Rational use of natural resources and protection of the environment from pollution by industrial emissions is the most important national economic task. This task is solved on the basis of the creation and implementation of low-waste and waste-free industries.[ ...]

Natural resources are what a person extracts for his consumption. In relation to them, the term "rational nature management" is used. Resources are divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible, renewable and non-renewable. Several types of natural resources can be concentrated in one natural object. For example, a forest is a combination of many resources: wood, resins, other technical raw materials, animal and vegetable food products, oxygen, etc. Therefore, the rational use of natural resources also helps to protect natural objects in general.[ ...]

Rational use of natural resources and effective measures to protect the environment are possible only on the basis of knowledge of the laws of nature and their reasonable application: from a consumer attitude towards nature, a person must move to cooperation with it and commensurate his economic activity with the possibilities of nature. The solution of environmental problems becomes successful only with the participation of a wide range of specialists working in various fields of science and technology.[ ...]

Nature management rational use of natural resources and environmental conditions, their reproduction and protection. The public utility of each element of the natural environment is a consumer good, which must be evaluated, calculated, used in the form of a standard for environmental management (protection) of the natural environment. The product of environmental investments is a product of a special kind - an ecologically clean natural environment, the preservation and enhancement of the growth rate of the reproduction of resources or their conservation (for naturally non-reproducible) on a highly efficient basis. Maintaining optimal proportions in social consumption and the reproduction of natural resources ensures the national economic return on environmental costs and standard (industry) profit, as in any other sphere of material production.[ ...]

Efforts to ensure rational use of natural resources and nature protection, undertaken on the basis of natural resources legislation and the above-mentioned government decrees, however, did not give visible and tangible results. At the end of the 80s. The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Government of the USSR realized that the main reasons for the sharp deterioration of the state of the environment in the country were: weak legal regulation of nature management and environmental protection, imperfect organization of state administration in this area, the “residual” principle of financing environmental protection activities, the lack of economic incentives for enterprises to rational use of natural resources and protection of nature from pollution. On January 7, 1988, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution “On a radical restructuring of the nature conservation in the country”2.[ ...]

Questions of nature protection and rational use of natural resources have been at the center of attention of the Soviet state since the first days of its existence. Lenin's ideas about the protection of the environment and the most beneficial use of natural resources for the entire people were embodied in the principles of the policy of the CPSU. The Soviet government is constantly concerned about the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources. Particular attention is paid to the protection of water resources. This is evidenced by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On measures to streamline the use and strengthen the protection of water resources of the USSR" (No. 425 of April 22, 1960), in accordance with which measures were developed to preserve the cleanliness of water bodies and the bodies of State supervision over the use and protection of water resources.[ ...]

The determining factors for the rational use of the natural resources of the watershed are the amount of resource consumption and the method of their reproduction. An inextricable connection between the methods of reproduction of natural resources and the inexhaustibility of water in rivers has been established. Properly organized interdependence of these components makes it possible to optimize surface and underground runoff. In turn, the optimal surface runoff without the occurrence of erosion processes will be formed only with a rational structure of agricultural and forest lands (covered and not covered with forests), as well as lands used for housing, utilities and transport. Thus, the planning of activities in the watershed should be carried out by land management, forest management and urban planning organizations together with hydrologists. In addition, the help of economists will be required to determine their positive and negative effects.[ ...]

Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex and multifaceted problem. Its solution is associated with the regulation of the relationship between man and nature, subordinating them to a certain system of laws, instructions and rules. In our country, such a system is established by law.[ ...]

In the general problem of nature protection and rational use of natural resources, an important place is occupied by the protection of soils from chemical pollution, the reclamation of polluted lands.[ ...]

Gradually, codes of laws on the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection were formed. They are constantly improving.[ ...]

The creation of an effective system of measures for the rational use of natural resources and the guaranteed provision of optimal conditions for life and progress in the external environment requires intensive development of ecology and improvement of environmental forecasting. Modern production activity plays the role of a very powerful factor that can not only significantly change the soil and vegetation cover of individual natural zones of the Earth, but also affect the direction and pace of the evolutionary process in the biosphere.[ ...]

The economic principle of AML is to ensure the rational use of natural resources and minimal economic damage with an alternatively given output (oil and gas production).[ ...]

Many topical problems of modern cartography and rational use of natural resources cannot be successfully solved without materials from the DS. Thus, the compilation of electronic terrain models is carried out on the basis of electronic image files obtained by the survey systems of the SPOT station, using stereocorrelation methods. The materials obtained as a result of using these methods are much cheaper than those made on the basis of aerial photographs and, moreover, the results of ground surveys. Many companies have begun to produce electronic terrain models on a commercial basis, using electronic image files SPOT, Landsat - TM and “Resurs”.[ ...]

Population, industrial production, consumption of natural resources, and consequently pollution of the environment are increasing exponentially, and it is believed that the exponential growth of production is the driving force of the world economy, the development of which is somehow directed to the physical limits of our planet. The really existing limits of the possibilities of the Earth and the development of society were first discussed in 1972. This caused sharp objections from many scientists and specialists in the world. However, the physical finiteness of the mass of the planet and its constituent characteristics (surface area, reserves of chemical elements in the form of natural resources) is an objective reality. Therefore, an objective reality is the need not only for the rational use of natural resources, but also for self-limiting the growth in the number of human consumers. Of course, we are not talking about any violent actions against the population, but improving the well-being of the population and the quality of life inevitably requires, for example, family planning.[ ...]

Specialists of various profiles - geographers, geologists, ecologists, soil scientists, hydraulic engineers, biologists, economists - participate in solving the problem of environmental protection and developing measures for the rational use of natural resources. In recent decades, writers, journalists, and artists have become involved in the discussion of this problem. Such a keen interest of the general public in the “relationships” of man with nature testifies, first of all, that we are far from indifferent to the environment in which we ourselves, our children and grandchildren will live.[ ...]

The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR note that the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources in the context of the rapid development of industry, transport, agriculture and the involvement in the exploitation of an increasing amount of natural resources is one of the most important economic and social tasks of the Soviet state.[ .. .]

The environmental policy of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources at the present stage should be based on program documents adopted in 1992 at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, as well as on the decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On approval of the concept of transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Economic Development” (April 1996).[ ...]

The indicated ministries and departments of the USSR, on the basis of draft plans for the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources and the ministries and departments of the USSR and the union republics, develop and submit to the State Planning Committee of the USSR (within the deadlines established by it) coordinated draft plans for the relevant sections in the USSR as a whole, with distribution assignments for ministries, departments of the USSR and union republics.[ ...]

Payment for nature use is the most important element of the system of economic incentives for the rational use of natural resources. It consists of: payment for the use of natural resources and payment for pollution of the natural environment.[ ...]

Strengthening anthropogenic impact on nature determines the relevance of the problems of protection and rational use of natural resources. In relation to water resources, these problems are reduced to their protection from depletion and pollution. The depletion of water resources is determined by their consumption in volumes exceeding the values ​​of renewal. Water pollution refers to the deterioration of their quality. Water resources experience a significant anthropogenic impact caused by local sources of pollution (runoff from industrial effluents, from industrial sites, from storage ponds, emergency ruptures of pipelines, etc.). The negative consequences of this impact include: a decrease in fresh water reserves, their pollution and salinization, oil contamination of freshwater horizons, deterioration of habitat conditions for hydrobionts, ichthyofauna and algoflora. In the general case, the processes of depletion and pollution are interrelated, they are determined by quantitative and qualitative characteristics that have a spatial and temporal distribution. Therefore, the study of these processes is the task of environmental monitoring. Monitoring includes observation, analysis and assessment of the state of the environment, its changes under the influence of human activities, as well as forecasting these changes. The content of any monitoring system generally includes three subsystems: "Data Bank", "Model", "Forecast".[ ...]

Normative legislative documents on nature protection include environmental quality standards, which establish the optimal characteristics of the natural environment, achieved with the current level of technical progress and ensuring the preservation of public health, the development of flora and fauna. The main tasks of the system of standards in the field of nature protection are: ensuring the safety of natural complexes; promotion of restoration and rational use of natural resources; promoting a balance between the development of production and the sustainability of the environment; improvement of environmental quality management in the interests of humanity.[ ...]

