Service. It is intended to denote various emotional and semantic shades. Also, with its help, completely new words and their forms are formed.

All particles in Russian are divided into two large categories:

1) those that express shades of various meanings and emotions (modal);

2) formative and word-forming.

Such a division is based on what meaning and what role this part of speech plays in the sentence.

Modal particles in Russian

Depending on the shades of meanings and emotions they express, the particles, in turn, are divided into the following groups:

1) incentive: let, well, -ka, well, let's, come on;

2) negative and affirmative: no, yes, not, exactly, not at all;

3) exclamatory-evaluative particles: well, still, what kind, oh how, oh what;

4) interrogative: what, really, really, whether;

5) intensifying particles: yes and, and, even, even;

6) concessive at least, nevertheless, nevertheless;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, as if;

8) excretory-limiting particles: only, only, only, exclusively, almost;

9) clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;

10) demonstrative: here and, there and, here, this, there, that.

Formative and word-forming particles in Russian

The latter are:

1) particles neither and not, if they are used as prefixes to form adjectives, nouns, adverbs, as well as pronouns (indefinite and negative): not true, someone, nothing, etc .;

2) particles - either, - something, - something, something. They are used as affixes. With their help, indefinite pronouns and adverbs are formed: something, somewhere, somewhere, etc.

The shaping particle would be. With its help, the mood of the verb can be changed to the subjunctive: I would help, I would win.

Particles in Russian. Origin Classification

In Russian, some particles originate from various parts of speech, while others do not. On this basis, they are classified as follows:

1. Derivatives. They can come from adverbs: barely, directly, only, etc.; from verbs: let, let, see, etc .; from pronouns: -something, everything, -what, it, etc.; from unions: and, yes, the same, but, whether, -or, etc.

2. Non-derivative particles. Their origin is not connected with any parts of speech: -ka, out, here, etc.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "not" is merged with words

The unstressed particle is not used when one intends to express negation. It is written together with words only in the following cases:

a) if it serves as a prefix for nouns, adverbs and adjectives: unkind, sad, failure;

b) if the word without it is not found in use: ridiculous, out of place, slob;

c) if the forms of indefinite and negative pronouns are unprepositional: nobody, somebody, nothing, somebody;

d) if there are no dependent words with full communion: unheated sun, uncorrected mistake.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "ni" is merged with words

This unstressed particle is used to express amplification. It is written together with words in those cases when it acts as a prefix:

a) in negative adverbs: not at all, nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, nowhere;

b) in negative pronouns (in their non-prepositional forms): I did not have a chance to take anyone on the road.

Plan.

1. Particles as part of speech.
2. Discharges of particles by formation, structure, location.
3. Particle ranks by value.
4. Word-building and formative particles.
5. Stylistic characteristics of particles.
6. Particle formation.

1 . The term particle, like most of the grammatical terminology, was inherited by Russian grammar from ancient grammar.

In a narrow sense particles - these are service words that give semantic or modal-expressive shades to words or sentences, and also serve to form words and word forms.

This will be the part-of-speech meaning of the particles.

Like other functional words, particles do not have inflection forms and are not members of a sentence, since they do not have a nominative meaning.

Only you can do it.

Well what the neck, what the eyes!

2 . By education particles are divided into two types:

A) non-derivative, for example: would, same, here, out, not, not, etc .;

b) derivatives, For example: yes, a(correlate with unions); already, more, just(with adverbs); this, that, imagine that for (with pronouns); it was, you see, come on(with verbs), etc.

This correlation shows how the particles are formed.

By structure distinguish between simple and compound particles.

TO simple include derivative and non-derivative particles consisting of one word: only, same and etc.

Composite particles usually consist of two or three words. They form verbal complexes that easily arise and easily break up in a sentence, are modified: here and, and even, it seems, well, here it is, and then, where is it, not even, so right and etc.

Compound particles can be indivisible(their components are not separated in the sentence by other words, for example: otherwise, it would be good, hardly, and then after all, and even then etc.) and dismemberable, For example:

Here it is: Here it is rain! - Here's a little rain!;

here and: Here is the result for you. - Here is the result for you;

Nearly broke my leg. - I almost broke my leg;

how not: How can I not know him! How could I not know him! and etc.

By location There are two types of particles:

A) post-positive, i.e. occupying a position after the significant word: would, would, then and etc.;

b) prepositive, i.e. occupying the position before the significant word:

really, yes, let, what for and etc.

Some particles can move in a sentence depending on the meaning of what is being said, for example:

After all We didn't lose ourselves right away.

