A prominent representative of the golden age of Russian poetry, Fyodor Tyutchev skillfully concluded his thoughts, desires and feelings in the rhythm of iambic tetrameter, allowing readers to feel the complexity and inconsistency of the reality around them. To this day, the whole world reads the poems of the poet.

Childhood and youth

The future poet was born on November 23, 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province. Fedor is the middle child in the family. In addition to him, Ivan Nikolaevich and his wife Ekaterina Lvovna had two more children: the eldest son, Nikolai (1801–1870) and the youngest daughter, Daria (1806–1879).

The writer grew up in a calm, benevolent atmosphere. From his mother, he inherited a fine mental organization, lyricism and a developed imagination. In essence, the entire old noble patriarchal Tyutchev family possessed a high level of spirituality.

At the age of 4, Nikolai Afanasyevich Khlopov (1770–1826), a peasant who redeemed himself from serfdom and voluntarily entered the service of a noble couple, was assigned to Fedor.

A literate, pious man not only earned the respect of the gentlemen, but also became a friend and comrade for the future publicist. Khlopov witnessed the awakening of Tyutchev's literary genius. It happened in 1809, when Fyodor was barely six years old: while walking in a grove near the village cemetery, he stumbled upon a dead turtledove. The impressionable boy gave the bird a funeral and composed an epitaph in verse in her honor.

In the winter of 1810, the head of the family realized his wife's cherished dream by buying a spacious mansion in Moscow. The Tyutchevs went there during the winter cold. Seven-year-old Fyodor really liked his cozy bright room, where no one bothered him from morning to night to read poetry by Dmitriev and Derzhavin.

In 1812, the Patriotic War violated the peaceful order of the Moscow nobility. Like many members of the intelligentsia, the Tyutchevs immediately left the capital and went to Yaroslavl. The family remained there until the end of hostilities.

Upon returning to Moscow, Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna decided to hire a teacher who could not only teach their children the basics of grammar, arithmetic and geography, but also instill in the restless children a love for foreign languages. Under the strict guidance of the poet and translator Semyon Egorovich Raich, Fedor studied the exact sciences and got acquainted with the masterpieces of world literature, showing a genuine interest in ancient poetry.

In 1817, the future publicist, as a volunteer, attended lectures by the eminent literary critic Alexei Fedorovich Merzlyakov. The professor noticed his outstanding talent and on February 22, 1818, at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, he read Tyutchev's ode "For the New Year 1816". On March 30 of the same year, the fourteen-year-old poet was awarded the title of member of the Society, and a year later his poem "Horace's Message to the Maecenas" appeared in print.

In the autumn of 1819, a promising young man was enrolled at Moscow University at the Faculty of Literature. There he became friends with the young Vladimir Odoevsky, Stepan Shevyrev and Mikhail Pogodin. Tyutchev graduated from University three years ahead of schedule and graduated from the educational institution with a Ph.D.

On February 5, 1822, his father brought Fedor to St. Petersburg, and already on February 24, the eighteen-year-old Tyutchev was enrolled in the Foreign Affairs Board with the rank of provincial secretary. In the northern capital, he lived in the house of his relative, Count Osterman-Tolstoy, who subsequently procured him the position of a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission in Bavaria.

Literature

In the capital of Bavaria, Tyutchev not only studied romantic poetry and German philosophy, but also translated works into Russian and. Fedor Ivanovich published his own poems in the Russian magazine Galatea and the almanac Northern Lyre.

In the first decade of his life in Munich (from 1820 to 1830), Tyutchev wrote his most famous poems: “Spring Thunderstorm” (1828), “Silentium!” (1830), “How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ...” (1830), “Fountain” (1836), “Winter is not angry for nothing ...” (1836), “Not what you think, nature ... "(1836)," What are you howling about, night wind? .. "(1836).

Fame came to the poet in 1836, when 16 of his works were published in the Sovremennik magazine under the heading "Poems sent from Germany". In 1841, Tyutchev met Vaclav Ganka, a figure in the Czech national revival, who had a great influence on the poet. After this acquaintance, the ideas of Slavophilism were vividly reflected in the journalism and political lyrics of Fyodor Ivanovich.

Since 1848, Fedor Ivanovich was in the position of senior censor. The absence of poetic publications did not prevent him from becoming a prominent figure in the St. Petersburg literary society. So, Nekrasov spoke enthusiastically about the work of Fyodor Ivanovich and put him on a par with the best contemporary poets, and Fet used Tyutchev's works as evidence of the existence of "philosophical poetry".

In 1854, the writer published his first collection, which included both old poems of the 1820–1830s and new creations of the writer. The poetry of the 1850s was dedicated to Tyutchev's young lover, Elena Denisyeva.

In 1864, Fyodor Ivanovich's muse died. The publicist very painfully experienced this loss. Salvation he found in creativity. Poems of the "Denisiev cycle" ("All day she lay in oblivion ...", "There is also in my suffering stagnation ...", "On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1865", "Oh, this South, oh, this Nice! ..”, “There is in the autumn of the original ...”) - the top of the poet's love lyrics.

After the Crimean War, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov became the new Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. The representative of the political elite respected Tyutchev for his perspicacious mind. Friendship with the chancellor allowed Fyodor Ivanovich to influence Russia's foreign policy.

The Slavophil views of Fyodor Ivanovich continued to strengthen. True, after the defeat in the Crimean War, in the quatrain "Russia cannot be understood with the mind ..." (1866), Tyutchev began to call on the people not for political, but for spiritual unification.

Personal life

People who do not know Tyutchev's biography, having briefly familiarized themselves with his life and work, will consider that the Russian poet was windy in nature, and will be absolutely right in their conclusion. In the literary salons of that time, legends were made about the amorous adventures of a publicist.

Amalia Lerchenfeld, Fyodor Tyutchev's first love

The first love of the writer was the illegitimate daughter of the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III - Amalia Lerchenfeld. The beauty of the girl was admired by both, and, and Count Benckendorff. She was 14 years old when she met Tyutchev and became very interested in him. Mutual sympathy was not enough.

The young man, living on the money of his parents, could not satisfy all the requests of a demanding young lady. Amalia preferred material prosperity to love and in 1825 she married Baron Krüdner. The news of Lerchenfeld's wedding shocked Fedor so much that the envoy Vorontsov-Dashkov, in order to avoid a duel, sent the unfortunate gentleman on vacation.

And although Tyutchev submitted to fate, the soul of the lyricist throughout his life was languishing from an unquenchable thirst for love. For a short period of time, his first wife Eleanor managed to put out the fire raging inside the poet.

The family grew, daughters were born one after another: Anna, Daria, Ekaterina. Money was sorely lacking. With all his mind and insight, Tyutchev was devoid of rationality and coldness, which is why promotion went by leaps and bounds. Fyodor Ivanovich was burdened by family life. He preferred noisy companies of friends and secular affairs with ladies from high society to the society of children and his wife.

Ernestine von Pfeffel, the second wife of Fyodor Tyutchev

In 1833, Tyutchev was introduced to the wayward Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel at a ball. The entire literary beau monde spoke about their romance. During another quarrel, the wife, exhausted by jealousy, in a fit of desperation, grabbed a dagger and stabbed herself in the chest area. Fortunately, the wound was not fatal.

Despite the scandal that broke out in the press and the general censure from the public, the writer failed to part with his mistress, and only the death of his legal wife put everything in its place. 10 months after the death of Eleanor, the poet legalized his relationship with Ernestina.

Fate played a cruel joke with the Baroness: the woman who destroyed the family, for 14 years, shared her lawful husband with a young mistress, Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva.

Death

In the mid-60s and early 70s, Tyutchev reasonably began to lose ground: in 1864, the writer’s beloved, Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, died, two years later, the creator’s mother, Ekaterina Lvovna, died, in 1870, the writer’s beloved brother Nikolai and his son Dmitry, and three years later the daughter of a publicist Maria went to another world.

The string of deaths had a negative impact on the health of the poet. After the first stroke of paralysis (January 1, 1873), Fyodor Ivanovich almost did not get out of bed, after the second he lived for several weeks in excruciating suffering and died on July 27, 1873. The coffin with the body of the lyricist was transported from Tsarskoye Selo to the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent in St. Petersburg.

The literary heritage of the legend of the golden age of Russian poetry has been preserved in collections of poems. Among other things, in 2003, based on the book by Vadim Kozhinov, “The Prophet in His Fatherland, Fyodor Tyutchev,” the series “Love and Truth of Fyodor Tyutchev” was filmed. The film was directed by the daughter. She is familiar to the Russian audience by her role in the film Solaris.

Bibliography

• "The Skald's Harp" (1834);
• "Spring Thunderstorm" (1828);
• "Day and Night" (1839);
• “How unexpected and bright ...” (1865);
• "Answer to the address" (1865);
• "Italian villa" (1837);
• "I knew her back then" (1861);
• "Morning in the mountains" (1830);
• "Fires" (1868);
• “Look how the grove is turning green ...” (1857);
• "Madness" (1829);
• "Sleep on the Sea" (1830);
• "Calm" (1829);
• Encyclica (1864);
• "Rome at night" (1850);
• “The feast is over, the choirs are silent ...” (1850).

The life and work of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev

The father of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, Ivan Nikolaevich, after the wedding (in 1798), took Ekaterina Lvovna to the Bryansk region of the Oryol province to the Ovstug estate. Ekaterina Lvovna, who grew up in Moscow, everything was a curiosity in her husband's estate. The main manor house stood on one of the hills, from where on one side the picturesque, full-flowing Desna was visible, and on the other side, as far as the eye could see, expanses of fields, groves, and ravines stretched. From the balcony of the house there was a beautiful view of the garden, a small pond with a gazebo, and a little to the left - the narrow fast river Ovstuzhenka.

Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov, who knew Ekaterina Lvovna well, wrote that she was "a woman of remarkable intelligence, lean, nervous build, with a penchant for morbid suspiciousness, with an extraordinary imagination."

The poet's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, having risen only to the rank of lieutenant, resigned, because, due to his rather mild nature, he considered himself incapable of military service. Having married Ekaterina Lvovna, he was quite happy in family life, idolized his wife, and from the first days of their life together, he ceded to her all the reins of family government.

Thanks to the kind, gentle character of her husband and father, a peaceful and benevolent atmosphere always reigned in the family. “Looking at the Tyutchevs,” a friend of the poet Mikhail Petrovich Pogodin wrote in his diary a little later, “I thought about family happiness. If only everyone lived as simply as they do."

In Ovstug, on June 9, 1801, the first-born, Nikolai, was born to the Tyutchevs, and on November 23, 1803, Fedor, the future poet. This year marks the 210th anniversary of the birth of the great poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873).

December, 1810 By this time, the Tyutchevs, using the inheritance received from their aunt, bought a spacious, beautiful mansion, a three-story house in Moscow, in Armenian Lane. Seven-year-old Fedya really liked his small bright room; he enthusiastically reads the poems of Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. Reading becomes his favorite pastime. The faithful uncle, Nikolai Afanasyevich Khlopov, who went after the "child" from the age of four, could hardly persuade Fyodor to take a walk.

Tyutchev was not born a poet. It can be said that his parents were far from literature. Unless the family had a good library, inherited.

Sofia:

- F. I. Tyutchev belongs to an old noble family. He was born on the family estate. Where exactly? (in the village of Ovstug, Oryol province)

Fedor was in poor health, he did not take part in children's games, and he did not have close childhood friends, except for his brother. From childhood, the laws of God were instilled, Tyutchev remembers the Easter holidays, the singing of prayers. Nikolai Afanasyevich Khlopov, the first teacher of the future poet, was also a deeply religious person. He introduced the boy to nature, walked with him around the outskirts of Ovstug, explained the purpose of flowers, herbs, talked about birds and animals.

Tyutchev recalled how one day he and his teacher found a dead dove and buried it on the road, while writing a poetic epitaph (an epitaph is a poem written about someone's death). Tyutchev was 5-6 years old (this epitaph has not been preserved).

Ekaterina Lvovna's mother soon noticed her son's passion for poetry and promptly encouraged her son to do this. In the future, she saved everything he wrote, becoming, as it were, the initiator of the family collection of everything that came out from the boy's pen. So the first poem of the young poet, called “To Dear Papa” came to us:

This day the son's happy tenderness

What a gift she could bring!

Bouquet of flowers? - but the flora has faded,

And the meadow faded, and the valley ...

Tyutchev is almost 11 years old.

By the beginning of 1813, the future singer of nature had a new teacher - an excellent teacher of Russian literature Semyon Yegorovich Raich. Rajic had a passion for poetry. Their love for poetry coincided and was inflamed even more thanks to the elder. The younger one followed him with might and main and made some progress in Russian literature. The grains fell on fertile soil. And indeed, at the beginning of 1818, the "first dawn" of the poetic work of the young Tyutchev had already begun to rise.

Sofia:

- When did Tyutchev write the first poetic epitaph? (he found a dead turtledove on the road and buried it)

In the fall of 1816, Tyutchev, with the blessing of his parents, began to attend the private boarding school of Professor Alexei Fedorovich Merzlyakov. The boarding school taught Russian, French, German, geography, history and even military sciences. Tyutchev, as the most capable student, also attended lectures at the university (he was a volunteer).

Merzlyakov developed the ability of students to write poetry. His students loved him very much. The professor believed in the future talent of his student, and having believed, he began to single out Tyutchev from others.