Draft five-year plans for the protection of the air basin and long-term plans for the protection and rational use of natural resources are developed by the enterprise, the association and the ministry in approximately the same forms and indicators as the annual ones.[ ...]

In the period of accelerating the development of the national economy of our country, the issues of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources are of great social and economic importance. In this regard, there is a need to further improve the system of measures for the hygienic and toxicological provision of safe working conditions and the protection of environmental objects. The term "hygiene-toxicological provision" is new, but the most correct, in our opinion, reflects the essence of the issue of industrial and environmental protection in connection with the widespread use of chemical products; it means a system of measures that guarantees safe conditions for the production and use of chemicals and the protection of the environment. An important link in this system is the scientifically based development of sanitary standards for the maximum permissible content of harmful substances in various environmental objects - the air of the working area, atmospheric air, water, water bodies and soil. This is, in fact, the basis for ensuring safe working conditions and protecting environmental objects from the effects of various chemicals.[ ...]

The creation of low-waste and waste-free TIC is an important direction in the development of the national economy, the rational use of natural resources and the preservation of ecological balance.[ ...]

In 1983, the Interdepartmental Scientific and Technical Council on Complex Problems of Environmental Protection and the Rational Use of Natural Resources under the USSR State Committee on Science and Technology recommended that Moscow develop a Target Integrated Program for the period up to 2000 to create and introduce into production low-waste and waste-free galvanic processes and increase use of galvanic waste as material resources.[ ...]

The task of state environmental control is to ensure the implementation of legal requirements for the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection from pollution by all state bodies, enterprises, organizations and citizens to whom such requirements are addressed. State control is, therefore, supra-departmental in nature.[ ...]

The main task of industrial environmental control is to check: a) the implementation of plans and measures for the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection; b) compliance with the standards of maximum permissible environmental impacts established by the enterprise; c) fulfillment of other requirements of environmental legislation, etc.[ ...]

Following this, we can formulate the essence of the concept of "environmental protection". This is a system of measures aimed at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the natural environment, ensuring the conservation and restoration of natural resources, rational use of natural resources, preventing direct and indirect harmful effects of the results of society's activities on nature and human health.[ ...]

Competition is understood as free competitiveness of participants in nature management, when their actions actively prevent the monopoly use of natural resources in order to obtain unilateral advantages and benefits and stimulate non-exhaustive, rational use of natural resources, including their protection and reproduction.[ ...]

The attention of agricultural specialists of various profiles should be focused on the following main issues of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources in the process of agricultural production.[ ...]

Applied ecology is a discipline that studies the mechanisms of destruction of the biosphere by man, ways to prevent this process and develops principles for the rational use of natural resources without degradation of the living environment.[ ...]

International environmental law is a set of international legal norms that regulate relations between its subjects to ensure the rational use of the Earth's natural resources and protect the global environment from harmful effects in the interests of present and future generations of people. The subject of international environmental law is international environmental relations, i.e. relations in the field of interaction between humanity and nature.[ ...]

Thus, environmental law is understood as a set of norms based on environmental and legal ideas that regulate specific public relations of ownership of natural resources, to ensure the rational use of natural resources and protect the environment from harmful chemical, physical and biological effects in the course of economic and other activities. , for the protection of environmental rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities.[ ...]

The geological environment has certain physical, geochemical, biological and engineering-geological properties, which are evaluated by ecological quality. The essence of the rational use of natural resources in human engineering activities lies in the knowledge of the processes of interaction of the main components of the geological environment with various engineering structures and in preventing or reducing the impact of technogenic processes on it.[ ...]

Risk management mechanisms. They should be understood in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, all environmentally significant activities are a source of risk, and all measures for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources are risk management. In practice, this is important. The rise in the cost of energy resources, in particular, associated with the aging of fixed assets and rising gas prices, objectively leads to a desire to expand the production of electricity at nuclear power plants. Risk management then is primarily associated with the rationalization of the activities of the plant that produces electricity, counting on reducing the need for nuclear power plants.[ ...]

Adjacent to the concept of state environmental policy is the concept of the ecological function of the state. M. M. Brinchuk defines it as an activity for the disposal of natural resources owned by the state in the interests of society, as well as activities aimed at ensuring the rational use of natural resources in order to prevent their depletion, to protect the environment from degradation of its quality, to protect environmental rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities. The ecological function of the state is expressed in ensuring a balanced ratio of the ecological and economic interests of society and providing the necessary guarantees for the realization (and protection) of human rights to a natural environment favorable for life. A. S. Shesteryuk, for example, considers the main strategic goal of environmental policy to be stabilization of the situation, exit from a state close to catastrophic, and subsequent improvement in the quality of the environment that meets international standards. It is difficult to disagree with this opinion, given today's Russian realities.[ ...]

An important conclusion follows from the foregoing: the problem of ensuring environmental safety should be considered in a single, integral system of national interests and goals, and the mechanism for ensuring it is the rational use of natural resources, and especially forest resources, while observing the rules of forest management.[ ...]

The fifth stage of the conceptual development of marketing (ecological): the time period of development is the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the concept of the market is ecological, the key link is environmental safety and rational use of natural resources, the level of action is human civilization and nature, reflected in the organizational and staffing structure of firms serious attention to the issues of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources - the introduction of the position of vice president for environmental safety, the position of manager for environmental policy.[ ...]

The five-year plans for the development of the national economy are based on a deep natural-science, economic-economic and state-legal substantiation. The foundations of socialist legislation on the use of natural resources and environmental protection in the USSR were laid down by the first decrees of the world's first socialist state on peace and land, adopted on November 8, 1917 by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The nationalization of the land, its subsoil, waters, forests and other natural resources that have become the property of the whole people served as the legal basis for carrying out extensive state measures to preserve and improve the environment. Concern for the careful and rational use of natural resources has now become one of the leading principles of the policy of the CPSU and the Soviet government.[ ...]

Establish that the ministries and departments of the USSR and the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics, simultaneously with the submission to the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the State Planning Committee of the USSR of draft long-term and annual plans for the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources, send the relevant sections of the drafts of these plans to their subordinate associations, enterprises, institutions and organizations (indicating the volume of capital investments and tasks for commissioning environmental facilities and facilities) to the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control, the USSR Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Management. Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR, Committee for Supervision of Safe Work in Industry and Mining Supervision under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.[ ...]

The first in Russia in the Soviet period were the decrees "0 land", "0 forests", "0 bowels of the earth", the Land Code and the Forest Code. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, a number of new legislative acts were adopted, which consolidated an integrated approach to nature protection and the rational use of natural resources - this is the Water Code. Land Code and a number of others.[ ...]

It is quite obvious that mathematical models are an incomplete abstract representation of the real world. In the absence of real models, the mathematical approach is very abstract, but when it is excluded, it can be difficult to grasp the general meaning of the real model. Therefore, in studying the problems of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources, real (material) models and iconic (ideal) ones are used in parallel, complementing and enriching each other.[ ...]

Unfortunately, some modern environmentalists did not heed the ethical commandment of G.A. Kozhevnikov "to protect primeval wildlife for its own sake." Because of pragmatic values ​​and utilitarian reasons - economic, economic, scientific, educational, recreational, etc. the modern environmental movement is more like a "sustainability of natural resources" movement. But as Svyatoslav Zabelin, one of the leaders of the International Socio-Ecological Union, aptly noted, protecting wildlife because it is scientifically or economically useful is nothing but bestiality [Zabelin, 2000].[ ...]

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an activity aimed at determining the nature and extent of the potential impact of a proposed project on the environment, the expected environmental and related social and economic consequences during and after the implementation of such a project, and the development of measures to ensure the rational use natural resources and environmental protection from harmful effects in accordance with the requirements of environmental legislation.[ ...]

The most important fundamental documents in resolving issues of scientific nature management are the Constitution of the USSR, the resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which determined the responsibility of ministries, organizations, institutions and citizens of the USSR for nature protection. These documents became the basis for the creation of industry regulations and scientifically based plans for the rational use of natural resources and nature protection.[ ...]

