Writing, as mentioned in this is an interesting creative process with its own characteristics, tricks and subtleties. And one of the most effective ways to highlight the text from the general mass, giving it uniqueness, unusualness and the ability to arouse genuine interest and a desire to read in full are literary writing techniques. They have been in use at all times. First, directly by poets, thinkers, writers, authors of novels, short stories and other works of art. Nowadays, they are actively used by marketers, journalists, copywriters, and indeed all those people who from time to time need to write a bright and memorable text. But with the help of literary techniques, you can not only decorate the text, but also give the reader the opportunity to more accurately feel what exactly the author wanted to convey, look at things with.

It doesn’t matter if you are a professional writer, taking your first steps in writing, or creating a good text just appears on your list of duties from time to time, in any case, it is necessary and important to know what literary techniques a writer has. The ability to use them is a very useful skill that can be useful to everyone, not only in writing texts, but also in ordinary speech.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the most common and effective literary techniques. Each of them will be provided with a vivid example for a more accurate understanding.

Literary devices

Aphorism

• “To flatter is to tell a person exactly what he thinks of himself” (Dale Carnegie)
• "Immortality costs us our lives" (Ramon de Campoamor)
• "Optimism is the religion of revolutions" (Jean Banvill)

Irony

Irony is a mockery in which the true meaning is opposed to the real meaning. This creates the impression that the subject of the conversation is not what it seems at first glance.

• The phrase said to the loafer: “Yes, I see you are working tirelessly today”
• A phrase said about rainy weather: "The weather is whispering"
• The phrase said to a man in a business suit: "Hi, are you jogging?"

Epithet

An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and at the same time emphasizes its feature. With the help of an epithet, you can give an expression or phrase a new shade, make it more colorful and bright.

• Proud warrior, stay strong
• suit fantastic colors
• beauty girl unprecedented

Metaphor

A metaphor is an expression or word based on the comparison of one object with another on the basis of their common features, but used in a figurative sense.

• Nerves of steel
• The rain is drumming
• Eyes on the forehead climbed

Comparison

Comparison is a figurative expression that connects various objects or phenomena with the help of some common features.

• From the bright light of the sun, Eugene was blind for a minute. like mole
• My friend's voice was like creak rusty door loops
• The mare was frisky as blazing the fire campfire

allusion

An allusion is a special figure of speech that contains an indication or hint of another fact: political, mythological, historical, literary, etc.

• You are just a great schemer (a reference to the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs")
• They made the same impression on these people that the Spaniards had on the Indians of South America (a reference to the historical fact of the conquest of South America by the conquistadors)
• Our trip could be called "The Incredible Movements of Russians in Europe" (a reference to the film by E. Ryazanov "The Incredible Adventures of Italians in Russia")

Repeat

Repetition is a word or phrase that is repeated several times in one sentence, giving additional semantic and emotional expressiveness.

• Poor, poor little boy!
• Scary, how scared she was!
• Go, my friend, go ahead boldly! Go boldly, don't be shy!

personification

Personification is an expression or word used in a figurative sense, by means of which the properties of animate are attributed to inanimate objects.

• Winter storm howls
• Finance sing romances
• Freezing painted window patterns

Parallel designs

Parallel constructions are voluminous sentences that allow the reader to create an associative link between two or three objects.

• “The waves are splashing in the blue sea, the stars are shining in the blue sea” (A.S. Pushkin)
• “A diamond is polished by a diamond, a line is dictated by a line” (S.A. Podelkov)
• “What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land? (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Pun

A pun is a special literary technique in which different meanings of the same word (phrases, phrases) that are similar in sound are used in one context.

• The parrot says to the parrot: "Parrot, I will parrot you"
• It was raining and my father and I
• “Gold is valued by weight, and by pranks - by a rake” (D.D. Minaev)

Contamination

Contamination is the appearance of one new word by combining two others.

• Pizza boy - pizza delivery boy (Pizza (pizza) + Boy (boy))
• Pivoner - beer lover (Beer + Pioneer)
• Batmobile - Batman's car (Batman + Car)

Streamlined Expressions

Streamlined expressions are phrases that do not express anything specific and hide the personal attitude of the author, veil the meaning or make it difficult to understand.

• We will change the world for the better
• Permissible loss
• It's neither good nor bad

Gradations

Gradations are a way of constructing sentences in such a way that homogeneous words in them increase or decrease the semantic meaning and emotional coloring.

• “Higher, faster, stronger” (J. Caesar)
• Drop, drop, rain, downpour, that's pouring like a bucket
• “He was worried, worried, went crazy” (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that uses a rhetorical opposition of images, states or concepts that are interconnected by a common semantic meaning.

• “Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter” (A.S. Pushkin)
• “Who was nobody, he will become everything” (I.A. Akhmetiev)
• “Where the table was food, there is a coffin” (G.R. Derzhavin)

Oxymoron

An oxymoron is a stylistic figure that is considered a stylistic mistake - it combines incompatible (opposite in meaning) words.

