The history of traffic rules began a very long time ago, long before the appearance of the first vehicles, almost with the advent of the first roads. To mark the route, primitive travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, and placed stones of a certain shape along the roads. The next step was to give the roadside structures specific shapes to make them stand out from the surrounding landscape. To this end, sculptures began to be erected along the roads. One of these sculptures - a Polovtsian woman - can be seen in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve. After the appearance of writing, inscriptions began to be made on the stones, usually they wrote the name of the settlement to which the road leads. The very first road signs appeared on Roman roads. The world's first system of road signs originated in ancient Rome in the 3rd century BC. BC e. Along the most important roads, the Romans placed cylindrical milestones with a distance from the Roman Forum carved on them. Near the temple of Saturn in the center of Rome there was a golden milestone, from which all roads leading to all ends of the vast empire were measured.

THE APPEARANCE OF ROAD SIGNS IN EUROPE AND RUSSIA

Under the French minister Zully and Cardinal Richelieu, regulations were issued according to which the intersections of streets and roads should be marked with crosses, pillars or pyramids in order to make it easier for travelers to navigate. In Russia, the widespread distribution of road signs began much later, from the time of Peter I, who ordered by his decree “to put up milestones painted and signed with numbers, to put hands at crossroads at milestones with an inscription where it lies.” Quite quickly, milestones appeared on all the main roads of the state. Over time, this tradition has been constantly improved. Already in the XVIII century. on the pillars began to indicate the distance, the name of the area and the boundaries of possessions. Milestones began to be painted in black and white stripes, which ensured their better visibility at any time of the day.

MODERN ROAD SIGNS.

The first road signs in the modern sense appeared in 1903 in France. The impetus for the revision of the road warning system was the appearance of the first cars and, accordingly, the accidents that inevitably happened here and there. The car was faster than a horse-drawn carriage, and in case of danger, an iron horse simply could not slow down as quickly as an ordinary horse. In addition, the horse is alive, it itself is able to react without waiting for the decision of the coachman. However, accidents were quite rare, but they aroused great public interest precisely because they were rare. To appease the public, three road signs were installed on the streets of Paris: "steep descent", "dangerous turn", "rough road". The road sign with the image of the symbol - "Ahead of a steep descent" first appeared in the middle of the 19th century on the mountain roads of Switzerland and Austria. The sign was depicted on roadside rocks and depicted on it a wheel or a brake shoe used on carriages. Signs began to spread following the first automobile traffic rules, which could not provide for the whole variety of traffic situations. Road transport, of course, developed not only in France, and each country thought about how to secure traffic. To discuss this problem, representatives of European countries met in 1906 and developed an "International Convention regarding the movement of motor vehicles." The convention prescribed the requirements for the car itself and the basic rules of the road, as well as four road signs were introduced: “rough road”, “winding road”, “crossroads”, “crossing with the railway”. Signs should be installed 250 meters before the dangerous area. A little later, after the ratification of the convention, road signs appeared in Russia, and, characteristically, motorists did not pay attention to them. Despite the convention, each country began to come up with its own traffic signs, which is not surprising: four signs are not enough for all occasions. For example, Japan and China limited themselves to a couple of hieroglyphs denoting some kind of rule, European countries were deprived of the opportunity to express a whole rule with two characters of writing, so they came up with symbols and images. In the USSR, a little man was invented, crossing a pedestrian crossing. Inside the country, everything was clear with the signs, but a person traveling abroad found himself in an unpleasant situation, where two or three of the many signs turned out to be familiar. To make life easier for drivers, in 1931 in Geneva, the "Convention on the introduction of uniformity and signaling on the roads" was adopted, which was signed by the USSR, most European countries and Japan. Although this did not lead to complete uniformity of road signs. So, for example, in the pre-war period, two systems of road signs operated simultaneously: the European one, based on the same convention of 1931, and the Anglo-American one, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols, and the signs themselves were square or rectangular.

HISTORY OF ROAD SIGNS IN RUSSIA.

In Russia, road signs began to appear in 1911. Magazine Avtomobilist No. 1, 1911 wrote on its pages: "The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow from the autumn of this year begins to place warning signs on the highways of the Moscow province. ... Drawings of warning signs are international, accepted throughout Western Europe." The Soviet Union joined the International Convention on Roads and Motor Transport in 1959, and from January 1, 1961, the uniform Rules of the Road on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR began to operate. Together with the new rules, new road signs were introduced: the number of warning signs increased to 19, forbidding - up to 22, indicative - up to 10. The signs indicating the permitted directions of movement were separated into a separate group of prescriptive ones and received a blue background and white symbols in the form of cone-shaped arrows Much in these signs is unusual for a modern driver. The sign "Travel without stopping is prohibited" had the shape of a yellow circle with a red border with an equilateral triangle inscribed in it with the top down, on which "Stop" was written in Russian. The sign could be used not only at intersections, but also on narrow sections of roads, where it obliged to give way to oncoming traffic. Operating since 1973 signs are familiar to modern motorists. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indication signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs in their composition.