At the present stage of the scientific and technological revolution, the further development of the chemical industry, as well as other sectors of the national economy, is associated with the need for more careful consideration of environmental factors. In almost every sub-sector, a basis has been created for the introduction of new technological processes that drastically reduce the amount of harmful emissions. However, the requirements of nature protection and rational use of natural resources raise new, serious questions. The amount of accumulated waste still continues to grow. The national economy faces a serious task of minimizing and utilizing the generated waste, as well as processing already accumulated waste.[ ...]

In addition, a legislative framework is being formed that regulates the conditions for the use of natural resources and responsibility for their violation. On the basis of the legislative framework in force in the territory defined by law, short-term and long-term plans for improving the state of the environment and environmental measures are developed. The planning of environmental protection measures based on modern technologies that ensure the rational use of natural resources and a significant reduction in the flow of pollutants into the environment is part of the investment policy and serves to rank objects according to priorities.[ ...]

The textbook is a summary of the basics of ecology taught in higher educational institutions for students studying the cycle of non-natural sciences. The discipline is obligatory for students of all specialties of higher education. Fundamentals of ecology is a natural science discipline aimed at developing a student's biocentric worldview and the ability to evaluate professional activity from the standpoint of the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.[ ...]

One of the most important features of planning in our country is the dynamic development of all sectors of the economy and the improvement of national economic intersectoral, intrasectoral and territorial proportions. A special place in planning is given to the solution of practical problems of nature protection. To this end, since 1974, the State Plan for the Economic and Social Development of the National Economy has included the section “Nature Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources”, which includes natural indicators characterizing the treatment of wastewater and exhaust gases and the operation of water circulation cycles in all sectors of the national economy and the investments allocated for these activities. The effectiveness of nature protection throughout the country depends on the development and implementation of specific measures for the use of natural resources by each ministry.[ ...]

In 1960-1970, the Fundamentals of the Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics (1968), the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on Health (1969), the Fundamentals of the Water Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics (1970) were adopted. d.), “Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and the union republics on subsoil” (1975), “Fundamentals of the forestry legislation of the USSR and the union republics” (1977). An important environmental document is the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On measures to further improve nature conservation and rational use of natural resources" (September 1972). These documents define an integrated approach to solving the problems of nature protection and rational use of natural resources in all sectors of the national economy, and distribute functions between ministries and departments in the field of planning and monitoring the implementation of environmental measures and the state of the natural environment.

Table of contents

Introduction

The problem of human interaction with nature is an eternal topic and is especially relevant today. Mankind is connected with the natural environment by its origin, existence, its future. Since natural conditions have a huge impact on people's lives, let's say that a person is completely dependent on nature. For a very long time, people looked at nature as an inexhaustible source. And only after a while, they came to the need for rational use of natural resources. The development of civilization served to expand the scale of the use of natural resources. To this day, man has not learned to do without the riches of nature. Currently, there are several definitions of the concept of "natural resources". The more general of these is the following: natural resources are the components and properties of the natural environment that are used or can be used to meet the various physical and spiritual needs of human society. Natural resources exist independently of man and can be used as a means of subsistence and as a means of labor, a source of material production. This duality reflects:
1. Their natural origin (a component of nature);
2. Their economic importance in the life of society;
The age of reckless exploitation of nature by man is behind us. Today, nature needs to preserve and reproduce its resources. The main attention should be directed to what saves the resources of life - Man and Nature. The long history of the development of mankind is, first of all, the history of nature management, the development of productive forces, human knowledge of the laws of nature and society. Therefore, speaking of rational signs, it is necessary first of all: to take into account the scale and certain gaps in the organization. Today there is a need to develop the protection, extraction and rational use of natural resources. As a more advantageous option, two stages should be considered: the first one consists in analyzing the current situation, as well as in developing principles for the protection, extraction and use of natural resources; the second is in creating the concept of rational nature management as a document that defines the strategy for nature management. At the same time, it is very important to know that, in an independent form, the principles can serve as guidelines in the development and adoption of appropriate decisions.

Chapter 1Principles of protection and rational use of natural resources.

1.1 The concept of "nature management".

In his practical activity, man has always been forced to reckon with the laws of living nature. At first it happened spontaneously. Gradually, humanity realized that it is possible and necessary to manage competently on Earth. When interest in environmental problems of the relationship between nature and society began to increase significantly, they began to use the concept of nature management as a complex multicomponent system, which is characterized by many principles that are set depending on the purpose and objectives of a particular study.
Rational nature management is a system of activities designed to ensure the economical exploitation of natural resources and the most efficient regime, their reproduction, taking into account the promising interests of a developing economy and preserving people's health. From the point of view of Yu. Kurazhkovsky: nature management was considered as a special science, the task of which was to "develop general principles for the implementation of any activity related to nature and its resources" . Based on the definition, two ways of rational nature management can be distinguished:
1. The first way is a reasonable reduction in consumption in anthropogenic ecosystems and the selection of animals and plants to obtain species with a wide range of self-regulation, i.e. economical use of natural resources.
2. The second way is to increase this or that resource through environmental management, giving a new quality to the resource. For example, the lack of fertile land resources can be filled through land reclamation. The lack of thermal resources (thermal reclamation) for plants can be compensated either by placing them on the "warm" southern slopes, or by artificially heating the soil. In order to do this, it is necessary to perform a series of thought procedures to decide on the choice of a particular way to solve the problem.
Basically, two cases can arise. The first, when there is enough resource (Ri>0) and the second, when there is not enough resource (Ri<0) (см. рис1)
In the first case, it is necessary to use this resource carefully and rationally, and in the second case, to increase the availability of the resource, either by searching for new deposits or by environmental management.
Rational activities must be effective and safe. As efficiency criteria, economic efficiency and social efficiency can be chosen.

Figure 1. Decision tree for the use of natural resources.

1.2 General view of the principles of rational nature management.

Rational nature management should ensure the full existence and development of modern society, but at the same time preserve the high quality of the human environment. This is achieved through the economic exploitation of natural resources and conditions and the most effective mode of their reproduction, taking into account the promising interests of economic development and the preservation of people's health. Compliance with the principles of rational nature management will make it possible to develop measures to protect natural resources and prevent the aggravation of environmental situations.
In general, the principles of rational nature management can be formulated as follows:
1. The principle of "zero level" consumption of natural resources. This principle is used in many economically developed countries to regulate the consumption of primary natural resources on a national scale. It is called so due to the fact that the zero level is taken as the volume of primary natural resources used by the enterprise for the previous year, and for the next - exceeding this level, consumption is limited on a national scale by a clearly defined coefficient. Compliance with the coefficient is mandatory, since the violator is fined, which may exceed the profits of the enterprise.
2. The principle of correspondence between the anthropogenic load and the natural resource potential. Compliance with this principle will avoid violations of the natural balance. Such a violation of the laws of functioning of natural systems occurs in two cases:
a) for exceeding the level of anthropogenic load. This is reflected in the excessive concentration of production. For many years, the practice of territorial planning proceeded from the fact that the cost of production decreases with an increase in the concentration of production. At the same time, the limited renewing properties of the natural resource potential of the region were not only ignored; often the consumption of certain types of resources by production exceeded their availability. This is how regions of acute ecological crisis arose in the Donbass, the Dnieper region - in Ukraine, and in Russia - in the Urals, in the Volga region and Kuzbass, etc.
Especially many environmental and economic problems were caused by the concentration of production in large cities. "Economy" was calculated without calculating the cost of creating the necessary infrastructure. It was often not taken into account that the cost of infrastructure in a large city significantly exceeds its creation in a small and medium one. In addition, the costs of measures to protect the environment from pollution by production waste were not taken into account. This planning practice has led to the fact that in all large cities and industrial centers there is a strong pollution of the environment with industrial waste. Through the excessive concentration of industry, the implementation of environmental measures becomes a big problem;
b) for discrepancies between the specialization of production and the specifics of the natural resource potential.
3. The principle of preserving the spatial integrity of natural systems in the process of their economic use. This principle follows from the most important patterns of interconnectedness of changes in the components of nature under the influence of anthropogenic activity. Human influence on individual components of nature and individual types of resources is not limited to changes only in them. Changes in one of the components of a natural system lead to changes in others, and sometimes to changes in the quality of the ecosystem as a whole. An example is the drainage of swamps in the regions of Ukrainian Polissya, after which the quality of many ecosystems changed - arable land turned out to be flooded, small rivers dried up, etc.
4. The principle of preserving the naturally conditioned circulation of substances in the process of anthropogenic activity. The essence of the principle is not only to ensure that the technological processes of specific industries are limited by cyclicity, but also that cyclic processes represent a sequential series of production stages interconnected or complex processing of raw materials.
Violation of this principle has led to the formation of a large amount of waste that is not included in the natural circulation of substances and changes the properties of many ecosystems in the region.
Compliance with the principles of rational nature management is expedient in all regions, regardless of the hierarchical level. Preservation of the overall ecological balance is possible provided that the balance of the natural systems of individual regions is maintained and vice versa. In addition, the problem of rational nature management cannot be solved only within regional and even national boundaries. This is a global problem, it is inherent in the entire planet.