Sofia:

- What is the earliest poem by Tyutchev that has come down to us? ("Dear Papa")

Merzlyakov's first step was the admission of a pupil to the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

And on November 6, 1819, Fyodor Tyutchev, who will turn 16 in half a month, is enrolled as a student at Moscow University in the verbal department.

In the second year of university, Tyutchev turned 17 years old. From a young, angular boy, he imperceptibly turned into a slender, pretty young man; and then the first ray of youthful love flashed.

He began to pay attention to the black-eyed, ruddy girl (but she was poor). Mother Ekaterina Lvovna noticed that her son was carried away by a courtyard girl, and therefore insisted that her son graduate from Moscow University ahead of schedule.

Tyutchev was allowed to pass the exams ahead of schedule and graduate from the university in two years.

So, on February 21, 1822, Tyutchev enters the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs, and on June 11 he goes to Munich, Germany, to the Russian diplomatic mission as a supernumerary official.

Fedor said goodbye to friends, teachers, relatives. Mommy was in tears. Nikolai Afanasyevich Khlopov, Tyutchev's old uncle, was solemnly seated on the trestles of the carriage, together with the coachman.

Sofia:

- After graduating from Moscow University, Tyutchev was enrolled in the diplomatic service. What city? (Munich)

Shortly after arriving in Munich, Fedor (Theodor, as his close and distant acquaintances called him in Germany) met young Amalia Lerchenfeld (15 years old) at one of the receptions.

The fifteen-year-old countess came from a noble German family. The golden-haired beauty took under her protection a well-mannered, slightly shy Russian diplomat. They often took walks along the green streets of Munich, full of ancient monuments. They were fascinated by trips along the suburbs breathing with antiquity, and long walks to the beautiful blue Danube ...

Sofia:

- How many years did Tyutchev spend abroad? (22 years old)

We have too little information about those times, but Tyutchev's poetic memoirs recreate their picture.

(The poem "I remember the golden time").

During the year of their acquaintance, that same "golden time", Tyutchev began to seriously think about marriage. Among the admirers of the countess was Baron Alexander Krudener, secretary of the embassy, ​​comrade Tyutchev. Gaining courage, Fyodor decided to ask for Amalia's hand in marriage. But a simple Russian nobleman without family titles seemed to her parents not such a profitable party for their daughter, and they preferred Baron Krudener to him. The young diplomat was heartbroken.

Sofia:

- What poem, which later became a romance, did Tyutchev dedicate to Amalia Lerchenfeld?

In 1825, Tyutchev received the title of chamber junker (junker court rank). But he does not like any thought of a long, hard service, a tedious climb up the career ladder.

Soon, on March 5, 1826, the poet marries Emilia Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer, the widow of a former minister, who had 4 sons from her first marriage. The Countess was several years older than Fyodor Ivanovich.

Very little information has come down to us about how the poet spent more than two decades of his life abroad. The poet, yearning for his native places, comes home several times. It is Tyutchev who owns the most famous lines about Russia:

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Do not measure with a common yardstick:

She has a special become -

One can only believe in Russia.

During the second trip to his homeland in 1830, he wrote an amazing poem "Autumn Evening".

Living for many years abroad, Tyutchev never interrupted communication with his homeland, with friends, with his former teacher Raich; sent his poems from Munich.

In the 13th issue of the magazine "Telescope" for 1832, Tyutchev's "Spring Waters" appeared, which became famous. Remember? (Reading the poem by heart).

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov considered “Spring Waters” to be “one of the best paintings written by Tyutchev’s pen” and added: “Reading them, you feel spring when you yourself don’t know why it’s fun and easy on the soul, as if several years have fallen off your shoulders ... ".

And the poem "Spring" speaks for itself (reading an excerpt from this poem). The author of the poems himself lives in a foreign land, and his works are published in his native city, where he is remembered not only by his friends, but also by many admirers of Russian poetry.

In 1836, instead of the planned five or six poems, A. S. Pushkin published 24 Tyutchev’s poetic works in the Sovremennik magazine, giving them the general title “Poems sent from Germany” with the same recommended signature “T. F". Some poems were published for the first time ("Fountain", "The soul would like to be a star", "The stream thickened and grows dim").

Sofia:

What poem are these lines from?

Spring is coming, spring is coming!

And quiet, warm May days

Ruddy, bright round dance

Crowds merrily after her.

("Spring Waters")

With the growth of the family (the eldest daughter Anna was born on April 21, 1829, the second - Daria - on April 12, 1834, the youngest - Catherine - on October 27, 1835), expenses also grew, funds for the wide life that the Tyutchevs led were clearly not enough.

Sofia:

And at the beginning of May 1837, the Tyutchevs, finally, the whole family went on vacation to Russia, where the head of the family hoped to get a new appointment.

The Tyutchevs arrived in St. Petersburg three months after the tragic death of A. S. Pushkin. The poet took to heart everything that happened in St. Petersburg in his absence. He will write a poem "January 29, 1837", in which he denounces the murderer-criminal (the title of the poem is the date of the poet's death). And the poem ends like this:

You, like first love,

The heart will not forget Russia!

After some time, the poet again said goodbye to his homeland for a long time. On August 3, 1837, he was appointed senior secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission in the city of Turin, leaving his wife and daughters in the care of their parents. The service was not difficult, and the poet was satisfied with an annual salary of eight thousand rubles, more than two times higher than in Munich. Finally, the seventh month of his stay in a new place approached, Tyutchev began to wait for the arrival of his wife and daughters, for whom he already greatly missed.

And suddenly, on May 30, 1838, he receives news of the death of the steamer NikolaiI”, on which, according to the assumption, his family followed. Tyutchev immediately went to Munich and learned all the details there. On the night of May 18-19, a fire broke out on the ship. Wife Eleanor "was able to carry the children through the flames." But still, unrest, and most importantly, a cold, a nervous shock contributed to the deterioration of health. Eleanor died on August 27, 1838.

Being at the coffin of his wife, Tyutchev turned gray overnight. There was no limit to his grief and despair. For a long time the poet cannot forget his Eleanor, with whom he lived for 12 years.

Even 10 years later, in one of the saddest moments, a poetic confession escapes from him through suffering:

Still languishing longing desires

Still longing for you with my soul -

And in the darkness of memories

I still catch your image ...

Your sweet image is unforgettable,

He is before me everywhere, always,

unattainable, immutable,

Like a star in the sky at night...

But Tyutchev's nature is contradictory. The poet was not monogamous all his life.

From 1833 he met with Ernestine Dörnberg, born Baroness Pfeffel, a German by nationality. The poet himself was well aware of his "sinful" love, he composed penetrating lines about this love. Sometimes he did stupid things.

Sofia:

- What poetic lines did Tyutchev write in memory of his first wife, Eleanor Peterson? (“I still yearn for longing for desires”)

And now Tyutchev, without waiting for a new envoy, arbitrarily left the service, went with his future wife to Switzerland and married her there. This event took place on July 17, 1839.

His wife was seven years younger than him, extremely beautiful and charming. Having settled in Munich, the Tyutchevs were soon able to take their children to their place.

And yet the unauthorized departure, even for good reasons, was not in vain for the poet. He was expelled from the lists of an official of the ministry and deprived of the title of chamberlain (a chamberlain is a court rank of senior rank).

Diplomatic service failed. Tyutchev decides to go to Moscow with worries about the upcoming service, about his future residence with his family.

Sofia:

- What nationality was the second wife of the poet Ernestine Dernberg? (German)

Unexpectedly for himself, the poet receives support in the ministry thanks to Amalia Krüdener. She enjoyed the favor of Benckendorff and the emperor himself.

On September 20, 1844, the Tyutchevs sailed to St. Petersburg. They had two children with them - daughter Maria and son Dmitry, born on June 14, 1841.

It took only a few months for Fyodor Ivanovich to be recognized in the living rooms of St. Petersburg.

Vyazemsky remarked that "Tyutchev is the lion of the season." And Vladimir Alexandrovich Sologub recalled: “He was perhaps the most secular person in Russia, but secular in the full sense of the word. He needed, like air, every evening, the light of chandeliers and lamps, the cheerful rustle of expensive women's dresses, the talk and laughter of pretty women. Meanwhile, his appearance did not really correspond to his tastes, he was bad-looking, casually dressed, clumsy and absent-minded; but everything, all this disappeared when he began to talk, tell, recite poetry: everyone instantly fell silent, and in the whole room only Tyutchev's voice was heard ... "

On March 16, 1845, Tyutchev was enrolled in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and a little later he was appointed an official for special assignments under the state chancellor (the chancellor is the highest civil rank).

Boring positions far from poetry. But it was necessary to serve - the family grew, on May 30, 1846, the third child was born to Tyutchev - son Ivan, who was named after his grandfather Ivan Nikolaevich.

In addition to the most magnificent pictures of nature, Tyutchev wrote many love poems dedicated to the high feeling of love for a woman.

Such well-known poems as “The sun is shining, the waters are shining”, “Oh, how deadly we love”, “On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1864”, etc., are dedicated to Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva, the poet’s “last love”. The poems are very varied and unusual. Let's listen to them! (poem "The sun is shining, the waters are shining")

Tyutchev's acquaintance with Denisyeva took place in the late 1840s. When they met, he was 47 and she was 24. Their friendship grew into a deep, passionate love. The flow of this murderous love, which lasted almost a decade and a half, is told by the poet’s poetic confessions themselves, which later became part of the famous Denisiev cycle, a masterpiece of Russian love lyrics (the poem “Oh, how deadly we love”).

The relationship lasted almost fifteen years, until the death of Denisyeva. They had three children, in fact, it was the second Tyutchev family. Their love was difficult, bitter for both. But it was especially difficult for E. A. Denisyeva. She, the illegitimate wife, was not accepted by society.

Around her gossip, gossip, condemnation. Life in such an environment, constant experiences undermined her health, she died young at the age of 38 on August 4, 1864. The poem "On the eve of the anniversary ..." was written on August 3, 1865 on the way from Moscow to Ovstug.

Sofia:

- What is the name of the cycle of poems dedicated to Elena Denisyeva?

("Denisevsky")

And yet, Tyutchev would not have been a great poet if he had not ended the sixties with another of his true masterpieces of love lyrics, which have survived to this day in the form of a beautiful romance. This poem reveals another love secret of his restless soul.

At first, we talked about the first "Munich" love of Fyodor Ivanovich - Amalia Lerchenfeld, who, contrary to their mutual decision, married a fellow poet, became the famous Baroness Krudener. But the past tense showed that both did not forget about their first great feeling and somewhere in the most secret corner of their souls cherished the brightest memories of him (the poem "I met you ...")

Romance " I met you…"

But the last, seventies of Tyutchev's life in his poetry are still connected with philosophical reflections on the life lived, the expectation of its natural end.

Sofia:

- Which of the famous lines belong to Tyutchev:

“I love my homeland, but with a strange love!”

“You can’t understand Russia with the mind…”

“Russia, impoverished Russia…

Diseases creep up unexpectedly. On January 1, 1873, Fyodor Ivanovich, despite the warnings of doctors, went for a walk, but after a short time he was brought to the house in a cab, paralyzed.

All week Tyutchev was on the verge of death, but even then everything went well. He even tries to write poetry:

The executing god took everything from me:

Health, willpower, air, sleep,

He left you alone with me,

So that I can still pray to him, -

He writes to his wife, Ernestina Feodorovna, who does not leave his bed all the days.

In mid-May, Tyutchev was transported in a carriage to Tsarskoe Selo, where the family had been renting a dacha in recent years in the summer.

Suddenly, “in the early morning of July 15, 1873, his face suddenly took on some special expression of solemnity and horror,” wrote Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov, “his eyes opened wide, as if staring into the distance, he could no longer move or utter a word, - he seemed to be all dead already, but life hovered in his eyes and on his brow. It never shone with thought so much as at that moment... Half an hour later, everything suddenly faded and he was gone. He shone and went out "(poem"Silentium!»).

137 years have passed since the death of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (July 15, 1873). Several generations of Russians are accustomed to talking about natural phenomena in Tyutchev's verses.

Fedor Ivanovich was able to respond to any event in natural life and capture it colorfully. In this, no one was equal to him, even Fet.

The best achievements of this lyric thinker, an inspired and thoughtful singer of nature, a subtle exponent of human feelings and experiences, the modern reader keeps in the golden fund of Russian classical literature.

How did Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev develop a poetic sense of nature? What methods did he use that everything he wrote forever sunk into the soul of a Russian person, became dear and close to him?

The purpose of this work is to get deeper into the poetry of nature of the Russian poet and philosopher Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, with his "creative cuisine".

1. Brief overview of life and creative path

F. I. Tyutcheva

A descendant of an old noble family, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23 (December 5), 1803, in the Ovstug family estate of the Bryansk district of the Oryol province. Childhood years were mainly spent in the countryside, youthful years were associated with Moscow.

The family sacredly kept Russian customs, although they spoke French. The young son of Fyodor had an uncle, a free peasant N. A. Khlopov, who played the same role in the life of the future poet as Arina Rodionovna played in the fate of A. S. Pushkin.

Home education was led by a young poet-translator S. Raich, who introduced the student to the poets of ancient Greece, to modern "poet writers". The teacher encouraged the first poetic experiments of his student. At the age of 12, Fedor was already successfully translating Horace.

In 1819, Tyutchev entered the verbal department of Moscow University and immediately took an active part in his literary life. There is an assumption that the professor, poet and translator A.F. Merzlyakov, in the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, read the ode of his student “The Nobleman” (imitation of Horace). On March 30, 1818, the fifteen-year-old poet became a member of the society.