ORIGIN OF TRAFFIC RULES.

The first attempts to streamline traffic were made in ancient Rome, where one-way traffic for chariots was introduced on some streets. The implementation of this rule was monitored by specially designated guards. In our country, Peter the Great issued a decree on road safety, which regulated the movement of horses. For non-compliance with the rules, a person could be sent to hard labor. Since 1718, the police began to be responsible for observing traffic rules. The first rules of the road sounded funny enough. For example, in Russia there was such a requirement that a boy run in front of the car, loudly announcing the approach of the carriage, so that respectable citizens would not faint from horror when a monster moving at a nightmarish speed appeared on the road. Also, the rules required drivers to slow down and stop if their approach would disturb the horses. In England, a man with a red flag must go ahead of each steam stagecoach at a distance of 55 meters. When meeting with carriages or riders, he should warn that a steam engine is following him. Also, drivers are strictly forbidden to frighten horses with whistles. Letting off steam from cars is allowed only if there are no horses on the road.

MODERN TRAFFIC REGULATIONS.

The first traffic rules for cars were introduced in France on August 14, 1893. In 1908, it was invented to issue white canes to the police, with which the police regulated traffic, showed the direction for drivers and pedestrians. In 1920, the first official rules of the road appeared: "On motor traffic in Moscow and its environs (rules)". Many important issues have already been thoroughly regulated in these rules. The driver's license was also mentioned, which the driver had to have. A high-speed mode of movement was introduced, which could not be exceeded. Modern traffic rules were introduced in our country in January 1961.

THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST TRAFFIC LIGHT.

The first traffic light appeared at the end of 1868 in London on the square near the building of the English Parliament. It consisted of two gas lamps with red and green glasses. The device duplicated the signals of the traffic controller at night and thereby helped members of parliament to calmly cross the roadway. The author of the invention was the engineer J.P. Knight. Unfortunately, his brainchild lasted only four weeks. The gas lantern exploded, injuring a policeman on duty near it. Only half a century later - on August 5, 1914 - new traffic lights were installed in the American city of Cleveland. They switched red and green and emitted a warning sound. Since then, the triumphal procession of traffic lights around the world has begun, August 5 is celebrated as International Traffic Light Day. The first three-color traffic light appeared in 1918 in New York. After some time, their authority was recognized by motorists in Detroit and Michigan. The authors of the "three-eyed" were William Potts and John Harris. Over the ocean, to Europe, the traffic light returned again only by 1922. But not immediately to the city where they first started talking about him - to London. Traffic lights first appeared in France, in Paris at the intersection of Rue de Rivoli and Sevastopol Boulevard. And then in Germany, in the city of Hamburg on Stefanplatz square. In the United Kingdom, an electric traffic controller appeared only in 1927 in the city of Wolverhampton. But the first traffic light in our country worked on January 15, 1930 at the corner of Nevsky and Liteiny prospects in Leningrad, and on December 30 of the same year at the corner of Petrovka and Kuznetsky bridge in Moscow.

INTERESTING FACTS.

Many curious cases and interesting facts are connected with the rules of the road and signs. Let's dwell on only two of them: For example, the origin of the word "chauffeur" is interesting: the first "self-propelled car" was intended to transport cannons and was a three-wheeled cart with a steam boiler. When the steam ran out, the machine would stop and the boiler had to be reheated. To do this, a fire was lit on the ground under it and waited for the steam to form again. So, most of the time, the drivers of the first cars heated the boiler and boiled water in it. Therefore, they began to be called chauffeurs, which means “stoker” in French. Another story is related to road signs. Today, only in Russia, more than two and a half hundred road signs are used, covering almost all aspects of traffic, and the system is constantly developing and improving. There were some funny moments: at some point, the “rough road” sign disappeared somewhere from the list, returning to service only in 1961. For what reason the sign disappeared, it is not known whether the roads suddenly became smooth, or whether their condition was so sad that it made little sense to put a warning.

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Introduction………………………………………………………………………p. 3

Origin of road signs……………………………………….. page 3

The appearance of road signs in Europe and Russia………………….. page 4

Modern road signs………………………………………… page 4

History of road signs in Russia…………………………………… page 5

Signs in other countries…………………………………………………….. page 6

A bit of humor…………………………………………………………………. page 6

The emergence of traffic rules…………………………page 7

Modern rules of the road………………………….page 7

The appearance of the first traffic light………………………………………………page 8

Interesting Facts……………………………………………………………page 8

Conclusion and conclusions……………………………………………………….page 9

References used…………………………………………………..page 9

INTRODUCTION:

Who came up with the rules of the road? Where did road signs come from? How did people come to the point that we need the same rules for everyone? and how people from different countries were able to agree?

