educational institution
secondary school No. 2 in Ashi
Abstract of a geography lesson
in 6th grade
Topic: “Volcanoes. Geysers»
Completed by: Sukhikh N.V.,
geography teacher,
Educational:
Form the concepts of "volcano", "geyser", "crater", "vent", "magma chamber", "cone"
To form an idea of the origin of volcanoes, geysers
Learn the difference between active and extinct volcanoes
Development of the ability to determine the geographical position of the volcano
Teaching students to analyze, draw conclusions, think independently
Continue the formation of cognitive interest in geography with the help of new information computer technologies
To instill in children a sense of mutual assistance, the ability to work in a team, empathize with a friend
Carrying out career guidance work, on the example of the profession of a volcanologist
Methods: reproductive, explanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory
Terms studied: volcano, geyser, crater, vent, magma chamber, cone, active volcano, extinct volcano, dormant volcano
Equipment:
textbook "Initial course of geography", authors: T.P. Gerasimov; N.P. Neklyukova
educational electronic edition: "Initial course of geography" Grade 6, author Petrova N.N.
Library of electronic visual aids in geography grade 6-10,
thematic presentation "Volcanoes",
atlases, physical map of the hemispheres.
Stages of the lesson.
Organizing time
Knowledge update
Learning new material
Consolidation of knowledge
Knowledge check (testing)
Lesson summary
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Teacher activity |
Student activities |
Today we have guests at the lesson, we are glad to see them! We will work as usual. Make sure you have everything you need for the lesson on your desk. Guys, which of you will work well, listen carefully, give full answers for the work in the lesson will receive good grades. The teacher encourages the children to do a good job in the lesson |
Children check the equipment necessary for work in the lesson |
I take a small amount of ammonium dichromate. I set it on fire (observing all safety rules), when the combustion process is underway, it feels like a small volcanic eruption is taking place. And How? Interesting? Scary? So - the topic of our lesson is "Volcanoes" Open notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson "Volcanoes" |
Watching the experience Know the topic of the lesson Write down the topic of the lesson |
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3. Learning new material Today in class we will:
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Familiarize yourself with the objectives of the lesson |
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Let's look at the slides and try to formulate a definition - a volcano is .. (slide show) |
Review the slides and formulate a definition of a volcano |
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But Vasya Yashbulatov knows where the name “volcano” came from and he will tell us now. So, you understand that the volcanoes were named after the god of fire and blacksmithing. |
Listen to the message “Where did the name “volcano” come from?” |
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The volcano has a certain structure. Open p. 49, read point 1, consider fig. 31 |
Read point 1 on page 49, consider the drawing of fig. 31 |
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A crater is a hole, a depression on the top of a volcano, from which magma pours (shows) How many craters are shown in fig. 31? A vent is a channel through which magma rises. It can be vertical or inclined (shows) How many channels in fig. 31? A magma chamber is an accumulation of magma in the earth's crust, near the boundaries of the mantle. Show it. Cone - a volcanic mountain formed by solidified lava (shows) Guys, who can go to the blackboard and tell about the structure of the volcano? |
Answer questions 1 vertical and 3 inclined 1 person at the blackboard talks about the structure of the volcano |
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We know that magma is pouring out of a volcano, but is it more correct to call it? Lava is a product of a volcanic eruption. In addition to it, there are other products that we will now consider. Products of a volcanic eruption: I will tell, and you must fill out the scheme Lava- has a temperature of 1000 degrees, can move at a speed of 50 km / h (like an electric train). Lava is liquid, viscous, very viscous. The appearance of the cone of the volcano depends on what kind of lava. If the lava is liquid, then the slopes of the volcano will be gentle, such a volcano is called a shield volcano. If the lava is viscous, or very viscous, then the slopes will be steep, this type of volcano is called central. |
– lava Fill out the scheme Review slides
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Volcanic bombs- pieces of lava ranging in size from 5 cm to several meters. They acquire their form in flight. They are formed from viscous lava |
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volcanic ash– small particles of lava fragments up to 2 mm in size. It has nothing to do with the ash that comes from burning paper or wood. YOU KNOW THE FOUNTAIN. |
 Geyser |
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What is a geyser? If you are at a loss, then page 52, find the definition What does the word "geyser" mean in Icelandic? Most often, the work of a geyser begins with a small splash of water, then steam begins to stand out and, finally, with a loud hiss, whistle, roar, a column of hot water rises from the ground | |
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Guys, I suggest you watch the animation and answer the questions: What conditions are necessary for a geyser to form? |
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Only if all 3 conditions are realized, then the geyser will work. There are very few places like this on Earth.