• Living Dead
• Hot Ice
• Beginning of the End

So what do we see as a result? The amount of literary devices is amazing. In addition to those listed by us, one can name such as parcellation, inversion, ellipsis, epiphora, hyperbole, litote, periphrase, synecdoche, metonymy and others. And it is this diversity that allows any person to apply these techniques everywhere. As already mentioned, the “sphere” of the application of literary techniques is not only writing, but also oral speech. Supplemented with epithets, aphorisms, antitheses, gradations and other techniques, it will become much brighter and more expressive, which is very useful in mastering and developing. However, we must not forget that the abuse of literary techniques can make your text or speech pompous and by no means as beautiful as you would like. Therefore, you should be restrained and careful when applying these techniques so that the presentation of information is concise and smooth.

For a more complete assimilation of the material, we recommend that you, firstly, familiarize yourself with our lesson on, and secondly, pay attention to the writing style or speech of prominent personalities. There are a huge number of examples: from ancient Greek philosophers and poets to the great writers and orators of our time.

We will be very grateful if you take the initiative and write in the comments about what other literary techniques of writers you know, but which we did not mention.

We would also like to know if reading this material was useful for you?

Figurative means of expressiveness of the language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal figurativeness of the narrative: tropes, various forms of instrumentation and rhythmic-intonational organization of the text, figures.

In the center are examples of the use of figurative means of the Russian language.

Vocabulary

trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The paths are based on an internal convergence, a comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.

Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on the similarity of features.

(p) “A horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,

It snows and lays a shawl"

Comparison- comparison of one object with another according to the principle of their similarity.

(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,

It stands alone in the whole universe"

personification- a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human qualities to inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.

(p) “Sleepy birches smiled,

Disheveled silk braids "

Hyperbola- an exaggeration.

(p) "Tears a yawning mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico"

Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another one that has a causal relationship with the first.

(p) "Farewell, unwashed Russia,

The country of slaves, the country of masters ... "

paraphrase- similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.

(p) "Kisa, we will see the sky in diamonds" (get rich)

Irony- one of the ways of expressing the author's position, the skeptical, mocking attitude of the author to the depicted.

Allegory- the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.

(p) In Krylov's fable "Dragonfly" - an allegory of frivolity.

Litotes- an understatement.

(p) "... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail!"

Sarcasm- a kind of comic, a way of displaying the author's position in a work, a caustic mockery.

(p) “I thank you for everything:

For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...

For everything that I was deceived"

Grotesque- a combination of contrasting, fantastic with the real. Widely used for satirical purposes.

(p) In Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.

Epithet- a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.

(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver…”

Oxymoron- a stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create an unexpected image.

(p) "heat of cold numbers", "sweet poison", "Living corpse", "Dead souls".

Stylistic figures

Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which one or another concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.

(p) “Yes, this is just witchcraft!”

Rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.

(p) "What summer, what summer?"

Rhetorical address- an appeal that is conditional in nature, informing poetic speech of the desired intonation.

stanza ring- sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.

(p) "Affectionately closed the darkness"; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"

polyunion- such a construction of a sentence when all or almost all homogeneous members are interconnected by the same union

Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members, giving the worst. speech compactness, dynamism.

Ellipsis- an omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence.

Parallelism- concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.

Epiphora- repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.

(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!

Each of us is a horse in his own way ... "

Anaphora- monotony, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.

(p) “If you love, then without reason,

If you threaten, it’s not a joke ... "

Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a special expressiveness.

(p) “Not the wind, blowing from a height,

Sheets touched on a moonlit night ... "

gradation- the use of means of artistic expression, consistently reinforcing or weakening the image.

(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”

Antithesis- opposition.

(p) “They came together: water and stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire…”

Synecdoche- transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular instead of pl.

(p) “And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced ...”

Assonance- repetition in verse of homogeneous vowel sounds,

(p) "A son grew up without a smile at night"

Alliteration- repetition or consonance of vowels

(p) "Where the grove whinnying guns whinnying"

Refrain- exactly repeated verses of the text (as a rule, its last lines)

Reminiscence - in a work of art (mainly poetic), individual features inspired by involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else's, sometimes one's own).

(p) "I have experienced many, many"

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As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important component of its artistic means. The correct use of vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.

In the context, the word is a special world, a mirror of the author's perception and attitude to reality. It has its own, metaphorical, accuracy, its own special truths, called artistic revelations, the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.

The individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotional image of a particular work of art. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring that creates a kind of world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.

Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without hesitation, various methods of artistic expression to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, figurativeness. Let's see what artistic techniques are in the Russian language.

The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

Artistic devices in literature cannot be imagined without mentioning the most important of them - a way to create a linguistic picture of the world based on the meanings already existing in the language itself.

The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:

1. Fossilized, worn, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
2. Phraseological units are stable figurative combinations of words that have emotionality, metaphor, reproducibility in the memory of many native speakers, expressiveness (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
3. A single metaphor (for example, a homeless heart).
4. Unfolded (heart - "porcelain bell in yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilyov).
5. Traditional poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
6. Individually-author's (hump of the sidewalk).

In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, paraphrase, meiosis, litote and other tropes.

