Sounds AT and F- occur when di the same position of the mouth. Upper lip p rip dressed, upper teeth exposed, lower lip ka sits with the upper teeth.
When articulating sound F forces n th air flow supplied by the motor en diaphragm, tends to penetrate into a narrow hole between ve lower teeth and lower lip.
At the sound AT lower lip eg ka pressed to the teeth. Exhaled air e lives, resembling the sound of a cello. In terms of purity swarms communication, sound B is one of the most difficult days s. At first, the air jet should be insignificant so that to B not p ri the sound F and B interfered did not lose the sound h nost.
Sound articulation L- in the beginning al e tongue is pulled up to the palate, and the tip is upi ra in the upper teeth in the same place where T is formed. Strong p oto towards the air, getting on the front of i PS ka, makes a sound. The larynx is then opened. Do it to only once, without taking away the tongue. When me one hundred language formation clearly feel, pronounce L with an open in m language.
Sound R- obtained from fast to ol fucking or vibrating the front of the yaz s ka. If the tip of the tongue is slightly mobile, thick, strongly zn Eat the sound D and Wed several times az have the same sound R. It turns out: drrr.
Sound H- lips gently pa skr yty. The lower lip does not press against the teeth. Russ then the gap between the teeth is very narrow, the anterior part of the tongue is whether presses against the dentition of the palate. For prod n the power of exhalation is of great importance. Strong co ro fine movement of the diaphragm m Give the maximum amount of air without delaying the exhalation. With a duration flax om exhalation Ch sounds like Shch.
Sound C- language articulates to in ep fuck my teeth. The lower lip is not pressed against the teeth. And on the Che will be a lisp. Strong and short exhalation R avlen on the lower lip and chin. When dl it With a strong exhalation, C will turn into C.
To C and H were short ki mi, it is necessary to close your mouth immediately after throwing out a sound.
Sound With- tongue is easy to solder days yat to the teeth. Open lips, lower nya I lip slightly behind the lower teeth, so that there is no lisp. Etc otya gentle and strong exhalation, flow into zd the ear is directed to the chin. Make sure that the tip yk but not between the teeth.
Sound W- teeth are bared, lips are pa ck pits, the distance between the teeth is not Ah tedious. The tongue is free, not pressed anywhere, articulates to the tooth ace you palate. Air jet n Apr pressed on the lower teeth, which makes them feel cold. If the lower lip izh ata to the teeth, or lower jaw boo de t ahead of the top, it will cause a lisp.
Sound SCH- polo well mouth - as with Ш, but the front part of i PS ka articulates closer to the dental part of the palate. Requires a very long and si l exhalation.
Sound W- position en mouth - as with S. The sound Z feeds a little shea m amount of air. The air stream barely perceptibly falls down. tip i PS ka is brought into slight oscillation. If I PS to stop vibrating, to the sound Z can join ini to be C. Therefore, in order for the sound Z to be clear, well well but pronounce it briefly and immediately close your mouth.
Sound F- teeth about on the wife, lips softly opened, the distance between ub ami is small, the tongue is raised, but does not come into contact with the palate and teeth. Co. whether the amount of exhaled air is unknown cheat fir-tree, its fluctuation is felt on the tongue.
The consonants T, D, P, B, K and G are formed to op sloping air movement. These sounds are not lz I stretch out without adding to them any more vowel.
In sounds Х, Л, Р, Ж, Ш, Ш, Н, М, В, Ф, З, С, k ro me strength, there is also a long os sound. These sounds are produced both on the lower and on the ve let's breathe.
Sounds H and C, if their otya pull, turn into Shch and S. For ease and che tko the pronunciation of the sounds Ts and Ch should be repeated as much as possible a more, connecting with sounds:
P-Ch, T-Ch,
TO- H, F-H, S-H, H-H, W-H, C-H, H-H.
P-C, T-C, K-C, F-C, S-C, X-C, W-C, C-C, C-C
After the oh we are all firm consonants, let's get to work on me soft consonants. Some consonant sounds are pronounced os only hard (C, W, F), others only m yagk o (W, H). All the rest - soft or hard, all depend si t from the vowel that follows them. When proi zn axis soft consonants a column of air that feeds them ae t is much weaker.Particular attention should be paid to db and TH, t ak how often mixed with D no Xia sound Z, and to Th - sound Ts. You need more widely from roof wag your mouth. The tip of the tongue is directed towards the eating parts of the palate.