After graduating from the university in 1821 with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences, at the beginning of 1822, Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. A few months later he was appointed an official at the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich. Since that time, the connection of the future famous poet with Russian literary life has been interrupted for a long time.

The diplomat spent twenty-two years in a foreign land, twenty of them in Munich. Here he married, met the philosopher Friedrich Schelling and became friends with Heinrich Heine, becoming the first translator of his poems into Russian.

In 1829 - 1830 in Russia in the magazine S. Raich "Galatea" there were publications of the poet's poem, testifying to the maturity of his poetic talent ("Summer Evening", "Vision", "Insomnia", "Dreams"), but did not bring fame to the author .

Tyutchev's poetry first received real recognition in 1836, when his poems were published in Pushkin's Sovremennik. It is known that the poet did not take his poetic talent seriously and did not publish his works. Prince I. S. Gagarin, a colleague in Munich, forwarded Tyutchev's manuscripts under the title "Poems sent from Germany." Readers never found out who was the author of the "fragrant lines", since under them were only two letters F. T. The great poet was not conceited.

In 1837, Tyutchev was appointed first secretary of the Russian Mission in Turin, where he experienced his first bereavement: his wife died. After 2 years, Fedor Ivanovich entered into a new marriage. For the wedding with the bride, he arbitrarily left for Switzerland, after which he had to retire. For five years, Tyutchev and his family lived in Munich, without any official position.

In 1844, Fedor Ivanovich moved with his family to Russia, and six months later he was again admitted to the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

F. I. Tyutchev, as you know, was constantly interested in political events in Europe and Russia. In 1843 - 1850, he published articles "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", concluding that a clash between Russia and the West and the final triumph of "Russia of the Future", which seemed to him "pan-Slavic » empire.

Continuing to write amazing poems (“Reluctantly and timidly”, “When in the circle of murderous worries”, “Russian Woman”, etc.), the poet still did not seek to print them.

The beginning of Tyutchev’s poetic fame and the impetus for his active work was the article by N. A. Nekrasov “Russian Minor Poets” in the Sovremennik magazine, which spoke about the enormous talent of this poet, not noticed by critics, and the publication of 24 poems. We are talking about the poet!

In 1854, the first collection of poems was published, in the same year a cycle of love poems dedicated to Elena Denisyeva was published.

“Lawless” in the eyes of the world, the relationship of the middle-aged poet with the same age as his daughters continued for fourteen years and was very dramatic, since Tyutchev did not leave his wife and lived in two families.

In 1858, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev had a new position: he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. Thanks to the perseverance and aesthetic taste of the poet, many works of foreign authors "registered" in Russia.

Since 1864, Fedor Ivanovich has lost one close person after another: Elena Denisyeva dies of consumption, a year later - their two children, his mother. But the poet cannot remain silent: political poems predominate in the work of the sixties.

In recent years, Tyutchev's eldest son, beloved brother, and daughter Maria have died. The life of the poet is fading away. The second wife of the poet was by his side until the last minute. Seriously ill, Fyodor Ivanovich impressed those around him with the sharpness and liveliness of his mind and undying interest in the events of literary and political life.

On July 15 (July 27), 1873, the heart of the great Russian poet and citizen stopped beating in Tsarskoye Selo. “Dear, smart, as smart as day, Fedor Ivanovich! Sorry, goodbye!" - I. S. Turgenev responded bitterly to the news of this death.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev entered the minds of poetry lovers primarily as a singer of nature. Perhaps only Tyutchev's philosophical perception of the surrounding world was, to a large extent, the very basis of the vision of the world.

2. The personality of the poet and the formation of his views on nature

“The younger generation of writers has already managed to make sure what a subtle and highly critical mind is combined in them (poems) with poetic talent,” academician, poet and critic, rector of St. Petersburg University P. A. Pletnev.

Contemporaries emphasized the originality of the personality of the diplomat and poet Tyutchev.

Knowing perfectly all European languages, Fyodor Ivanovich wrote his poems mainly in Russian. Why? He probably lived, and felt, and thought like a truly Russian person. This amazing lyricist never claimed the title of a poet. He called his poetic works “scribbling”, he did not seek to print, he was not interested in evaluating his fellow writers, he did not even collect poetry. They were in letters to relatives and friends; they were found forgotten in business papers, books, accounts and travellers.

It is impossible not to point out the fact that the poet lived in a turbulent time of revolutions, political changes and wars.

Passionate love for life, an active life position and constant inner anxiety, due to the tragic perception of reality, form the basis of the attitude of Tyutchev the poet. He was never a representative of "pure art", since he could not remain indifferent to the most important issues of the modern world. The lyrics of his nature were rooted in the Russian land.

Complete works of F. I. Tyutchev - about four hundred poems. But what!

As a poet, Tyutchev was formed in the Pushkin era, but, as you know, after the publication of 24 poems in Sovremennik (during the life of A. S. Pushkin), he ceased to be printed for a long time. The influence of the first teacher and translator of ancient poets S. E. Raich, of course, was important during the formation of the young man's creative face. Often his work on nature "involuntarily echoes the work of Hellas: Tyutchev's mythological digressions coexist so strangely with the description of Russian nature."

The poet's mythological ideas coexist organically with pictures of Russian nature. Often, the images of nature, as well as abstract concepts, are highlighted by the author in capital letters: “The Enchantress of Winter”, “Before the Dawn Ascends”, “We Stand Blindly Before Fate”.

Being in Germany for a long time, Tyutchev could not but accept the ideas and philosophy of F. Schelling, with whom he became close.

G. Heine wrote: "Schelling again approved nature in its legitimate rights, he was looking for a reconciliation of the mind with nature, he wanted to unite them in the eternal soul of the world." And in F. I. Tyutchev, the phenomena of the external world and the state of the human soul are identical.

Now it is appropriate to pay attention to a short, eight-line, early poem "Noon", written in the late twenties:

Summer southern afternoon. Nature became mad from the sun, life stopped for a while. In the sky "the clouds are lazily melting". This is the content of the first stanza.

The dreaming world is filled with mysterious life. The "Great Pan" with the Nymphs rests in a cave. The owner of forests and valleys, Pan, “dozes calmly”, hiding from the sultry afternoon in a cave. This is the content of the second stanza of the poem.

As we can see, the "Great Pan" is devoid of any mythological halo here. His image organically coexists with the picture of Tyutchev's nature.

A person, as it seems to us at first, is absent, but he has already entered: if we do not see him, then a picture of his vision is clearly drawn in front of us, the world changes under his gaze: "The clouds are lazily melting."

The poet's "slumbering world" is full of mysterious life, and the image of the great owner of the forests and valleys of Pan is almost devoid of grandeur and humanized.

“So Tyutchev’s mythology lives, first of all, not in the names of the ancient gods, but in their figurative comprehension of Nature, seen in all the diversity of her being: her original and destructible, only lurking night chaos, her bright daytime cosmos, boundless and infinitely beautiful.”

So the poet writes in the early 30s in the poem “What are you howling about, night wind?” The night world is agonizingly terrible, and the daytime one glows with joy, rejoices and laughs in the work of the same years “Morning in the Mountains”:

So, Tyutchev does not compare nature with a laughing person. The poet considers her as the primary source of joy, endows her with the ability to smile, sing, rejoice.

The poetry of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev matured. To prove this, let us turn to the poem "Clouds are melting in the sky" of 1868:

Between these "clouds" and those that were "lazy" melting in the "fiery firmament" 40 years passed. The poet has not ceased to be a romantic, but there is a lot of realism in his works. Mythological names disappeared: not Pan, but a shadow hid from the midday heat. The author abandoned mythology, but the world did not become "godless". The life of nature has gone into the depths of the landscape. And most importantly, she moved away from a person who, forgetting about himself, is still ready to talk about nature. It can be argued that in Russian poetry the “discovery of nature” has actually taken place!

What is the originality of Tyutchev's poetry - a romantic, a philosopher and a realist? Fedor Ivanovich keenly feels the contradictory nature of life in all its manifestations.

Man is powerless before nature: he grows old and dies, and she is reborn every year.

Day and night! The philosopher considered the night to be the essence of nature, and the day for him was only a “golden veil” thrown over the abyss.

Summing up, it can be argued that the poet's philosophy did not prevent him from creating amazing, small lyrical poems. They cannot even be called landscapes - this is the internal state of nature.

What do we call in a rational being?

Divine bashfulness of suffering!

These two lines from "Autumn Evening" literally shocked the poet Balmont, who writes: "Tyutchev rises to an artistic understanding of autumn, as the state of mind of nature.

The remarkable writer Yu. N. Tynyanov knew and loved the work of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. In the work “The Question of Tyutchev”, he admired the language of the poet, his ability to say briefly about many things, forcing the reader to imagine the huge after the small and absorb this huge into himself. Small in volume, but full of deep philosophical meaning, Tyutchev's creations are called lyrical fragments by Yu. Tynyanov.

3. "Not what you think, nature"

In the lyrics of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev of the 30s, the poeticization of nature is brought to the highest point of its expression. In April 1836, the poem “Not what you think, nature” was written in the form of an appeal, which speaks of nature in such words as it is customary to speak of a person. The work does not have a title, and this always makes the reader think more seriously about the meaning of poetic lines.

The poem is, as it were, an important ongoing dispute, as one might assume, with a Russian interlocutor. It turned out to be a turning point, decisive not only for the author, but for all traditional Russian poetry about nature.

These lines are written in polemical passion. The poem was supposed to have eight stanzas, but the censorship removed two stanzas, and, apparently, they are lost forever. What seditious could be contained in a work written on an abstract philosophical theme? Perhaps the author rather boldly spoke out against the views of the ministers of the church on nature?

A. S. Pushkin, printing this poem in the third issue of the Sovremennik magazine in 1836, insisted on the designation of censored notes. Without them, the work would be incomplete in content.

What is the main idea "Not what you think, nature"? Tyutchev opposes those who underestimate nature, he accuses people of deafness, hardening of the soul. This is due to the separation of man from nature. She lives with Tyutchev, thinks, feels, says:

Continuing his conversation, the author calls other opponents "they". Again, we do not know to whom the author's words are specifically addressed, but now we are confronted by a poet-philosopher who defends his own view of the world. Everything in nature seems to him alive, full of deep meaning, everything speaks to him "in a language understandable to the heart."

The first two stanzas begin with a negative, as the author affirms his disagreement with the point of view of those to whom he is addressing. And the reader concludes: "soul", "freedom", "love", "language" - this is what is most important for Tyutchev in nature.

In the poem “Not what you think, nature”, the author’s irritation is felt, apparently, earlier he could not agree with his opponents, prove his case.

Let us pay attention to the peculiarities of the language used by the poet to prove his point of view.

Assonance to [and, a, o] gives the poem an elevated tone; it is made melodic by a huge number of sonorous sounds [m, l, r, n].

The obsolete words (“face”, “tree”, “womb”, “see”) used in the text give solemnity to the lines.

They seem to emphasize the undoubted correctness of what Tyutchev said.

Colorful and expressive personifications (“the suns do not breathe”, “a friendly thunderstorm did not confer in conversation”, “the forests did not speak”), metaphors (“the night was mute”, “spring did not bloom”), comparison (“they live all over the world, like in the dark") give color and expressiveness to speech, contribute to the most complete disclosure of the ideological content of the work.

Tyutchev has complex sentences ending with exclamation points, which further emphasizes the polemical nature of the poem.

At first glance, the work ends rather strangely: Tyutchev does not condemn those to whom he has just addressed, with whom he argued. "Deaf" people do not know how to feel, and therefore do not know how to live. And if for them nature is faceless, then for the poet nature is “the voice of the mother herself”.

In Otechestvennye Zapiski, the author of an unsigned enthusiastic article about Tyutchev said: “This apparently somewhat harsh reproach of the poet to non-poetic souls is in essence filled with such love for nature and people! How the author would like to share the feeling that fills him with others who, by their inattention, deprive themselves of one of the purest pleasures! » .

Yes, in the eyes of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, nature is animated and alive in itself.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is called a poet-philosopher, because he directs his poetry and thoughts to the whole universe and correlates every moment of being with eternity. The poet does not describe nature, and his landscapes are emotional.

4. Seasons

4. 1. Spring

All seasons are reflected in Tyutchev's poetry, and man is present everywhere. Each of us has read or knows by heart poems about spring: “I love a thunderstorm in early May”, “Spring waters”, “Spring”, “The earth still looks sad” and others. It seems that it is better to say about this time of year than Fyodor Ivanovich has already said, it is impossible:

Snow is still whitening in the fields,

And the waters are already rustling in the spring

This is how the short, three-stanza poem "Spring Waters" begins. In the first quatrain, the author says that the long-awaited spring has finally come into its own, the snow has begun to melt, streams are ringing and running.

Winter is ending! A bright state of mind and a sense of delight in front of the reviving nature are conveyed to the reader.

In the first stanza, the waters seem to be just gaining strength, “making noise”, “running and waking up the sleepy shore”, and the awakening nature begins to echo and sing along to them. And then the sound of spring waters turns into a powerful many-voiced choir.

He reaches his peak in the second stanza, where the jubilant song of melt water sounds.

Spring waters are called messengers of spring, because they are the first to let us know about the end of winter: after all, when we hear the sound of drops, when we see thawed patches and streams on the road, we understand that spring is coming. And the streams run not silently, but joyfully ringing, awakening everyone around with their song.

The poem is easy to understand. The author uses complex metaphors: “the waters are already rustling in the spring”, “running and waking up the sleepy shore”, “running and shining, and talking”, “they are talking in all directions”. All these and other metaphors, supplementing each other with new details, merge into one artistic image - the personification of spring.