This project is dedicated to the history of the origin of traffic rules and road signs, as well as their importance in our lives.

Objective of the project - to explore the history of the origin of road signs and traffic rules in order to arouse children's interest in them and achieve an awareness of the fact that the rules do not limit, but help us in life.

In 1908, it was invented to issue white canes to the police, with which the police regulated traffic, showed the direction for drivers and pedestrians.

In 1920, the first official rules of the road appeared: "On motor traffic in Moscow and its environs (rules)". Many important issues have already been thoroughly regulated in these rules. The driver's license was also mentioned, which the driver had to have. A high-speed mode of movement was introduced, which could not be exceeded.

Modern traffic rules were introduced in our country in January 1961.

THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST TRAFFIC LIGHT

The first traffic light appeared at the end of 1868 in London on the square near the building of the English Parliament. It consisted of two gas lamps with red and green glasses. The device duplicated the signals of the traffic controller at night and thereby helped members of parliament to calmly cross the roadway. The author of the invention was the engineer J.P. Knight. Unfortunately, his brainchild lasted only four weeks. The gas lantern exploded, injuring a policeman on duty near it.

Only half a century later - on August 5, 1914 - new traffic lights were installed in the American city of Cleveland. They switched red and green and emitted a warning sound. Since then, the triumphal procession of traffic lights around the world has begun, August 5 is celebrated as International Traffic Light Day.

First tricolor traffic light appeared in 1918 in New York. After some time, their authority was recognized by motorists in Detroit and Michigan. The authors of the "three-eyed" were William Potts and John Harris.

Over the ocean, to Europe, the traffic light returned again only by 1922. But not immediately to the city where they first started talking about him - to London. Traffic lights first appeared in France, in Paris at the intersection of Rue de Rivoli and Sevastopol Boulevard. And then in Germany, in the city of Hamburg on Stefanplatz square. In the United Kingdom, an electric traffic controller appeared only in 1927 in the city of Wolverhampton.

But the first traffic light in our country worked on January 15, 1930 at the corner of Nevsky and Liteiny prospects in Leningrad, and on December 30 of the same year at the corner of Petrovka and Kuznetsky bridge in Moscow.

INTERESTING FACTS

Many curious cases and interesting facts are connected with the rules of the road and signs. Let's just focus on two of them:

For example, the origin of the word "chauffeur" is interesting: the first "self-propelled car" was intended to transport cannons and was a three-wheeled cart with a steam boiler. When the steam ran out, the machine would stop and the boiler had to be reheated. To do this, a fire was lit on the ground under it and waited for the steam to form again. So, most of the time, the drivers of the first cars heated the boiler and boiled water in it. Therefore, they began to be called chauffeurs, which means “stoker” in French.

Another story is related to road signs. Today, only in Russia, more than two and a half hundred road signs are used, covering almost all aspects of traffic, and the system is constantly developing and improving. There were some funny moments: at some point, the “rough road” sign disappeared somewhere from the list, returning to service only in 1961. For what reason the sign disappeared, it is not known whether the roads suddenly became smooth, or whether their condition was so sad that it made little sense to put a warning.

CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSIONS

As can be seen from our research. rules and signs have a very ancient history and play a very important role in our lives. Our study resulted in the following conclusions:

1. Rules of the road and road signs appeared in antiquity, which indicates their importance for mankind.

2. Knowledge and observance of traffic rules leads to a decrease in road accidents. (Statistics says that if road users 100% observed the Rules of the Road, the number of injured in road accidents would be reduced by 27%, and those killed by 48%). Therefore, it is very important to learn and follow the rules of the road from childhood.

3. Knowing the rules and signs of our country, we can easily navigate the roads while traveling.

USED ​​BOOKS:

1. Magazine "Compass": "History of road signs",

2. Article "History of road signs",

3. Wikipedia

4. Internet resource “Signum Plus”

5. Internet resource "Roads of Russia"

You will probably be surprised to see this headline and think: “Is it really that difficult to cross the road?” Some pedestrians believe that they just need to run across the road very quickly and everything will be in order.

Others, on the contrary, patiently wait until there is not a single car on the road at all. But this happens so rarely that you can stand for several hours waiting for the moment when it will be possible to cross the road.

What to do? How to cross the street?

You already know that you can cross the road at an elevated or underground pedestrian crossing, as well as at a green - permissive - traffic light. But before you start crossing the road, determine whether the traffic on it is one-way or two-way. After all, the rules for crossing different roads are different from each other.