L- softened us th tongue, retracts deep into the mouth, it to is he the cheek is in contact with the palate. The air flow does not tend to the tip of i PS ka, but creeps along it more kam.
Pb- vibr language iru em is lower than with solid P, close to well to the upper teeth. Sometimes it happens that the tongue fluctuates badly. In such a uch ae train: dr, dr d-d- p... Then go to pure Pb. Make sure that instead of Pb does not appear I'm moose RI.
The Russian language is very beautiful and multifaceted, but not only words play a huge role, but also the pronunciation itself - how a person speaks, how correctly and accurately to express their thoughts.
Today we begin a small series of wonderful lessons on the development of speech. Lesson One - Articulation, in which we will learn how to achieve a clear and beautiful speech and train the articulatory apparatus.
We watch practical exercises for the development of articulation in the video, and below, as always, a little theory (for the most inquisitive :)
Articulation is the formation of sounds with the help of the speech apparatus. In order for speech to be clear, precise, beautiful, it is necessary to achieve the correct pronunciation of each consonant and vowel separately.
To begin with, in general terms, let's get acquainted with the device of the speech apparatus. The oral cavity is bounded in front and on the sides by the teeth, above by the palate, below by the tongue. These organs of the speech apparatus are involved in the formation of articulate sounds.
Behind the hard palate, the mucous membrane forms a fold - the soft palate. Its sides grow together with the walls of the pharynx, and the lower part remains free and passes into the tongue.
The space between the soft palate and the root of the tongue is called the pharynx. After the pharynx comes the pharyngeal cavity, which divides into the esophagus and larynx or upper part of the windpipe.
On the first ring of the windpipe lies the cricoid cartilage, which, as it were, serves as the base of the larynx and remains motionless, but muscles are attached to it that control the movement of other cartilages.
On the narrow, forward-facing part of the cricoid cartilage lies the movable thyroid cartilage.
On both sides of the posterior expanded part are two small arytenoid cartilages.
The vocal cords are stretched between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages in such a way that a glottis remains between the cords.
The thyroid cartilage can rise and fall, and the arytenoids can close and move apart. Due to this, the vocal cords are stretched and relaxed.
The pitch depends on the tension and length of the vocal cords (women have a higher voice because their cords are shorter than men).
The larynx is followed by the windpipe or trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs. The bronchi, entering the lungs, are divided into branches, ending in vesicles - alveoli.
The lungs are two semi-cones lying in the chest cavity.
The lungs are limited from below by the diaphragm - a muscular bell that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Articulation of vowels
When we pronounce vowel sounds, the exhalation should be completely soundless and warm.
Articulation sound- We fold the mouth with a tube. We exhale air into a narrow ring of lips.
Sound Y- we open our lips, we move our teeth to the distance of the little finger, the lower jaw is slightly forward (malocclusion), the exhaled air should not creep along the walls of the larynx (this will give an unpleasant overtone), but go into the middle of the hole between the teeth.
Articulation sound and- the distance between the teeth - the tip of the little finger, the upper jaw above the lower (correct bite). During exhalation, we make sure that the air goes straight into the hole between the teeth, without hitting the upper teeth, otherwise there will be a whistle.
Sound Oh- mouth in a ring, wider than on U. Air comes out in a warm, wide jet.
Before proceeding with the articulation of the sounds A and E, you should learn to open the larynx wide. To do this, close your lips tightly, pinch your nose with your fingers and pronounce the sound M (mmm) several times.
The raising of the palatine curtain, the expansion of the larynx are clearly felt, and if you clasp the throat with your hand, you feel the protrusion of the pharynx forward.
Do this gymnastics for two weeks twenty times every day, then try to yawn for real, while maintaining the same position.
Sound E- we open the lips horizontally, the distance between the teeth is the thumb, the larynx is open wide, the palatine curtain is raised. We direct the exhalation to the middle of the teeth, the air should not spread along the oral cavity. Articulation of sound A - the larynx is open wide, the palatine curtain is raised, the mouth is a large ring, the lower teeth are closed by the lip. The breath is very warm.