The abundance of epithets characteristic of Tyutchev (“young spring”, “quiet warm days”, “bright round dance”), among which one - “ruddy” - gives the “round dance of May days” not only special warmth, but also reminds us of a bright cheerful girlish round dance.

The thrill of life, the swiftness of spring waters is conveyed with the help of an abundance of verbs (the waters “make noise, run, wake up, shine, speak”). There are seven of them in the first stanza alone.

The sound of the poem is excellent. So, the rumble of spring water is felt in the sound scale: in the first stanza, the sound [y] is repeated 6 times, [b] and [g] - also 6 times each. As you can see, the sound painting conveys the movement of spring water.

The melodiousness of Tyutchev's lines attracted the attention of Sergei Rachmaninov - he created a romance. The voice of the performer of "Spring Waters" always takes off and acquires a triumphant, almost "fanfare" sound when he sings: "She sent us ahead!".

"Spring Waters" by Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev belong to those few masterpieces of Russian lyrics that carry us on the wings of joy every time we listen to the miracle of the coming spring.

In 1828, Russian poetry was refreshed by "Spring Storm" - the first version of a wonderful poem. The final text was formed in 1854.

Although the poem was written abroad, we still perceive its “thunderstorm in early May” as a real spring thunderstorm in central Russia. A sound is born in the sky, with which it thundered for the first time.

One can repeat what A. S. Pushkin said on another occasion, but it is suitable here: “Bad physics, but what bold poetry!”

“In spring, the most joyful, most life-affirming motifs of Tyutchev's poems are inspired. Such is the “spring greeting to the poets, “Love of the Earth and the Charm of the Year” (circa 1828), imbued with a cheerful, major mood, such is the poetic description of the awakening of nature and the simultaneous awakening of the human soul in the poem “The earth still looks sad” (until 1836), such is the image the victory of spring over winter, the new over the old, the present over the past in the poem “Winter is angry for good reason” (until 1836), such, in particular, are the solemn stanzas of the poem “Spring” (no later than 1838).

Man and nature are once again inseparable. Here the image of nature, contained in the first stanza, acquires the features of a living being, which are transferred to it by the author.

Spring for F. I. Tyutchev is the fullness of being, unity with nature and delight before the revival of Mother Earth.

After spring comes a warm time of joy, fun - summer. Man, as you know, is inseparable from nature, he admires all its manifestations. Fedor Ivanovich writes a letter to his wife dated August 5, 1854: “What days! What nights! What a wonderful summer! You feel it, you breathe it, you penetrate it and you can hardly believe it yourself.

The storm opened the chaos, threw up "flying dust", but "through the fleeting anxiety, the incessant bird whistle continues to sound, foreshadowing the finale of this action."

A summer storm is a cheerful shock of nature, but the "first yellow leaf" is a sad reminder and a glimpse of human regret that summer will pass.

"Summer Evening" 1828. The young poet claims that nature feels the same as man:

Tyutchev's poetic lines about summer come from the depths of the soul, merging with our ideas about this time of year.

“Tyutchev’s world of nature, as it were, glows from the inside, inside it is a dear fire penetrating into all the colors of the day. The poet sang a true anthem to the sunshine, the irresistible desire of everything earthly to the luminary. In the last stanza of this poem, the poet contrasted the happiness of summer nature and the tortured soul of a person who stretches fortunately. And the human “smile of tenderness” is the touch of the soul of a mortal to the immortal, ever-renewing bliss of the blooming world.

4. 3. Autumn

Autumn is Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev's favorite season. He was especially attracted to the transitional states of nature. We see this in "Spring Waters", "First Leaf", "There is in the original autumn." The history of the creation of the last work is interesting.

On August 22, 1857, on the way from Ovstug to Moscow, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev wrote with a pencil on the back of a sheet with a list of postal stations and travel expenses the poem "There is an initial autumn." In 1868 it was included in the collected works. Perhaps the most captivating of the landscapes created by Tyutchev is this poem warmed by soft lyricism. This is a truly realistic image of early autumn:

The poem does not have a title, which, of course, makes it difficult to immediately fully reveal the ideological content of the work.

Having briefly read three quatrains, we see that they are about a wonderful time - early autumn. But not only!

According to teacher E. E. Markina from Ulyanovsk, “in this poem, the poet spoke not only about the beautiful time of golden autumn, but also about “autumn time in the life of any person.”

With one epithet "as if crystal" Tyutchev in the first stanza conveys the transparent clarity and short duration of the early autumn days, which are also called "Indian summer".

We draw attention to the fact that at the very beginning of the poem the author uses the long word "original". It is polysyllabic, and next to short words it sounds more extended, slow, unhurried, thoughtful. The first line sets a solemn, meditative tone for the entire poem.

“Short but wonderful time” is a special time of autumn, very, very short. So, dear to every person, and he, of course, wants to capture these moments in memory.

The first stanza ends with an ellipsis, which has a lot of meaning. Firstly, the reader can imagine the picture drawn by the poet in even more detail. Secondly, the pause prepares us for the perception of the next lines.

The second stanza is distinguished by the special depth of thoughts included in it. The reader imagines an autumn landscape (“everything is empty - space everywhere”), where recently they harvested bread cheerfully and cheerfully, and “cobwebs of thin hair” glisten on the “idle” furrow.

The meaning of the words "thin hair of the web" can lead us to believe that the poet wrote not only about early autumn, but also about human life, using personification.

The word "autumn" in the first stanza seems to echo the "thin hair of the cobweb", and here the phrases come to mind: spring of life, summer of life, autumn of life.

Autumn of life! As the reader guesses, we are talking about the old age of a person who has come a long way in life. The third stanza is also about autumn. Before winter, nature loses everything that adorned her in summer. And suddenly the image of "winter storms" appears in the second line. What storms? It seems that we are talking not only about hurricanes and snowstorms, but also about the state of mind of an elderly person - "a storm in his soul." The poet says: "But far from the first winter storms."

The “wonderful time” in nature is a time of rest and silence, still far from real snowstorms, and for a person this is the time when old age is just beginning. He still has a lot of strength for life, creativity, no big troubles.

Researchers of Tyutchev's work came to the conclusion that the images of thunderstorms, storms, lightning, thanks to the poet, gained philosophical significance in Russian poetry.

We read the last lines of the poem. In them, our attention is drawn to the words: "pure and warm azure is pouring." These are metaphors, but what! "Pure and warm azure" is not just a substitute for the word "sky". There is both sunlight and warmth, which, as it were, pours from above. And the word "azure" acquires the quality of a thing.

"Resting field" - a humanized, spiritualized earth, as it was touched by human hands.

The work deals not only with a beautiful time, early autumn, but also with the “autumn” time of a person’s life, which he must accept humbly, wisely, calmly.

Many years later, Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, having read the poem “There is in the original autumn” to his guests, said that he did not know more accurate sincere and expressive words that depict “Indian summer” than these poems.

“Autumn Evening” is not only a “premonition of descending storms” by nature itself, but also a “mild withering” of human life:

So, the poet seems to revive autumn, figuratively endows it with traits and properties inherent only to man. Tyutchev's autumn evening is a mysterious beauty. This time of the year is perceived by him as a divine, touching, bottomless creation.

Deep, unusually saturated in its coloring, the poem of F. I. Tyutchev is overwhelmed with a feeling of hopeless sadness, sincere suffering, regret. The lyrical hero does not want to part with even the smallest, imperceptible, but sweet detail for him: the “touching, mysterious charm” of autumn evenings, the “sadly orphan” earth, “foggy and quiet azure” - everything is expensive, everything is unusual, everything is mysterious!

End of October 1849. The human soul carries a terrible burden of cares and anxieties. And outside the window "the fields are already empty, the groves are bare, the sky is paler, the valleys are cloudier." But even in these gloomy autumn days, the soul can start up, as in spring, and drains are born:

Good memories of the “past” “will momentarily lift a terrible load”, as in autumn sometimes the wind is warm and damp “it will wash over the soul as if in spring”. The poet's bad mood is in tune with the autumn season, but it is dispelled by the memory of the beautiful spring days, which Tyutchev was very fond of.

The mysterious, but unquenchable life of nature, Fedor Ivanovich distinguishes even under the snow cover. In 1852, he was in the Ovstug estate, where, under the influence of the surrounding beauty, he wrote a marvelous poem "The Enchantress of Winter"

It has already been noted that “the understanding of nature as an animated whole determines many features of Tyutchev’s poetics - first of all, Tyutchev’s metaphors make even walking, erased metaphors sound in a new way, refreshing them with epithets and thereby, as it were, introducing “soul” into the pictures and natural phenomena he describes » .

The forest is "bewitched by Winter the Enchantress" and "glitters with wonderful life." He sleeps, enchanted by the "magical dream", shackled by the "light downy chain." These personifications, endowing the forest and winter with the features of living creatures, create a sense of a fairy tale and mystery.

And the epithets (“wonderful life”, “magical dream”, “light downy chain”, “dazzling beauty”) make the poetic picture colorful and expressive.

The only archaism "sweeps" is used to give the line a high expression. The winter sun cannot cope with the snow that has entangled the forest, but under its rays a fairy tale is born.

Three stanzas of the poem have five lines each. The rhyme is not quite ordinary: the first line rhymes with the third and fourth (In winter - fringe - mute), and the second with the fifth (it stands - shines).

The dash after the second line in all stanzas is an important sign. It makes the reader stop, think about what deep meaning lies in the following lines.

The image of a "light downy chain" helps us to imagine the sleepy numbness of a winter forest.

What "wonderful life" is the poet talking about? To whom does it open? The “wonderful life” of the forest is invisible to the indifferent, inattentive gaze, but is open to inquisitive people with a poetic soul

Without the sun, the forest seems motionless, sleeping, bewitched. Not a single branch will flinch: everything is bound by frost and ice. But as soon as the sun peeks out from behind the clouds, everything “flares up and shines with dazzling beauty.”

It was typical for Tyutchev to sometimes consider natural phenomena "from the point of view of popular feeling." He has Winter - the personification of a living omnipotent being, which in nature is a mistress-sorceress.

Judging by the number of poems dedicated to summer and winter, we see that the author preferred spring and autumn, but the image of Winter, which does not want to make room for Spring, is captured in another masterpiece by Tyutchev - “Winter is angry for a reason.”

In the wonderful nature of the Bryansk region lie the origins of Tyutchev's poetry. An interesting fact is that even in those poems that Tyutchev wrote in the foreign period of his life, there is a deep seal of native Russian nature, which he has dearly loved since childhood. Probably, the poet rarely had to observe nature in winter in adulthood, so he has few works about this time of year.

If Fedor Ivanovich had left us only one poem as a legacy - “The Enchantress in Winter”, one could argue that Tyutchev is a genius.

Conclusion

“Whoever has visited the hills of Ovstug will agree with my statement that only those born on this earth could convey how merrily the spring waters run and really triumphantly “speak to all ends” about the arrival of spring”, how the Russian forest stands “bewitched by the sorceress Winter” .

In the works of F. I. Tyutchev, a small lyrical form - a miniature, a fragment - contains content equal in scale to the generalizations of the novel

Tyutchev completed a whole period of development of the philosophical current of Russian romanticism and gave a definite impetus to realistic lyrics.

“Having analyzed in detail a number of poems about nature, we can say that Tyutchev’s landscapes in their lyricism and philosophical richness resemble the paintings of Levitan or Rylov.”

"Sensitivity to specific details at the end of his creative life is markedly enhanced in Tyutchev's lyrics, reflecting the general movement of Russian poetry from romanticism to realism."

Tyutchev generally subtly distinguishes colors and has the art of coloring. Even in the non-landscape poems of the poet, “bright pieces” of nature are often interspersed.

Tyutchev loves colors, as he loves everything bright and alive. Nature and man are in almost every poem.

When, after the death of the poet, a very small edition of his poems was published, A. A. Fet welcomed him with a poetic dedication, ending with lines that could be put as an epigraph to all subsequent editions of Tyutchev's poems:

In our time, interest in Tyutchev is steadily increasing not only here, but also abroad, since the soul of nature and the soul of man in Tyutchev's poetry are inextricably linked.

Penza State Pedagogical University

them. V.G. Belinsky

Test

on the history of Russian literature

on the topic “Creativity of F.I. Tyutchev"

Performed: 1st year student

correspondence department

Penza State

Pedagogical University

them. V.G. Belinsky

faculty of elementary

and special education

Kaderkaeva Svetlana Vladimirovna

Teacher: Podina Larisa Vyacheslavovna

Checked:

Plan

1.Introduction.
2. Brief biographical data. The creative path of the great poet.
3. The main motives of Tyutchev's lyrics:

1) philosophical lyrics;

2) landscape lyrics;

3) love lyrics.

4.Conclusion

In the “abundant” flow of Russian literature of the 9th century, which generously endowed humanity with priceless spiritual treasures, a special place belongs to my favorite poet of the Silver Age, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. Although he was not a universally recognized poet during his lifetime, in our time he occupies an important place in Russian literature.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on December 5 (November 23), 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Oryol province, in the family of a hereditary Russian nobleman I.N. Tyutchev. Tyutchev early discovered extraordinary talents for learning. He received a good education at home, which since 1813 was led by S.E. Raich, a poet-translator, a connoisseur of classical antiquity and Italian literature. Under the influence of the teacher, Tyutchev early joined the literary work and at the age of 12 he successfully translated Horace.

