The language of the media is the factor that always has a huge impact on the spiritual development of society. Through the means of mass communication, "the corresponding vocabulary and phraseology is introduced into the linguistic consciousness of millions, thus influencing (primarily through the subconscious) the linguistic picture of the world and changing it in a certain direction."

In connection with the general democratization of the journalistic style, the language of the media becomes easily accessible to non-literary and previously taboo means of language, which inevitably leads to blurring of the boundaries between written, deliberate and prepared speech and oral, spontaneous.

The expression of evaluation (assignment to the rank of "good" or "bad") is largely the basis of the language of modern media. At the same time, the expression of a negative assessment is more frequent, which is explained by certain patterns of human thinking: “positive” or “good” is a kind of norm for us, that is, something taken for granted, while phenomena that violate the norm concentrate attention on themselves and turn out to be the most relevant for designation in speech and assessment. Often, criticism of a position or phenomenon is replaced in modern media by criticism of a person, which is perceived by the addressee as an insult. In this regard, the linguist faces the task of distinguishing between the expressive, sharp and categorical, but nevertheless acceptable and even necessary expression of a negative assessment in a particular material and verbal aggression that goes beyond the norms of successful communication, because one of the postulates of verbal communication is respectful relationship with the interlocutor.

Verbal aggression in the language of the media has various forms of manifestation: sticking labels, playing up the name of the object of aggression, forcing negative associations, emphasizing details that are unpleasant or offensive to the object, direct insult, etc. Often, the media use in their activities such a technique as speech manipulation. Speech (linguistic) manipulation is a type of speech influence, the purpose of which is the hidden introduction into the psyche of the addressee of values, desires, goals and attitudes alien to him. Linguistic manipulation is used in all types of "propaganda" discourse: advertising and the media, politics (for example, in election campaigns), in relations between people (for example, relations between adults and children). Biased categorical formulations, one-sided interpretation of facts, saturation of the text with evaluative vocabulary, etc. are used as methods of speech manipulation. Speech manipulation is a much broader phenomenon than speech aggression. Verbal aggression is one of the methods of linguistic manipulation. However, according to Racibuska and Petrova, this is an unsuitable means, since its use violates the secrecy of the position of the manipulator. It should be remembered that not any expression of a negative assessment of a person, group of people, people, organization, country should be attributed to verbal aggression, otherwise the ethics of criticism as such would have to be questioned. Reproach, condemnation, critical analysis, critical remarks are a normal phenomenon if they are justified and expressed by means adequate to the situation. Constructive criticism aims to improve the object of criticism (appearance, knowledge, behavior, activity, device, etc.), while verbal aggression sets itself a different task: to evoke negative emotions in the addressee, infringe on his dignity, to influence human consciousness, behavior and actions.

Freedom of speech, proclaimed at the turn of the 80-90s. XX century, caused the desire of the media to get away from officiality, stylistic "colorlessness", the desire to find new language means. Modern public communication fulfills a kind of "social order": it strives to be accessible, bright, expressive, tries to meet the current speech fashion. Hence the numerous foreign words, jargon, semi-dialect words and phrases, and sometimes even invective vocabulary in television and radio broadcasts, in popular newspaper and magazine publications and Internet materials. It is the desire of journalists to implement the main strategy of modern media - the strategy of proximity to the addressee - that researchers explain the tendency to blur the boundaries of official and unofficial, public and everyday communication in media texts, as well as to the spread of verbal aggression.

The process of loosening not only the literary norm, but also ideas about what is decent reflects the frequent use of invective vocabulary in the media, which not only offends the person who has become the object of the nomination, but also causes fair disgust in the reader, who also becomes a victim of aggression in this sense. This vocabulary includes words and expressions that contain in their semantics, expressive coloring and evaluative content the desire to humiliate, insult, even disgrace the addressee of the speech in the most harsh form. This is primarily non-literary (swearing) vocabulary, as well as words with a negative assessment from the sphere of the literary language.

Researchers also note the expansion of jargon in the media. This is evidenced by the widespread use of such words as showdown, killer, run into, lawlessness, wet, launder, smear, scammers, score an arrow and the like. The popularity of slang vocabulary is due to various factors, including those not directly related to what we call verbal aggressiveness.

The so-called precedent texts serve as a capacious means of expressive characterization of someone or something in modern fiction and journalism. Among them, linguists include both the actual texts (for example, the texts of jokes, advertisements, songs, certain works of art), and individual statements, as well as anthroponyms and toponyms (Oblomov, Ivan Susanin, Chernobyl) associated with known texts or with some the significant situations. All types of precedent texts have common properties: firstly, they are well known to most members of a particular society; secondly, they are symbols of certain concepts or situations; thirdly, they can function as folded metaphors. In fact, these are some kind of quotations that can not only evoke in a person’s memory an idea of ​​some kind of hero, plot situation or event, but also - most importantly - activate a certain emotional and evaluative perception. That is why the media often use precedent text to express irony and sarcasm in relation to certain individuals.
The danger of using verbal aggression in the media is that people with a tendency to suggestibility can project verbal aggression into real life, and this can already lead to physical aggression.

Thus, one of the main dangers of speech aggression in the media is that the younger generation begins to perceive it as a speech norm, and not as an exception to the rules. The immoderate use of various forms of "language attack" leads to a distortion of the worldview, negatively affects the language culture, the psychology of the individual and provokes retaliatory aggression. Violation of linguistic, ethical, communicative norms by media workers gives the mass audience examples of non-normative use of the language, forms verbal aggression as a way of communication.

The question of the criteria for tolerant and intolerant information is one of the fundamental, sometimes controversial, and not yet entirely clear to both researchers and legislators, and especially to journalists. What can be considered tolerant and what - intolerant in the information passing through different media channels? Where does tolerance end and conflict in information begin? In what cases can the dilemma "WE" and "THEY" be separating and alienating, and in what cases - neutral or unifying? What can disturb ethnic well-being, hurt the ethnic or national dignity of a person or group, and what cannot? Why is it that one person perceives a certain message, some fact or its interpretation very painfully, while others may not even pay attention to it?

Without a doubt, the most important part of diagnosing tolerance in the media is a detailed analysis of the information that this channel disseminates.