When the articulation of vowel sounds separately is mastered, we begin to combine sounds:
U - U - S - S
U - U - I - I
U - U - O - O
U-U-E-E
U - U - A - A
We monitor the uniformity, smoothness of the movement of the diaphragm (you can not exhale in jerks) and the accuracy of opening the mouth and unclenching the teeth. It is necessary to make the correct movement of the diaphragm into a habit.
Every day, do the exercise faster and faster. It is required to bring the mobility of the lips and diaphragm to a relaxed ease.
Articulation of consonants
Consonants, as well as vowels, must be delivered on the correct exhalation. This alone will help correct minor speech defects.
It is necessary to clearly understand which parts of the speech apparatus (tongue, teeth, lips) are involved in articulation and how strong the air flow is needed to pronounce the consonant.
The consonant sound must be pronounced brighter and stronger than in colloquial speech.
The mechanism of air intake during the pronunciation of vowels remains the same for consonants. When exhaling, make sure that the air does not touch the ligaments (with a strong exhalation) and does not creep along the oral cavity (with a weak exhalation).
Sound P- formed when the lips open. Close your mouth, take in air using your lower breath, bring it to your closed lips and tear them apart with the force of the air current.
Articulation sound B- the sound is also formed when the lips open. Close your lips tightly and exhale forcefully to the outside. Do not add any vowel sound.
T sound- formed with the help of language. Be careful that the air is directed only to the tongue, not touching the ligaments, otherwise it will give an unpleasant hoarse sound. The T sound needs to be worked on long and hard. This destroys the lethargy of the tongue, develops its elasticity, strength.
Sound D- is also formed by the movement of the tongue. The tip of the tongue, resting against the same place where the T is formed, seems to be glued to the palate. The tongue is pulled down by the flow of air.
Sound X- Formed when the back of the tongue approaches the soft palate. If you pronounce the sound X on a strong exhalation, it will be sharp, unpleasant. If you draw it through the larynx with a slight exhalation, you get a quiet, soft sound.
Sound K- occurs when the same organs of speech are closed, in a small tongue. With the help of a strong short exhalation, the air is instantly ejected from the larynx.
Sound G- also occurs when the posterior back of the tongue is closed with the soft palate, but lower. Imitating a baby, say "uh-h-h-h-h-h-h-h-hh." You will clearly feel the place where the sound comes from. When pronouncing the sound G, make sure that the sound is clear, without admixture of K or X.
Articulation sound H- the tongue is strongly pressed to the palate. The tip of the tongue rests on the upper teeth, which are slightly open. The lips form a horizontal slit. Direct a light stream of air to the tip of the tongue, but not into the nose. Pinch your nostrils with your fingers and fix the position of the speech apparatus on the sound H. Then pronounce H with an open nose, without strengthening or weakening the sound, otherwise the H will be mixed with nasality.
Sound M- say M, holding your nostrils. The expansion of the larynx is clearly felt, a weak stream of air is directed to the lips, slightly tearing them. Fix the position of the mouth and the direction of the air, and then pronounce M with an open nose, without loosening the lips and without amplifying the sound so that the sound does not become nasal.
Sounds V and F- occur with the same position of the mouth. The upper lip is raised, the upper teeth are exposed, the lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth.
When articulating sound F a strong stream of air supplied by the movement of the diaphragm tends to penetrate the narrow opening between the upper teeth and the lower lip.
At the sound B, the lower lip is slightly pressed against the teeth. The exhaled air is filtered, resembling the sound of a cello. In terms of purity of pronunciation, the B sound is one of the most difficult. At first, the air stream should be insignificant so that the sound F does not mix with B and V does not lose its sonority.
Articulation sound L- first, the tongue is pulled up to the palate, and the tip rests on the upper teeth in the same place where T is formed. A strong air flow, falling on the front of the tongue, forms a sound. The larynx is then opened. Do it several times without taking away the tongue. When you clearly feel the place where the tongue is formed, pronounce L with a tear of the tongue.
R sound- is obtained from the rapid fluctuation or vibration of the front of the tongue. If the tip of the tongue is slightly mobile, thick, say the sound D several times strongly and immediately the sound R. It will turn out: drrr.
Sound Ch lips softly parted. The lower lip does not press against the teeth. The distance between the teeth is very narrow, the front of the tongue approaches the dentition of the palate. For pronouncing pure Ch, the power of exhalation is of great importance. With a strong short movement of the diaphragm, give the greatest amount of air without delaying the exhalation. With a long exhalation, Ch sounds like Shch.