In the field of poetry, Tyutchev began to shine from the age of fourteen, when in the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, the most authoritative scientist Merzlyakov read his poem "The Nobleman", though very imitative, but full of civil indignation against the "son of luxury":

... And you still dared with your greedy hand

Take away daily bread from widows and orphans;

To expel a family from their homeland is desolate! ...

Blind! the path of riches leads to destruction!…

In 1819, a free adaptation of the "Message of Horace to the Maecenas" was published - Tyutchev's first appearance in print. In the autumn of 1819, he entered the verbal department of Moscow University: he listened to lectures on the theory of literature and the history of Russian literature, on archeology and the history of fine arts.

After graduating from the university in 1821, Tyutchev went to St. Petersburg, where he received a position as a supernumerary officer of the Russian diplomatic mission in Bavaria. In July 1822 he went to Munich and spent 22 years there.

Abroad, Tyutchev translates Schiller, Heine, and this helps him to acquire his own voice in poetry, to develop a special, inimitable style. In addition, there he became close friends with the romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling and the freedom-loving poet Heinrich Heine.

A significant event in the literary fate of the poet was a selection of his poems in Pushkin's "Contemporary" (24 poems) published in 1836 under the title "Poems sent from Germany."

Then there is a long pause in Tyutchev's publications, but it is at this time that his political outlook is finally formed. In 1843-1850, Tyutchev published political articles "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", and conceived the book "Russia and the West".

In the autumn of 1844, Tyutchev finally returned to his homeland. In 1848, he received the position of senior censor at the ministry, and in 1858 he was appointed chairman of the "Foreign Censorship Committee".

From the end of the 40s, a new upsurge in Tyutchev's lyrical creativity began. N.A. Nekrasov and I.S. Turgenev put him on a par with Pushkin and Lermontov. 92 poems by Fyodor Ivanovich were published as an appendix to the Sovremennik magazine. In one of the issues of the journal, an article by I.S. Turgenev "A few words about the poems of F.I. Tyutchev" was published, containing a prophecy: Tyutchev "created speeches that were not destined to die." In the future, a high assessment of Tyutchev's poetry will be expressed by writers and critics of various literary groups and trends. All this meant that fame came to Tyutchev.

However, among all his contemporaries - from Pushkin and Lermontov to Nekrasov and Dostoevsky, Chernyshevsky and Leo Tolstoy - he was the least professional writer. From the age of twenty until his death, that is, half a century, he was in the officials, while quite carelessly referring to his official duties. But all his life he was inflamed by the political upheavals of the time.

F.I. Tyutchev is a very prosperous poet. He had a position in society, and excellent service, and success with beautiful ladies, true friends. Literary fame came to Tyutchev in the sixth decade of his life. Nekrasov discovered this poetic talent by publishing poems in Sovremennik, making the diplomat, official, author of political notes the most famous poet and lyricist in Russia.

Among the leading themes of the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev, one can distinguish philosophical, love, landscape.

The philosophical lyrics of the poet, at first glance, are consonant with the ideas of the German romantic school, with which he was well acquainted, since he spent many years in the diplomatic service in Germany, on the other hand, his reflections on the world and man are striking in their global scale.

Tyutchev's world is tragic, his poems bear the seal of complexity, agonizing reflections, duality, inconsistency. According to his philosophical views, the poet was a "pantheist", that is, the highest power that a person can bow to was nature for him. But the spiritual life, according to the ideas of the poet, was complex and contradictory. His perception of life evoked a mood of deep tragedy, which became the main motive for the poet's work. In the depths of the existence of nature, a certain primordial, dark, all-consuming element of being, which he called "chaos" or "abyss", is agitated. The entire visible world is only a short burst of this featureless splint of life.

Tyutchev's favorite time of day is evening, night, when secret forces come to life. If the daytime world is clear, bright, then the image of the night is associated with a feeling of anxiety, fear. The visible world is a cover that hides the "ancient chaos". He seeks to break out in civil upheaval, in rebellion. "Blessed is he who visited this world in its fateful moments."

Tyutchev compares human life with the change of seasons: spring-youth, summer-maturity ... Nature and man live according to the same laws, man is an integral part of nature, a “thinking reed”.

Such an understanding of life gives the whole philosophical worldview of the poet a tragic character. “When you feel the consciousness of the fragility and fragility of everything in life,” Tyutchev wrote, “then existence, in addition to spiritual growth, is just a meaningless nightmare.”

Thus, any individual existence appeared to him as something inevitably doomed to extinction.

A man in the "struggle of the elements" is seen by the poet as "helpless", "insignificant dust", "thinking reed". Fate and the elements own a person and his life, the fate of man, therefore, is like an ice floe melting in the sun and floating away “in the all-encompassing sea” “into the fatal abyss.” From all the struggle of the elements and passions there is one way out, one possible way:

When the last hour of nature strikes,

The composition of the earthly parts will collapse;

Everything visible will again be covered by water,

And the face of God will be depicted in them ...

But at the same time, Tyutchev glorifies the struggle, courage, fearlessness of a person with whom this “thinking reed” resists fate. “Be of good cheer, fight, O brave souls, no matter how hard the battle is, how hard the fight is!”

Leafing through the collection of Tyutchev's poems, I always keep my eyes on poems and nature. Why? Maybe this is because in childhood, having heard Tyutchev's first poems for the first time, they still excite the soul, fill it with boundless love for everything: for man, for nature, maybe because poems about nature are more understandable to me. I remember by heart and now:

I love the storm in early May.

When the spring first thunder.

Like a ba frolicking and playing,

Rumbles in the blue sky.

Is in the autumn of the original

Beautiful, but marvelous time -

The whole day stands as if crystal,

And radiant evenings.

F. I. Tyutchev is usually called the singer of love and nature. He was really a master of poetic landscapes, but his inspired poems are completely devoid of empty and thoughtless admiration, they are deeply philosophical. All nature is animated by the poet: the spring key mysteriously whispers, "The night is gloomy, like a cruel beast looks from every bush." Nature in his poems is spiritualized, thinks, feels, says:

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face

It has a soul, it has freedom,

It has love, it has language.

Depicting nature as a living being, Tyutchev endows it not only with a variety of colors, but also with movement. The poet does not draw any one state of nature, but shows it in a variety of shades and states. This is what can be called the being of nature. In the poem "Yesterday" Tyutchev depicts a sunbeam. We not only see the movement of the beam as it gradually made its way into the room, but we also feel how the beam touches us. The living wealth of Tyutchev's nature is limited. Not all object-living touches the poet. Tyutchev's nature is universal, it manifests itself not only on earth, but also through space. In the poem "Morning in the Mountains" the beginning is read as a landscape sketch:

The azure of heaven laughs

Night washed by a thunderstorm,

And between the mountains it winds dewy

Only the highest mountains up to half

Mists cover the slope,

Like air ruins

Chambers created by magic.

Tyutchev always strives upward in order to know eternity, to join the beauty of an unearthly revelation: “And there, in solemn rest, exposed in the morning, the White Mountain shines like an unearthly revelation”

The "soul", the life of nature, the poet explores with amazing observation and love, creating unforgettable poetic paintings. With images of nature, Tyutchev expresses his innermost thoughts and feelings, doubts and questions: “And why in the general choir the soul sings not like the sea. and the thinking reed grumbles. “The faithful son of nature,” as Tyutchev called himself, exclaimed: “No, I cannot hide my passion for you, mother earth.”

The poet's love for nature is inseparable from love for the motherland. But not everything in Russia pleases him as much as the beauty of his native expanses. The events taking place are not consonant with his lyrical worldview. Judgments perfectly characterize the abomination of the political situation that has developed in the country: "In Russia, the office and the barracks ... Everything moves around the whip and the rank."

Above this dark crowd

unawakened people

Will you rise when freedom

Will your golden beam shine?

Observing, as far as possible, all external secular decorum, Tyutchev did not slavish his soul before them, did not submit to conditional secular morality, he kept complete freedom of thought and feeling. The author lays responsibility for the troubles of the people, military losses on the king. It was in his address that a sharp, accusatory epigram was sent:

You did not serve God and not Russia, you served only your vanity,

And all your deeds, both good and evil, -

Everything was a lie in you, all ghosts are empty:

You were not a king, but a hypocrite.

Russia for Tyutchev was, as it were, a huge pictorial canvas, the merits of which he could only judge from a distance, not understanding the meaning of what was happening, not fully understanding the meaning of what was happening, much in his homeland remained unclear, alien. At the end of his life, without understanding the riddle of Russia, the poet wrote:

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Arshin General cannot be measured:

She has a special become -

One can only believe in Russia.

The best in the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev, I think, are poems about love, imbued with the deepest psychologism, genuine humanity, nobility, directness in revealing the most complex emotional experiences.

The poet was happy in love, could not live without love, loved from early youth to old age. For him, it was a golden time - a time of continuous love for life, for a brilliant society of young beautiful women.

Being ugly in appearance, small in stature, thin, bald, he was very popular among the ladies of high society in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Paris, and Munich. What was the secret of Tyutchev's charm? Probably, he conquered women with his intellect, romantic nature.

Many of his love poems have an autobiographical imprint.
Tyutchev was an enthusiastic, passionate person. Tyutchev's first serious passion was Amalia Lerchenfeld, whom he met in Munich in 1825. The poems “I remember the golden time ...” and “I met you - and all the past ...” are dedicated to her. "Beautiful Amalia" married Tyutchev's colleague, and a year later the poet fell passionately in love with Eleanor Peterson and entered into a marriage with her, which lasted until 1838, when she died. According to those who knew the poet, he turned gray in a few hours, having spent the night at the tomb of his wife. However, a year later Tyutchev married the beautiful Ernestine Derpberg. One of the first beauties of that time, she was educated, spiritually close to the poet, well felt his poems and was extremely smart. The cycle of poems dedicated to Ernestine includes such works as "I love your eyes, my friend ...",

“Dream”, “Upstream of your life”, etc. These verses combine earthly love and an unearthly heavenly feeling. There is anxiety in the verses, fear of a possible abyss that may appear before those who love, but the lyrical hero tries to overcome these abysses.
The motives of the transience of happiness, the fatality of love, and guilt towards the woman he loves are especially characteristic of poems from the so-called “Denisiev cycle” (“There is a high meaning in separation ...”, “Don’t say: he loves me, as before ... "; "All day she lay in oblivion ... They reflect the fourteen-year-old love affair of the poet and E.A. Denisyeva, whose name gave the name to these lyrical masterpieces. In the relationship between Tyutchev and the former pupil of the Smolny Institute there was a rare combination of adoration and passion of love, mutual attraction and admiration, boundless joy and suffering
This late, last passion continued until 1864, when the poet's girlfriend died of consumption. For the sake of the woman he loves, Tyutchev almost breaks with his family, neglects the displeasure of the court, ruins his very successful career forever. However, the main burden of public condemnation fell on Deniseva: her father disowned her, her aunt was forced to leave her place as an inspector at the Smolny Institute, where Tyutchev's two daughters studied. These circumstances explain why most of the poems of the "Denisiev cycle" are marked by a tragic sound, such as this:
Oh, how deadly we love
As in the violent blindness of passions
We are the most likely to destroy
What is dear to our heart!
How long have you been proud of your victory?
You said she's mine...
A year has not passed - ask and tell
What is left of her?

Tyutchev, until the end of his days, retained the ability to revere the "unsolved mystery" of female charm - in one of his latest love poems, he writes:
Is there an earthly charm in it,
Or heavenly grace?
The soul would like to pray to her,
And the heart is torn to adore ...
Tyutchev's love lyrics, represented by a relatively small number of works, is one of the best examples of world love lyrics. Probably because there is something personal, individual, close to every person, regardless of time and age, who has experienced a wonderful and sublime feeling of love.

F.I. Tyutchev is a poet of light art. His poetic word embodied the inexhaustible wealth of artistic meaning, it is full of deep philosophizing, reflections on the essence of being.

Although the main fund of the poet's legacy is only a little less than laconic poems, his lyrics have remained relevant and interesting for more than a century. A century ago, the great Russian poet A.A. Fet rightly said about the collection of Tyutchev's poems:

This is a small book

Volumes are much heavier ...

LITERATURE
1. F.I. Tyutchev. Selected lyrics. -M., 1986
2.A.A.Fet.Works.-M., 1982

3. Kozhinov Vadim. F.I. Tyutchev. - M., 1988.

4. Lotman Yu.M. About poets and poetry. -SPb.: "Art-SPb", 1996

A bright trace in Russian culture was left by Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev, a famous public figure of the 19th century and an outstanding Russian poet, whose work is still of interest. This is also evidenced by the fact that an asteroid discovered in 1981 at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory is named after Fyodor Tyutchev.

Being a public person, Tyutchev did not like to put his personal life on public display, he experienced all the vicissitudes and dramas of life inside himself. Nevertheless, thanks to the testimonies of contemporaries, many interesting facts from his life have come down to us, which influenced his worldview, creativity and determined his fate.

• Tyutchev was born on November 23, 1803 in a middle-class noble family.
• His mother Ekaterina Lvovna, nee Tolstaya, was a distant relative of the family with which the pedigree of the writer Leo Tolstoy goes.
• Due to poor health, he was educated at home. The boy's teacher was the famous translator of the works of antiquity, Semyon Yegorovich Raich, who, after Tyutchev, taught little Lermontov.
• Thanks to the teacher, the boy became interested in poetry. At the age of 12, he translated the solemn odes of Horace into Russian, which became the first translation of this ancient poet in Russia.
• By the age of 14, Tyutchev was fluent in Latin, German, French and ancient Greek.
• At the age of 15, he became a student of Moscow University, and then at the age of 16 - his student and a member of the prestigious Society of Literature Lovers.
• In 1821, with brilliant results, he completed his studies at the Department of Literature of the University.