There are various forms of analysis of newspaper texts that can be used to diagnose the presence and level (for example, frequency) of tolerance:

Consider information on topics or public areas (culture, sports, economics, politics, etc.);
- by the nature and methods of propaganda (for example, "positive", "negative", various effects of perception, etc.);
- in terms of scope and focus on individual target groups;
- according to the content as a whole or the synthesis of individual elements (their ratio, accents, subtext, and other nuances);
- according to the method of presentation (direct, "frontal" propaganda or indirect - implicit propaganda), etc.

Nevertheless, even with such a significant number of different approaches, there are many difficulties for an unambiguous assessment of information in the press.

Here is what a specialist in the field of diagnosing ethnic tolerance V.K. Malkova: “Thus, there are simple truths that we definitely consider tolerant. They are illuminated by the ideas of humanism, friendliness, sympathy, empathy, compassion, mutual assistance. , let's say - US, contribute to the formation of OUR civil and ethnic identity, which means that they are quite tolerant towards US But, on the other hand, these same statements can separate the US group from others, oppose US and THEM (ethnically others) and even push ", emphasizing our mutual intransigence and hostility towards each other. Thus, the same information already performs an intolerant function. That is why, when considering the texts of newspaper publications, it is very difficult to unambiguously speak of tolerant (or conflicting) information in the press ". “Nevertheless,” the author of the article believes, “it is possible to “conditionally divide all newspaper information into “tolerant,” “mixed,” “neutral,” and “undoubtedly conflicting.”

In the last decade, linguists have paid much attention to the problem of verbal aggression in the media. . Signals of verbal aggression in a journalistic text are usually considered from the standpoint of linguistic, linguo-ideological and rhetorical analysis. Linguistic analysis includes the analysis of linguistic means proper, primarily lexical ones. The focus of linguo-ideological analysis is the value system manifested in the text, which finds its speech expression in ideologemes. At the level of linguistic means of expression, deliberately rude, vulgar, stylistically reduced words and expressions that discredit the person and form the perception of the subject as suspicious and undesirable, causing hostility, disgust or hatred most often act as markers of a negative attitude towards the subject. This phenomenon belongs to the category of dysphemization.

The deliberate use of coarse, stylistically reduced words and expressions is quite common in almost all randomly selected newspapers. The most striking example of dysphemises was the offensive characteristics of CIS citizens. In the text "Invasion of slaves from Afghanistan to the Urals", the author writes: The psychology of the eternal slave makes them the most valuable means of production. A five-day trip from Tajikistan to Yekaterinburg costs 80 dollars per nose ... Rumor has it that for the "gibbons" these "cattle trucks" are a legal feeder. ("The invasion of slaves from Afghanistan to the Urals" (MK-Ural, 2001, November 1-8). Throughout the text, the journalist calls the citizens of Tajikistan slaves. The negative assessment is reinforced by the use of a comparison of the means of production with an inanimate noun, a zoonym gibbons(It is not clear from the context whether this word refers to the Tajiks themselves or to those who transport them, the colloquial name of the cattle truck bus here also looks offensive to passengers. In general, insulting metaphors are an indication of an invective communicative strategy that is unacceptable in journalistic discourse .

It is also unacceptable from the point of view of the humanization of communication to single out as an example only one nation that can commit similar crimes that France faced in November 2005. So, commenting on these events, as a trial " a stone in the global European intifada of Muslim aliens", the author (N. Ivanov) writes:" after all, no one will argue that in Moscow some random events, even at the household level, lead to the fact that on the streets Azerbaijanis or someone else come out (highlighted by me - T.N.) and passions begin". A stylistically reduced expression or someone else forms the perception of the object as undesirable, suspicious, causing hostility, not to mention the discrediting of the whole nation (in this case, Azerbaijanis) among the Muslim world. We should not forget what exactly " phenotypic"the definition remains in the memory of a person. ("The French are losing France", World of News, No. 46 (620), November 8, 2005).

But there is also the problem of conscientiousness when reproducing verbal aggression, when a journalist simply cannot but convey, for example, the words of Zhirinovsky or Mitrofanov, speaking of Americans as " mad dogs". The same newspaper (Mir Novosti, No. 46 (620) published an article by A. Bessarabova "The Killing Gold of Yakutia": "For the third week in the Yakut village of Yugorenok, ... the wives of the disabled are starving. Participants in an indefinite protest action demand to give them certificates promised by the authorities seven years ago Republican officials reacted to the riot in the gold mining settlement on the fifth day: they flew to Yugorenok, had a hearty lunch at the local administration, and before leaving they visited the starving people to advise them… " wash and shave"(My italics - T.N.). -" Examined exactly livestock, - Olga Shchelokova recalls. They winced contemptuously. At the door they said: You'd better wash yourself, and your invalids shaved"and left." In this case, the intentional use of a rough comparison is justified by the position of the journalist who reflected the fact of the event.

Of course, the reflection of social reality imposes a certain responsibility on the conclusions that a journalist is forced to resort to. PS (Postscriptum) acquires a completely different shade when a conclusion is made by a specialist in a different field of activity. "Street of one girl" - this is the name of the article of a special correspondent, a psychologist by education E. Goryukhina ("Novaya Gazeta", No. 81 (1011), November 01-03, 2004) " Is the child from Beslan not injured? It happens? It happens! According to the stupid form that has to be in Beslan". Phrases taken out of the context of the entire article: " I will not say anything about power. They - g ... Everyone knows this". Or - " Such childish thinking will never be understood by the ministerial head. Natural kneading other." - no doubt reflect the signals of verbal aggression. But, only after reading the entire article, taking the position of the author and common sense, you understand the full depth of the psychological state of both the surviving child and the parents who lost their children from a mediocre anti-terrorist operation, and power relations, head which is turned in the other direction from the people.

Generally speaking, examples of dysphemisms in relation to the authorities abound, from time to time, in most newspaper publications, especially during periods of unpopular government decisions for the population. For example: " Gref, "the president's favorite minister," asserts in a distinctly neurasthenic manner: whether we like it or not, we will still have to integrate into the world economy. Although this is important only for Gref himself, who is bound by an obligation to finally ruin Russia. In the WTO, where Gref and Kudrin stubbornly, like two Susanins, are dragging the country, there really are no housing benefits. But there are high wages, unemployment benefits are higher than the average Russian salary"… . "The new code comes into effect on March 1, 2006. And it is clear that private managers will not have any beneficiaries. How can this be correlated with the promises of the "father of Muscovites" Yu.M. Luzhkov?". ("Capital crime" Issue 24 (245), 2005). Here, the elements of verbal aggression include either ridicule, such as " favorite minister…", ironic - " father of Muscovites"or a disliked word" neurotic".