Sound C- the tongue articulates towards the upper teeth. The lower lip is not pressed against the teeth. Otherwise there will be lisp. A strong and short exhalation is directed to the lower lip and chin. With a long exhalation, C will turn into C.
In order for C and C to be short, it is necessary to close your mouth immediately after throwing out a sound.
Sound C- the tongue is easily raised to the teeth. Open lips, the lower lip slightly behind the lower teeth so that there is no lisp. Long and strong exhalation, the air flow is directed to the chin. Make sure that the tip of the tongue is not between the teeth.
Sound Sh- the teeth are bare, the lips are open, the distance between the teeth is insignificant. The tongue is free, not pressed anywhere, articulates to the dentition of the palate. The jet of air is directed to the lower teeth, which makes them feel cold. If the lower lip is pressed against the teeth, or if the lower jaw is in front of the upper, this will cause a lisp.
Sound u- the position of the mouth - as with Ш, but the front of the tongue articulates closer to the dental part of the palate. It requires a very long and strong exhalation.
Z sound- the position of the mouth - as in C. Sound Z is fed by a small amount of air. The air stream barely perceptibly falls down. The tip of the tongue is brought into a slight vibration. If the tongue stops vibrating, C can join the sound Z. Therefore, in order for the sound Z to be clear, you need to pronounce it briefly and immediately close your mouth.
Sound Zh- the teeth are bare, the lips are softly open, the distance between the teeth is small, the tongue is raised, but does not come into contact with the palate and teeth. The amount of exhaled air is insignificant, its fluctuation is felt on the tongue.
The consonants T, D, P, B, K and G are formed by a short movement of air. These sounds cannot be extended without adding a vowel to them.
In the sounds Х, Л, Р, Ж, Ш, Ш, Н, М, В, Ф, З, С, in addition to strength, there is also the duration of the sound. These sounds are produced both on the lower and upper breathing.
The sounds Ch and C, if stretched out, turn into U and S. For ease and clarity of pronunciation of the sounds C and Ch, they should be repeated as often as possible, combining with the sounds:
P-Ch, T-Ch, K-Ch, F-Ch, S-Ch, H-H, W-H, C-H, H-H.
P-C, T-C, K-C, F-C, S-C, X-C, S-C, C-C, C-C
After all hard consonants are learned, we start working on soft consonants. Some consonants are pronounced only firmly (Ts, Sh, Zh), others only softly (Sch, Ch).
All others are soft or hard, depending on the vowel that follows them. When we pronounce soft consonants, the column of air that feeds them is much weaker.
Particular attention should be paid to D and T, since the sound Z is often mixed with DL, and the sound Ts is often mixed with Th. You need to open your mouth more widely. The tip of the tongue is directed towards the front of the palate.
L- softened tongue, retracts deep into the mouth, its tip is in contact with the palate. The air flow does not tend to the tip of the tongue, but spreads along its sides.
Pb- the tongue vibrates lower than with a hard P, closer to the upper teeth. Sometimes it happens that the tongue fluctuates badly. In this case, train: dr, dr-dr... Then move on to pure Pb. Make sure that RI does not appear instead of Pb.
avernus.ru
A small master class from Yulia Vyalova, teacher of the Art of Speech courses at the St. Petersburg School of Television.
Good luck and success to you!!!
Linguistics.
THEME 1
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
Phonetics is a science that studies the sounds of speech, sound laws, syllable, stress, intonation.
Phonology studies the sounds of speech in terms of their functions. Phonology is part of phonetics.
1. Sounds of speech as the natural matter of language.
2. Principles of classification of speech sounds.
3. Syllable and its types
4. Stress and its types. Proclitics and enclitics.
5. Intonation
6. Interaction of sounds in a speech stream.
7. Orthoepy
8. Phonetic and historical alternations
9. Phonemes and phoneme systems
1. SOUND OF SPEECH is the shortest indivisible unit of the language, distinguished by the sequential sound division of a word.
Speech sounds have acoustic, articulatory and functional sides.
ACOUSTICS OF SPEECH SOUNDS.
Speech sounds are oscillatory movements of the air environment. Such oscillatory movements arise as a result of vibrations of the speech organs. The organs of speech oscillate and continuously form elastic waves, consisting of successive condensation and rarefaction of air. These waves reach our ear and we hear the sound.