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6. Summary of the lesson |
This video lesson is intended for self-study of the topic “Volcanoes. Hot springs, geysers. With it, you can get an idea about volcanoes, their structure, types and methods of formation. The teacher will talk about hot springs and geysers, as well as their features.
Volcanoes are different, many are at the bottom of the oceans; different periods of time are formed. Underwater volcanoes form volcanic islands.
In the upper part of the mantle, its substance melts, and a magma chamber is formed - the "heart" of the volcano. It is this substance that pours out of the volcano. Under pressure through cracks in the earth's crust and softer rocks, magma rushes upward. When magma flows to the surface, it loses some of its substances and cools down a bit, forming lava flows and ash.
Rice. 2. The structure of the volcano ()
Rice. 3. Volcanic eruption ()
The highest volcano in Russia is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, 4750 meters high. The highest volcanoes of the Earth: Ojos del Salado, Kilimanjaro. The height of the Martian volcano Olympus is 26 kilometers! This volcano is the highest mountain in the solar system.
Rice. 4. Klyuchevskaya Sopka ()
Volcanoes are:
1. Extinct (did not erupt in human memory): Elbrus, Kazbek.
2. Asleep (volcanoes that did not erupt and suddenly began to erupt).
3. Active (erupted relatively recently): Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Etna, Lyama, Asama.
In ancient times, people were very afraid of volcanoes and their eruptions. Currently, volcanoes are objects of study, including such a science as volcanology. Most volcanoes are located within the Pacific Ring of Fire.
In places where there are volcanoes, groundwater temperatures are very high. These waters may gradually come to the surface. Such objects of nature are called hot springs.
Sometimes hot springs can gush under pressure, ejecting hot water and steam from the bowels of the Earth, such objects are called geysers. Geysers are used for heating, for generating energy at the Geothermal Power Plant, for treatment.
Homework
Paragraph 19.
1. Tell us about the structure of the volcano.
Bibliography
Main
1. Initial course of geography: Proc. for 6 cells. general education institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukov. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 176 p.
2. Geography. Grade 6: atlas. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2011. - 32 p.
3. Geography. Grade 6: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 32 p.
4. Geography. 6 cells: cont. cards. - M.: DIK, Bustard, 2012. - 16 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosmen-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
1. Geography: an initial course. Tests. Proc. allowance for students 6 cells. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2011. - 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. Grades 6-10: Teaching aid / A.A. Letyagin. - M .: LLC "Agency" KRPA "Olimp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
1. The emergence of volcanoes and their structure. A volcano is a mountain of a conical shape, from the neck of which combustible gas, steam, ash, stones and other rocks are ejected, and powerful streams of red-hot lava spread over the surface of the earth (Fig. 38). Magma, located deep in the earth's crust, rushes up along the formed cracks and pours out to the surface. The erupting magma is called lava, and the neck (channel) through which the magma rises is called the vent of a volcano. The vent at the top of the mountain ends with a bowl-shaped recess - a crater (in Greek crater - big bowl).
Rice. 38. The structure of the volcano (in section): a - crater; b - vent; in - side crater; G- magma chamber.
The vent of the crater is a source of lava-magma. The eruption of the volcano is accompanied by an underground rumble, and gases and water vapor come out of the crater with a roar. Steam with ash, having risen to a great height in the form of a column, forms clouds at the top. Ash in the form of the smallest dust particles settles around the volcano, covering the surrounding area with a huge thickness. As a rule, clouds are gathering over the volcano, thunder rumbles, lightning flashes and heavy rain falls.
On the slopes of the mountains, water mixed with ash forms powerful mud flows that rush down, destroying settlements and devastating everything in its path. Immediately after that, fiery-hot lava bursts out of the crater and spills onto the surface of the earth.
The cities of Ancient Rome Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed and covered with ashes during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Only many years later, the surface of compacted ash and hardened lava was covered with fertile soil and dense vegetation.
2. Extinct and active volcanoes. How to recognize an extinct volcano? The cone-shaped shape of the mountain and the crater at the top testify to their active life in the past. Volcanoes, about the eruptions of which no information has been preserved in the history of mankind, are called extinct volcanoes. For example, extinct volcanoes include Elbrus and Kazbek in the Caucasus.
Sometimes extinct volcanoes erupt. For example, in 1960 in Chile, during an earthquake, volcanoes that were considered extinct began to erupt. Therefore, it would be more accurate to call them "asleep."
Volcanoes that constantly erupt from their vents are called active volcanoes. For example, Klyuchevskaya Sopka in Kamchatka (Fig. 39).
Rice. 39. Volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka.
The spread of volcanoes on Earth is associated with earthquakes and mountain building in the area.