1.3 Principles of protection of natural resources.

General interconnections and interdependencies, objectively existing both in nature itself and in interaction with society, determine the basic principles of environmental protection and rational nature management.
Compliance with these principles is necessary in the performance of any economic and other activities that have an impact on ecological communities and natural resources.
1. All natural resources have multiple meanings for humans and must be evaluated from different points of view. This principle boils down to the fact that each phenomenon must be approached taking into account the interests of various branches of production and the preservation of the restorative power of nature itself.
2. When using natural resources, it is necessary to be guided by the rule of regionality. According to the rule of regionality, the treatment of the same natural resource should be different depending on the specific conditions of the area and how this one is represented in it. It consists in the need for strict consideration of local conditions in the use and protection of natural resources.
3. The rule that follows from the interconnection of phenomena in nature is that the protection of one natural object can mean simultaneously the protection of other objects closely related to it. Thus, the protection of natural resources should be considered as a complex problem, and not as the sum of separate natural components that are independent of each other.
Natural resources must be both protected and used. This is the basic principle of nature conservation - protection in the process of its use. It is not the sum of individual natural resources that should be protected, but an ecosystem that includes various components connected by natural links that have developed in the process of long historical development.
Legal bases of nature protection. The rules and principles of nature protection are carried out by people when they are of a legislative nature. Currently, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" (December 19, 1991) is in force. Its basis is the recognition of nature and its wealth as "the national treasure of the peoples of Russia, the natural basis of their socio-economic development and human well-being."
The main objectives of the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation are "regulating relations in the field of interaction between society and nature in order to preserve natural resources and the natural human environment, prevent the environmentally harmful impact of economic and other activities, strengthen law and order in the interests of present and future generations of people." The law formulates environmental requirements for all economic structures. These requirements are addressed to enterprises, organizations, institutions, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination, and to individual citizens.

Conclusion

Natural resources form the basis of the country's national wealth. The wide involvement of natural resources in economic activity with their rational use can become the most important factor in ensuring socio-economic progress. According to available forecasts, countries and regions rich in raw materials. They can take leading positions in the civilized world in the coming decades.
Coming to the conclusion of my work, I would like to say that in any case, natural resources are not unlimited and not eternal. This makes it necessary to constantly take care of their conservation and reproduction. For this, the following basic conditions exist.
First, it is necessary to carefully, rationally use what nature gives a person (especially in relation to irreplaceable resources).
Secondly, where it is available, effective measures should be taken to replenish natural resources (to restore and increase the natural fertility of the land, to plant forests, to reproduce the reserves of water bodies).
Thirdly, recycled raw materials and other production waste should be used as much as possible.
Fourthly, it is necessary to support in every possible way the ecological purity of production and nature management.

Bibliography

1. Lectures on the basics of nature management; P.Ya. Baklanov "Regional nature management: methods of study, assessment, management". Tutorial. – M.: Logos, 2002. – 160p.: ill.
2. N.G. Komarov "Geoecology and nature management", textbook for higher. Schools; - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 192p.
3. Internet resources: msuee.ru›htm l2/books/vvedenie/stranicy/6. htm.
4. V.G. "Principles of rational nature management" - Khabarovsk, 2000. - 144p.
5. V.M. Konstantinov, Yu.B. Chelidze "Ecological foundations of nature management" studies. Benefit. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy"; Mastery, 2001. - 208s.
etc.................

Plan

1. Ecological principles of rational use of natural resources

2. Lithosphere. Sources of pollution of the lithosphere

3. Factors affecting human health

4. Anthropogenic sources of environmental pollution

List of used literature

1. Ecological principles of rational use of natural resources

The rational use of natural resources and environmental protection is one of the most important problems of modern society in the era of the development of scientific and technological progress, accompanied by an active impact on nature.

Natural conditions - a set of objects, phenomena and factors of the natural environment that are essential for the material and production activity of a person, but not directly involved in it (for example, climate).

Natural resources - natural objects and phenomena that are used or can be used in the future to meet the material and other needs of society and social production, contributing to the reproduction of labor resources, maintaining the conditions for the existence of mankind and raising living standards.

Natural resources are divided into practically inexhaustible (energy of the sun, ebbs and flows, internal heat, atmospheric air, water); renewable (soil, plant, animal resources) and non-renewable (minerals, habitat, river energy).

Renewable natural resources are natural resources capable of self-recovery in the process of the circulation of substances within a period commensurate with the pace of human economic activity. The rational use of renewable natural resources should be based on the principles of balanced use and renewal of them, as well as provide for their expanded reproduction.

Non-renewable natural resources are a part of exhaustible natural resources that do not have the ability to self-renewal within a timeframe commensurate with the pace of human economic activity. The rational use of non-renewable natural resources should be based on their comprehensive and economical extraction and use, waste disposal, etc.

From the point of view of involvement in human economic activity, natural resources are divided into real and potential . The first type of resources is actively exploited, the second one can be involved in economic turnover.

By belonging to certain components of the natural environment, certain types of natural resources are distinguished:

biological;

environmental;

Geological;

climatic;

Land;

vegetable;

Animal resources;

Mineral etc.

According to the leading features and nature of use, industrial, agricultural, energy, fuel are distinguished. In non-production areas, recreational, protected, landscape-resort, medical, etc.

Currently, the problem of depletion of natural resources is becoming more and more acute. The depletion of the natural resource potential is expressed in the reduction of natural resources to a level that does not meet the needs of mankind, its technical capabilities and safety standards for natural systems.

The depletion of natural resources makes their further development economically and ecologically inexpedient.

With wasteful, predatory use, some types of renewable resources may disappear, losing their ability to self-renewal. For example, an arable soil horizon with a thickness of about 18 cm, under favorable conditions, is restored in 7000 years.

The intensification of industrial interference in the processes of nature, the consumerist, utilitarian, predatory attitude towards nature, its resources and wealth destroys the unity between human society and nature.

The growth of production cannot be carried out due to the depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution, since not only the development of production, but also the existence of life on Earth depends on their condition.

Rational nature management involves the reasonable development of natural resources, the prevention of possible harmful consequences of human activity, the maintenance and increase in the productivity and attractiveness of natural complexes and individual natural objects.

Rational nature management involves choosing the best option for achieving environmental, economic and social benefits when using natural resources.

The integrated use of natural resources involves the use of waste-free and low-waste technologies, the reuse of secondary resources. From the point of view of the reproduction aspect, the integrated use of natural resources includes a wide range of problems.

2. Lithosphere. Sources of pollution of the lithosphere

Man exists in a certain space, and the main component of this space is the earth's surface - the surface of the lithosphere.

The lithosphere is called the solid shell of the Earth, consisting of the earth's crust and the layer of the upper mantle underlying the earth's crust. The distance of the lower boundary of the Earth's crust from the Earth's surface varies within 5-70 km, and the Earth's mantle reaches a depth of 2900 km. After it, at a distance of 6371 km from the surface, there is a core.

Land occupies 29.2% of the surface of the globe. The upper layers of the lithosphere is called soil. The soil cover is the most important natural formation and component of the Earth's biosphere. It is the soil shell that determines many processes occurring in the biosphere.

Soil is the main source of food, providing 95-97% of food resources for the world's population. The land area of ​​the world is 129 million square kilometers, or 86.5% of the land area. Arable land and perennial plantations in the composition of agricultural land occupy about 10% of the land, meadows and pastures - 25% of the land. Soil fertility and climatic conditions determine the possibility of the existence and development of ecological systems on Earth. Unfortunately, due to improper exploitation, some of the fertile land is lost every year. Thus, over the past century, as a result of accelerated erosion, 2 billion hectares of fertile land have been lost, which is 27% of the total area of ​​land used for agriculture.