We refer to the examples given as direct signals of verbal aggression.

As noted above, nominations can serve as an indirect indicator of verbal aggression, when the evaluative component of the meaning of the word is absent, but they have acquired a connotative negative appraisal in the modern sociocultural Russian context. For example, the following context: " Pensioners doted on the Azeri precinct: although he is not Russian, he is a very good person. Polite. Calm. (MK-Ural, 2002, June 6-13). " Not Russian, but a good person" indicates that negative judgments about non-Russians are hidden in the subtext.

In a linguo-ideological analysis, ideologemes highlighting an intolerant position are structured by the general opposition "we/them". The most frequent signals of verbal aggression, acting in the form of lexical, phraseological or syntactic units, texts or fragments of texts, is the formation of the enemy. And most often in the press, as a rule, migrants or immigrants act as the enemy. But let's look at the numbers first. Question: "What feelings do you have towards visitors from the North Caucasus, from Central Asia and other southern countries living in your city, district": "respect" - 2%, "sympathy" - 3%, "irritation" - 20 %, "dislike" - 21%, "fear" - 6% and "no special feelings" - 50% (only 2% found it difficult to answer, which indicates the severity of such attitudes in the mass consciousness). Summing up, we get that negative feelings are manifested in 47% of the population, that is, an order of magnitude higher than a positive attitude (5%).

Negative feelings are fixed and thus replicated, fixed in the mass consciousness. In turn, the ideologemes of the enemy, manifesting an intolerant position, contain meanings of danger for the local population. The text is indicative in this respect: Why should the indigenous population suffer because of the newcomers whom no one invited to the Kuban?("Kuban Today", October 7, 2004) or the author of the publication ("Kuban Today", September 6, 2004) reproaches the Cossacks with weak activity in this direction, drawing the following situation: " How many tears are shed by Russians deprived of their native citizenship (by the will of the supreme players in the fate of people) and forced to stand in queues at the windows of OVIRs for a long time. While representatives of various swarthy"nationalities(highlighted by me - T.N.) quickly settle down with us and feel like masters in Vishnyakovsky and other markets of the region. "These fragments of the text show that migrants are attributed numerical and, therefore, superiority in strength. Vocabulary with a negative component of meaning is used: they force out, The images of migrants are filled with negative characteristics with the general semantics of malevolence towards local residents, presented as victims: they climb out of line, become impudent, spoil life. These are no longer just strangers, but enemies. What initiatives are expected from Cossacks in this situation can be easily imagined.

"Evaluation in speech is intended to influence the addressee and aims to cause a certain psychological state." So, for example, in one of the pedagogical institutes of the capital, a survey was conducted. Future teachers were asked how they feel about newcomers - carriers of a different culture. More than half of them expressed a sharply negative attitude towards migrants (AIF-Moscow, No. 46, 2005).

A negative attitude towards visitors in some publications develops into approval of physical violence. It is noteworthy that even the murders are not evaluated negatively, they are only presented by the author as ineffective, since they cannot significantly affect the number of visitors: " From time to time, in some shed where foreigners live, a St. Bartholomew night is arranged, but the labor force market is already at such a pace that the place of the knocked-out one is not empty"(MK-Ural, 2002, April 4-11). Here the ideologeme of destruction is conveyed by phraseology Bartholomew night in which the meaning of physical violence is updated. There are also texts where there is direct approval and a call to violence: " We will destroy the Jewish Antichrist when the satanic people perish from the face of our Earth. And it will come true!(Russkiye Vedomosti, No. 35, 2000). The newspaper consistently presents one of the hostile groups (Jews) to readers as an incorrigible enemy of "our", "their" group (Russians), who intensely offend "us".

The conflictological model of social reality continues to be dominant in journalistic discourse, and not only in it. The world is conceived exclusively as a confrontation between certain forces. The postulation of ethnicity as a fundamental characteristic of this world, as one of its main, if not the main, classification basis inevitably leads to a "problematic" perception of interethnic relations.

So, direct signals of verbal aggression at the level of ideological analysis of texts are the ideologemes of the enemy and the ideologemes of destruction. The scheme of reasoning in such publications is unusually simple: get rid of strangers - the problem will disappear.

Such a position most often arises from illiteracy or neglect by journalists of the professional principles of conduct adopted by the International Federation of Journalists.

In this sense, the practice of educating journalists should be aimed at understanding the social processes taking place in society, deep ideas about the naturalness of the hierarchical structure of society, which implies division into ethnic groups with unequal social and political rights. It is easy to understand that the general vector of mass public opinion (mood) in these cases will and should be demands on the authorities (if we don’t get rid of strangers, the problem will disappear) to pursue a tougher policy towards migrants. The frontal practice of "enlightening the dark masses infected with prejudices" is absolutely ineffective. The problem of xenophobia should be formulated in journalistic materials not as a task to eliminate xenophobic sentiments, but as a task to control and reduce them to some socially acceptable and administratively regulated forms.

The third position, which provides a method for diagnosing the tolerance of journalistic texts by markers of verbal aggression, is a rhetorical analysis. Unfortunately, it should be noted that in our sample there were practically no materials that could be correlated with the dialogicity criterion. The category of dialogue is the leading category in the analysis of tolerant relations. Internal dialogicity is an expression in an externally monologue text of the interaction of different ideological, worldview positions, in contrast, for example, to the actually dialogic newspaper genre - an interview.

The small number of the category of dialogue in the media as the leading category in the analysis of tolerant relations is also indicated by large-scale studies of tolerance / intolerance of federal and regional publications during the implementation of the project carried out within the framework of the Federal Target Program. The study of the federal print media was conducted using content analysis - a method where the unit of observation is the text, which is understood as any finished work that has an independent heading and / or graphic highlighting on the page, and also performs an autonomous communicative function. The sample included the three most widely read newspapers of all-Russian circulation: Argumenty i Fakty, Komsomolskaya Pravda and Moskovsky Komsomolets for the period March-April 2003. The total number of analyzed publications is 2251. The sample included materials characterized by varying degrees of analyticity, dialogue and with different geographical coverage.

However, tolerance is impossible without dialogue, without the representation of the points of view of all citizens, especially the participants in the conflict. It is noteworthy in this regard (as an example of a tolerant conflict resolution) that materials are presented as a reaction-response to what was previously published. Internal dialogism, with an externally monologue text, manifests itself here as an expression of the interaction of different points of view, the positions of the participants in the conflict.