1. From March 1822, Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs, and already in early June he was sent to work in the diplomatic mission of Bavaria.
2. In Munich, he became friends with the poet Heinrich Heine, the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, and scientists at the University of Munich.
3. In 1837, Tyutchev was appointed first secretary of the Russian Mission in Turin, where his wife died a year later.
4. In 1939, he arbitrarily left the service, in connection with his departure to Switzerland for a new marriage, after which he was dismissed and deprived of the title of chamberlain.
5. In September 1844 he and his family moved to Petersburg.

   Six months later, he was enrolled in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and returned the title of chamberlain.

6. In 1948, Tyutchev was appointed to the position of censor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

   In the meantime, he becomes an active member of the Belinsky literary circle, in which he meets his like-minded writers - Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov and the poet Nikolai Nekrasov.

7. In April 1857, Tyutchev was elevated to the rank of real state councilor, and a year later he became head of the Foreign Censorship Committee.

   He served in this position for 15 years and did a lot to weaken censorship in Russia.

8. For the entire period of service, he was awarded cash prizes in the amount of 1800 gold chervonets and 2183 silver rubles.
9. In December 1872, Tyutchev's health deteriorated: he was paralyzed in his left arm, suffered from headaches, and his eyesight deteriorated.
10. On a walk on January 1, 1873, he suffered a blow, which resulted in paralysis of the left half of the body. Since then, he was bedridden, and on July 15, 1873, he died in Tsarskoye Selo.
11. Tyutchev was buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.

The worship of female beauty from a young age was Tyutchev's weakness, so none of his marriages became a model of fidelity.

• The first love of the twenty-three-year-old Tyutchev was the young beauty, the sixteen-year-old Countess Amalia Lerchenfeldorf, whom he met in Munich. Pushkin, Heine and King Ludwig of Bavaria fell in love with her, but she remained indifferent to them. The girl reciprocated Tyutchev. When he asked her parents for her hand in marriage, the more eminent Baron Alexander Krudener was preferred to the young diplomat.
• In 1826, Tyutchev secretly married Eleanor Peterson, who was 3 years older than him and had 4 sons from his first marriage. Their marriage lasted 12 years. During this time, they had 3 daughters.
• Having lived happily for 7 years with Eleanor, Tyutchev began to cheat on her with one of the most beautiful women in Munich, Ernestina Dernberg, who was married and later became a widow.
• After the romance with Ernestina went public, the wife attempted to commit suicide. The loving diplomat is sent to Russia, and then transferred to work in Turin.
• In 1838, Eleanor and her daughters are on a steamboat going to her husband, but at night there is a fire there. The woman, saving her children, experienced severe stress, which later affected her health. She soon died in her husband's arms, after which, overnight, he became completely gray-haired.
• In 1839 he left for Switzerland to marry Ernestine Dernberg. They got married in Bern. For the next five years, the family lived in Munich, and in 1844 returned to St. Petersburg.
• Ernestina adopted all the children of Tyutchev, and during their life together they had a daughter and 2 sons. After 11 years of a happy life with Ernestina, a new feeling is born in his heart.
• Tyutchev's last love was her daughter's best friend, Elena Denisyeva. She studied at the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens with two daughters of Fyodor Ivanovich and was 23 years younger than him.

Presumably, their love affair began in 1850 after Tyutchev and his daughter and Denisyeva visited the Valaam Monastery.

• The surrounding society condemned Denisyev for having a relationship with a married man, from whom three illegitimate children were born. Despite this, Tyutchev gave the children his last name, and the loving wife resigned herself to her husband's betrayals.
• At the age of 37, Denisyeva died of tuberculosis and was buried in Italy.
• From all the beloved women, Tyutchev had 9 children.

Interesting facts about poetic creativity

In the treasury of Tyutchev's poetic work there are more than 400 poems about nature, on philosophical themes and love lyrics. He did not consider himself a professional poet, but wrote poetry in order to pour out his feelings and thoughts on paper.

1. He wrote his first poem "To Dear Papa" at the age of 11.
2. In 1824, he gave his first beloved Amalia the poem “Your sweet gaze, full of innocent passion,” and in 1870, having met her at the Baden-Baden resort, he dedicated the famous “I met you and all the past.”
3. The poet dedicated the poem “I am still languishing with longing for desires ...” to his first wife, Eleanor, 10 years after her death.
4. The beginning of poetic fame was 16 early poems published in 1836 at the initiative of Pushkin in the journal Sovremennik.
5. In 1839, he dedicated to his second wife Ernestina, whom he idolizes, the works: “I love your eyes, my friend ...”, “Dream” and others, but does not print them.
6. In 1854, his first collection of poems entitled Lawlessness, dedicated to Elena Denisyeva, was published in Russia. It included the famous - "Oh, how deadly we love."
7. In 1861, a collection of poems was published in Germany in German.
8. The last poetic message “The executing god took everything from me”, written shortly before his own death, was dedicated to the faithful and loving Ernestine, who was with him until the last days.

Tyutchev's life. Interesting facts of his biography

Tyutchev was born in 1803. Like any writer of the 19th century - the golden age of poetry and not only, he was a rather interesting person.

For example, one of his close friends wrote that Tyutchev he cared very little about his appearance: his hair was tousled, as if thrown into the wind, but at the same time his face was always smooth and clean-shaven, he dressed casually and even, one might say, sloppy; the gait was, so to speak, lazy; growth was small; but his face was expressive and even attractive. He also wrote that his mind is highly sophisticated and unusually flexible: “it is difficult to imagine a more pleasant, more diverse and entertaining, more brilliant and witty interlocutor. In his company, you immediately felt that you were dealing not with an ordinary mortal, but with a person marked by the special gift of God, with a genius ... "

Some Tyutchev's biography facts are quite interesting. This is primarily the story of his relationship with the opposite sex. He had several wives and loved each one very much.

At 22, Tyutchev was married to the widow of a Russian diplomat, Eleanor Peterson. Tyutchev was four years younger than his wife, she also had four children. Many times she acted as her husband's "patron or nurturer" - and always excellently. Eleanor bore him three daughters.

But in 1833, Tyutchev became interested in Ernestine Dernberg. She was married, alas, she did not love her husband Baron Fritz Dernberg Ernestine. During the poet's meeting with Ernestine, her husband suddenly felt ill and went home, leaving her at the ball. He said, saying goodbye to Tyutchev: "I entrust my wife to you." A few days passed and the baron died of typhoid fever.

In the history of Tyutchev's relationship with Ernestina, much remained vague, because she destroyed the correspondence with the poet, as well as letters to her brother, her closest friend, from whom she did not hide anything. But even what survived testifies that it was a fatal passion, about which Tyutchev wrote, "shakes existence and eventually destroys it."

note

Possibly in the spring of 1836. Tyutchev's novel received publicity. Eleonora Tyutcheva tried to commit suicide by inflicting several wounds to her chest with a dagger.

At the end of 1837 in Genoa, the poet met with Dernberg. Tyutchev realized that it was time to make a decision to part with his beloved woman.

“So here we were destined

Say the last sorry ... "

But in 1838 Eleanor died. Tyutchev was very worried about the loss of his wife and turned gray overnight ...

Time has healed the spiritual wound of the poet. Tyutchev became interested in Ernestina. The poet went to Switzerland to connect with his beloved. In July 1839, Tyutchev married Dernberg in Bern. But his long "non-arrival from vacation" was the reason for the dismissal of Tyutchev from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the deprivation of the title of chamberlain.

After this, Tyutchev remained in Munich for several more years.

In 1844, Tyutchev, with his wife and 2 children from his second marriage, moved to St. Petersburg, and six months later he was again accepted into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Tyutchev's life getting better...

When exactly Tyutchev's passion for Denisyeva began, no one knows. Her name first appeared in the Tyutchev family correspondence in 1846 and 1847.
In 1850, Tyutchev, together with Denisyeva and his eldest daughter Anna, went to the Valaam Monastery. The poet's daughter hardly suspected a close relationship between Denisyeva and her father.

In the eyes of Petersburg society, their love acquired the interest of a secular scandal. At the same time, almost all the accusations fell exclusively on Deniseva.
The love of Tyutchev and Denisyeva lasted four years, until her death. They had three children.

Tyutchev did not break with his family during these years. He loved both of them: his wife Ernestina Dernberg and Elena Deniseva, suffering immensely because he could not answer them with the same fullness and indivisibility of feeling with which they treated him.

Tyutchev's first book of poems was published only in 1854. Tyutchev's personal life, starting from the mid-1860s, was overshadowed by a series of heavy losses.

In the poem “On the Eve of the Anniversary of August 4, 1864,” the poet writes: “Tomorrow is the day of prayer and sorrow, // Tomorrow is the memory of a fateful day ...” On this day, Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva, Tyutchev’s “last love,” died of consumption. After the death of his beloved, the poet could not recover for a long time.

Ernestina's attitude towards Tyutchev at that time is well shown by her words: "... his grief is sacred to me, whatever its cause." Tyutchev, carried away by Denisyeva, could not imagine his existence without Ernestine, a woman saint for him.

He wrote to his wife: “How much dignity and seriousness in your love - and how petty and how pathetic I feel compared to you! .. The farther, the more I fall in my own opinion, and when everyone sees me the way I see myself, my work will be finished.

The poet died 9 years after the death of Denisyeva. On the death of Tyutchev, Turgenev wrote to Fet: “Dear, smart, as smart as the day, Fedor Ivanovich, forgive me - goodbye!”

love Tyutchev biography facts represent the likeness of a real novel about love, fidelity and feelings, which the poet perfectly expressed in his poems. Undoubtedly, his poems are understandable and interesting to modern readers.

10 Most Interesting Facts About Tyutchev: Life, Biography

We bring to your attention a brief selection, which contains all the most interesting facts about Tyutchev, a wonderful Russian poet-philosopher. We have known his magnificent poems since childhood, and now we will also analyze interesting stories from the life of this great man.

Amateur writer

That is how, most often, Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev called himself. The poet evaluated his own literary works very critically and never considered himself a professional.

minion of fate

The poet was born on December 5, 1803 in the Russian Empire. His childhood was very prosperous. His parents were able to provide him with an excellent primary education. From an early age, everyone noticed that the boy was a child prodigy.

He was able to learn several foreign languages ​​and even Latin with great ease. From the age of 14, Tyutchev, as a free student, began to attend Moscow University.

Thanks to this, the very next year, he was enrolled in the ranks of students without passing exams.

Nobleman

The Tyutchev family belongs to an ancient noble family. Even in the Nikolaev chronicles there are references to Zakhar Tutchev, a famous figure in Moscow Rus'.

He was a faithful ally of Prince Donskoy and, by his decree, conducted peace negotiations with Khan Mamai, whose army advanced towards Moscow.

Another great ancestor was Boris Tyutchev, who, during the reign of Tsar Ivan the Great, served as a governor and one of the leaders of the Moscow army. Tyutchev himself, on his mother's side, was considered a distant relative of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy.

loving person

Women were Tyutchev's main weakness. Over the years of several family marriages, he often cheated on spouses and had stormy romances on the side. He could not resist female beauty, sensitivity, tenderness and devotion. During his life, he got 9 children and dedicated a poem to each lady of his heart.

political thinker

In addition to his love for Russian poetry, Tyutchev was well versed in the politics of Russia and Europe. He often spoke with political articles, as well as as a diplomat. Many events in both Russian and foreign history fell on his century, on which Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev undoubtedly had an influence.

Official

Being fluent in German, Fyodor Ivanovich, in 1822, accepted the appointment to the post of a freelance Munich official. He lived and worked in a German town for 22 years, at the same time writing poetry in German. In 2003, in Munich, he was awarded the opening of a monument in his honor.

Witty satirist

His frivolity and bold statements were legendary. For example, everyone knew about the love affairs of Nicholas I, but no one dared even talk about them out loud. The poet outdid everyone, calling them "cornflower blue eccentricities", dooming himself to inevitable exile. This fate passed him - the emperor appreciated the joke.

Almost a foreigner

Long years of life in Europe left their mark on Tyutchev. Everyone who had to deal with him personally noted his manners and fluency in foreign languages. It seemed that French was dearer to him than Russian. But the paradox is that all Russian culture and literature cannot be imagined without Tyutchev.

Russian representative

The poet worked to form a positive opinion about Russia in the West. He published articles in French, in which he introduced inquisitive Europeans to the still unexplored Russia. It should be noted that he coped with this task very well.

tragic ending

He never had good health, but in 1873 his health deteriorated completely. The poet practically lost his sight, was paralyzed on his left arm and had severe headaches.

The catalyst for the disease was Tyutchev's forbidden visit. On the way, the poet had a second stroke, which paralyzed the entire left half of the body. He never recovered from it.

Tyutchev: a brief biography of the poet, life and work, interesting facts

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) - Russian poet. Also known as a publicist and diplomat. Author of two collections of poems, holder of a number of the highest state titles and awards. Currently, Tyutchev's works are mandatory studied in several classes of a comprehensive school. The main thing in his work is nature, love, Motherland, philosophical reflections.

Short biography: young years and training

Fedor Ivanovich was born on November 23, 1803 (December 5, old style) in the Oryol province, in the Ovstug estate. The future poet received his primary education at home, studying Latin and ancient Roman poetry. Childhood largely predetermined the life and work of Tyutchev.