The lithosphere is polluted by liquid and solid pollutants and wastes. It has been established that annually one ton of waste is generated per inhabitant of the Earth, including more than 50 kg of polymeric, hardly decomposable waste.

Sources of soil pollution can be classified as follows.

Residential buildings and public utilities. The composition of pollutants in this category of sources is dominated by household waste, food waste, construction waste, waste from heating systems, worn-out household items, etc. All this is collected and taken to landfills. For large cities, the collection and destruction of household waste in landfills has become an intractable problem. The simple burning of garbage in city dumps is accompanied by the release of toxic substances. When burning such objects, for example, chlorine-containing polymers, highly toxic substances are formed - dioxides. Despite this, in recent years, methods have been developed for the destruction of household waste by incineration. A promising method is the burning of such debris over hot melts of metals.

Industrial enterprises. Solid and liquid industrial waste constantly contains substances that can have a toxic effect on living organisms and plants. For example, non-ferrous heavy metal salts are usually present in waste from the metallurgical industry. The engineering industry releases cyanides, arsenic and beryllium compounds into the environment; in the production of plastics and artificial fibers, wastes containing phenol, benzene, styrene are formed; in the production of synthetic rubbers, catalyst wastes, substandard polymer clots get into the soil; in the production of rubber products, dust-like ingredients, soot, which settle on the soil and plants, waste rubber-textile and rubber parts, are released into the environment, and during the operation of tires, worn-out and failed tires, inner tubes and rim tapes. The storage and disposal of used tires is currently an unresolved problem, as it often causes large fires that are very difficult to extinguish. The degree of utilization of used tires does not exceed 30% of their total volume.

Transport. During the operation of internal combustion engines, nitrogen oxides, lead, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, soot and other substances are intensively released, deposited on the surface of the earth or absorbed by plants. In the latter case, these substances also enter the soil and are involved in the cycle associated with food chains.

Agriculture. Soil pollution in agriculture occurs due to the introduction of huge amounts of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. Some pesticides are known to contain mercury.

3. Factors affecting human health

Factors affecting human health are divided into biological, chemical, physical and voluntary risk factors.

To the main group biological factors include, as a rule, pathogenic microorganisms of natural and anthropogenic origin, causing various diseases. The result of human exposure to pathogenic microorganisms are infectious diseases. The problem of AIDS deserves special attention.

1. Lead.

2. Rational use of natural resources.

a) The problem of the use of mineral resources.

b) Rational use of water resources.

c) Rational use of soil resources.

d) Rational use of forest resources.

e) Recycling.

f) Resource-saving technologies

g) Integrated use of raw materials.

h) Increasing the efficiency of product use.

i) Information technology.

3. International cooperation.

4. Conclusion.

5. List of used literature.

Like an apple on a platter

We have only one Earth.

Take your time people

Drain everything to the bottom.

It's no wonder to get

To hidden secrets

Loot all wealth

For future ages.

We are the common life of the grain,

One fate relatives,

It's shameful for us to feast

For the next day.

Understand it people

Like your own command

Otherwise the Earth will not be

And each of us.

1. Introduction.

Our planet is not so big and all the natural processes taking place on it are closely interconnected. Thus, pesticides (DDT), used in agriculture in Europe and North America, ended up in the liver of penguins living in Antarctica. The destruction of forests in one country leads to the reduction of the natural wealth of the entire planet, the release of chemicals on one continent can cause skin cancer in people living in other parts of the world, the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in one place accelerates climate change on the Earth as a whole. Oceanic and atmospheric transport of pollutants knows no boundaries. "Everything is connected to everything."

Man has always used the environment mainly as a source of resources, but for a very long time his activity did not have a noticeable impact on the biosphere. Only at the end of the last century, changes in the biosphere under the influence of economic activity attracted the attention of scientists. In the first half of this century, these changes have been growing and are now like an avalanche hitting human civilization. In an effort to improve the conditions of his life, a person constantly increases the pace of material production, without thinking about the consequences. With this approach, most of the resources taken from nature are returned to it in the form of waste, often poisonous or unsuitable for disposal. This poses a threat to the existence of both the biosphere and man himself. The only way out of this situation lies in the development of new systems for the rational use of natural resources, and in human prudence.

2. Rational use of natural resources.

In connection with the problem of nature conservation, the ideas of environmental control as a form of scientific observation included in the technology of rational nature management are becoming widespread. Now this question is very relevant, because. if humanity does not understand the full importance of what is happening, it may threaten it with an ecological catastrophe.

a) the problem of the use of mineral resources.

Every year, 100 billion tons of mineral resources, including fuel, are extracted from the bowels of the earth, of which 90 billion tons turn into waste. Therefore, resource saving and reducing the level of environmental pollution are two sides of the same coin. For example, in the production of 1 ton of copper, 110 tons of waste remains, the production of one gold wedding ring - 1.5 - 3 tons of waste, etc. If at the beginning of the 20th century 20 chemical elements of the periodic table were used in the human economy, now more than 90. Over the past 40 years, global consumption of mineral resources has increased 25 times, and production waste is 10-100 times more.

The #1 metal for industry is iron. The reserves of ores with a high iron content are gradually being depleted, and mankind's need for iron has increased tenfold in the second half of the 20th century. New technologies have emerged to extract this metal from low-grade ores.

Another important metal is copper. If at the beginning of the century ore was used for processing, in which the copper content was at least 3%, then today it is even 0.5% of this metal. Copper is needed by the electrical and automotive industries, so over the course of a century, copper production has increased 22 times, and the amount of waste has increased by at least 50 times.

US environmentalists call the material monster. During a lifetime, one American consumes 15 tons of iron and cast iron, 1.5 tons of aluminum, 700 kg of copper, 12 tons of clay, 13 tons of proven salt, 500 tons of building materials, including 100 m 3 of wood. In Japan, there are 50 tons of mineral raw materials per inhabitant. If all countries start consuming the same amount of resources as the United States, then humanity would need an area equal to 3 areas of the Earth. Mineral reserves on the planet are limited and rapidly depleted. Different types of resources can be exhausted in the next 30-50 years. Perhaps, in the next 20-30 years, the reserves of lead and zinc ores, tin, gold, silver, platinum, asbestos will be exhausted, and then the extraction of nickel, cobalt, aluminum and others will stop. Reserves of phosphorus raw materials are depleted before our eyes. Soon enough, prices for phosphate fertilizers produced from land-based raw materials will rise sharply. And then phosphorus will have to be raised from the depths of the sea, which gets there from rocks, through the fields to which they are taken out as fertilizer, then with domestic sewage into the sea. And this "golden" phosphorus will be used in agriculture.

During the existence of the USSR, it was believed that our country was the richest in all types of natural resources. Apatite mining decreased by 2 times. After the collapse of the country, the Russian Federation lost chromium and manganese deposits, without which it is impossible to produce high-quality steel.

How to stop or slow down this process of resource depletion? The only possibility is to simulate the biospheric circulation of substances in industry. It is necessary that the useful elements contained in the raw materials do not end up in landfills, but are reused. In this case, production and consumption waste is no longer waste, but secondary material resources. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev said: "There are no wastes in chemistry, but only unused raw materials."

Some scientists believe that it is possible to reduce the consumption of primary resources by about 10 times, which will make it possible to move towards a sustainable development of the economy based on new scientific and technological developments. Are there good examples in this area? Yes. The governments of Denmark, Germany, Austria included in their environmental plan a radical reduction in the cost of primary resources (Austria announced a 90% reduction in the cost of primary resources).

b) rational use of water resources.

Drainage systems and structures are one of the types of engineering equipment and improvement of settlements, residential, public and industrial buildings, providing the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions for work, life and recreation of the population. Drainage and treatment systems consist of a set of equipment, networks and structures designed to receive and remove domestic industrial and atmospheric wastewater through pipelines, as well as to treat and neutralize them before being discharged into a reservoir or disposed of.

The objects of wastewater disposal are buildings for various purposes, as well as newly built, existing and reconstructed cities, towns, industrial enterprises, sanitary resorts, etc.

