of the proposal are characterized by the following signs:
They occupy the position of one member of the proposal;
Associated with the same member of the sentence by a subordinating relationship;
Connected with each other by a coordinating connection;
Often have the same morphological expression;
Usually express the same type of concepts.
The presence of homogeneous members of the proposal is not seen in the following cases:
When repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the increased manifestation of the sign, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going in an open field (P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.).Drink-drink and the water from the earth keeps flowing and flowing/AT. Peskov/.
In integral phraseological expressions: and day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forth, etc. .
When combining two verbs in the same form, acting as a single predicate (in the meaning of an action and its goal, an unexpected or arbitrary action, etc.), for example, I'll go look Timetable of classes;took and did vice versa, etc.
The members of the sentence connected by explicative / clarifying-explanatory / relations are not homogeneous: Now, in the middle of April, the oak was black and gloomy/AT. Krutilin/.
Nor does such a phenomenon of modern language as an indication of an object in relation to another object give syntactic homogeneity: Tolstoy and Contemporaries: Readers and the Book: Student and Perestroika. The presence of an imaginary coordinating connection does not indicate homogeneity, but a stylistic assignment: We will drink tea with sugar and with dad/K.Simonov/.
In the block of homogeneous members, its parts are interconnected by meaning and grammatical means: intonation, composing conjunctions and lexical and grammatical means.
The most significant indicator of homogeneity is the coordinative connection.
To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating conjunctions are used:
Connecting unions: and, yes,(in the meaning of "and"), no no etc. Soyuz and can be single and repetitive. A single union shows that the enumeration is exhaustive, for example: Outside, screeching, barking and howling (Ars.) were heard.
Union repetition and before each homogeneous member of the sentence, makes the row incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years (P.).
Union and can connect homogeneous terms in pairs, for example: They agreed: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).
Recurring union no no used in negative sentences, acting as a union and, For example: Behind the rain, neither the sea nor the sky was visible (M. G.)
Union Yes(in the meaning of "and") is used mainly in colloquial speech, its use in works of art gives the speech a touch of simplicity, for example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit next to me (P.).
Union Yes is also used as a repeating, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member, for example: Dog, Man, yes Cat, yes Falcon once swore to each other in eternal friendship(Cr.).
Opposing alliances: ah but yes(meaning "but") however, etc.
Union a shows that one concept is affirmed and the other is denied: She put on the Titmouse of glory, but did not light the sea(Cr.).
In the absence of negation union a indicates opposition: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly(proverb).
Union but introduces a shade of limitation: On the right bank there are peaceful, but still restless villages(L.T.)
Union Yes brings in a conversational tone: Who is noble and strong, but not smart, so bad if he is with a good heart(Cr.).
Emphasize opposition alliances but and but: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.).
A connecting union can act as an opposing union and: I wanted to travel around the whole world, and did not travel a hundredth(Gr.).
Divisive unions: or, either, whether ... whether, then ... that, not that ... not that, or ... or and etc.
Union or(single or repeated) indicates the need to choose one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other: They let me go with Evseich to the river every day, either in the morning or in the evening (Ax.)
Union or, with the same meaning (usually repeated), is colloquial: Gavrila decided that the mute either ran or drowned with his dog (T.)
Recurring union then ... then indicates an alternation of phenomena, The stars either blinked with a faint light, then disappeared (T.)
Recurring union whether ... whether has a separating enumeration value.
Recurring alliances not that ... not that, either ... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice: In the heart, not laziness, not tenderness (T.)
Comparative(gradational): as - so and; not only but; although and - but; if not, then; not that - but (but); not so much - how much, how much - so much comparisons matter: Although it looks simple, it has a wonderful property (Kr.).
Connecting:yes and; a and; but also; yes and that; and also that also have an associated meaning: I peacefully enjoyed my work, success, fame, as well as the work and success of friends (P.)
There can be several blocks (rows) of homogeneous members in one sentence. In one composed row, there are synonyms, antonyms, forming additional meanings that explode the external uniformity of the row: Rejoicing and mourning, And spilling black blood She looks, looks, looks at youAnd with hate and with love (Block).
After a brief explanation by the teacher, elementary school students can easily determine which sentences contain homogeneous constructions. In the Russian language there are homogeneous members that perform the function of listing the types, properties or qualities of an object or action. However, if only this was the whole wisdom, then there would be nothing to learn beyond the 4th grade.