Speech sounds differ from each other in pitch, strength, duration and timbre. The pitch of the sound of speech depends on the frequency of vibrations. The higher the oscillation frequency, the higher the sound. The unit of pitch is the hertz (1 vibration per second). For example, the pitch of the sounds o and y is 400 Hz.
A person is able to perceive sounds from 16 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Sounds below 16 Hz (infrasound) and sounds above 20,000 Hz (ultrasound) are not heard by humans, although some animals can hear them (mice, dogs, dolphins). Each person has a different pitch of speech sounds. Changing the pitch of sounds during speech is the basis of intonation. In many languages, a stressed syllable is distinguished by a change in pitch. The strength of the sound depends on the amplitude of the vibrations: the larger the amplitude, the stronger the sound. In speech, we use sounds of different strength, which depends on the conditions of communication. Unstressed vowels are less strong than stressed ones. From the point of view of perception by hearing, the strength of sound is called loudness.
The DURATION of a sound is its duration in time. The duration of speech sounds is measured in milliseconds, that is, millionths of a second. In some languages (English, German, French, Czech). There are long and short stressed vowels. In Russian, stressed vowels are longer than unstressed ones. For example, in the word garden, the longitude of the sound a is 150 m / s.
Depending on the nature of the oscillations, sounds are divided into musical (tones) and non-musical (noises).
Tone arises as a result of rhythmic vibrations of the organs of speech (for example, vocal cords), noise - as a result of non-rhythmic vibrations (for example, lips). Vowels are made up of tone (voice) only. From tone and noise - voiced consonants. Only from the noise - deaf consonants.
The sound of speech consists of a fundamental tone and overtones. The fundamental tone is the strongest, the overtones are slightly higher than it. The ratio of the main tone and overtones creates the timbre of the sound, its individual coloring.
ARTICULATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS
Speech sounds are formed as a result of a certain work of the speech apparatus. In order to pronounce the sound of speech, the organs of speech must perform certain work and take certain positions. The movements and positions of the speech organs necessary for the pronunciation of a sound is called the articulation of this sound. There are 3 phases of articulation:
1) Seizure (at this moment, the organs of speech from a calm state go into a position necessary for pronouncing a sound.)
2) Exposure (this is the preservation of the position necessary to pronounce the sound).
3) Indent (this is the transfer of the organs of speech to a calm state or to start pronouncing the next sound).
In each language, the organs of speech occupy different positions and perform different movements. The whole set of movements and positions of the speech organs necessary for the formation of the sounds of a language is called the articulatory base of this language.
Each language has its own articulation base. For example, the use of the back of the soft palate and pharynx is not typical for the Russian articulatory base. Therefore, in Russian there are no “burr” consonants (such as English r), pharyngeal and guttural consonants (which are in the Georgian language)
The articulatory base of the language is gradually changing, so the system of sounds of the language also changes. For example, in Old Russian there were nasal vowels (o-nasal and e-nasal)
1. ETC CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES FOR SPEECH SOUNDS
All languages in the world have 2 types of sounds: vowels and consonants. Their difference lies in the role they play in the formation of syllables, and in how they are formed.
Vowel sounds are the top of the syllable (sonant), form a syllable. Consonants accompany vowels (they are consonants). They accompany vowels and do not form a syllable.
However, in some languages, the sonorous consonants "r" and "l" can also be syllabic. For example, in Czech v!k (in Russian - wolf). The circle shows the sound-producing syllable.
When vowels are formed, the speech channel is open, tension is spread throughout the pronunciation apparatus, a weak air stream does not encounter obstacles. During the formation of consonants, the voltage is focused, at the place the formation of an obstacle, which the air stream overcomes, exploding or passing through the gap, resulting in the formation of noises that make up the characteristic of the consonant.
CL vowel assification
The basis for the classification of vowels is the work of the lips, the row and the work of the tongue. According to the work of the lips, vowels are labialized (rounded) and non-labialized (non-rounded). The sounds [o], [y] are labialized. non-labialized - all the rest.
ZEMSKY 1h par.73.
When classifying vowels, nasalization, tension and longitude are additionally taken into account. In a number of languages, there are nasal (nasal) vowels, during the pronunciation of which the air stream passes not only through the oral cavity, but also through the nasal cavity. There are such vowels in French and Polish, they were in Old Church Slavonic.