But above all, you must know very well general rules :

• Before crossing the road, stop at the edge of the sidewalk.
• Look carefully left and right and find out if this is a one-way or two-way road.
• Before you start crossing the road, make sure that all vehicles are at a safe distance from you to cross.
• Cross the road at a brisk pace, but don't run.
• Cross the road at right angles to the sidewalk, not at an angle.

And the most important thing: be careful all the time while you are crossing the road!

You already know that when crossing any road, you must be very careful and follow the general rules. But, in addition to the general ones, there are also rules when crossing roads with two-way traffic.

How should you behave when crossing a two-way road?

It may seem to you that there are too many rules and it is difficult or even impossible to remember them. But it is much better to spend time learning the rules for crossing the road than risking your health and life!

When crossing a one-way road, you need to behave a little differently than when crossing a two-way road. Approaching the road with one-way traffic, first of all, determine where the transport goes on it - to the right or to the left.

Before you start crossing a one-way road, remember that you can only cross it right away.It is impossible to stop in the middle of the road here!After all, on such a road, cars drive across the entire width of the carriageway. Therefore, we remind you once again: when crossing a one-way road, you cannot stop in the middle.

Now you understand that you can only cross such roads when you are absolutely sure that all vehicles are at a distance from you sufficient for a safe crossing. Therefore, first of all, make sure that the transport is far from you, and remember about the braking distance!

Remember to make sure that there are no cars moving in reverse near the pedestrian crossing. Start crossing the road quickly, but do not run. Walk at a right angle to the sidewalk, not at an angle.

When crossing a one-way road, do not forget to watch the side of the road where the traffic comes from.

In ancient times, there were no private cars or public transport. There were not even horse-drawn carriages yet, and people walked from one settlement to another. But they needed to know where that other road led. And it was also important for them to know how much distance was left to go to the right place. To convey this information, our ancestors placed stones on the roads, broke branches in a special way, and made notches on tree trunks.

And in ancient Rome , back in the time of Emperor Augustus, the first signs appeared that either demanded - "Give way" or warned - "This is a dangerous place." In addition, the Romans began to put stone pillars along the most important roads. They carved the distance from this pillar to the main square in Rome - the Roman Forum. We can say that these were the first road signs.

In Russia in the XVI century, under Tsar Fedor Ioannovich, on the road that led from Moscow to the royal estate of Kolomenskoye, milestones 4 meters high were placed. This is where the expression "Kolomenskaya Verst" came from.

Under Peter I, a system of milestones appeared on all the roads of the Russian Empire. The pillars were painted in black and white stripes. So they could be seen better at any time of the day. They indicated the distance from one settlement to another and the name of the area.

But a serious need for road signs arose with the advent of cars.

In 1900 At the congress of the International Tourist Union, it was agreed that all road signs should not have inscriptions, but symbols that are understandable to both foreign citizens and illiterate people.

In 1903 The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris. And 6 years later, at the International Conference in Paris, they agreed to install road signs on the right side, in the direction of travel, 250 meters before the start of the dangerous section. At the same time, the first four road signs were installed. They have survived to this day, although their appearance has changed. These signs are named:"Rough road", "Dangerous turn", "Crossing Equivalent Roads" and "Railway crossing with a barrier".

In 1909 the first road signs officially appeared in Russia.

Subsequently, the number of signs, their shape and colors were determined.

There was a time when only riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carts rode the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were very narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline the movement along the streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make movement on them convenient and safe.

The first rules of the road appeared more than 2000 years ago, under Julius Caesar.

They helped regulate traffic on city streets. Some of these rules have survived to this day. For example, already in those ancient times, one-way traffic was allowed on many streets.

In Russia, traffic was regulated by tsarist decrees. So, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730, it was said: “For cab drivers and other people of all ranks, ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, quietly. And those who will not abide by these rules will be beaten with a whip and exiled to hard labor. And in the decree of Empress Catherine II it is said: "On the streets, the coachmen must not scream, whistle, ring or strum at any time."

At the end of XVIII century, the first "self-propelled carts" appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and caused many criticism and ridicule. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or a lantern had to go in front of each car and warn the carriages and riders they met. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 km / h; in addition, drivers were forbidden to give warning signals. These were the rules, do not reduce, do not breathe and crawl like a turtle.

But, in spite of everything, there were more and more cars. And in 1893 The first rules for motorists appeared in France. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.

Therefore, in 1909 At the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs, established the duties of drivers and pedestrians.

Do you know when the first traffic light familiar to us appeared?

It turns out that they began to regulate traffic using a mechanical device already 140 years ago, in London. The first traffic light stood in the center of the city on a pillar 6 meters high. It was run by a specially assigned person. With the help of a belt system, he raised and lowered the arrow of the device. Then the arrow was replaced by a lantern that worked on lighting gas. There were green and red glasses in the lantern, and yellow ones had not yet been invented.