As a child, Tyutchev was very fond of nature, according to his memoirs, "lived the same life with her." As was customary at that time, the boy had a private teacher, Semyon Yegorovich Raich, a translator, poet and just a person with a broad education.

According to the memoirs of Semyon Yegorovich, it was impossible not to love the boy, the teacher became very attached to him. Young Tyutchev was calm, affectionate, talented.

It was the teacher who engendered in his student a love for poetry, taught him to understand serious literature, encouraged creative impulses and the desire to write poetry on his own.

Fedor's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, was a gentle, calm, reasonable person, a real role model. His contemporaries called him a wonderful family man, a good, loving father and husband.

The poet's mother was Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, second cousin of Count F. P. Tolstoy, a famous sculptor. From her, young Fedor inherited dreaminess, a rich imagination. Subsequently, it was with the help of his mother that he would meet other great writers: L. N. and A. K. Tolstoy.

At the age of 15, Tyutchev entered Moscow University in the Department of Literature, which he graduated two years later with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences. From that moment began his service abroad, in the Russian embassy in Munich. During his service, the poet made a personal acquaintance with the German poet, publicist and critic Heinrich Heine, philosopher Friedrich Schelling.

In 1826 Tyutchev met Eleanor Peterson, his future wife. One of the interesting facts about Tyutchev: at the time of meeting the poet, the young woman had been a widow for a year, and she had four young sons. Therefore, Fedor and Eleanor had to hide their connection for several years. Subsequently, they became the parents of three daughters.

Interesting, that Tyutchev did not dedicate poems to his first wife; only one poem is known to be dedicated to her memory.

Despite the love for his wife, according to biographers, the poet had other connections. For example, in 1833, in the winter, Tyutchev met Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel (Dernberg in his first marriage), became interested in a young widow, wrote poetry for her. To avoid scandal, the loving young diplomat had to be sent to Turin.

The poet's first wife, Eleanor, died in 1838. The steamer, on which the family sailed to Turin, was in distress, and this seriously crippled the health of the young woman. It was a great loss for the poet, he sincerely mourned. According to contemporaries, after spending the night at the tomb of his wife, the poet turned gray in just a few hours.

However, having endured the prescribed period of mourning, a year later he renewed his relationship with Ernestine Dernberg and subsequently married her. In this marriage, the poet also had children, a daughter and two sons.

In 1835 Fyodor Ivanovich received the rank of chamberlain.

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In 1839 he stopped his diplomatic activities, but remained abroad, where he did a lot of work, creating a positive image of Russia in the West - this was the main thing of this period of his life.

All his undertakings in this area were supported by Emperor Nicholas I. In fact, he was officially allowed to speak independently in the press about political problems arising between Russia and Europe.

The beginning of the literary path

In 1810-1820. The first poems of Fyodor Ivanovich were written. As expected, they were still youthful, bore the stamp of archaism, very reminiscent of the poetry of a bygone century. In 20-40 years. the poet turned to various forms of both Russian lyrics and European romanticism. His poetry during this period becomes more original, original.

In 1836, a notebook with poems by Fyodor Ivanovich, then unknown to anyone, came to Pushkin.

The poems were signed with only two letters: F. T. Alexander Sergeevich liked them so much that they were published in Sovremennik. But the name of Tyutchev became known only in the 50s, after another publication in Sovremennik, which was then led by Nekrasov.

In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, and in 1848 he was offered the position of senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At that time, a circle of Belinsky appeared, in which the poet takes an active part. Along with him there are such well-known writers like Turgenev, Goncharov, Nekrasov.

In total, he spent twenty-two years outside Russia. But all these years Russia appeared in his poems. It was “Fatherland and Poetry” that the young diplomat loved most of all, as he admitted in one of his letters. At this time, however, Tyutchev almost did not publish, and as a poet he was completely unknown in Russia.

Relations with E. A. Denisyeva

While working as a senior censor, visiting his eldest daughters, Ekaterina and Daria, at the institute, Fyodor Ivanovich met Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva.

Despite a significant difference in age (the girl was the same age as his daughters!), They began a relationship that ended only with the death of Elena, and three children appeared.

Elena had to sacrifice many for the sake of this connection: a career as a maid of honor, relationships with friends and a father. But, probably, she was happy with the poet. And he dedicated poems to her - even after fifteen years.

In 1864, Denisyeva died, and the poet did not even try to hide the pain of her loss in front of acquaintances and friends. He suffered from pangs of conscience: because he put his beloved in an ambiguous position, he did not fulfill his promise to publish a collection of poems dedicated to her. Another grief was the death of two children, Tyutchev and Denisyeva.

During this period, Tyutchev quickly advances in the service:

• in 1857 he was appointed a real state councilor;
• in 1858 - chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee;
• in 1865 - Privy Councillor.

Besides, the poet was awarded several orders.

Collections of poems

In 1854, under the editorship of I. S. Turgenev, the first collection of the poet's poems was published. The main themes of his work:

• nature;
• Love;
• Motherland;
• meaning of life.

In many verses, tender, reverent love for the Motherland, feelings for her fate are visible. Tyutchev's political position is also reflected in his work: the poet was a supporter of the ideas of pan-Slavism (in other words, that all Slavic peoples should unite under the rule of Russia), an opponent of the revolutionary way of solving problems.

In 1868, the second collection of the poet's lyrics was published, which, unfortunately, was no longer so popular.

All the lyrics of the poet - both landscape, and love, and philosophical - are necessarily imbued with reflections about what is the purpose of man, about the questions of being.

It cannot be said that some of his poems are devoted only to nature and love: all the topics are intertwined with each other.

Every poem of a poet- this, at least briefly, but necessarily a reflection on something, for which he was often called a poet-thinker. I. S. Turgenev noted how skillfully Tyutchev depicts various emotional experiences of a person.

Poems of recent years are more like a lyrical diary of life: here are confessions, reflections, and confessions.

In December 1872, Tyutchev fell ill: his eyesight deteriorated sharply, the left half of his body was paralyzed. On July 15, 1873, the poet died. He died in Tsarskoye Selo, and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg. Over the course of his life, the poet wrote about 400 poems.

An interesting fact: in 1981, asteroid 9927 was discovered at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, which was named after the poet - Tyutchev.

Fedor Tyutchev short biography and interesting facts

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev became famous not only for his beautiful poems about nature and love, but also for his journalistic works.

Being a diplomat and correspondent of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, he had significant power in many literary and secular circles in Russia.

A brief biography of Tyutchev, interesting facts about which it will be interesting to know both for a lover of his poetry and just for those who are simply interested in literature, is given below in the article.

Childhood and life abroad

The future poet was born in the Oryol province, in the family of a lieutenant of the guard. Little Fedor was brought up together with his older brother and younger sister. Received home education.

An interesting fact from the biography of Tyutchev: already in childhood, studying versification and foreign languages, Tyutchev himself translated the odes of Horace. Teaches Latin and poetry.

After free visits to lectures at the Verbal Department, he was enrolled at Moscow University.

After graduation, he goes to Munich, where he works as a diplomatic attache. Here he meets Schelling and Heine, who significantly influence Tyutchev's further poetic work.

His career is going uphill, Tyutchev is awarded the title of State Councilor, appointed secretary in Turin. During these years, Fedor Ivanovich marries Countess Eleanor Peterson, with whom he brings up three daughters.

But after an accident on a ship, as a result of which his beloved wife dies, Tyutchev leaves the service and lives abroad until 1844.

Career at home and the last years of life

Returning to his homeland in Russia, he again becomes a senior censor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

This period of the poet's life is associated with the publication of his journalistic works, in which he adheres to conservative views on the political structure of the country.

Poetry is also distinguished by state overtones; appeals and slogans are clearly audible in the poems. For his activities in the person of a statesman, he received the title of Privy Councilor.

Until the end of his life, Tyutchev was actively interested in politics in Europe and Russia, wrote more than 200 poems and journalistic works. In 1872, the poet's health deteriorated sharply: he suffered from headaches, lost his sight and paralyzed his left arm. During a walk in 1873, he had a stroke and until the end of his last days Tyutchev remained bedridden.

To this day, Fyodor Tyutchev remains an unsurpassed master of the lyrical landscape. His poems are distinguished not only by vivid descriptions of nature, but also by deep philosophical overtones. The poet is also famous for his love lyrics, in which he depicted the whole palette of emotions and feelings.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev is a great Russian poet who lived abroad for many years, but sang the beauty of his native Russian nature. In addition, he has always been a favorite of women. His life was filled with romantic stories that left a noticeable mark in his poetry.

• First teacher
• Four loves of a poet

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev, like many children of the nobility, was educated at home. His teacher was Semyon Yegorovich Raich, a poet, a deep connoisseur and translator of ancient and Italian literature.

After the departure of the matured Tyutchev to Moscow, Raich became the home teacher of another future great poet, Mikhail Lermontov.

During the period of diplomatic service in Munich, 23-year-old Tyutchev met the young beauty Amalia Lerchenfeld.

At various times, Pushkin and Heine, the Russian monarch Nicholas I and the Bavarian king Ludwig were fascinated by it. But the wayward beauty did not reciprocate any of them. But the modest, helpful Tyutchev managed to win her heart.

However, they were not destined to stay together - soon Amalia was married to Baron Krudener. Tyutchev did not forget his youthful love. Amalia Krudener is dedicated to the poems "I met you ..." and "I remember the golden time ..."

The poet's first wife, Eleanor Peterson, was 4 years older than him. When Fyodor Ivanovich married her, Eleanor was a young widow with four children. In a marriage with Tyutchev, Eleanor had three more daughters. The eldest Anna subsequently became the wife of the famous Russian writer Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov.

After the untimely death of his first wife, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev married the beautiful Baroness Ernestine Dernberg. Interestingly, once at a ball in Munich, Ernestine's first husband felt unwell and decided to go home alone.

Then he turned to the young Russian, with whom the baroness was just talking, with the words: "I entrust my wife to you." Needless to say, this young man was Tyutchev. Baron Dernberg soon died of typhus.

Tyutchev's last love, Elena Denisyeva, was 23 years younger than the poet and studied at the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens with his two older daughters. Their long love affair, from which three children were born, caused general condemnation in society.

Perhaps it was the ambiguity of the situation and the hostility of others that killed Elena, who died of tuberculosis at the age of 37. Tyutchev's legal wife, Ernestina, knew about her husband's relationship with another woman and even allowed him to give his surname to illegitimate children. The poet dedicated the most poignant cycle of his love poems to Elena Denisyeva.

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Such an ambiguous, full of love passions and experiences, was the life of the great Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev.

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5 facts about Tyutchev that you did not know

Fedor Tyutchev

Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich- famous Russian poet, conservative publicist, diplomat, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Childhood

Tyutchev's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, was a lieutenant of the guard. Mother, Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, belonged to an old noble family. He had an older brother, Nikolai, who became a colonel of the General Staff, and a younger sister, Daria, who became Sushkova after marriage.

Education

Parents gave the future poet an excellent education at home: by the age of 13, Fyodor perfectly translated Horace's odes, had an amazing knowledge of Latin and ancient Greek. The young poet-translator S. E. Raich led the home education of the little poet.

In 1817, when he was barely 14 years old, Tyutchev became a volunteer at the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University. A year later, he was enrolled as a student, and in 1919 he was elected an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

public service

After graduating from the university, in 1821, Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Soon, a young and capable young man was sent as a freelance attache as part of the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich.

Fyodor Ivanovich, being engaged in literary creativity, being published in many publications, performs excellent public service: as a courier, he performs diplomatic missions in the Ionian Islands.

Abroad, Tyutchev receives the title of chamberlain, state councilor and is appointed senior secretary of the embassy in Turin.

But in 1838, after a shipwreck, Tyutchev's wife dies, and Tyutchev leaves the civil service, settling abroad.

He returned to his homeland only in 1844, where he again resumes his service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1848 he was appointed senior censor.

In 1858, Tyutchev, with the rank of a real state councilor, was appointed to the post of Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee.

The subtle, diplomatic, wise poet had a lot of clashes with his superiors in this post, but retained it for himself. In 1865 he was promoted to Privy Councillor.

Creation

In the work of Tyutchev, three main periods can be distinguished:

1) 1810-1820: Tyutchev creates his first youthful poems, which are somewhat archaic and very close in their style to poetry of the 18th century.

2) The second half of 1820-1840: features of original poetics are already outlined in Tyutchev's work. In the verses of this period, there is much from the traditions of European romanticism and Russian odic poetry of the 18th century.

Since 1840, Tyutchev has not written anything: a break in creativity lasted for a whole decade.

3) 1850-1870: Tyutchev creates a large number of political poems and the "Denisiev cycle", which became the peak of his love feelings.

Personal life

In Munich, Tyutchev meets a beautiful German woman, Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer. Soon they play a wedding, and in marriage they have three lovely girls, but the happiness was short-lived.

In 1837, the ship, on which the Tyutchev family moved from St. Petersburg to Turin, crashed in the Baltic Sea. Tyutchev's wife and children owe their salvation to Turgenev, who was sailing on the same ship. Eleanor dies a year later.

In one night, spent at the coffin of his late wife, Tyutchev turned gray.

However, many believe that he turned gray not at all from the loss of his beloved woman, but from repentance for his grave sins before her. The fact is that in 1833 Tyutchev was seriously carried away by Baroness Ernestina Dernberg. The whole society soon learned about their stormy romance, including Tyutchev's wife. After her death, Tyutchev married Ernestina.