Similar constructions in the Russian language have many morphological manifestations and syntactic functions, which you need to get acquainted with gradually. You should start with an elementary rule, what is it.
Homogeneous members are word forms that answer the same questions and have a direct connection with the word to which they refer.
The glade was surrounded on all sides by centuries-old oaks, pines, and firs. To the words "oaks", "pines", "spruces" you need to put a question from the phrase "was surrounded". They are closely related. Since this is a predicate, for convenience and better understanding in the mind, you can pronounce the entire grammatical basis. The glade was surrounded by (what?) oaks, (what?) pines, (what?) firs.
Sculptures of rhinos, giraffes, lions, crocodiles, antelopes and other animals that inhabited Africa were embedded in the walls of this gray castle-like house.
In prose literary texts, there are often sentences with 2-3 rows of homogeneous members that depend on one or different words.
Mentally, we have already died many times from a fever or from wounds behind the log walls of the fort, listening to the buzz of a single bullet, inhaling the smell of wet poisonous grass, looking with inflamed eyes at the black velvet sky, where the Southern Cross was dying down. (K. Paustovsky).
Which members of a sentence can be called homogeneous:
- main (subject, predicate);
- secondary (definitions, additions, circumstances).
The main thing is that they remain equal and perform the same function, belong to the same member and respond to the same question:
- subject: “From the open window of spring, larks, nightingales, thrushes, cuckoos scattered in all directions. Older children, teenagers, schoolchildren and even toddlers gathered in the school yard.”
- predicates: "From the squall of the assertive wind, the trees groaned, bent down, cracked and broke."
- definitions: "A bright, colorful picture opened up before my eyes, consisting of red, yellow, blue, emerald patches."
- additions: "It was a terrible place, a shelter for thieves and beggars."
- circumstances: 1. The mother looked at her daughter joyfully, affectionately, with tenderness. 2. Claudia admired the courage, boldness and endurance of Ivan. 3. He walked despite being tired and having experienced a nervous shock.
The last group is more extended due to the many types of circumstances and ways of expressing them. There may also be isolated homogeneous circumstances, expressed in such cases, they consist of several words.
“Having finished reading the last words and putting the letter aside, Athanasius began to think over a plan of action.”
Useful video: what are homogeneous members of a sentence?
Offers
The above-named complicating words and phrases are found very often in sentences of varying complexity, dependence, subordination, and. Simple sentences with homogeneous members are very common; with their help, they expand, clarify, and detail the space of descriptions. Everything spoke of the approach of autumn: cool dawns, cold wind, withering grass. Under the bushes, near the old stumps, near the fallen trees - brown caps of mushrooms gleamed joyfully everywhere.
Compound sentences with homogeneous members can have two, three or more homogeneous rows:
- grammatical foundations. 1. Sveta and Alena weeded the beds, watered the cabbage to free her mother from evening troubles and give her the opportunity to relax in the company of her friends. 2. The river seethed, foamed, drove unusually high waves, and the people standing on the shore rejoiced and admired its greatness.
- secondary members. They are embedded in syntactic constructions regardless of the position of the stem and are separated from each other by words.
“Boris brought flowers and immediately put them in a vase, and Natasha set the table, laid out cutlery and napkins.”
It is important to know! Do not overload and complicate the proposals. A complex sentence with 3-4 rows of homogeneous members is difficult to read when reading.
Homogeneous members of the sentence: rules
Selection
How to emphasize when parsing sentences related to one thing - the main thing. According to the established order, subjects are underlined with one line, predicates - with two parallel lines. Definitions are highlighted with wavy continuous lines, additions with dotted lines, and circumstances are underlined with a dotted line.
In this case, each word is highlighted separately.
Many students know how to identify such members of a sentence without asking questions. Younger children are easily guided in sentences with enumerations of objects and phenomena. A clue is the presence of a large number of words belonging to the same part of speech, connected by an allied connection or coordinating conjunctions.
They characterize the main defined word on the one hand (by color, smell, location ...).