In many languages, stressed vowels can be short and long, resulting in pairs of vowels by duration. Pas - pas, vapa - vapaa, ship - sheep, man - men. In addition to long vowels, there are diphthongs in the languages of the world - these are vowels with complex articulation, pronounced in 1 syllable, and acting as a single sound of speech. Diphthongs are ascending and descending. In an ascending diphthong, the 2nd element is strong. Nuova-bueno. In descending diphthongs, the first element is strong. baum-mein, home.
Vowel articulation
Good diction is the quality of speech necessary for people of all "speech professions". Good diction means clarity, clarity of pronunciation of words, phrases, the impeccable sound of each vowel and consonant sounds.
The key to good diction, intelligible and clear pronunciation of sounds, words, phrases is, first of all, the correct articulation of each sound.
Diction task
Before starting to practice pronunciation, vowels and consonants, it is useful to do preparatory exercises for the lips and tongue every time.
Gymnastics for lips
137. 1. Open your mouth. Place two fingers on top of each other and lower the lower jaw to this distance. Put the tongue flat, lower the root of the tongue, lift the soft palate (small tongue). If the jaw falls badly, put your elbows on the table, rest your chin on your hands, and, lowering your lower jaw, try to overcome the obstacle created by your hands.
138. 2. Pull the upper lip up, exposing the upper teeth; the gums of the upper teeth should not be visible. At the moment of pulling up the lips, the muscles of the face are in a calm state, the teeth are not compressed.
139. 3. Pull the lower lip to the lower gums, exposing the lower teeth; the jaw is not tense.
140. 4. Alternate movements of the upper and lower lips:
a) raise the upper lip (open the upper teeth),
b) lower the lower lip (open the lower teeth),
c) lower the upper lip (close the upper teeth),
d) raise the lower lip (close the lower teeth).
During these exercises, the jaw is free, the teeth are not compressed.
141. 5. I.p.: mouth slightly open (jaw slightly lowered). Pull the upper lip firmly over the upper teeth, closing them so that the edge of the lip is slightly bent into the mouth. Then the upper lip, stretching to the sides, slides up, revealing the upper teeth, and returns to its original position.
All attention should be directed to the sliding movement of the upper lip.
142. 6.I.p.: the same as in exercise 5. Pull the lower lip firmly over the lower teeth, closing them so that the edge of the lip is bent inside the mouth. Briefly holding the lip in this position, pull it down, exposing the lower teeth, and return to its original position.
143. 7. Make a sliding motion with both lips at the same time. The starting position and the nature of the movements are the same as in exercises 5, 6.
Gymnastics for the tongue
144. 1. I.p.: mouth wide open; the tongue lies flat, with a slight indentation in the back; its tip slightly touches the lower front teeth, the root is lowered, as at the moment of a yawn. Stick the tongue out as far as possible from the mouth, and then pull it in as deep as possible, so that only a muscular lump forms, and the tip of the tongue becomes invisible. Then the tongue returns to its original position.
145. 2. I.p.: the same as in exercise 1. The lower jaw is motionless. The tip of the tongue either rises and presses against the roots of the upper front teeth, then lowers, returning to its original position.
146. 3. I.p.: the same, but the mouth is half open. Stick the tongue out with a “shovel” (the tongue is given a flat, wide shape), so that it touches the corners of the mouth with its lateral edges. Then return the tongue to its original position.
147. 4. I.p.: the same as in exercise 3. Stick out the tongue with a “sting” (the tongue is given the most pointed shape). Then return the tongue to its original position.
148. 5. Alternately stick out the tongue with either a “shovel” or a “sting”.
6. I.p.: mouth half open. Suction the tongue to the palate, then open it with a click.
149. 7. I.p.: mouth wide open. Raise the tip of the tongue with a “sting” up, touching the alveoli of the upper teeth, then lower it, touching the alveoli of the lower teeth. The jaws do not come close.
(In addition to these exercises, you will find others in any textbook on speech technique.)
Daily training for 5-7 minutes of articulatory gymnastics should be included in the mandatory, so-called "articulatory toilet", and serve as preparatory work for classes in speech technique.