Egor Pavlovich, go after all.

3 . By value, the particles are divided into the following categories.

I. Particles expressing semantic shades (they introduce various kinds of additional meanings into speech):

A) index, For example: out, here, that's how, it, this, in;

their common meaning is an indication of an object or phenomenon, but they can also differ in private meanings, for example:

Here: indicates a closer object: Here is the house;

out: indicates a more distant object: There is one star, there is another. Won third. How much! - said Marfenka, looking at the sky(Gonch.);

b) definitive and clarifying, For example: exactly, just, almost, exactly, slightly;

they serve to clarify the meaning of a word in a phrase or sentence: Came smooth at 12.00. It was exactly He;

V) excretory-restrictive particles, for example: exclusively, only, only, only, at least (would), only O;

they give a restrictive connotation to a word or phrase, logically highlighting them:

Heard in the silence of the steppe only barking dogs and horses neighing;

Calling Veselova, he wanted just clarify the composition of the garden brigade for the summer (Iv.).

This group (of semantic particles) adjoins amplifying particles: even, already, already (already), well, still, then, simply, positively, decisively etc. They reinforce the meaning of a single word or sentence, giving it more expressiveness, for example: Me positively revolts her despotism (M.G.).

II. Particles that introduce modal and modal-volitional shades into speech (they participate in the expression of unreality, reliability-unreliability, the speaker's point of view on the reported facts or thoughts).

1. Modal-volitional particles (they express an attitude to reality associated with the expression of will, i.e. they express advice, motivation, etc.; they are usually used with a predicate, they introduce shades of desirability, motivation and imperativeness, they can express the meanings of necessity and possibility: yes, let, let, come on, let, would, -ka):

In our country to go and go.

Let me take a nap on guard on the porch.

Now let's talk and think of something.

2. Proper modal particles that express affirmation, negation, possibility, etc.:

A) affirmative(express the affirmation of the correctness of thought, agreement with something): yes, yes, exactly, yeah and etc.;

Yes, our life flowed rebelliously;

b) negative: no, no, no, not at all and etc.; The road does not dust, the sheets do not tremble;

Two negative particles Not(before a personal verb and before an infinitive) express a statement: I can not help saying that...;

Particle neither usually used in negative sentences where there is already a negation Not, No or a word with a negative meaning: The old man didn't say another word;

In incentive sentences, the particle neither can express the meaning of negation: No step back!;

V) interrogative(with the help of these particles, various questions are formulated that have one or another emotional and expressive coloring: whether (l), but, really, well, really, really, what and etc.): But was my Eugene happy?;

Particles whether, not ... whether, really, really also make a rhetorical question: Didn't I help you?;

With a particle what the a question that requires clarification, clarification is expressed: What kind of papers did Pechorin leave you?;

G) comparative(allow the speaker to compare one situation with another or one object with another, and also express uncertainty, presumption, doubt): like, like, like, as if, like and etc.; And then he entrusted me with two supposedly urgent cases(Dost.);

e) particles expressing the attitude to the reliability of the statement: hardly, perhaps, hardly, perhaps, almost, tea and etc.; We hardly ever see each other;

e) particles that denote the subjective transmission of someone else's speech(they express doubt about the authenticity of what is being said, disagreement of the speaker, emotionally expressive shades of irony, disapproval: say, they say, supposedly and etc.): Of course, you have heard about my alleged affair with you.(M.G.).

III. Emotionally Expressive Particles (they increase the emotionality, expressiveness of speech: where, where, what for, after all, well, where there, how and etc.): Where can you compete with me, With me, with Balda himself?(P.)

Many particles are multivalued: just, just like, well, and and etc.

4 . According to the function performed, formative and word-forming particles are also distinguished.

A. Form-building particles are involved in the formation of analytical grammatical forms:

The imperative mood, for example: let speaks, Let's read, Yes hello;

Subjunctive mood: read would;

Comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, category of state, for example: more strong;

Superlatives of adjectives, adverbs, state categories, for example: all more beautiful; Today most chilly.

Shape-forming particles also include particles was, used to , which, combined with past tense forms, give them additional meanings:

- was indicates an action started but interrupted for some reason: Oblomov was about to get up from his chair, but he did not immediately hit his shoe with his foot and sat down again.;

- used to indicates a repeated repetition of an action in the past: A simple pupil of freedom, so I used to sing of the beautiful dream of freedom(P.).

B. - particles are used to form indefinite pronouns and adverbs ( not, something, something, something-), negative pronouns and adverbs ( no, neither).