What are homogeneous secondary members of the sentence, see the table.
| Syntactic members | Questions answered | underlining | Examples |
| Main | |||
| Subject | Who? What? | Straight line | Maples, birches and even oaks were chipped under the gusts of a strong wind. |
| Predicate | What is he doing? (predicate) What will he do? Who is it? | Two straight parallel lines | The people from the news of the victory were at first numb, and then they began to rejoice, sing, and dance. |
| Minor | |||
| Which? Whose? (change by gender and number) | Wave | The factory offers wooden, metal, glass, stone countertop options. | |
| Add-ons | Answer all questions of indirect cases. | Dotted line | Lena managed to examine the paintings, photographs and crafts in the closet in the apartment. Mothers anxiously asked about their sons, daughters, and simply about acquaintances who were at the epicenter of the explosion. |
| Circumstances | Where? Where? What for? When? How? Why? | stroke dotted line | And in winter, and in summer, and through the puddles by the stream, childhood will run. The car turned left, then right. |
It also shows what questions homogeneous members of the sentence answer.
Examples of sentences with homogeneous members:
- Kira spoke good German, English and Chinese, but with a slight accent.
- When night descended on the earth, covering everything with wide black wings, the lights were turned on in the house and long, interesting conversations were held.
- Victor was reminded of the distant past, a children's swing, a sandbox, a playground with a horizontal bar.
- Corida began in the morning and continued until late at night, when torches, lamps, lanterns and small lamps were already lit.
Schemes for connecting homogeneous members
Functions in speech
Why do we need homogeneous members in a sentence. These syntactic components have great potential. They are designed to perform stylistic functions. In the literature, they are used as a means of depicting integral pictures from details. In contact with
Homogeneous called sentence members, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (that is, occupying the position of one member of the sentence).
They are equal, independent of each other and are one and the same member of the proposal. Between themselves they are connected by a coordinating or non-union syntactic connection. The composing connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of composing unions: single or repeated. The unionless connection is expressed intonationally.
For example: I love ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, biscuit and cakes.
Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) funny , laughing , screeching , screaming the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)
Homogeneous can be all sentence members: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.
For example:
- How boys, and girls passed sports standards. (Boys, girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- In a large forest during a storm, trees groan, crackle, break down. (Moaning, cracking, breaking - homogeneous predicates.)
- yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the counter of the store. (Yellow, blue, purple are uniform definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors and cartoons.
(Books, designers, cartoons - homogeneous additions)
- All the days we spent in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river are the same circumstances).
Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the proposal.
For example: The heart is opened not with an iron key, but with kindness.
Homogeneous members of a sentence may or may not be widespread.
For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, foliage and fruits.
Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible, which are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically designed in different ways.
For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed in adverbs smartly, sensibly and nominal phrases in a beautiful language.)
Due to a sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin and frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed in phraseological phrases, got wet to the skin and froze with the verb.)
Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated in different ways.
Homogeneous members of the sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and / or non-union connection. If these are secondary members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.
Homogeneous members in oral speech are formalized intonation, and in written speech - punctuation.
In one sentence there can be several rows of homogeneous members.
For example:
Masha, Seryozha and Petya sat around the table in the dining room and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - the 1st row of homogeneous members; sitting and drawing- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members.)
In the grammatical association of homogeneous members, enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions participate:
a) connecting: and
; Yes
in meaning and
; neither
..., neither
; as
..., so
; Not only
...,but also
; too
; also
;
b) opposing: a
; but
; Yes
in meaning but
; but
; but
;
c) separating: or
; or
; then
..., then
;not that
..., not that
; either
...,either
.
For example:
Siberia has many features as in nature, So
and in human manners.
(Union as
…, so
- connecting.)
And the Baltic Sea, although not deep, but extensively. (Union but - antagonistic.)
In the evenings he or read, or watched TV set.(Union or - separating.)
In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating unions (causal, concessive), for example:
For example:
It was useful because developing a game. Book interesting though difficult. (In these examples, the homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because, although.)
Are not homogeneous members of the proposal:
1) repetitive words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.
For example: We were definitely floating in the air and circled, circled, circled. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).
Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;
2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe it or not, try not try, write like this write, work like this work;
3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first one is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and see etc.;
4) phraseological turns of the type: neither fluff nor feathers, neither back nor forth, for nothing, neither light nor dawn, nor fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this and that.
In them comma is not included.