Waste water is water used for domestic, industrial or other needs and contaminated with various impurities that have changed their original chemical composition and physical properties, as well as water flowing from the territory of settlements and industrial enterprises as a result of precipitation or watering streets.

Depending on the origin of the type and composition, wastewater is divided into three main categories: household (from toilet rooms, showers, kitchens, baths, laundries, canteens, hospitals; they come from residential and public buildings, as well as from domestic premises and industrial enterprises) ; industrial (waters used in technological processes that no longer meet the requirements for their quality; this category of waters includes waters pumped to the surface of the earth during mining); atmospheric (rain and melt; together with atmospheric, water is drained from street irrigation, from fountains and drainages).

In practice, the concept of urban wastewater is also used, which is a mixture of domestic and industrial wastewater. Household, industrial and atmospheric wastewater is discharged both jointly and separately. The most widespread are all-alloy and separate water disposal systems. With a combined system, all three categories of wastewater are discharged through one common network of pipes and channels outside the urban area to treatment facilities. Separate systems consist of several networks of pipes and channels: one of them discharges rain and uncontaminated industrial wastewater, and the other or several networks carry domestic and contaminated industrial wastewater.

The amount of industrial wastewater is determined depending on the productivity of the enterprise according to the aggregated norms of water consumption and water disposal for various industries. The water consumption rate is the reasonable amount of water required for the production process, established on the basis of a scientifically based calculation or best practice. The aggregated rate of water consumption includes all water costs at the enterprise. Consumption rates of industrial wastewater are used in the design of newly built and reconstruction of existing industrial wastewater systems. The consolidated norms make it possible to assess the rationality of water use at any operating enterprise.

The efficiency of water use in industrial enterprises is evaluated by such indicators as the amount of recycled water used, the coefficient of its use and the percentage of its losses.

in) rational use of soil resources.

Unmanaged influence on the climate in combination with irrational agricultural practices (applying excessive amounts of fertilizers or plant protection products, improper crop rotation) can lead to a significant decrease in soil fertility and large fluctuations in crop yields. But a decrease in food production even by 1% can lead to the death of millions of people from starvation.

Under the influence of economic activity, salinization of soils, the disappearance of perennial plants, the advance of sands occur, and in modern times these processes have accelerated and taken on completely different scales. Over the course of history, man has turned at least 1 billion hectares of once productive land into a desert.

Excessive concentration of animals in small areas with unstable vegetation cover, the renewal of which is difficult due to lack of moisture and soil poverty, leads to overgrazing and, as a result, to the destruction of soils and vegetation. Since soils in arid regions are often sandy, areas with loose sands appear in overgrazing areas, which are blown away by the winds.

Desertification is recognized as one of the global problems of mankind, the solution of which requires the combined efforts of all countries. Therefore, in 1994, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification was adopted.

G) rational use of forest resources.

Once upon a time, most of the planet's land surface was occupied by forests, but with the development of civilization, the situation has changed dramatically, and now all forests occupy only a third of the land surface. Already the first farmers burned vast areas of forests to clear the area for crops. With the development of agriculture industry, forests began to disappear rapidly. We needed land for arable land and pastures, wood for construction and heating. As a result, by the 20th century, natural forests were destroyed almost throughout Europe, in northern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, southern Russia, and in a number of regions of America. Strong and beautiful wood of tropical trees was in special demand. In the 20th century, most of the wood was harvested in developing countries, tropical forests, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich seemed huge, and the timber reserves were almost inexhaustible.

But it turned out that this was not the case. Today, tropical forests occupy only 7% of the land, that is, half as much as 100-200 years ago. And their area is decreasing at a catastrophic rate - by 1.25% annually, primarily in Indonesia, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Africa. In Latin America, up to 6 million hectares per year were destroyed in the 1920s. Africa has lost more than 50 million hectares of tropical forests since the early 1980s.

The reduction of forest area and degradation of forests - deforestation - have become one of the global environmental problems. The need for fuel, among other things, remains the cause of deforestation in developing countries. Almost 70% of the population in these regions still use wood and charcoal for cooking and heating their homes. As a result of deforestation, almost 3 billion people have already faced an acute shortage of woodfuel. Prices for it are rising, and almost 40% of the family budget is often spent not buying firewood. In turn, the high demand for firewood is spurring further deforestation.

Rational use of natural resources is necessary, because. forests are “the lungs of our planet”, which means that if there is a complete deforestation, then the production of oxygen will sharply decrease.

e) recycling as one of the most important areas of production to reduce the cost of primary resources.

Recycling, or recycling, is the reuse or reuse of resources.

There has been tangible progress in the development of recycling in the world. For example, during the period 1985-1995, the recycling of glass in the world increased from 20 to 50%, and of metals - from 33 to 50%, today these figures are even higher.

In Germany, at the beginning of 1993, a law on packaging waste was adopted. Manufacturers now have to be responsible for the fate of their product packaging. This has led to a sharp reduction in the number of used containers entering landfills. If the packaging is difficult to dispose of, then the manufacturer has to pay for it, which, of course, is unprofitable. The material recycling curve in Germany climbed sharply from 12% in 1986 to 86% in 1997. The collection of plastic has increased by about 20 times. Such laws have been passed in Austria, France and Belgium.

The second very important law in this direction is the law on container handling. Many firms have begun manufacturing computer boxes and simple materials without the use of adhesives, paints or composites, making packaging easier to recycle.

Automotive and TV manufacturers are increasingly designing their products with easy disassembly in mind. The concept of "Industrial Symbiosis" appeared. "Symbiosis" is the cohabitation of two organisms beneficial to each other. "Industrial symbiosis" is when the unused resources of one enterprise become raw materials for another enterprise, usually from another area of ​​production.

For example, in the Danish city of Kalunburg, hot water from power plants is used by a nearby fish farm. The sludge from this company serves as fertilizer for farm land, and the soot from the operation of power plants goes to the production of cement.

This symbiosis is not only environmentally friendly, but economically beneficial. The amount of waste, for which disposal in landfills has to be paid dearly, is drastically reduced. They reduce the consumption of primary resources in the production of building materials, when crushed stone is replaced by slag and ash from thermal power plants.

Under pressure from economic levers, the role of recycling will increase. It is planned to bring the level of recycling of metals up to 80%, paper and plastics - up to 60-70%.

e) resource saving technologies.

Currently, a huge amount of metal goes into shavings. Some machines (excavators, machine tools, machines, tractors) weigh a lot, which makes them difficult to dispose of. Powder metallurgy is one of the most important ways to save metal. If in the metalworking of castings and rolled products 60-70% of the metal goes into chips, then in the manufacture of parts from press powders, the loss of materials does not exceed 5-7%. This not only saves raw materials, but also energy, reduces air and water pollution. Chips can be dispensed with when using precision casting, sheet and volumetric cold stamping.

Every industry uses a lot of water. So, in the production of 1 ton of steel, 150-230 m 3 of water is required, for the manufacture of nylon fiber - 5000 m 3 of water, 1 ton of nickel - 4000 m 3 of water.

g) complex use of raw materials.

Significant savings in primary resources can be ensured by the integrated use of raw materials, i.e. obtaining many useful substances from it at once.

For example, on the Kola Peninsula there is a deposit of apatite-nepheline ores. They contain:

13% apatite

30-40% nepheline

limestone and other materials. The mined ore is separated into apatite and nepheline concentrates, after which phosphate fertilizers, phosphoric acid, fluorides, phosphogypsum are obtained from apatite, and alumina, soda are obtained from nepheline and limestone.

From copper ores, in addition to copper, you can get at least 20 useful elements - sulfur, zinc, gold, silver, molybdenum, etc. We can save scarce resources by finding a replacement for them: Scarce copper can be replaced with fiberglass, iron and amominium with plastic.

When oil is extracted, associated gas is lost, and it is a raw material for the chemical industry. A huge amount of goods are obtained from natural and associated gas.

When refining oil, you can get an even greater range of goods:

Light gas oil

Kerosene Naphtha, naphtha

It is much more profitable to produce your own goods than to bring foreign currency from abroad, and supply raw materials there - oil and gas. A valuable raw material for the chemical industry is sulfur, its compounds, sulfur dioxide, which is emitted into the atmosphere by industry, enterprises and transport. In Russia they are 20 times higher than in Japan, 3 times higher than in the USA and England.

h) increasing the efficiency of product use.