5 . Many particles are interstyle: only, whether, even, not, nor, let, almost, here and etc.

Conversational particles: really: they say, they say, after all, maybe, really, well, well and etc.

Speech particles: let go, see, in, something, tea, I suppose and etc.

Particles of later origin usually serve bookish speech: decisively, decisively, definitely and etc.

6 . The process of formation of new particles on the basis of other parts of speech is called particulation. Significant and auxiliary parts of speech, as well as modal words, pass into particles.

The process of particulation of any part of speech is accompanied by shifts in the lexical meaning of the original lexemes. They lose their categorical meaning and develop the meaning of the particle. Particulations are subject to:

Adverbs: where, right and etc.:

I'll tell you straight (adverb): you're not worth this man (O.O.);

I was exhausted that night - there is no direct (particle) strength (M.G.);

Pronouns: this is it and etc.;

Verbs: was, come on and etc.;

modal words: of course, probably and etc.;

Unions: and, uh, yeah and etc.;

Prepositions: like and etc.

Instruction

If you need to learn how to find particles in the text, then first of all remember that this is a service part of speech. Therefore, you will not be able to put a question to this word, as, for example, to independent parts of speech (noun, verb, adverb, etc.).

Learn to distinguish the particle from other service parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions). It is also impossible to put a question to them, as well as to particles. But conjunctions do a different job in a sentence. If prepositions connect words in syntactic constructions, and unions - or simple sentences as part of a complex one, then we need particles, for example, in order to form a mood in a verb.

Use the verb "to be friends" in the imperative and in the conditional. You need to use shape particles for this. So, the particles "would", "b" form the conditional mood "would be friends." But such particles as "let", "let", "yes", "come on", "let's" will help you express some kind of request or order, i.e. use a verb in the form: "let them be friends."

Keep in mind that particles are also necessary in order to express your thoughts: to clarify something, to express an affirmation or denial, to point out some detail, to soften the requirement, etc. For example, the particles "not" and "neither" will help you communicate the absence of something, the particles "only", "only" - to clarify something, etc. And in the sentence "Over there, beyond the mountains, the sun appeared," the particle "out" indicates action.

Learn to distinguish the particle "neither" from the repeated union "neither". For example, in the sentence "I can neither cry nor laugh," the words "no-no" are a repeated conjunction, because they connect homogeneous predicates. But in the sentence "Wherever he was, he found friends everywhere," the word "neither" is a particle, because. introduces an additional meaning (statement) into the given syntactic construction.

Learn to distinguish between the particle "that", which is necessary to soften the requirement, from suffixes in indefinite pronouns or adverbs. So, in the sentence "Did you manage to exercise?" the particle "that" helps to add an additional shade. But in the adverb "somewhere" or in the pronoun "someone", "that" is a suffix, with the help of which new words are formed from interrogative pronouns and adverbs. Remember that the particle "that" is written with a hyphen with nouns.

Be aware that particles are not members of a sentence, like all other auxiliary parts of speech. But in some cases, for example, when using a verb with particles "not", "would", "b", they will play a syntactic role simultaneously with the predicate.

Creative work on the topic:

"Particles in Russian"

Performed:

7th grade student "A"

Balashova Svetlana

Morphological features

A particle is a service part of speech that serves to express various semantic shades of any member of a sentence or a sentence as a whole, as well as to form moods. The particle introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence and serves to form word forms. Invariable part of speech. The particle is not a member of the sentence.

Morphological features: shaping, negative, modal. Formatives serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include: yes, come on, let's, would (b), let, let. Negatives serve to express negation, reinforce negation, or give the sentence a positive meaning in case of double negation. These include: no, no. Modal are used to express various semantic shades and feelings in a sentence. These include: is it really, is it, what kind of, how, here, only, only, really, etc.

Modal particles contribute the following semantic shades:

1) question: is it, is it really, for example: Have you prepared the past material for today's lesson? Didn't you make the right choice by continuing your education?

2) indication: here, out, for example: Here are the necessary tools for a practical lesson;

3) clarification: exactly, just, for example: It is this specialist who will be in demand to work in our company;

4) allocation, restriction: only, only, exclusively, for example: Only those who passed will be allowed to take the exams. A medical worker should be an exceptionally kind, sympathetic, merciful person;

5) exclamation: what kind, how, for example: How nice it is for the teacher to see the success of his students!