Some students, working out the exercises of articulation gymnastics, accompany them with movements of the forehead, eyes, eyebrows, and sometimes with movements of the legs, head, even swaying of the torso. It is necessary from the very first lessons in the technique of speech to ensure that the forehead, eyebrows, eyes, muscles of the neck and body are not tense, free, both in the process of articulatory gymnastics, and while working on diction and literary pronunciation.
Exercises of articulation gymnastics should be performed slowly, gradually warming up the muscles of the speech apparatus. A fast pace causes muscle tension.
To learn the correct movements of articulatory gymnastics, we recommend using a small mirror, which you should always have at hand.
The nature of each vowel is determined by the position of the tongue, lips, lower jaw. The jet of exhaled air freely passes through the oral cavity between the tongue and the palate, without encountering obstacles, and depending on the position that the tongue occupies and the shape of the lips, a certain vowel sound is obtained.
There are 6 vowels in Russian: and, uh, a, o, u, s and 4 ioted sounds: e (ye ), I (ya ), ё (yo ), Yu (yo ).
(Note that in some textbooks iotized vowels are called soft. This definition is incorrect: there are no soft vowels in Russian - there are only soft consonants.)
E, me, yo, yu do not denote independent vowel sounds: they either testify to the softness of the previous consonant (sang, crumpled - unlike the floor, small), or convey two sounds in writing: e (ye ), ё (yo ), I (ya ), Yu (yo ) (ate, pit, tree, drink ). The first of these sounds, denoted in transcription as [th], is a consonant.
Depending on the participation of the lips in the formation of vowels, they are divided into labialized, or labial, and non-labialized. There are two labialized sounds in Russian: OU (when pronouncing, the lips are rounded and somewhat moved forward), the rest of the vowels are non-labialized. Consider the articulation of vowels, sounds and consonants th .
150. And - when pronouncing a sound, the mouth is slightly open, the teeth are bared. The tip of the tongue touches the lower front teeth, the back of the tongue is raised high to the hard palate, the edges of the tongue are pressed against the lateral teeth. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.
151. E - mouth open more than when making a sound and , teeth are exposed. The tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, but does not touch them. The back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.
152. BUT - the lower jaw is lowered, the mouth is opened in the vertical direction by two fingers, the edges of the front teeth are slightly exposed. The tongue lies flat against the lower teeth. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.
153. O - Lips are slightly pushed forward and rounded. The tongue is pulled back. The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes freely through the mouth.
154. At - the lips are pushed forward and have a rounded shape. Tongue pulled back more than when making a sound about . The back of the tongue is raised high to the palate; the root of the tongue is strongly retracted to the back of the pharynx. The soft palate closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.
155. S - mouth open as if making a sound and ; the back of the back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate, the tip of the tongue is pulled back. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.
It should be noted that intrapharyngeal articulation is directly dependent on the position of the tongue and lips. When pronouncing and the oral cavity has the smallest volume, and the pharyngeal cavity has the largest. When making a sound a the mouth is maximal, and the pharyngeal cavity is minimal.
156. And - teeth are exposed, as when pronouncing a vowel and . The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue is raised high to the hard palate, the edges of the tongue are pressed against the side teeth. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose.
When pronouncing each iotated vowel, the back of the tongue first actively rises to the hard palate, and then assumes a position characteristic of the articulation of the main vowel. The lips also take a position, as when pronouncing the main vowel: I - like the sound a; e - like the sound e; yo - like the sound about; Yu - like the sound at .
If there is any distortion in the pronunciation of vowels, look for the cause in the work of the articulatory organs.
It is recommended to work out the pronunciation of vowel sounds in two ways: out loud and silently. With the silent method, we mentally pronounce each syllable, carefully monitor the position of the tongue and the movements of the lips, which contribute to the formation of internal articulation. The movements of the organs of speech should be relaxed, light, soft, elastic.
To acquire a more complete and in-depth knowledge of vowel sounds, we recommend the following literature: Dmitriev L.B. Vowels in singing // Questions of vocal pedagogy. - M., 1962. - Issue. L; Dmitriev L.B. Singer's voice box. - M., 1962; Morozov V.P. Secrets of vocal speech. - M., 1967. The information that you will find in these publications will help you, from the very first days of classes in speech technique, learn to follow the sound of the voice, the formation of sound in the process of speech, and the correct voice leading.