In Russian, there are often sentences with words that give an answer to the same question and refer to the same part of speech.
The concept of a homogeneous member of a sentence
Such words in a sentence perform the same function, have an equivalent meaning and are interconnected by intonation and coordinative communication. Such members of a sentence in Russian are called homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous sentence members:
The old green poplars rustled, groaned, stirred anxiously. In this sentence, homogeneous members are predicates.
The green forest rustled incessantly, evenly. In this sentence, homogeneous members are circumstances.
Let's analyze what are the main features of homogeneous members. First, they all have the same involvement in the main word with which they are directly related. There are exceptions in which the homogeneous members of the sentence do not belong to this part of speech.
For example:
I like to walk slowly, with stops.
Punctuation: homogeneous members and connecting unions
Connecting conjunctions in sentences with homogeneous members are most often represented by the unions “and this, and that”, “and neither, nor”, “also, too”, “not only ..., but also”.
Before unions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma should be placed in three cases:
1. With a divisive and singly connecting union of homogeneous members of the proposal. For example:
1.1. Crucians and carp splashed in the pond.
1.2. In the pine forest you can see a woodpecker or a squirrel.
2. If unions combine several pairs of homogeneous members of the proposal. For example: In the collection of Uncle Vanya there were many daggers and knives, guns and pistols, decorated with stones.
3. If homogeneous members are connected to each other by repeated unions, and thus form a stable combination. For example: Aunt gave us a lot of colorful flags: red, green, and yellow.
Notes. It should be remembered that in some cases, combinations with double unions and homogeneous members of a sentence can be confused. This is the most common mistake among students. Examples of sentences with combinations with double unions:
I like to walk in the forest quietly, with stops.
Vivid examples of combinations with double unions, which are often falsely attributed to homogeneous members of the sentence - and laughter and sin, neither fish nor meat, etc.
Relationships of heterogeneity are also often found in adjectives - a large leather bag, a small glass glass.
In sentences with homogeneous members, homogeneous words most often describe the dynamics of this action, the qualitative characteristics of one object. If homogeneous members have increased expressiveness, they form a series of epithets.
In some sentences, we meet words that are repeated. It is important to know that they are not homogeneous members of the proposal. Example: Spring was waiting, nature was waiting. The word "waited" is repeated in this sentence two times solely to emphasize the importance of the coming event. Such and similar words are considered in Russian as one member of the sentence.
Often in sentences there are homogeneous members. What are they and what is their function? This article is devoted to these questions.
What are homogeneous members
In the science of the Russian language, the conceptual basis of this phenomenon has long been developed.
So, homogeneous members are such parts in a sentence that perform the same function in a syntactic sense. In another way, we can say that they belong to one common word or have a dependence on it. For example, all adjectives in the sentence "White, blue and green balloons flew into the air" are homogeneous definitions. In writing, they are separated by punctuation marks, as a rule, commas, as well as unions. In speech, pauses form between them. Not always homogeneous members are the same parts of speech. An example of this is the sentence "The student answered correctly, sensibly, in beautiful language. Homogeneous members are equal, independent of each other. In addition to this, they answer the same question.
Signs of homogeneous members
The main properties of such words in sentences have already been briefly indicated above. Let's consider them in more detail with the given examples. First, homogeneous members always answer the same question. For example, in the sentence "Blue, yellow and pink flowers grew in a clearing" all definitions answer the question "what?". Thus, they are homogeneous. Secondly, they are the same members of the sentence. So, in the sentence "Brother and sister met" homogeneous members are subjects. Thirdly, they have to do with a single specific word. So, in the phrase "they rested and worked" all verbs have a connection with the pronoun. And, finally, fourthly, homogeneous members are equal in rights and are connected by a coordinating connection. That is, you can always insert the union "and" between them.
Punctuation issues
How are homogeneous members indicated in writing? As mentioned above, they must be separated by something.
The value of homogeneous members
The Russian language is rich and multifaceted. Some people have a question: "Why do we need homogeneous members of a sentence?" After all, from the whole wealth of words, you can choose the only true and necessary one. The most common answer to this question is that homogeneous members make speech more expressive. Without them, proposals are dry and lifeless. They are used to prevent speech from becoming poor and primitive. In addition, homogeneous members are used in order to more accurately describe any objects and phenomena. AT