The first electric traffic light appeared in the United States, in the city of Clivend, in 1914. He also had only two signals - red and green - and was controlled manually. The yellow signal replaced the warning whistle of the policeman. But after 4 years, three-color electric traffic lights with automatic control appeared in New York.

Interestingly, in the first traffic lights, the green signal was at the top, but then it was decided that it was better to place the red signal on top. And now, in all countries of the world, traffic signals are arranged according to a single rule: at the top - red, middle - yellow, bottom - green.

In our country, the first traffic light appeared in 1929 in Moscow. It looked like a round clock with three sectors - red, yellow, green. And the traffic controller manually turned the arrow, setting it to the desired color.

Then in Moscow and Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was then called) there were electric traffic lights with three sections of the modern type. And in 1937 in Leningrad, on Zhelyabov Street (now Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street), the first pedestrian traffic light appeared.

In Belarus, the first car appeared in 1895. It was acquired by the Kovno District of Communications. This pleasure was not cheap, no matter what, the number of cars grew rapidly. The Rechitsa district zemstvo government owned two 25-horsepower cars of the Case company. The Minsk governor drove a dark blue Benz. Princes Radzivils in Nesvizh owned two cars. Princess Paskevich also had two cars at her disposal. A 50-horsepower Mercedes and a 20-horsepower Benz were purchased by the landowner Grebnitsky. Even some wealthy peasants owned cars. In Minsk, the car was purchased by the peasant Rakov, and in Vitebsk, the peasant Terekhov had a Benz.

The first car accident in Minsk occurred on August 20, 1906. Citizen Fedorov, who took permission to transport passengers, crashed into a telegraph pole on Podgornaya Street (now Karl Marx Street). Passengers were thrown onto the pavement, one of them was seriously injured. After such an incident, they were able to take up taxi transportation again only in the autumn of 1912. Minsk residents were transported by taxis of Opel, Ford, Darak, Overland, Oldsmobile and Mercedes brands.

The organization of public transport has also begun. In 1909, the Bobruisk merchant F. Nekrich, together with the honorary citizen of Slutsk I. Ettinger, opened the "Urgent Automobile Communication Enterprise". From Slutsk to Old Roads and back, 3 buses “N. A.G." From Slutsk to Lyakhovichi, 2 buses of the Durkon company began to go.

Trucks began to appear a little later. The first truck appeared at the Kantorovich wallpaper factory only in 1911.

The communication system in the Belarusian provinces was well developed. In the first half of the 19th century, such important land communications as the Brest-Warsaw, Moscow-Brest, Vitebsk-Smolensk, Kyiv-Brest highways passed through Belarus.

In Belarus, the repair and construction of roads was mainly carried out by the Kovno District of Communications, renamed in 1901 into Vilna in connection with the transfer of its administration to Vilna. The Vilna district was in charge of 2554 versts of the highway. In the 1910s, there was an active construction of roads. In 1914, a project was approved to build about three thousand kilometers of highway in the western provinces in six years. This was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. For the next six years, the roads only deteriorated. Only in 1928 was it possible to reach their pre-war level. Dozens of Belarusian cities have become connected by bus routes. Some cities even had domestic bus services. In Minsk at that time there were two lines: "Vokzal-Komarovka" and "Storozhevka-Serebryanka", which intersected at Svoboda Square.

The history of the development of traffic rules in Belarus

On September 11, 1896, a decree was issued by the Minister of Railways, Prince M.I. Khilkov "On the procedure and conditions for the transportation of heavy loads and passengers along the highway of the Department of Railways in self-propelled carriages." The decree included 12 mandatory rules. Here are some of them:

1. When operating self-propelled carriages, the speed of their movement, when meeting with horse-drawn carriages, in order not to frighten the horses, should be reduced to the quietest speed, for the same purpose, a self-propelled carriage should move as far as possible to the very edge of the highway.
2. On sharp turns, self-propelled carriages must move quietly, and in closed areas, in addition, they must trumpet.
3. In accordance with the requirements of general safety, the speed of passage of self-propelled carriages should be reduced: on descents, when meeting with other crews, at the intersection of the highway with other roads and in villages.
4. When driving on highways where there are checkpoints for collecting tolls, self-propelled carriages pay a toll in the amount that will be established for the right of such carriages to travel on the highway.
5. Every self-propelled vehicle must have a proper certificate that the vehicle is in good order in all parts and that all parts of the mechanical engine are in good and safe condition.
   Note: For the issuance of such certificates to owners of self-propelled vehicles intended for movement on the roads of the Department of Railways, it is supposed to inspect these crews in the same manner and within the same timeframes that are established for the examination of steam boilers on ships sailing on inland waters.
6. The iron tires on the rims of self-propelled carriages must be flat over the entire surface, by no means convex or concave, and fastened to the rims in such a way that nails, pins, screws or rivets do not protrude.
7. The width of wheel rims and iron tires must in no case be less than 3 ¼ inches for the total weight of the vehicle with a load of 120 to 180 pounds and not less than 4 inches for the weight of the vehicle with a load of 180 to 300 pounds.
8. Passage on the highway of self-propelled carriages weighing more than 300 pounds is not allowed without special permission requested in advance.