For example, the article “Historical servility” (Novye Izvestia, October 17, 2005) became the reason for the conflict, in which Vladimir Ryzhkov gave his colleagues in the State Duma a very impartial assessment, in particular, parliamentarians were offended by the fact that the Duma was called “kholuy” . Not only this material was attached to the "case", but also a number of others, in which Mr. Ryzhkov allowed himself unethical statements in relation to the parliament and deputies. A conflict arose, which was based on one of the manifestations of intolerance. However, the editors return to the situation with N. Krasilova's article "Undefeated" (Novye Izvestia, No. 205 (1843), November 10, 2005), which presents the points of view of the parties and, in particular, Mr. Ryzhkov himself: "... all the time I emphasize that it (parliament - T.N.) did not take shape as a body of power. And according to Article 29 of the Constitution, I have the right to express my own position. As far as I understand, only three points can be attributed to ethical actions - this is a fight, the use of obscene language and a personal insult to a citizen ... Everything else is an illegal attempt to limit my freedom of speech. The conflict is over. "Gennady Raikov (Chairman of the Ethics Commission) decided to confine himself to a "comradely" conversation with Vladimir Ryzhkov."

Thus, if we diagnose the tolerance of newspaper information by the method of verbal aggression (as well as by other methods), the conclusions are disappointing. Other researchers come to the same conclusion, noting that "with one or two words (sometimes very bright and witty) the author of the publication can draw the reader's attention to ethnic problems, ... publicly laugh at the ethnic characteristics of a person or his group, attribute to him or an entire ethnic group positive or negative qualities, accuse them of real or fictional actions .. And sometimes you don’t even notice it!” .

Every time the question arises: is it possible and how to stop this practice in domestic journalism? There are several ways to solve this problem, which are formulated differently by researchers - from the prohibition of intolerant statements in the media to control and reduction to some socially acceptable and administratively regulated forms. The second way seems to be more realistic.

Nevertheless, the main burden in solving this problem should fall on the shoulders of the journalists themselves. The resolution of these contradictions requires a special professional tolerance of the personality of a journalist, based on tolerance and the ability to regulate destructive conflict situations in the professional sphere through understanding and perception of a “different” point of view, rejection of professional dogmatism, the ability of a journalist to self-development and participation in the development of a communicative professional culture. But this is a special conversation that requires appropriate scientific research. But less than two weeks later, another call reminded me. This time the caller introduced himself and was even ready to give his address. And he asked - neither more nor less - to publish on the pages of the newspaper a list ... of Jews - deputies of the regional assembly. "You have no idea how many readers are interested in this!" - assured the brave anti-Semite, who fundamentally did not vote in the elections. In his opinion, all our troubles are precisely from the Jews who have leaked into power and business, and they are Russians in every possible way ... what? That's right, they squeeze. And the Russians - they are so quiet, rustic, highly spiritual ...

Of course, the caller, like the previous reader, is himself one hundred percent Russian and, in general, a native Pomor in God knows what generation.

Directly resentment took for the unfortunate Russian. Why do we allow ourselves to be oppressed? Why are we not striving for power as persistently as Ukrainians and Jews?

On a bench at the entrance of my house every evening a company of teenagers gathers. Beer, music, laughter, discussion of twos in chemistry and - bottles thrown right there, cigarette butts, a "public restroom" in the entrance. Young highly spiritual coast-dwellers have a rest. Or are they pests?

Last weekend, hooligans beat my friend's son, took away his mobile phone, tore his jacket. Quiet, rustic Russians are having fun. Or Jewish oppressors? How easy and convenient it is to find the culprit in all troubles by pointing to "a person of suspicious nationality." This is both an excuse for one's own laziness, apathy, envy of more successful neighbors, and at the same time a sign of the degradation of society. What's next? Is it pogroms?

In conclusion, I cannot fail to give an example of a journalistic text of a completely different nature, which I came across in the Arkhangelsk newspaper Pravda Severa, which was not included in the object of the above study. (http://www.pravdasevera.ru/2005/04/21/17-prn.shtml All bridges in St. Petersburg are hunchbacks... Who is to blame? // Pravda Severa. 2005. April 21.):

"Charming dark-haired six-year-olds with no less beautiful names Elvin and Elnara are having fun at the kindergarten matinee together with my blond son and other "trainers" and sing the New Year's round dance: "Rejoice, Russian soul!" For a long time no one turns around after black students on the streets Arkhangelsk Tatar holiday Sabantuy has become one of the brands of our city.

Life itself mixes different peoples and nationalities, testing us for tolerance - tolerance, accommodating and mutual respect. Northerners, in fact, have always been distinguished by these qualities. If you dig deeper, our most "indigenous" Pomors will turn out to be just descendants of newcomers from Novgorod. So should we reproach each other for "alien" nationality?

"Khokhols strive for power!" calls a worried reader on the eve of local elections. To my objections that representatives of different ethnic groups were striving for power, the woman categorically stated: "But the Ukrainians are insolent, grabbers and bribe-takers, and they are pushing the Russians in every possible way!" According to the hysterical lady, almost all the candidates in her constituency are overt or "hidden" crests, and under no circumstances should one vote for them. I attributed that meaningless telephone conversation to the spring sun and the growing moon. And almost forgot about him.

It remains to be hoped that the number of journalists who adequately perceive Russian reality, who show tolerance for people of different nationalities, religions, and worldviews, will grow.
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Literature:

1. Diagnosis of tolerance in the media. Ed. VC. Malkova. M., IEA RAS. 2002. - P.105.
2. Ibid. – S. 105.
3. See, for example, Kokorina E.V. The stylistic appearance of the opposition press // Russian language of the end of the twentieth century (1985-1995). - M., 1996. - S. 409-426; Speech aggression and humanization of communication in the media. Yekaterinburg, 1997. - 117 p.; Skovorodnikov A.P. Linguistic violence in the modern Russian press // Theoretical and applied aspects of speech communication. Scientific and methodical bulletin. Krasnoyarsk-Achinsk, 1997. - Issue. 2. Specifically, the forms of intolerance are generalized and described, for example, in the joint work: Soldatova G., Shaigerova L. Complex of superiority and forms of intolerance // Century of tolerance. 2001, No. 2 - P.2-10.
4. Sociological survey, November 2005. Data from L.D. Gudkova - Department of Socio-Political Research of the Levada Center ("Nezavisimaya", December 26, 2005)
5. Stevenson C. Some pragmatic aspects of meaning // New in foreign linguistics. - Issue. 16. - M..1985. - P.129-154.
6. Diagnosis of tolerance in the media. / Ed. VC. Malkova. - M., IEA RAS. 2002. - P.122-123.