But the love interests of the amorous poet did not end there either: soon he began another romance, with Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva, whom society condemned for this passion. They had three joint children.

Death

In December 1872, Tyutchev was partially paralyzed: his left arm remained motionless, his eyesight fell sharply. Since then, severe headaches have not left the poet. On January 1, 1873, he had a stroke while walking, resulting in paralysis of the entire left half of his body. On July 15, 1873, the poet died.

The main achievements of Tyutchev

• Tyutchev managed to combine in his poetry the features of the Russian ode of the 18th century and European romanticism.
• Fyodor Ivanovich to this day remains a master of the lyrical landscape: only his poems not only depict nature, but also give it a deep philosophical understanding.
• Everything that Tyutchev experienced in his life, he managed to reflect in his poems: they so accurately convey the entire palette of love feelings that they remain relevant to this day.

Films about Tyutchev's life

• 1803 - birth
• 1817 - a free student of the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University
• 1818 - enrolled as a student at Moscow University
• 1819 - becomes a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature
• 1821 - graduation from the university, beginning of service in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic mission to Munich
• 1826 wedding to Eleanor Peterson-Bothmer
• 1833 - diplomatic mission to the Ionian Islands
• 1837 - rank of chamberlain and councilor of state, senior secretary of the embassy in Turin
• 1838 - death of wife
• 1839 - left the civil service, went to live abroad, married Ernestine Dernberg
• 1844 - return to Russia
• 1845 - Resumption of service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• 1848 - appointment to the post of senior censor
• 1854 - Tyutchev's first book was published
• 1858 - Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee
• 1864 - Denisyeva's death
• 1865 - promoted to Privy Councilor
• 1873 - death

• Tyutchev's home teacher, Raich, after sending the young Fedor to Moscow to study, became the teacher of little Lermontov.
• In Munich, even before the relationship with his first wife, he had an affair with the young beauty Countess Amalia Krüdener, who denied feelings to Pushkin, Heine and even the Bavarian King Ludwig. But I fell in love with Tyutchev. And if not for the strict mother, the relationship would have ended in a wedding.
• The poet's first wife, Eleanor Peterson, was 4 years older than him, and he took her with four children.
• After Eleanor found out about her husband's affair with Ernestine Dernberg, she tried to commit suicide by inflicting several serious wounds to her chest with a dagger.
• Elena Denisyeva was 23 years younger than the poet.
• 1964 for Tyutchev became truly ominous: his life is overtaken by a whole series of deaths. In a short period of time, two children die, his mother, then another, the eldest son, brother, and then his beloved daughter Masha.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev: years of life, short biography, family and creativity, interesting facts from life:

The years of Tyutchev's life: 1803-1873 During this time, the famous Russian poet, publicist, diplomat and prominent thinker of the 19th century, who still remains one of the main classics of Russian literature, has come a long way. One gets acquainted with his work at school, but for many it remains attractive in adulthood.

Childhood and youth

Today, every schoolchild knows the years of Tyutchev's life. The famous Russian poet was born in 1803 on the territory of the Oryol province. Tyutchev's birthplace is the village of Ovstug, which is now located on the territory of the Bryansk region.

Received home education. His teachers already in childhood supported his interest in languages ​​and versification. Already at the age of 12, Tyutchev translated the odes of Horace.

In 1817, he was appointed to a lecture at Moscow University, where he studied at the verbal department. At the end of 1818 he was admitted to the number of students and even elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Work abroad

The years of Tyutchev's life abroad were very eventful. After graduating from the university in 1821, he began working at the College of Foreign Affairs. Almost immediately he was sent to Munich as a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission.

It is here that the hero of our article meets his first wife, Eleanor Peterson. They had three daughters - Anna, Daria and Ekaterina.

The health of the poet's wife deteriorated greatly after they suffered a disaster on the steamer "Nicholas I", which was heading from St. Petersburg to Turin. They were rescued, but Eleanor's physical condition left much to be desired. She died in 1838.

For Tyutchev, family and children have always played a big role in life. Near the coffin of the deceased, he spent the whole night and, according to eyewitnesses, turned gray in just a few hours.

Second marriage

At the same time, the poet quickly found a new wife, which was Ernestine Dernberg. Some biographers suggest that the connection between them was when he was still married to Eleanor. In 1839 they entered into a legal marriage. They had a daughter, Maria, as well as sons Ivan and Dmitry.

In 1835, Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev received the court rank of chamberlain, but soon after his second marriage, his diplomatic work was interrupted. At the same time, until 1844, he continued to live abroad.

During this period, the poet met with the all-powerful Benckendorff, which resulted in the support of all the undertakings and initiatives of Tyutchev by Nicholas I.

First of all, these were projects related to the creation of a positive image of Russia in Western countries.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev received approval for independent speeches in the international press on political problems, as well as on relations between Russia and Europe.

Return to Russia

You can find a brief biography of Tyutchev by reading this article. An important place in it is the return from Europe to serve in Russia, which took place in 1844. The hero of our article began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a senior censor.

In St. Petersburg, he almost immediately became an active member of Belinsky's circle. At the same time, he practically did not print his poems, but wrote many journalistic works. Among them are articles:

• "Note to the King"
• "The Papacy and the Roman Question"
• "Russia and Revolution"
• "Letter to Mr. Dr. Kolb",
• On censorship in Russia.

Treatise "Russia and the West"

He included many of these materials in his treatise entitled "Russia and the West", which he conceived under the impression of the revolutionary events in 1848-1849.

This treatise played a big role, as you can see by reading Tyutchev's brief biography. He created a peculiar image of a thousand-year-old Russian state. At the same time, the poet formed his own idea of ​​the empire, as well as its character in Russia, which, according to the thinker, has an Orthodox orientation.

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In one of the articles, Tyutchev expressed the idea that two main forces are represented in the modern world - this is conservative Russia and revolutionary Europe. Here he outlined the idea of ​​creating a union of Slavic-Orthodox states.

It is worth noting that at this stage of life, even the work of Fyodor Tyutchev was subordinate to the state interests. This can be seen in the works "Modern", "Slavs", "Vatican Anniversary".

In 1857, Tyutchev received the rank of state councilor, and a year later he was appointed chairman of the foreign censorship committee. In this post, he had to deal with the government more than once, to resolve conflict situations. But at the same time, the writer held the position until his death.

In 1865, he was transferred to the Privy Councilor, so he actually reached the second step in the hierarchy of government officials. At the same time, Tyutchev was still keenly interested in the situation in Europe. Even when in 1872 he lost the ability to control his left hand, felt serious problems due to vision, he was tormented by severe headaches, the writer did not lose interest.

As a result, on the first day of 1873, the poet went for a walk and suffered a stroke. The whole left side of the body was paralyzed. The years of Tyutchev's life came to an end in Tsarskoye Selo. He died July 15th. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.

creative way

According to researchers, one of the most important works of the poet were short poems in which he developed the traditions of Russian poetry, laid down by Lomonosov and Derzhavin.

The form in which the poet wrote his works was often reduced to a short text of an ode. Due to this, he was able to concentrate his efforts as much as possible and maintain tension. All this has led to a large number of components in the lyrics, which allow you to extremely penetratingly convey any tragic sensations of the cosmic contradictions of the reality surrounding a person.

In total, Tyutchev wrote about 400 poems. At the same time, all his work can be conditionally divided into three parts:

1. The initial period refers to 1810-1820. At this time, the poet created his youthful poems, which are very archaic in style and close to the poetry of the 18th century.
2. In 1820-1840. the second period begins. Its start is marked by the poem "Glimpse", in which the features of the original poetic talent of the writer are clearly visible. This period is characterized by a combination of national odic poetry of the 18th century and the traditions of Schiller's pantheism and European romanticism.
3. The third period begins in the 1850s. It is preceded by a decade when the writer was concentrated on journalism and practically did not write poetry. Here one can single out a large number of political poems, as well as the poignant "Denisiev cycle".

Tyutchev's love lyrics

An important place in the poet's work is occupied by love lyrics. Here it is customary to single out a number of works that are combined into a love-tragedy cycle. He dedicated most of them to his beloved Elena Denisyeva, with whom the relationship lasted 14 years, they had three children - Elena, Fedor and Nikolai.

In this cycle, the poet tries to comprehend the tragedy of love, a fatal force that leads to death and complete devastation. It is interesting that Tyutchev himself did not form the "Denisyev cycle", so many researchers are still arguing to whom this or that poem is addressed - to Denisyev or his wife Ernestina.

Signs of love lyrics can also be found in the early Tyutchev, who, at the age of 18, turns to the future Baroness Krudener. A striking example is the poem "I remember the golden time ...". Tyutchev was in love in his youth with the baroness, who did not reciprocate. Unhappy love, as often happens, has given rise to many brilliant poems.

Biography of Tyutchev

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev is an exceptionally lyrical poet. He did not leave a single epic or dramatic work, except for small and few translations from a foreign language.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, Russian poet, was born into a noble family on November 23, 1803. He was the youngest son of Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutchev. The poet's small homeland is the village of Ovstug, Oryol province, Bryansk district.

The father of the future celebrity of character was kind, meek and respected by everyone. Ivan Nikolayevich was educated in St. Petersburg, in the prestigious aristocratic educational institution - the Greek Corps, founded by Catherine in honor of the birth of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

His wife, Ekaterina Lvovna, nee Tolstaya, was raised by her relative, aunt, Countess Osterman. The Tolstoy family, to which Ekaterina Lvovna belonged, was ancient and noble, it also included outstanding Russian writers Lev Nikolaevich and Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

Ekaterina Lvovna, mother of Fedenka Tyutchev, was a graceful woman with a sensitive and tender soul. Ekaterina Lvovna was very smart. It is possible that her mind, the ability to see the beautiful, to feel the world subtly, was inherited by her youngest son, the future famous Russian poet Fyodor Tyutchev.

The native estate, the Desna River, an old garden, linden alleys are wonderful places where the future poet grew up. The Tyutchev family was dominated by peace and harmony.

Fedor Ivanovich received his initial upbringing in his father's house. Tyutchev's home teacher, Raich, a connoisseur and translator of Ariosto and Torquato-Tasso, awakened poetic talent in him, and in 1817, at his suggestion, Tyutchev was already elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature for translating from Horace.

The powerful influence of alien poetry was joined by an equally powerful influence of alien life and nature, when, after graduating from Moscow University, Tyutchev in 1823 received an appointment as part of the Russian mission to Munich and left his homeland for 22 years.

(In 1823 he was assigned as a supernumerary official to a mission in Munich, the capital of the then Bavarian kingdom, where he went at the end of that year). In Munich, he became interested in German idealist philosophy and was acquainted with Schelling.

Tyutchev's friend in the Bavarian kingdom was Heinrich Heine.

In 1825, Fedor Ivanovich was granted the chamber junkers; in 1828 - appointed second secretary at the mission in Munich; in 1833 he left as a diplomatic courier for Nauplia. Tyutchev's service places changed in subsequent years.

In 1836, a notebook with Tyutchev's poems, transported from Germany to Russia, fell into the hands of A.S. Pushkin. Alexander Sergeevich publishes the poet's poems in his journal Sovremennik.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev spent a significant part of his life (due to his choice of the type of official activity) abroad, but he was always with Russia in soul, did not lose his spiritual connection with his homeland.

In 1846, Tyutchev received a new appointment: to be on special assignments with the State Chancellor.

In 1848, Fedor Ivanovich became a senior censor at the special office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

On October 6, 1855, Tyutchev was appointed, by the Highest command, to the members of the committee for the caesural review of the posthumous works of V.A. Zhukovsky prepared for publication.

Then, in 1857, he was promoted to full councilor of state and appointed chairman of the St. Petersburg Committee for Foreign Censorship. In 1861 and 1863, Tyutchev became a knight of the orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anna of the first degrees and was promoted to privy councilor in 1865.

Tyutchev's first poems were published in 1826, in the almanac "Urania", where three of his works were placed: "To Nisa", "Song of the Scandinavian Warriors", "Glimmer".

Tyutchev's works were not immediately accepted by his contemporaries. But everything changed in 1854, after the publication of an article by I.S. Turgenev in Sovremennik. It was called like this: "A few words about the poems of F.I. Tyutchev." In it, Turgenev called Tyutchev "one of our most remarkable poets, bequeathed to us by Pushkin's greetings and approval."

Two months after the publication of the article, all the works of Tyutchev collected by the editors of Sovremennik were published in a separate book called: “Poems by F. Tyutchev. St. Petersburg, 1854", and the editors stated that she "placed in this collection those poems that belong to the very first era of the poet's activity, and now they would probably be rejected by him."

The second edition of Tyutchev's poems was published in 1868, in St. Petersburg, under the following title: “Poems of F.I. Tyutchev. New (2nd) edition, supplemented with all the poems written after 1854.

The 70s of the 19th century became one of the most difficult in the life of the poet. He loses loved ones, and this affects his poetic gift. Since 1873, the poet has been haunted by illnesses that he could not cope with.

In May of the same year, a decision was made to transfer Tyutchev to Tsarskoye Selo. Death came on July 15, 1873. On July 18, the Russian poet Fyodor Tyutchev was buried in St. Petersburg, at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Tyutchev's poems were translated into German and published in Munich. The best analyzes of Tyutchev's poems belong to N.A. Nekrasov and A.A. Fet.

Tyutchev was one of the most knowledgeable, most educated, witty people of his time. He was and remains a great Russian poet, highly revered by his descendants.