In the 1920s and 1930s, there were no uniform rules for the entire Soviet Union; they were developed locally. On June 10, 1920, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the Decree "On motor traffic in Moscow and its environs". The rules consisted of 9 sections containing 39 items. In many cities of the Soviet republics, the content of the Decree was taken as the basis for traffic rules. The rules contained requirements for drivers: that they have driver's documents and a waybill; registration plate requirements; requirements for cars and their registration; described the rights to use certain types of cars.

On September 10, 1931, a circular “On the procedure for organizing supervision over the implementation of traffic rules” was signed at the Main Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Militia (GURKM). With the entry into force of the circular, traffic control departments (ORUDs) were created as part of the police departments.

On May 15, 1933, Zudortrans approved the "Rules for the movement of motor vehicles on the roads of the USSR."

There was a need to create a more flexible state body that could control the discipline of drivers on the roads, and on November 5, 1934, in accordance with the government decree “On measures to improve the road economy”, the Main State Automobile Inspectorate was created at Zudortrans.

Belarusian traffic rules for the city of Minsk were adopted on March 27, 1936 and included 13 sections. These Rules introduced 22 road signs: 3 indicative, 6 warning, 13 prohibiting.

In 1938, the first traffic light appeared at the intersection of Kirov and Bobruiskaya streets in Minsk.

In the USSR, in 1940, standard “Rules for driving on the streets and roads of the USSR” were adopted, on the basis of which the Rules on the ground began to be created.

Standards for road and registration signs were developed only in 1945. GOST 2965-45 “Road signal signs. Classification and specifications” divided road signs into three types: a) warning of dangerous places (yellow field, black border and black image) - 4 signs; b) prohibiting - 14 signs; c) indicative - 8 characters. GOST 3207-46 "Number plates for cars, tractors, transport tractors, trailers and motorcycles" introduced registration plates that are uniform for all: 2 black letters and 4 numbers on a yellow background.

On May 8, 1946, the executive committee of the Minsk Regional Council of Workers' Deputies issued the first post-war Rules of the street in the city of Minsk and the Minsk region. The rules consisted of 29 sections, including 129 items.

In 1957, the USSR issued new model rules for driving on streets and roads, which formed the basis of the “Rules of the road for streets and roads of the Byelorussian SSR”, approved by the Council of Ministers of Belarus by Resolution No. 335 of May 12, 1959. The rules contained 100 clauses and 2 annexes.

On January 1, 1959, GOST 3207-58 "Number plates for road transport vehicles" began to operate. According to GOST, black numbers on a yellow background were replaced by four numbers and three white letters on a black background.

At the World Conference on Road Traffic in Geneva in 1949, the United Nations (UN) adopted the agreements: "Convention on Road Traffic" and "Protocol on Road Signs and Signals". These documents contained international requirements for the organization and order of traffic in order to develop it and improve safety. The Soviet Union, which then included Belarus, acceded to these UN agreements in August 1959. On the basis of international documents, the first unified rules for driving on the streets and roads of the USSR were developed, approved by order of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in January 1960. On December 2, 1960, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR adopted Resolution No. 639 “On the Enactment of the Rules for Driving on the Streets and Roads of the USSR in the Byelorussian SSR”.

In August 1964, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR approved the Rules for registration and accounting of motor vehicles and motorcycles, the Rules for technical inspections of cars and motorcycles, the Rules for recording road accidents and the Regulations on the procedure for awarding the qualification of a driver of motor vehicles and urban electric transport.

In 1972, a unified driver's license was introduced in the USSR, according to which drivers began to be divided into groups according to the categories (A, B, C, D and E) of the vehicles they were allowed to drive.

On January 1, 1974, 26 regional and inter-district registration and examination divisions of the traffic police began to work in the BSSR. They dealt with issuing and replacing driver's licenses, registering vehicles and taking exams.

At the same time, work was actively carried out to ensure road safety. In all settlements, new technical means of traffic control were installed: three-dimensional and retroreflective road signs, traffic lights of a new design.

On July 16, 1986, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs approved the new Rules of the Road. On January 1, 1987, they entered into force.

On March 21, 1996, the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 203 approved the first national traffic rules of the Republic of Belarus.