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© Novikova Tatyana Viktorovna

Speech or linguistic aggression is a form of verbal communication aimed at insulting or deliberately harming a person, a group of people, an organization or society as a whole. Speech aggression is motivated by the aggressive state of the speaker and often aims to cause or maintain the aggressive state of the addressee. Therefore, speech aggression is a violation of the ethical and speech norm. Based on existing classifications, the following types of verbal aggression can be listed:

1. active direct verbal aggression - verbal abuse of smb. or something, insult or humiliation of someone; uttering threats, destructive wishes addressed to someone; calls for aggressive actions, violence;
2. active indirect verbal aggression - the spread of malicious slander or gossip about someone;
3. passive direct verbal aggression - refusal to talk to another person, answer his questions, etc.;
4. passive indirect verbal aggression - refusal to give certain verbal explanations, demonstrative silence.

A fairly common phenomenon of modern speech reality. In everyday everyday communication and in public speaking, verbal aggression is equally common. We will show this with examples taken from fiction and newspaper texts.

Active direct verbal aggression includes making threats to someone:

• How they fine him, the bastard, so he will find out from me ... I will show him Kuz'kin's mother! (A. Chekhov);
• If you, unlearned syavka ... at her [Alla Sergeevna's] lesson, blurt out even a word, I'll smear it on the wall. Got it, asshole? (Kunin).

A kind of active direct verbal aggression is a verbal expression of evil, destructive wishes addressed to someone (death, injury, destruction, etc.):

• May you all die! (Kunin).

This group also includes speeches that contain a direct call for aggressive actions against the subject of speech (a call for liquidation, etc.). Often the author aggressively introduces the subject of speech into the sphere of the addressee and encourages him to perform a non-aggressive, but directly or indirectly beneficial action for the addressee. This type of speech influence is manipulative (see linguistic manipulation).

Speech aggression in media texts- it is primarily a means of manipulating the mass consciousness. One or another subject of speech can be presented in such a way as to cause or maintain an aggressive state in the audience and form a negative attitude towards it:

• And what now, when the water was drained in the pond, and on the sticky bottom - only crumpled beer cans, Sobchak's wet shoe, the tattered bodice of Novodvorskaya? There, on this sticky bottom, cautiously, with shortness of breath, the short-sighted Primakov descended and climbs there in the wet mud. He gives something to Maslyukov, and Gerashchenko asks for something. And the three of them, like Duremars, drag a rotten bag in which are wet nuts, bent bicycle wheels and a red, horsehair wig of Chubais (Head, No. 38, September, 1998).

To create and consolidate in the minds of the audience a discrediting image (portrait-denunciation) in the texts of the media, such types of verbal aggression can be used, such as

1. labeling;
2. playing on the name of the object of verbal aggression;
3. injection of repulsive comparisons and associations;
4. savoring unattractive and unpleasant for the object of verbal aggression details, details, circumstances, and more. others

For example:

• What would you say if a stale piece of meat that you couldn’t finish eating, didn’t finish chewing, was thrown somewhere into the grass, where dogs gnawed at it for several days, flies pecked at, crows pecked at - if this piece was brought to you again on a plate ? People experienced something similar when they learned about the re-appointment of Chernomyrdin (Head, No. 34, August, 1998);
• If Gaidar were a mushroom, he would be a pig (Head, No. 38, September, 1998).

One of the ways to express an aggressive attitude towards the subject of speech is dysphemization (see Dysphemism).

Active direct verbal aggression can be open (explicit) and hidden (implicit). Texts containing open speech have a clear aggressive orientation, contain direct attacks, threats or insults. Hidden verbal aggression is interesting in that its goals are masked by the addresser (for example, under simple informing), and language means are selected in such a way as to evoke negative feelings and emotions in the addressee in relation to the object.

Public self-flagellation and verbal self-humiliation- the most harmless variety of active direct speech aggression for others.

Active indirect verbal aggression- deliberate slander, slander, spreading slander, malevolent speculation: active indirect verbal aggression in media texts has caused many noisy lawsuits in recent years.

Passive direct verbal aggression, as a rule, is an expression of disregard for the initiator of communication, a demonstration of a negative attitude towards him or a protest against his behavior: one of the forms of verbal rudeness is silence in response to a buyer's question.

For example: (A man and a woman are standing in front of the counter; a woman is talking to a saleswoman)
G. Girl, how much is this hat?
M. (Silence, does not answer).
J. (Offendedly turns to his companion). Difficult to answer!!! My God! What a military secret! I asked her twice! (Russian language of the end of the XX century).

Passive indirect verbal aggression can be considered, for example, unwillingness to intervene and stop verbal abuse against someone, regarded as tacit agreement with the aggressor, approval of his behavior. Significant silence can turn out to be a way to put pressure on a political opponent, i.e. temporary refusal from speeches and journalistic statements of politicians.

Literature:

• Berezhnaya T.M. Modern American rhetoric as a theory and practice of manipulating public consciousness: Dis. ... cand. philol. Sciences. M., 1986;
• Baron R., Richardson D. Aggression. M., 1997;
• Mikhalskaya A.K. Russian Socrates: Lectures on comparative historical rhetoric: Textbook, a guide for students of the humanities. M., 1996;
• Speech aggression and humanization of communication in the media. Yekaterinburg: Ural State University, 1997;
• Skovorodnikov A.P. Linguistic violence in the modern Russian press // Theoretical and applied aspects of speech communication. Issue. 2. Krasnoyarsk-Achinsk, 1997;
• Sharifulin, B.Ya. Linguistic expansion, linguistic aggression, linguistic demagogy // Problems of the development of speech culture of the teacher. Tomsk, 1997;
• Russian language of the end of the XX century (1985-1995) / Ed. E.A. Zemskoy. M., 1996.