Active volcanoes are widespread in places with ongoing mountain building. In such places, magma quickly finds a way out to the surface of the earth. Volcanoes are usually arranged in a chain along cracks in the earth's crust. A single volcano is rare. Most volcanoes are located on the coast
Pacific Ocean. This place is called the Pacific Volcanic Belt.
Volcanoes erupt not only on land, but also at the bottom of the oceans and seas. Near the crater of such a volcano, a new island appears under water. For example, the Kuril Islands in the Pacific Ocean are extinct volcanoes.
There are many densely populated areas, cities and industrial centers on these islands.
In 1883, on one of the small islands in Indonesia between Asia and Australia, there was a strong eruption of the volcano Krakatoa. From a powerful explosion, many parts of the island disappeared. The ash that rose to the upper layers covered the sky for several months. A high wave rose on the sea, which reached the Indian and Pacific oceans. Several cities and villages of the neighboring island were washed away by a giant wave and tens of thousands of people died.
3. Why study volcanoes? The significance of the activity of volcanoes.
Volcanic eruptions give scientists information about the composition and properties of substances in the lithosphere. The study of volcanoes helps to determine the origin of minerals. Thanks to research, it is possible to predict the beginning of a volcanic eruption and prevent disasters.
Scientists have found that the areas of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often coincide. These phenomena are characteristic of regions with an unstable earth's crust.
You know that when a volcano erupts, water vapor with gas comes out. Many scientists recently believe that the presence of water on the earth's surface and a certain amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is associated precisely with volcanic phenomena.
Thus, volcanoes play an important role in the formation of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
4. Hot springs and geysers. In some areas of the globe, the temperature of groundwater is high and various salts and gases are found in dissolved form in their composition. Such underground waters are called mineral. Mineral water has a certain taste and smell. The appearance of such waters is associated with the presence of a magma chamber that has not yet cooled down near them. Magma, by heating water, dissolves salts.
One of the phenomena of volcanic action are geysers (in Icelandic geyza - gush).
Rice. 40. Geyser.
From time to time, a spouting source of hot water with steam is called a geyser (Fig. 40). Hot water with a temperature above 100 ° C, flowing out of the bowels of the earth, rises up through the cracks. From the mouth of the geyser, hot steam first comes out, then hot water escapes after it to a height of several tens of meters. All this is accompanied by a strong roar. The geyser spouts for 1-2 minutes and stops until the next accumulation of hot water and steam. Geysers are common in the Pacific volcanic belt - in Kamchatka, in Japan, New Zealand, on the coast of North America and on the island of Iceland.
1. How is a volcano formed?
2. Describe the structure of the volcano.
3. Why is it necessary to study volcanoes?
4. What is the role of volcanic activity in shaping the Earth's surface?
5. Under what conditions do hot springs and geysers arise?
6. On a contour map, mark areas of frequent earthquakes and the spread of volcanoes. Comparing the compiled map with a physical map, determine the dependence of the location of seismic and volcanic regions on the Earth's topography.
7*. Suppose you are in an area where volcanic activity used to take place. What signs can be used to prove that an extinct volcano is nearby?
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Slides captions:
Volcanoes. Hot springs The purpose of the lesson: to form an idea of the origin of volcanoes, geysers.
Volcanoes of the world A volcano is a geological formation that has arisen above a crack in the earth's crust, through which lava erupts onto the earth's surface. Lava is (from lat. Collapse, fall) - magma that has poured out onto the surface. Lava has a temperature of 1000 C and flows down the slopes at a speed of 50 km/h
The structure of the volcano Crater is a depression located at the top. it is the molten mass of the deep zones of the Earth. it is a vertical or inclined channel through which lava flows. it is a volcanic mountain formed by solidified lava
Scheme of the formation of volcanoes On land Lava burns through the earth's crust Thin oceanic crust At the bottom of the oceans In the fault zone Continental Earth's crust Volcanoes
The geographical position of the world's volcanoes
Volcanoes Active Extinct Dormant
Active volcanoes of the Earth Volcano Kilauza. Hawaiian Islands
Kilauza Volcano. lava eruption
Island New Zealand
Volcano Galemaumau
Volcano Osorno in Chile
Volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka
Mount Fuji in Japan
Extinct volcanoes Volcano in the Andes
Mount Kilimanjaro
Geysers of the Earth A geyser is a source that periodically ejects fountains of hot water and steam. Magma comes close to the surface, heats the groundwater, which begins to gush.
Geysers of the world
Yellowstone National Park Old Faithful Geyser
Valley of Geysers. Kamchatka. It holds the record for the number of large and small geysers. There are over a hundred of them! The water temperature in the geysers is from +94 to 99 C, the duration of the water eruption is from 1 to 20 minutes.
The largest geyser is the Giant, the height of its fountain reaches 50 m, the column of steam above it rises above 400 m. From endless eruptions, the entire valley is in puffs of steam. This unique valley was discovered in 1941 by geologist T.I. Ustinova.