An important event in the field of road traffic and ensuring the safety of its participants was the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Road Traffic", which came into force on August 10, 2002. The law spelled out the legal and organizational foundations of road traffic. As part of the implementation of this law, the Rules of the Road were created, which came into force on July 1, 2003.

On November 28, 2005, President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko signed Decree No. 551 “On Measures to Improve Road Safety”. This Decree approved the new Rules of the Road, which came into force on January 1, 2006. From this moment on, all changes to the Rules of the Road are approved exclusively by Decrees of the President of the Republic of Belarus. Differences between the Rules of 2003 and 2006 are given in the comparative table.

Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 526 dated October 18, 2007 made further changes to the Rules of the Road. Basically, the changes were "cosmetic" in nature. Among them, the most important can be considered the permission not to wear a seat belt for drivers with certain medical contraindications, the mandatory designation of pedestrians with a retroreflective element when driving along the edge of the carriageway at night, as well as the introduction of the use of winter tires as a recommendation.

Minor changes to the Rules of the Road were also introduced by Decrees of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 663 of December 4, 2008 and No. 52 of January 23, 2009.

On December 17, 2009, the President of Belarus signed Decree No. 634, which provides for the next adjustment of the Rules of the Road. The document was prepared on behalf of the head of state on the basis of a collective appeal of the citizens of the Republic of Belarus with a request to lift restrictions on the tinting of vehicle windows. From December 17, 2009, the Decree allows the participation in road traffic of all vehicles with tinting that meets the requirements established by the Decree.

The rules of the road define the norms of behavior for drivers - the main participants in the road traffic, due to the mistakes of which the majority of road accidents occur, as well as pedestrians and passengers, through whose fault people are often injured and killed. The rules establish requirements for road users, they reflect certain organizational and technical possibilities for preventing accidents. This explains the fact that with the development of traffic, the expansion of means and opportunities for its organization, the Rules of the Road are also being improved.

Anna Techuesheva
OOO "New turn"

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Target:

• To introduce students to the history of the development of roads and the rules of the road.
• draw students' attention to the study and observance of traffic rules.

Visual aids: albums, drawings, on the topic.

“History of road development and traffic rules”

1. The teacher's story about the road.

It was a very long time ago. People lived then among the impenetrable forests. They raised cattle, hunted, collected honey from wild bees, fished, and sowed small plots of land. It was difficult then for people to make their way through dense forests, but there was a need for this. And so people began to cut paths in the forests. They were called "paths". "Putiks" connected settlements with each other, they began to be called roads. A road is a way from one settlement to another.

Teacher:

2. As time went on, riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carts began to ride along the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were usually narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline the movement along the streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make movement on them convenient and safe.

The history of the development of roads and the first rules of the road originates in ancient Rome.

3. The first rules of the road appeared more than 2000 years ago, under Julius Caesar.

Julius Caesar introduced one-way traffic on several streets in the city in the 50s BC. From sunrise and about two hours before sunset (working day end time) the passage of private wagons and chariots was forbidden.

Visitors to the city had to travel in Rome on foot or on a palanquin (stretcher on long poles), and transport to park outside the city.

Already at that time there was a supervisory service that monitored compliance with these rules. It consisted mainly of former firefighters

The duties of this service included preventing conflict situations among vehicle owners. Crossroads were not regulated. The nobles, in order to ensure free passage for themselves, sent forward runners. They freed the streets and the nobles thus could freely pass to their destination.

4. One of the most enduring monuments of ancient Rome was the network of roads that linked the imperial provinces. And even if not all roads led to Rome, they all owed their origin to the Eternal City, and in particular the Appian Way - this “queen of roads”.

5. The first "correct" Roman roads were built by the military and laid for military purposes, later the authorities constantly monitored them as strategic objects. The classical width of the roads is 12 m. They were built in four layers: cobblestone, crushed stones, brick chips, and large cobblestone.

One of the mandatory conditions set before the start of construction was the continuous accessibility of the road in any weather. For this, the roadbed not only rose 40-50 cm above the terrain, but also had a sloping shape in section, which is why there were never puddles on it. Drainage ditches on either side of the roadway diverted water away from it, giving it no chance to begin to erode the foundation.

One of the striking features of Roman roads has gone down in history - their straightness. For the sake of preserving this characteristic, convenience was often sacrificed: the road could turn to the side only because of a very serious obstacle, otherwise a bridge was built across the river, a tunnel was dug in the mountain, and gentle hills were not considered a problem at all, which is why travelers often had to climb steep ascents and descents.

6. A huge road network required appropriate infrastructure: inns, forges, stables - all this was built as the roadbed was built, so that by the end of the work the new direction would immediately become active.