Introduction

Different definitions of the concepts of verbal aggression in the media

Types of speech aggression

Methods of verbal aggression

Verbal aggression as a way of insulting

Cases of verbal aggression in the media

Speech aggression on television

The consequences of the use of verbal aggression

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

In the modern world, the media occupy a fairly large niche in the spiritual life of society. And, unfortunately, the phenomenon of verbal aggression has now become widespread. This happens for many reasons: reduced control over the observance of speech, lexical, ethical standards; social, psychological prerequisites; decline in the cultural level of the population. Speech aggression in the media manifests itself in different ways: jargon, simplification of the language of the media to the everyday level (often this is done with the aim of appearing to the reader as "one's own"), the use of speech means that are unacceptable by ethical standards.

When creating this essay, my goal was to consider the phenomenon of verbal aggression in the media.

The tasks I set were as follows:

Find out exactly how aggression is manifested in the media

Classify verbal aggression by type

Determine the consequences of verbal aggression

Identify cases of the use of verbal aggression in the media.

Finding a connection between invective vocabulary and various concepts of verbal aggression (these concepts are not unambiguously defined for the reasons indicated below). In the course of the content of the essay, I give examples from various printed Russian media.

Different definitions of the concepts of verbal aggression in the media

Speech aggression is a multifaceted phenomenon that can affect almost all areas of human life due to the fact that communication appears in all these areas. That is why the concept of "speech aggression" is interpreted differently by researchers.

Speech aggression is an impact on the mind of the addressee, carried out by means of language, namely, the explicit and persistent imposition of a certain point of view on the interlocutor (reader), depriving him of the choice and the opportunity to draw his own conclusion, independently analyze the facts.

Speech aggression as "unargued at all or insufficiently reasoned open or hidden (latent) verbal impact on the addressee, aimed at changing his personal attitudes (mental, ideological, evaluative, etc.) or defeat in polemics."

Speech aggression is the intentional targeting of insulting or harming a person through various speech methods.

Having drawn a conclusion from these definitions, I am inclined to the definition, since verbal aggression is carried out with the help of speech and affects the human mind. And changes in personal attitudes causing harm to a person is already a consequence of a negative impact on consciousness

Types of speech aggression

Psychological interpretation of the types of verbal aggression.

Active direct aggression. This type of verbal aggression includes command statements. Characteristics: 1) requires immediate submission); 2) threatens with unpleasant consequences 3) uses verbal abuse or humiliation of another person (group of persons), shows sarcasm or ridicule.

Active indirect aggression - dissemination of incorrect information regarding the object of aggression.

Passive direct aggression - a pronounced cessation of any conversations with an opponent.

Passive indirect aggression - refusal to give specific verbal explanations or explanations.

You can also distinguish types of verbal aggression by the method of expression:

Explicit verbal aggression is a pronounced influence on consciousness with the aim of imposing one's own ideas, points of view.

Implicit verbal aggression is a hidden, implicit influence on consciousness with the aim of imposing one's ideas, points of view.

According to the intensity of speech aggression, the following 2 types can be distinguished:

) Strong verbal aggression - obvious abuse or swearing (this can often be seen in public discussions of V.V. Zhirinovsky), when the speaker does not hide his desire to offend the opponent.

) Weak (erased) verbal aggression - aggression towards the opponent is observed, but all norms of politeness are observed (irony can be cited as an example)

According to the degree of purposefulness of speech aggression and its awareness:

) Conscious, purposeful (deliberate, proactive) verbal aggression. This type of verbal aggression is characterized by the fact that the aggressor wanted to influence (insult) the opponent, and this was his main goal.

) Unconscious or conscious insufficient verbal aggression. This verbal aggression is characterized by the fact that insulting or influencing the opponent is not the main goal of the involuntary aggressor (for example, this is used when the speaker tries to increase his self-esteem with his cue, assert himself, which can lead to insulting others). This point can be attributed to aggression as a way of protection (often observed in television discussions).

Methods of verbal aggression

) Unmotivated, making it difficult to understand the text, the use of foreign vocabulary

) Expansion of jargon

) Invective vocabulary (Invective vocabulary is vocabulary that degrades the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form, which contrasts with the norms accepted in society; can be used verbally or in writing)

) Linguistic demagogy

) Excessive metaphorization

) The use of set expressions, proverbs and sayings associated with negatively assessed situations

) The use of common nouns, correlated with certain negatively evaluated phenomena

) Expression of the state of the addressee, indicating his attitude to a certain event, act that caused this state.

In newspaper speech, one of the most common means of expressing a subjective negative attitude towards someone or something is expressive vocabulary, as well as tropes - metaphors and comparisons, which clearly prevail over neutral synonyms expressing the same concept. Often in a newspaper text, in addition to expressive (including rude) words, metaphors and comparisons based on vocabulary that call dangerous animals, socially condemned or clearly “low” realities of life are actively used. The effect of aggression here is caused by the radicalism of the assessment and the fact that the texts are overly saturated with “negative” rhetoric. In newspaper texts aimed at negatively influencing consciousness, arguments are skillfully replaced by the author's emotions, and healthy polemics are replaced by criticism not of positions, but of personalities.

Separately, in this paragraph, it is worth mentioning the use of invective vocabulary, which not only offends the person who has become the object of the nomination, but also causes fair disgust in the reader, who also becomes a victim of aggression in this sense. This vocabulary includes words and expressions that contain in their semantics, expressive coloring and evaluative content the desire to humiliate, insult, even disgrace the addressee of the speech in the most harsh form.

Due to the frequency of speech aggression, linguists began to comprehensively study how this phenomenon manifests itself in various areas of public life. L.P. Krysin writes: In general, if we use not strictly linguistic terms, but evaluative ones, today the level of aggressiveness in the speech behavior of people is extremely high. The genre of speech invective has become extraordinarily active, using diverse figurative means of negatively evaluating the behavior and personality of the addressee - from expressive words and phrases that are within the limits of literary word usage to roughly colloquial and depreciated vocabulary. All these features of modern oral and, in part, written and written speech are the result of negative processes taking place in extralinguistic reality; they are closely connected with general destructive phenomena in the field of culture and morality (Krysin 1996: 385-386). Research on verbal aggression is being conducted in different directions. Verbal aggression is comprehended in the aspect of language ecology as an expression of an anti-norm, as a means of polluting speech. Manifestations of verbal aggression are studied in the genres of colloquial speech as factors that have a negative emotional impact on the addressee, as a communicative strategy in a conflict situation. The appeal to the study of the depreciated vocabulary of the Russian language also indicates an interest in verbal aggression.

Verbal aggression as a way of insulting

Currently, the media often use verbal aggression to humiliate some subject (object). This happens when there is a lack of arguments for objective criticism.