The heat of the Earth is widely and widely used in Iceland. There are more than 200 sources of hot water with a temperature of + 100 C. On the island, the energy of hot springs drives the turbines of power plants, heats houses in cities and towns. The capital of Iceland - Reykjavik - is heated only by natural hot water. This is one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
The lesson is focused primarily on teachers and students of the 6th grade who are fluent in computer technology and Internet resources. The abstract contains links to sources of information ...
The paper considers the reasons for the formation of volcanoes and geysers. Students get acquainted with the concepts and terms: volcano, vent, crater, extinct and active volcanoes and their practical meaning. Mothers...
The state of Iceland is located on the island of the same name in the Atlantic Ocean, not far from the Scandinavian Peninsula. The total area is 103,000 square kilometers, the length of the coastline is 6,000 km. The northern and eastern coasts of the country are represented by fjords and bays that cut deep into high shores. From the southern and western sides, lowlands predominate, close to which lagoons and large bays approach.
Relief of Iceland
The relief of Iceland is a plateau with steep cliffs. Its height reaches 400 - 600 m. On the Icelandic plateau there are volcanic mountains and high plateaus. The height of individual peaks reaches 2,000 m.
The lowlands of Iceland occupy the southern, western and southwestern parts of the island. In relation to the plateau, they make up 7% of the territory of the state. The lowlands are mostly swampy.
In geological terms, the island of Iceland is a young formation. Its relief is a clear evidence of volcanic origin. On the territory of the island, almost all types of volcanoes from those available on the globe are represented. Often encountered are craters that have arisen along tectonic faults and cracks.
Eruptions and earthquakes occur regularly on the island. Active volcanic activity in Iceland is the reason for the appearance of many thermal springs and geysers in the country.
Volcanoes of Iceland
Iceland's largest volcano. Active. Its height is 2,119 m. It belongs to the largest glacier in the country.
The peaks of Eraivajokull are covered with ice. In total, two of its eruptions were recorded in the history of the island: explosive with floods, in 1362, and protracted, in the period from 1727 to 1728.
The volcano is the symbol of Iceland. Active. It erupts regularly once every 50 years. Its height is 1,491 m. Its last eruption occurred in 2000.
This is a conical stratovolcano, the top of which is almost always hidden by a cloud cap. Previously, trees and other vegetation grew on the slopes of its mountains, today there are no plants.
Another stratovolcano in Iceland, 1,516 m high. Located in the center of the Icelandic plateau, is active. The last eruption took place in 1961.
There are two lakes in the Askja volcano caldera, which were formed as a result of the 1875 eruption:
- Lake Eskvatn - the deepest lake in the country, 220 m deep, today is covered with ice;
- Lake Viti is geothermal with water of a milky blue hue, emitting the smell of sulfur.
The presence of lakes has made the volcano a tourist attraction.
Volcano shield type, represented by a hundred craters. Its length is 25 km, the highest point is 818 m.
The volcano is active. One of its eruptions, which took place in 1783-1784, was the most destructive in the last millennium. The length of the erupted lava flow was 130 km. About half of the entire livestock of the country was destroyed. The provoked melting of glaciers led to floods that claimed the lives of 20% of the population.
Weather disasters affected the entire Northern Hemisphere of the earth. The air temperature during the year dropped by several degrees.
The second highest volcano in Iceland, 2009 m. This is a subglacial stratovolcano. Active. The last period of its activity began in 2007, since then the intensity of activity began to increase. Eruptions are accompanied by tremors.
The last eruption occurred in August 2014. The magnitude of the fluctuations reached 5 points, hot lava came out of the faults to the surface. Residents of the surrounding area were evacuated.
Geysers of Iceland
It is a major tourist attraction. It is located in the Haukadalur valley. In rare periods of activity, it throws a column of water to the ground, reaching a height of 60 m. During hibernation, it turns into a shallow lake with green water. An inactive state can be observed for several years.
Geyser activity depends on seismic processes and volcanic activity. An active state with eruptions up to 8 times a day was observed in 2000. In the 80s of the last century, an artificial effect on the activity of a geyser was actively practiced by adding soap. Due to environmental concerns, this practice was abolished, and such enforcement measures are now applied exclusively on the country's independence day, June 17th.
The geyser is located near the Big Geyser. Is active. The height of the column of water can reach 30 m. The periods between eruptions are 5 - 6 minutes, it is not uncommon for a geyser to erupt up to 3 times in a row.
The geyser is surrounded by shallow lakes with blue and clear water, which are hot underground waters that have come to the surface. In the area where the geyser is located, there is also a smell of hydrogen sulfide.