6) doubt: hardly, hardly, for example: It is unlikely that you will cope with the task if you do not make efforts;

7) amplification: even, really, after all, after all, for example: How many times have the basic terms been repeated;

8) mitigation, requirement: - ka, for example: Repeat this topic again.

Particles are also a class of words expressing diverse relationships that are realized in an act of speech or text, namely: the relationship of the reported to the participants in the act of speech (speaking, listening), as well as the relationship between them; the attitude of the reported to reality (in terms of its reality, unreality; reliability, unreliability); relation between statements and their components. By expressing these relationships, the particles realize their meanings. In some meanings of the particle, semantic components are presented that modify the content of the message (only, everything, was, not, neither).

Particles, in addition, serve to form morphological and syntactic moods (if, let, let). In the Grammar of the Modern Russian Literary Language, particles are classified according to a different basis - according to functions. There are three main categories: syntactic (would, let, yes, come on, etc.), subjective-modal (after all, even, maybe, really, etc.) and negative (not, not) particles. Among subjective-modal particles, amplifying particles differ in meaning (something, even, after all, here, here), excretory (only, only), etc. In the Russian Grammar, the main categories of particles are also distinguished by functions. Characterizing a sign (action or state) according to its course in time, according to the completeness or incompleteness of implementation, according to the effectiveness or not effectiveness (it was, it happened, it happens, etc.). The particles in this grammar are also classified according to their structure: they are divided into primitive and non-primitive, into simple (and, fortunately, more, etc.) and composite; composite particles are divided into dissected (that would be, that's it, like this, etc.) and not dissected (would be good, if only, still, etc.); inside the compound particles, phraseological units are distinguished (no-no and; what of what, etc.). Thus, the question of the classes of particles and the principles of their selection is solved in different ways. In the study of particles as lexical units in their system, a large number of intersecting subclasses are found, interconnected by a variety of relationships.

Various classifications can be applied to particles as units of a language, taking a separate value of a particle as a classification unit (for example, in the classification proposed below). The most adequate to linguistic reality are those classifications that reflect the semantic properties of particles. However, the analysis of particle semantics is impossible without taking into account the specifics of their functioning. According to the main classification feature - semantic particles are divided into eleven categories. Modal particles expressing different types of subjective relations. With the help of such particles, the meanings associated with two types of modality are expressed: reality / unreality and certainty / unreliability.

With the meanings “possibility”, “desirability”, “necessity”, associated with the opposition reality / unreality, the particular meanings of expectation expressed by the particles (simply, and, precisely, nevertheless, nevertheless; for example, And you agreed!), surprises (well, look how), incentives, encouragement, demands, wishes (come on, well, so that, otherwise, would, let, if, when, it would be good; for example, I have to live!; To be good meeting!), reminders / reminders (tea, more, for example, Take a candy! - I don’t see sweets!; Remember her: she still sang a song for you!), assumptions (maybe, as if, exactly, as if, like , exactly, in no way; for example, if someone entered?), fears (unequally); with the opposition of reliability / unreliability, particular meanings of confirmation (yes, exactly), assumptions (let it be, well, good), doubts, distrust [yes, no, directly, unless, as if; e.g.: I will find you a book! -Yes, you can find it! (in the meaning of "you will not find"); I stay. No, really? (meaning "can't believe")]. Emotionally expressive particles expressing various emotional characteristics (threat, surprise, dissatisfaction, annoyance, irony, mockery): Well, you see, you see, simply, directly. These words (except simply, directly) are classified by some researchers as interjections as words that serve the sphere of emotions. They approach particles when they function as a modal component of a sentence.

Address particles expressing the semantics associated with the social sphere. This semantics can be reduced to the oppositions higher/lower/equal; own / someone else's. This category includes particles: -ka, -s (obsolete). In the values ​​of the particle, a sign of categorical/non-categorical character is found, which leads to the sphere of modal values. Contextual particles that serve to identify the author's behavior, to draw attention to certain components of an utterance or text. Context particles are associated with the organization of speech activity (already, and, yes, no, here, out; for example, Yes, one more news; Yes, I almost forgot, you have a letter), with all sorts of clarifications regarding selected expressions, fillings "Emptiness" in speech (or that, namely), and with indications of the transfer of someone else's speech (they say, de, they say, supposedly). Quantitative particles expressing the quantitative characteristic of the component of the propositional content from the point of view of the speaker (only, only, just like that).

Negative particles specialized in expressing negation (no, no). Phase particle (was) that modifies the propositional semantics of the verbal predicate, expressing that the action began or was expected, but did not take place or was interrupted. Emitting particles expressing the meaning of inconsistency or correspondence of the supposed, expected and actual (only, only, even, already, exactly, and).