Invective vocabulary often appears in the media in the direct speech of people interviewed by a journalist (for example, in an interview with a TV journalist, poorly educated people say words that censors do not have the right to voice (“beep”), but which can offend one of the viewers ).

The use of slang words can be considered as an explicit manifestation of verbal aggression. Researchers note the expansion of the vocabulary of small societies in the media, jargonization and even criminalization of the language.

How can one explain the jargon of the media? This is due to the fact that the media tend to appear to the reader (viewer or listener) as their own. In addition, in the language of the media, a slang unit often acts as a characterological tool when describing a particular era, time, or the speech features of certain characters.

Implicit speech aggression is realized through the means of expressing irony. Therefore, when using them, the writer must be very careful: people who have become a victim of ridicule may take it for a public insult. Expressions bordering on cynicism are unacceptable in the media, especially when they are used as a headline.

The means of a capacious, expressive characterization of someone or something in modern fiction and journalism are the so-called precedent texts. Among them, linguists include both the actual texts (for example, the texts of jokes, advertisements, songs, certain works of art), and individual statements (such as happy hours are not observed), as well as anthroponyms and toponyms (Oblomov, Khlestakov, Ivan Susanin, Chernobyl) associated with the known ;: texts or with some significant situations. All types of precedent texts have common properties: firstly, they are well known to most members of a particular linguo-cultural community; secondly, they are symbols of certain concepts or situations; thirdly, they can function as folded metaphors. In fact, these are some kind of quotations that can not only evoke in a person’s memory an idea of ​​some kind of hero, plot situation or event, but also - most importantly - activate a certain emotional and evaluative perception. A brisk journalistic pen often uses precedent text to express poisonous irony and sarcasm in relation to certain persons:

A special type of implicit verbal aggression can be attributed to the methods of linguistic demagogy, i.e. indirect impact on the addressee, "when the ideas that need to be instilled in him are not expressed directly, but are imposed gradually by using the opportunities provided by language mechanisms." As a means of emotional pressure on readers, a logical ellipsis is often used, as, for example, in the title:

The manifestations of verbal aggression include the overload of the text with negative information, the main purpose of which is to impress the potential buyer of the newspaper.

Cases of verbal aggression in the media

Speech aggression in the media is somewhat different than in interpersonal aggression. This happens for reasons that will be discussed below. Therefore, L.M. Maidanova identifies the following cases of verbal aggression in the media:

Speech aggression on television

On television, in various discussion television programs, interviews and similar programs, a manifestation of verbal aggression very often occurs. This is understandable, because each communicator tries to influence the other participants in the discussion in order to capture the communicative space. But since there is a certain censorship on television, public discussion, and, accordingly, verbal aggression takes on other forms. So, the main differences between discussions on television:

) Equality of communicants, despite the social status.

) Approximately the same time allotted for the statement of each communicant.

) The presence of censorship.

) The speech of all participants in the discussions should be understandable to the viewer and other communicants.

) The moderator controls the course of the discussion.

These rules should be mandatory on television, but they cease to be respected as soon as one or more communicators try to capture the communicative space. And here they often use verbal aggression as a tool that can influence the mass consciousness of viewers.

If a communicative imbalance is achieved by one of the participants in the discussion, then it is this communicator, in whose favor the communicative advantage, will have a real opportunity to establish his point of view as the main one.

There are two ways to capture the communicative space:

Justify and convincingly support your point of view with facts

Using the means of verbal aggression, suppress opponents, thereby pushing back and upsetting the balance of the discussion in your favor.

Consider the capture of speech space by using the means of speech aggression. As mentioned above, verbal aggression can be implicit or explicit, and in a public discussion one participant can correctly combine both of these types (for example, in a televised debate, the leader of the LDPR faction V.F. Zhirinovsky skillfully combines direct, explicit insults and hidden irony, often turning into sarcasm) .

Attempts to capture the speech space begin as early as the beginning of the discussion, namely during the introduction of the participants. It is during the presentation that the professions or areas of activity of the communicants are voiced, which can affect other members of the discussion due to the so-called “professional factor”. Even if this factor is not used, the other participants will try not to argue with this person on a topic that is within the scope of his activity.

As a “shade” of this factor, one can also cite a hobby (in public discussions, participants often focus their attention on their passion for an issue that is directly related to the subject of discussion) or hereditary affiliation (for example, in discussions on esoteric topics, you can often hear about "hereditary fortune-tellers").

A special professional encoding can be used to enhance the “professional factor”. These are all kinds of professional terms, professional jargon, humor. Giving a person information that is incomprehensible to him deprives him of the opportunity to adequately and reasonably answer, and on the contrary, this gives the aggressor the opportunity to expand the communicative space by suppressing the opponent.

In the most aggressive form, this can manifest itself in a direct indication of the opponent’s professional incompetence in this matter (for example: “You don’t understand anything about this because you have never done this”), various provocative questions, quotes and references to frivolous for given discussion topics (jokes, advertisements, and so on).

The following technique can be used both as a way of aggression on television, and as a way of protecting against the use of professional coding. This is a method of deliberately vague definition of his type of activity, which lowers the professional status of the opponent and raises the question of his competence in the issue discussed by the participants in the discussion. This method is especially effective against the background of the contrast between the status of the speaker and his position on the subject of discussion (you are a competent politician, but you are talking about creating a utopian state).

Another way to suppress the opponent is the factor of communicative competence. The awarding of evaluative characteristics to someone else's statement directly shows the degree of his communicative competence. Therefore, if you give a negative assessment to the opponent, then this may suppress his initiative, which will lead to the capture of the communicative space. Also, a negative assessment, which is emotionally presented correctly, discredits the communicative competence of the partner and, therefore, devalues ​​all the information presented by him. Let's give an example of some ways of devaluing information

Evaluation of the partner's statement in terms of its significance and relevance in this discussion (expressing an opinion on whether it is relevant to the topic or not).

Evaluation of the partner's statement from the point of view of the genre features of the discussion (“This is a serious conversation, not a farce!”).

Evaluation of the linguistic means used by the partner (pointing to the wrong meaning of a word or term).

These methods of information devaluation lead to complete or partial ignoring of the content of the opponent's statement, the consequence of these actions again becomes a communicative imbalance.

Directly expressed negative assessment of the truth of the information, clearly emotionally expressed (it's all a blatant lie!).