One of the most important aspects of resource saving is increasing the efficiency of using resource-intensive products and extending their service life, from agricultural equipment, cars to clothing and footwear. Repairing a product, rather than replacing it with a new one, is not only economically beneficial, it also creates new jobs, especially in the field of repairing household appliances, computers, and cars. Doubling the life of a car by half reduces the use of resources needed to produce it. Toyota recycles shipping containers that have an original lifespan of 20 years.

The use of laundry services will save the use of materials per wash by 10-80 times.

In Germany, quarterly it is allowed to arrange dumps of bulky things near the house. Things are redistributed: they are taken by those who hope to repair them. It happens that there is nothing to take out. To collect clothes for homeowners, special bags are placed in mailboxes the day before, where it is packed, what else can be worn is taken away by charitable organizations.

In the US, there is a "Sales" system. Used items are sold at low prices. We have commission stores for these purposes. It is forbidden to exhibit, for example, old cars that pollute the atmosphere or household appliances, the use of which is environmentally dangerous. But this is not beneficial for the manufacturer. Only 17% of such goods are reused in the USA, less in other countries. So far, much more sulfur, iron, copper, aluminum and other scarce resources are being spent in Russia.

and) information technology as one of the ways to reduce the consumption of certain resources.

The electronics of the last decades of the 20th century created telecommunication networks. In each cell of these networks - a monitor, telephone, modem, computer. Saves paper, materials, energy spent on printing production and delivery of printed products. There is no need for long-distance and long business trips / Using the Internet saves material resources, time and energy. Today they are already talking about the informational “post-industrial civilization”. The media themselves are also changing. They become smaller in size, even miniature.

A simple silicon or germanium microboard with an area of ​​1 mm 2 replaces thousands of transistors and connecting elements. As a result, the unit costs of materials and labor per 1 operational element of the device or for recording one bit of information decreased by the same amount. Information technology makes it possible to reduce the energy and material consumption of the corresponding products and radically changes the entire industrial sphere. On November 12, 2004, a new mine was opened in Kemerovo with a capacity of 3 million tons of coal per year using computers and modern technologies.

3.International cooperation.

In 1992 (June 3 - 14) in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), the World Conference "Environment and Development" UNCED was held at the level of heads of state and government. A lot of work has been done, and as a result of the meeting in Rio, two international agreements were concluded, two statements of principles and a plan of main actions for global sustainable development were adopted. These five documents include:

1. Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Environment and Development. Its 27 principles define the rights and obligations of countries in promoting development and human well-being.
2. Agenda 21 is a blueprint for making development socially, economically and environmentally sustainable.
3. Statement of principles for the management, protection and sustainable development of all types of forests vital to economic development and the conservation of all forms of life.
4. The goal of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is to stabilize the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels that will not cause dangerous imbalances in the global climate system.
5. The Convention on Biological Diversity requires countries to take measures to conserve the diversity of living beings and ensure that the benefits from the use of biological diversity are fairly shared.

The conference in Rio made us think about the extent to which people are capable of solving the problem of harmonizing socio-economic development and environmental protection. The conference was attended by 178 states and more than three dozen intergovernmental international organizations. 114 delegations were headed by heads of state and government. Simultaneously with this Conference, a public rally "Global Forum" was held in Rio de Janeiro. Its participants (about half a million representatives of public organizations of the countries of the world, in one way or another connected with the environmental movement) during the scientific discussions at the seminars expressed opinions that were independent of the official authorities.

The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development set out a set of principles for future development. These principles define the rights of peoples to development and their obligations to preserve our common environment. They are based on the ideas of the Stockholm Declaration adopted at the UN Conference on the Human Environment in 1972.

The Rio Principles include the following key ideas:

1. People have the right to a healthy and fruitful life in harmony with nature.
2. Today's development should not be carried out to the detriment of the development interests of present and future generations.
3. States should develop international legislation to compensate for damage caused by activities under their control outside their territories.
4. To achieve sustainable development, environmental protection must be an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.
5. The eradication of poverty and inequality in living standards in various parts of the world is necessary to ensure sustainable growth to meet the needs of the majority of the population.
6. States must cooperate to preserve, protect and restore the integrity of the Earth's ecosystem.
7. States must limit and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and encourage appropriate population policies.
8. Environmental issues are resolved in the most efficient way with the participation of all interested citizens. States develop and encourage public awareness and participation by providing broad access to environmental information.
9. States adopt effective laws on the environment, develop national laws regarding liability and compensation for victims of pollution and other environmental damage.
10. In principle, whoever pollutes the environment should be financially responsible for that pollution.
11. States notify each other of natural disasters or activities that may have harmful effects.
12. Sustainable development requires a deeper scientific understanding of the issues. States should share knowledge and new technologies to achieve sustainability goals.
13. War inevitably has a devastating effect on sustainable development. Therefore, states must respect international law for the protection of the environment in times of armed conflict and must cooperate in its further development.
14. Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and inseparable.

No less important than the environmental declaration is Agenda 21, which includes consideration of a number of different socio-economic and environmental issues. The outline of the Agenda consists of four main sections.

· The first section is called "Social and Economic Aspects".

This section examines international cooperative relations aimed at achieving a world economic order that will help all countries, both developed and developing, to embark on the path of sustainable development.

Unsustainable patterns of consumption and production are recognized as one of the main causes of persistent environmental degradation around the world, especially in industrialized countries. Therefore, the issue of rationalizing production and changing the structure of consumption is being especially carefully considered.

· Section two - "Conservation and rational use of resources".

Devoted to the consideration of such global environmental issues as the protection of the atmosphere, the rational use of land resources, the fight against deforestation, the fight against desertification and drought, the protection and rational use of the oceans, the protection and rational use of fresh water resources.

There is also a separate chapter to consider the issue of improving the safety of the use of toxic chemicals, the disposal of hazardous waste, the disposal of solid waste and sewage, and, of course, the disposal of radioactive waste.

· In the third section - "Strengthening the role of key population groups".

It talks about the need to increase the role of women, youth and children in sustainable development, strengthening the role of indigenous people, cooperation with non-governmental organizations, local authorities, workers and trade unions, business and industry, academia and technology, as well as strengthening the role of farmers.

· The fourth section - "Means of implementation".

Covers issues of sustainable development financing, technology transfer from developed countries to developing ones.

It also talks about the need to direct science for sustainable development, to conduct education, training and informing the population, building capacity for sustainable development.

The issue of the need to revise international legislation regarding sustainable environmental development is also being considered.

The Agenda addresses both the pressing issues of today and preparations for the challenges of the next century.

It recognizes that sustainable development is primarily the responsibility of governments and that it will require the development of national programmes, plans and policies. The efforts of states must be coordinated through international organizations.

Agenda 21 explains that people, consumption and technology are the drivers of environmental change. It proposes policies and programs to achieve a sustainable balance between consumption, population and the earth's ability to sustain life, and outlines some of the methods and technologies that need to be developed to meet human needs while managing natural resources sustainably.

By adopting Agenda 21, the industrialized countries have recognized that they have a greater role to play in improving the environment. Rich countries also promised to increase financial assistance to other countries for development. In addition to funding, such countries need help to build knowledge, capacity to plan and implement sustainable development solutions. This will require the transfer of information and professional skills.

As stated in Agenda 21, only partnership on a global scale can bring all peoples a more secure and prosperous future.

The largest Russian scientist, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, co-chairman of the Russian Ecological Union N.N. Moiseev believes that humanity is on the verge of a new stage in its history, when the main task is to find a way out of a dangerous environmental situation on a global scale. It is necessary to create such conditions and organization of the life of the world community that can ensure co-evolution, i.e. joint development of man and nature. The main indicators of an ecological crisis are the discrepancy between the needs of a growing population and the declining possibilities of meeting them at the expense of resources of depleting nature, ("the Malthus problem"), a decrease in the stability of the biosphere, the deterioration of the human gene pool, the greenhouse effect, etc.