Identifying particles [same, and; for example, Here he was born, here he lives all his life; I have the same book (like the one in the window)], which serves to express anaphoric relations in the text (relationships of coreference or equal lexemes). Gradational particles expressing the growth of a feature (even). Particles-replicas and able to function in the dialogue as a replicating component (yes, okay, okay). The semantic classification covers this entire class of words, but does not reflect all the properties of this class. The second classification feature is the features of the functioning of the particle: some of them can function in a relatively closed statement (already, ek, only, there, for you), others - display the statement in a wider text, being non-union indicators of communication in the text (as if, and, an well, only, even, precisely). Particles can also be classified according to their correlation with the type of speech act: a question - is it really, is it, is it; motivation - let, give, well, so that, otherwise; assertion - all other particles. This classification does not cover the entire class - some words in this respect are neutral, indefinite, not marked (only, even, everything). Particles, being words with a wide variety of parameters, can simultaneously be included in several classifications. So, the particle is even excretory, textual, not marked from the point of view of being related to the speech act; particles ek - emotionally expressive, functions in isolated utterances and in a statement; particles is modal, textual, interrogative (in relation to the speech act).

Separate writing of particles

Particles would (b), but (g), whether (l) are written separately: I would read, if, here, which one, however, however, hardly, hardly.

Note. The rule does not apply to those cases when these particles are part of the word: so that, also, too, really, or etc.

Hyphenating Particles

Particles (suffixes) are written through a hyphen -de, -ka, something- (koi-), (-kas - dialect), -either, -something, -s, -tka, -tko, -that: you-de, she -de, na-ka, nate-ka, look, someone, someone, someone, someone, from somewhere, yes, sir, well, look, somewhere , sometime, something. Note. The particle -de (colloquial) is used when transmitting someone else's speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they say) and in the meaning of the particles they say, they say; cf .: And if I see, de, that the execution is small for him, I will hang all the judges right there around the table (Kr.). - My fellow countryman turned to the commander at a halt: so and so, - allow me to leave, they say, the case is expensive, they say, since a local resident, it’s within easy reach of the yard (TV). The particle say (colloquial) was formed by merging two words: de and say.

By itself, the word "particle" says that it is a small part of something. Ever since school, we remember the concept of a particle from the Russian language, as well as an elementary particle from the course of physics and chemistry. Let's figure out what a particle is in a particular science.

What is a particle in Russian?

In Russian, a particle is a non-significant or auxiliary part of speech, which serves to give shade to various words, phrases, sentences, as well as to form words, for example. It is possible to distinguish particles, like other service parts of speech - a preposition, conjunctions, interjections, by the fact that it is impossible to ask a question to them.

There are several types of particles:

1. Formative - they serve to form a verb of a conditional and imperative form. For example, "would", "let", "let", "come on". Unlike other particles, they are components of the verb form and are the same sentence member as the verb.
2. Semantic particles - serve to express the shades of feelings of the speaking person. According to the semantic meaning, particles can be divided into negative (neither, not); interrogative (really, perhaps); index (here, this, that); clarifying (exactly, exactly the same); amplifying (even, after all, after all), and others.

Many philologists believe that particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections, as well as introductory words. The particle does not have its own meaning, but the meaning takes on the one that is expressed by it in the sentence.

What is an elementary particle?

Elementary particles are the smallest indivisible objects that make up the atom. Their structure is studied by elementary particle physics, and from 1932 to the present day, more than 400 elementary particles have been discovered.

All elementary particles are usually divided into three large groups, which are distinguished depending on their electromagnetic and gravitational behavior.

• So, bosons are carriers of the weak electromagnetic interaction. Also, bosons are characterized by a half-integer spin. This group includes photons, neutrons, protons.
• Leptons are direct participants in the electromagnetic interaction. To date, about 6 leptons are known. The most famous of them is the electron (e), and this elementary particle has the smallest atomic mass.
• Hadrons are the heaviest elementary particles that also participate in electromagnetic and gravitational interaction. By mass, hadrons are divided into three groups - baryons, mesons and resonances. The most famous baryon is the proton.

Each elementary particle is characterized by mass, lifetime, spin and electric discharge. The discovery of elementary particles made it possible to make a big step both in nuclear physics and in molecular kinetics. Today it is believed that the true elementary particles are leptons and quarks.

So, now you know what a preposition, union, particle is, and how the particle differs from other service parts of speech. And, also, what characterizes elementary particles in physics.