We recommend that at first, working on vowels, and later on consonants, use a small mirror to check the position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus and avoid any unnecessary movements. It is necessary to ensure that the neck is free, there is no tension in the facial muscles, eyebrows do not rise, there are no wrinkles on the forehead.
There is a close relationship between all sections of the work on the technique of speech. While studying vowel sounds, and later on consonants, it is necessary to monitor breathing and the sound of the voice.
When pronouncing exercises for vowel sounds, follow the direction of the sound, its flight, achieve the correct sending of the sound; it is necessary to eliminate the so-called open sound, nasal sound and make sure that the larynx is free.
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Sound articulation C.
Articulation of sound C
The lips are stretched, slightly pressed to the teeth. There is a small gap between the incisors. The tip of the tongue is lowered, pressed against the inner surface of the lower incisors. The front of the back of the tongue is lowered, the middle is raised, the back is lowered. Tongue in the "slide" or "bridge" position. The lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The front part of the back of the tongue forms a gap with alveoli, in the middle of the tongue there is a groove that directs the exhaled air stream in the center. The soft palate is raised (C - mouth sound). vocal folds
open (C - dull sound).
About staging the C sound here.
Sound articulation Z
Sound articulation Z
Exactly the same as when pronouncing the sound C. The only difference is that the voice
the folds are closed (З - ringing sound).
Articulation of the sound SH
Articulation of the sound SH
The middle part of the back of the tongue is more elevated, the groove collapses, the anterior part of the back of the tongue is more curved.
Articulation of sound Zb
Articulation of sound Zb
Exactly the same as when pronouncing the sound S. The only difference is that the vocal folds close (3b - ringing sound).
Articulation of sound C
The lips are slightly tense and stretched. A small gap between the incisors, the tip of the tongue
Articulation of sound C
pressed against the lower incisors. At the first moment of articulation, the front part of the back of the tongue is raised and closes with the anterior edge of the hard palate. At the second moment of articulation, it descends, forming a gap with the palate. The middle part of the back of the tongue is raised, the back is lowered. The lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The soft palate is raised (C - oral sound). The vocal folds are open (C - dull sound).
On the production of whistling sounds. Defects in the pronunciation of whistling sounds are called sigmatism.
Types of sigmatism
1. Lip-tooth sigmatism. The lower lip approaches the upper incisors. (S, C resembles F, Z - C) Predisposing factors of labio-tooth sigmatism: prognathia, hypotrophy of the muscles of the tip of the tongue in dysarthria.
2. Interdental sigmatism. When pronouncing a sound, the tip of the tongue protrudes between the teeth. It makes a raspy sound. Predisposing factors of interdental sigmatism: anterior open bite, flaccid tongue, prognathism, weakness of the muscles of the tip of the tongue in dysarthria, absence of anterior teeth, adenoids, excessively large or long tongue, weakness of the orbicular muscle of the mouth.
3. Lip sigmatism. When pronouncing a sound, the tip of the tongue near the teeth at the level of the gap between the teeth produces not a whistling, but a dull noise (the sound resembles T or D). Predisposing factors for dental sigmatism are the same as for interdental sigmatism.
4. Lateral sigmatism. The lateral edges do not touch the upper molars, a gap is formed on the side through which part of the air stream leaves. Lateral sigmatism can be unilateral or bilateral. Predisposing factors of lateral sigmatism: lateral open bite, long narrow tongue, paresis of the lateral edges of the tongue in dysarthria.
5. Nasal sigmatism. The soft palate does not close tightly with the back wall of the pharynx. Part of the air passes through the nose. Predisposing factors of nasal sigmatism: paresis of the soft palate, clefts.
6. Hissing pronunciation of whistling sounds. Mechanism: the tip of the tongue is pulled deep into the oral cavity, the back of the tongue is raised, the groove is not formed. Predisposing factors: increased muscle tone of the tongue with dysarthria, with open organic rhinolalia.
parasigmatism
If the sounds С and Сь, З, Зб, Ц are replaced by other sounds, then such a violation is called whistling parasigmatism. Sound substitutions are a phonemic defect, i.e. they indicate the imperfection of phonemic perception. When correcting, this is very important to consider.
The sound C is most often replaced by Ф, СЬ, Ш, Т, З.
The sound З is most often replaced by В, Зб, С, Д, Ш, Zh.
The sound C is most often replaced by C, T, C, T, W.
On the production of whistling sounds.
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