To ease the crisis, which could lead to a global economic catastrophe, a number of tasks need to be solved. The first among them, according to N. I. Moiseev, is the assessment of the scale of the real danger, the rate of its growth and the determination of the conditions of the ecological imperative associated with this. To do this, it is necessary to develop national research programs, create national information centers, and intensify the exchange of information. Based on the assessment of the scale of the global environmental threat, the following tasks should be solved:

• optimization of demographic policy (carrying out a system of family planning measures, improving pension provision, introducing progressive technologies in food production). Scientists of the WorldWatch Institute believe that the sustainable development of society is possible with a significant decrease in the birth rate, and if humanity starts the necessary transformations today, laying the foundations for the harmonious interaction of society and nature for the next 40 years;
• revision of the value orientations of society and the formation of an ecological structure with the priority of the moral factor;
• creation of centers of the noosphere (ecopolises, etc.);
• development of an educational program based on the rules of economic activity and environmental standards common to the whole planet;

the proclamation from the tribune of the UN of the principles of planetary coexistence, which are obligatory for all, can become a cornerstone in the formation of a new thinking of people inhabiting the Earth.

5. Conclusion.

Due to the increase in the scale of anthropogenic impact (human economic activity), especially in the last century, the balance in the biosphere is disturbed, which can lead to irreversible processes and raise the question of the possibility of life on the planet.

In this paper, we have considered all the main aspects of the rational use of natural resources. They also drew your attention to the recklessness of a person who without measure draws on the resources of the Earth, his native planet, without doing anything to neutralize the traces of his activities.

I am glad that in the last decade, this issue has firmly taken the first positions at various international conventions. It is good that people have begun to think a little about the environment, the state of the planet, and the reserves of natural resources. Because according to forecasts, if the current rate of production and consumption of proven oil reserves continues, it will be exhausted in 30 years, gas - in 50, coal - in 200, depletion of aluminum reserves is expected in 500-600 years, iron - in 250 years, zinc - after 25, lead - after 20.

6. List of used literature.

1. G. V. Stadnitsky, A. I. Rodionov. "Ecology".

2. V.A.Volodin “Encyclopedia for children. Ecology".

3. V.A.Volodin “Encyclopedia for children. Chemistry".

4. D. Taylor, N. Green, W. Stout "Biology in 3 volumes".

5. E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Pasechnik "Ecology grade 10-11".

The nature of the relationship between nature and man has changed over the course of history. For the first time, people began to seriously think about rational nature management somewhere in the middle of the 20th century. It was at this time that anthropogenic pressure on the environment became maximum. What is rational environmental management and what are its principles - this will be discussed in this article.

The essence of the concept of "nature management"

This term has two interpretations. According to the first, nature management is understood as a set of measures for the use of natural resources in order to meet economic, industrial, health-improving or other human needs.

The second interpretation provides for the definition of the concept of "nature management" as a scientific discipline. That is, it is, in fact, a theoretical science that studies and evaluates the process of human use of natural resources, as well as developing ways to optimize it.

Today it is customary to single out rational and irrational nature management. We will talk about them further, focusing on the first type. To fully understand what environmental management is, one should also understand what types of natural resources are.

Classification of natural resources

Natural resources are understood as those objects (or phenomena) not created by man, which are used by him to satisfy a number of his needs. These include minerals, soils, flora and fauna, surface waters, etc.

All natural resources according to the nature of their use by man can be divided into the following classes:

• industrial;
• agricultural;
• scientific;
• recreational;
• medicinal, etc.

They are also divided into two large groups:

• inexhaustible (for example, solar energy, water);
• exhaustible (oil, natural gas, etc.).

The latter, in turn, are divided into renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

It should be noted that it is possible to attribute a particular resource to a certain group only conditionally. After all, even our Sun is not eternal and can "extinguish" at any time.

Rational nature management provides for the protection and competent use of all types of natural resources and components.

History of nature management

Relationships in the "man - nature" system were not always the same and changed over time. There are five periods (or milestones) during which the most important changes in this system of relations took place:

1. 30,000 years ago. At this time, a person completely adapted to the reality around him, being engaged in hunting, fishing and gathering.
2. About 7000 years ago - the stage of the agricultural revolution. It was at this time that the transition of a person from gathering and hunting to cultivating the land and cattle breeding begins. This period is characterized by the first attempts to transform landscapes.
3. The era of the Middle Ages (VIII-XVII centuries). During this period, the burden on the environment increases markedly, crafts are born.
4. About 300 years ago - the stage of the industrial revolution that began in Britain. The scale of human influence on nature is increasing many times, he is trying to fully adapt it to his needs.
5. The middle of the twentieth century is the stage of the scientific and technological revolution. At this time, relations in the "man - nature" system are qualitatively and strongly changing, and all environmental problems are becoming more acute.

Nature management rational and irrational

What does each of these concepts mean and what are their fundamental differences? It should be noted that rational and irrational nature management are two antipodes, terms. They completely contradict each other.

Rational nature management implies such a way of using the natural environment, in which the interaction in the "man - nature" system remains maximally harmonized. The main features of this type of relationship are:

• intensive management;
• application of the latest scientific achievements and developments;
• automation of all production processes;
• introduction of waste-free production technologies.

Rational nature management, examples of which we will give below, is more typical for economically developed countries of the world.

In turn, irrational nature management is understood as unreasonable, unsystematic and predatory use of that part of the natural resource potential, which is the most accessible. This behavior leads to the rapid depletion of natural resources.

The main features of this type of nature management are:

• lack of systematic and comprehensive development of a specific resource;
• a large amount of waste during production;
• extensive management;
• great harm to the environment.

Irrational nature management is most typical for the countries of Asia, Latin America and for some states of Eastern Europe.

A few examples

First, let's look at a few measures that can describe the rational use of natural resources. Examples of such activities include the following:

• recycling of waste, creation and improvement of non-waste technologies;
• the creation of natural reserves, national parks and nature reserves, in which the protection of the flora and fauna of the region is carried out at full speed (not in words, but in deeds);
• reclamation of territories that have suffered from the industrial development of subsoil, the creation of cultural landscapes.

In turn, we can give some of the most striking examples of the irrational attitude of man to nature. For example:

• mindless deforestation;
• poaching, that is, the extermination of certain (rare) species of animals and plants;
• release of untreated sewage, deliberate pollution of water and soil by industrial or domestic waste;
• predatory and aggressive development of available subsoil, etc.

Principles of rational nature management

For many decades, scientists and ecologists have been developing those principles and conditions that could help optimize the relationship between man and nature. The foundations of rational nature management lie, first of all, in efficient management, which does not provoke deep and serious changes in the environment. At the same time, natural resources are used as fully and systematically as possible.

It is possible to single out the main principles of rational nature management:

1. Minimum (so-called "zero level") human consumption of natural resources.
2. Correspondence of the volume of natural resource potential and anthropogenic load on the environment for a particular region.
3. Preservation of the integrity and normal functioning of ecosystems in the process of their production use.
4. The priority of the environmental factor over economic benefits in the long term (the principle of sustainable development of the region).
5. Coordination of economic cycles with natural ones.

Ways to implement these principles

Are there ways to implement these principles? Is it possible to solve all the problems of rational nature management in practice?

Ways and means of implementing the principles of nature management actually exist. They can be summarized in the following theses:

• deep and comprehensive study of the features and all the nuances of the development of natural resources;
• rational placement on the territory of industrial enterprises and complexes;
• development and implementation of effective regional management systems;
• determination of a set of environmental measures for each region;
• monitoring, as well as forecasting the consequences of a particular type of human economic activity.

Economics and ecology: correlation of concepts

These two concepts are closely related to each other. It is not for nothing that they have one root - "oikos", which means "house, dwelling" in translation. However, many still cannot realize that nature is our common and the only one house.

The concepts of "ecology" and "rational nature management" are almost identical. The so-called paradigms of ecological nature management can reveal them most intelligibly. There are three in total:

1. Minimization of human impact on nature in the process of using natural resources.
2. Optimal (full) use of a particular resource.
3. Making the most of a particular natural resource to improve the well-being of society.

Finally

Rational use of natural resources and nature protection are concepts that have become extremely important on the threshold of the new millennium. For the first time, mankind seriously thought about the consequences of its activities and about the future of our planet. And it is very important that theoretical principles and declarations do not diverge from real deeds. For this, it is necessary that every inhabitant of the Earth is aware of the importance of correct and rational environmental behavior.