7. Unlike Western countries , that arose on the site of one of the greatest ancient civilizations - Ancient Rome, Russian roads throughout history left much to be desired. To some extent, this is due to the peculiarity of the natural and geographical conditions in which Russian civilization was formed. In view of the harsh climate, the presence of a large number of various kinds of obstacles - forests, wetlands, the construction of roads in Russia has always been associated with significant difficulties.

8. In view of the fact that most of the territory of Russia was occupied by impenetrable forests, rivers played the role of roads; all Russian cities and most of the villages were located along the banks of the rivers. In the summer they swam along the rivers, in the winter they rode sledges. Overland communication was also hampered by gangs of robbers who hunted on forest roads.

9. The absence of roads sometimes turned out to be a boon for the population of the Russian principalities. So, in 1238, Batu Khan, who ruined the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities, could not reach Novgorod due to the spring thaw, and was forced to turn south. The Tatar-Mongol invasion played a dual role in the development of the road system of the Russian lands.

10. On the one hand, as a result of Batu's campaigns, the economy of the Russian principalities was thoroughly undermined, dozens of cities were destroyed, which ultimately led to a reduction in trade and desolation of roads. At the same time, having subdued North-Eastern Russia and made it part of the Golden Horde, the Tatars introduced their postal system in the Russian lands, borrowed from China, which in essence was a revolution in the development of the road network. Horde mail stations began to be located along the roads.

11. The owners of the stations were called coachmen (from the Turkic “yamji” - “messenger”). The maintenance of the pits fell on the local population, who also performed the underwater duty, i.e. was obliged to provide their horses and carts to the Horde ambassadors or messengers.

12. For a long time in Russia, traffic was regulated by royal decrees. So, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730, it was said: “For cabbies and other people of all sorts of ranks, ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, quietly. And in the decree of Empress Catherine II it is said: “On the streets, the coachmen should never shout, whistle, ring or strum.”

13. At the end of the 18th century, the first “self-propelled carts” appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and caused many criticism and ridicule. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or lantern had to go in front of each car and

warn oncoming carriages and riders. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 kilometers per hour; in addition, drivers were prohibited from giving warning signals. These were the rules: don't whistle, don't breathe, and crawl like a turtle.

But, in spite of everything, there were more and more cars.

Over time, changes and additions were made to the rules, features were specified when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult sections. One of the additions was a rule giving priority to pedestrians in traffic. The religious procession or, for example, a funeral ceremony also enjoyed an advantage in movement.

14. The basis of the modern Rules of the Road was laid on December 10, 1868 in London. On this day, in front of the Parliament on the square, the first railway semaphore appeared in the form of a colored disc with mechanical control. This semaphore was invented by J.P. Knight, a semaphore specialist of the time.

The device consisted of two semaphore wings, and depending on the position of the wings, the corresponding signal was indicated:

Horizontal position - no movement

45-degree angle position - movement is allowed, but with precautions.

15. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.

Therefore, in 1909, at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Automobile Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs, established the duties of drivers and pedestrians.

16. Over the years, changes and additions have been made to the rules of the road, stipulating features when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult sections.

The first traffic rules in Russia along the streets and roads were developed in 1940, since the development of road transport was slower than in Europe and America.

At present, modern traffic rules are in force in Russia, which we study in the classroom and extracurricular activities.

The modern rules of the road set out the duties of drivers, pedestrians, passengers, describe road signs, traffic lights, etc.

The teacher focuses on the fact that in all countries of the world children try never to violate the rules of the road, because the correct behavior on the streets and roads is an indicator of human culture.

On the streets of many cities, on busy highways, the movement of vehicles often takes the form of continuous streams. There is a concentration of the population in cities; now more than half of the country's population lives in cities. And this increases the number of pedestrians on the streets. The concentration of a large number of vehicles and pedestrians on the streets of settlements complicates the situation, requires the organization of traffic, ensuring the safety of traffic participants. With an increase in traffic intensity, a clear organization of the management of both transport and pedestrian flows, the use of modern means of regulation are required. In addition, to ensure traffic safety, drivers and pedestrians must have a solid knowledge of the “Rules of the Road”, as well as their exact implementation.

All citizens of our country are obliged to be guided by these rules, to comply with the requirements of police officers and those on duty at railway crossings. Any, even a minor violation of traffic rules in a traffic stream can cause a traffic accident, which will result in injury to people, failure of expensive vehicles and damage to the transported cargo.

Test questions.

1. Where did the first rules of the road appear?

2. How were the first Roman roads built?

3. Why have Russian roads left much to be desired throughout history?

4. How was traffic regulated in tsarist times?

5. In which city was the foundation of modern traffic rules laid?

6. In which city in 1909 at the International Conference was adopted

7. Convention on road traffic?

8. In what year were the first traffic rules developed in Russia?

9. What are traffic rules for?