A negative assessment of the opponent's statement, expressed through one's own affective state (I am very shocked by what you are saying here!).

In television discussions, various implicit methods of verbal aggression can be used. So, for example, there is a way of expressing one's negative assessment to an opponent - "depersonalization" of a partner. Depersonalization can be done in the following ways:

Addressing an opponent by gender (male, what are you talking about?!).

Appeal on a professional basis (Here the representative of the oil industry talks about the incredible transformation of the economy).

Appeal to the opponent by his affiliation to any organization (Let's listen to what a member of the United Russia party will tell us).

Appeal using adjectives (Dear, you do not understand what you are saying).

This method of verbal aggression on television is used to demonstrate the insignificance of a partner when discussing the topic of discussion. This distances the opponent from other participants in the discussion and lowers his status in the eyes of viewers.

Thus, the semantic ways of creating a communicative imbalance can be reduced to a series of generalizations. According to the speaker, the speech partner does not have the “right to speak”, because he is: a) professionally incompetent; b) does not have sufficient communicative competence; c) reports false information; d) does not have due authority and therefore does not have the right to an identifying designation.

The struggle for the capture of speech space can also be carried out through a structural and semantic violation of the speech process. Speech intervention over other discussion partners becomes one of the main goals set by the participants. This communicative intention is realized both at the structural and semantic levels. To do this, various ways of breaking the structure of the dialogue are used: interrupting the opponent, trying to “drowse” him with his own remarks, diverting from the main topic of the discussion. At the same time, the discrediting of the speech partner can also occur at the content level of the extraordinary utterance. The interception of the speech course is due to the intention to bring down the communication program and thereby gain a communicative advantage. The statement of the aggressor carries 2 goals at once: 1) to express directly or indirectly the attitude towards the addressee and 2) to seize the communicative space. But the problem of using verbal aggression on television (for those who use it) is that there is censorship defined by law and ethical standards on television. Therefore, if verbal aggression is used too actively, then this can cause disgust in the viewer and other participants in the discussion.

The consequences of the use of verbal aggression

verbal aggression newspaper mass information

The very formulation of this problem is possible and necessary in two aspects: general social (verbal aggression as a social phenomenon) and actually communicative (verbal aggression as a speech phenomenon).

The danger of using verbal aggression in the media is that people with a tendency to suggestibility (and there are a majority of such people in the world) can project verbal aggression into real life, and this can already lead to physical aggression. So, for example, after the TV series "Brigada" was shown, several teenage gangs, who called themselves "brigade", were detained by the internal affairs bodies. In addition, many of the jargon heard on television, people often use in life.

Another problem is that very often in everyday life the aggression of the word is not recognized by the public consciousness as absolutely unacceptable and really dangerous. In this regard, this concept is replaced by unjustifiably softened or completely distorted definitions: “speech incontinence”, “sharpness of expressions”, etc.

One of the main dangers of verbal aggression in the media is that the younger generation with a fragile consciousness begins to perceive it as a speech norm, and not as an exception to the rule, which should not be used at all.

Thus, we observe the widespread prevalence of verbal aggression. At the same time, there is relative loyalty to this phenomenon on the part of modern society.

All of the above leads to the following important conclusion:

The main danger of verbal aggression in social terms lies in the underestimation of its danger by public consciousness.

The immediate sphere of distribution of specific forms of verbal aggression is everyday verbal communication. What are the consequences of verbal aggression in the communicative aspect?

Linguists distinguish the following three features of verbal communication:

) Intentionality (the presence of a specific motive and purpose).

) Efficiency (coincidence of the achieved result with the intended goal).

) Normativity (social control over the course and results of the act of communication).

During the manifestation of verbal aggression, all three of these signs are violated, or not taken into account at all. Communicators, deliberately violating speech and ethical norms, often renounce the offensiveness of what they said, thereby trying to avoid responsibility for this violation.

Evidence of the use of verbal aggression is the active use of invective vocabulary, violation of the phonological features of speech, violation of the order of remarks (interrupting the interlocutor), touching on forbidden or personal topics.

In addition, in a situation of verbal aggression, there is a rapid increase in emotional tension, which captures almost everyone, even those who do not have aggressive verbal intentions of the participants in communication.

The situation of offensive communication, a characteristic feature of which is the extreme inaccuracy of the implementation of the goals of communication, also makes it impossible to fulfill the first two conditions for effective verbal communication - intentionality and effectiveness.

So, in the case of verbal aggression, a kind of substitution or distortion of the original communicative intention of one or more participants in communication occurs. For example, a discussion that initially has a positive communicative orientation - proof of one's own point of view or a joint search for truth, easily develops into a quarrel, a verbal squabble, the purpose of which is to hurt the opponent. This happens as soon as in the speech of at least one of the opponents there are signs of verbal aggression: an increase in tone, a sharp categoricalness of judgments, a “transition to personalities”, etc. So let's summarize our reasoning:

Verbal aggression hinders the implementation of the main tasks of effective communication:

makes it difficult to fully exchange information;

inhibits the perception and understanding of the interlocutors of each other;

makes it impossible to develop a common strategy of interaction.

Conclusion

In the course of this work, we examined the phenomenon of verbal aggression, so the purpose of the abstract can be considered fulfilled.

There are three types of human influence power (the power of thought, the power of words, the power of action), of which, thanks to the development of means of communication, the power of words is especially developed in the modern world. Therefore, a comprehensive study of verbal aggression is a necessary condition for ensuring the communicative security of an individual and society as a whole. But not only the study of this problem should be carried out to reduce the consequences of verbal aggression, but also the legislative regulation of speech in the media. Without legal support for this issue, there will be no leverage on the media in the field of speech culture.

List of used literature

1. Vorontsova T.A. Speech aggression: Intrusion into the communicative space. - Izhevsk: Publishing House "Udmurt University", 2006. - 252 p.

Diagnosis of tolerance in the media. Ed. VC. Malkova. M., IEA RAS. 2002. - P.105.

Petrova N.E. "Forms of manifestation of verbal aggression in a newspaper text" - Russian language at school 2006, No. 1 p. 76-82.

Soldatova G., Shaigerova L. The complex of superiority and forms of intolerance - the Age of Tolerance. 2001, No. 2 -S.2-10.

Yulia Vladimirovna Shcherbinina: Russian language. Speech aggression and ways to overcome it - LLC "LitRes", 2004. - 5 p.

6. Maidanova L.M. Thesis. Modern Russian slogans as supertext?

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