The word "metaphor" itself means "transfer" in Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of the name from one subject to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some kind of similarity, they must be related in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects on some basis.

As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressiveness of artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the absence of expressiveness of the work.

Metaphor can be both simple and detailed. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple changes significantly.

Metonymy

Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means "renaming", that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word by another on the basis of the existing adjacency of two concepts, objects, etc. This is an imposition on the direct meaning of a figurative one. For example: "I ate two plates." The confusion of meanings, their transfer is possible because the objects are adjacent, and the adjacency can be in time, space, etc.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means "correlation". Such a transfer of meaning takes place when a smaller one is called instead of a larger one, or vice versa; instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: "According to Moscow".

Epithet

Artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, cannot be imagined without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective

Translated from Greek, this term means "attached, application", that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.

An epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness.

Permanent epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those of them belong to paths, the function of which is played by words in a figurative sense, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed by words in a direct sense (red berry, beautiful flowers). Figurative are created by using words in a figurative sense. Such epithets are called metaphorical. The metonymic transfer of the name can also underlie this trope.

An oxymoron is a kind of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, which form combinations with definable nouns that are opposite in meaning to words (hating love, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Comparison - a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of various objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. Usually it is expressed using certain words: "exactly", "as if", "like", "as if". Comparisons can also take the instrumental form.

personification

Describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a kind of metaphor, which is the assignment of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often it is created by referring to similar natural phenomena as conscious living beings. The personification is also the transfer of human properties to animals.

Hyperbole and litote

Let us note such methods of artistic expressiveness in literature as hyperbole and litotes.

Hyperbole (in translation - "exaggeration") is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is being discussed.

Litota (in translation - "simplicity") - the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is at stake (a boy with a finger, a peasant with a fingernail).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be supplemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.

• Sarcasm means "I tear meat" in Greek. This is an evil irony, a caustic mockery, a caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, but at the same time, an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt.
• Irony in translation means "pretense", "mockery". It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is implied.
• Humor is one of the lexical means of expression, in translation meaning "mood", "temper". In a comical, allegorical manner, whole works can sometimes be written in which one feels a mockingly good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story "Chameleon" by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.

The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to you the following.

Grotesque

The most important artistic devices in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "fancy". This artistic technique is a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the work of, for example, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin ("Lord Golovlevs", "History of a City", fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of hyperbole.

Sarcasm, irony, humor, and the grotesque are popular artistic devices in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, "Gulliver's Travels").

What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel "Lord Golovlevs"? Of course, grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic devices in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

A pun is a figure of speech that is an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that occurs when two or more meanings of a word are used in the context or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.

In puns, word play is based on homonymy and ambiguity. Anecdotes emerge from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A.P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as "appearance, outline, image." This word has many meanings. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expression related to figures: questions, appeals.

What is a "trope"?

"What is the name of the artistic technique that uses the word in a figurative sense?" - you ask. The term "trope" combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litote, hyperbole, personification and others. In translation, the word "trope" means "turn". Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special phrases that decorate speech and make it more expressive. Different styles use different means of expression. The most important thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a text, a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.

We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, while others, on the contrary, excite, alert, cause anxiety, soothe or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. With the help of their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of art of literature and Russian folk art, we especially acutely perceive their sound.

Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness

• Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
• Assonance is the intentional harmonic repetition of vowels.

Often alliteration and assonance are used in works at the same time. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.

Reception of sound writing in fiction

Sound writing is an artistic technique, which is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and in prose.

Sound types:

1. Assonance means "consonance" in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It contributes to the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm, rhyme of poems.
2. Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in an artistic text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
3. Onomatopoeia - the transmission of special words, reminiscent of the sounds of the phenomena of the surrounding world, auditory impressions.

These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.

Language means of expression are traditionally called rhetorical figures.

Rhetorical figures - such stylistic turns, the purpose of which is to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Rhetorical figures are designed to make the speech richer and brighter, which means to attract the attention of the reader or listener, arouse emotions in him, make him think. Many philologists have worked on the study of the means of expressiveness of speech, such as

Artistic speech is not a set of some special poetic words and phrases. The language of the people is considered to be the source of turnovers, therefore, in order to create "living pictures" and images, the writer resorts to using all kinds of riches of the folk language, to the subtlest shades of the native word.

Any word, except for the main, direct meaning, denoting the main feature of an object, phenomenon, action (storm, fast driving, hot snow), has a number of other meanings, that is, it is ambiguous. Fiction, in particular lyrical works, is an example of the use of means of expression, the most important source of expressiveness of speech.

At the lessons of the Russian language and literature, schoolchildren learn to find figurative means of language in works - metaphors, epithets, comparisons, and others. They give clarity to the depiction of certain objects and phenomena, but it is precisely such means that cause difficulty both in a thorough understanding of the work and in learning in general. Therefore, an in-depth study of the means is an integral part of the educational process.

Let's look at each path in more detail.

LEXICAL MEANS OF LANGUAGE EXPRESSION

1. Antonyms- different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning

(good - evil, powerful - powerless).

The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech, serves as a means of antithesis: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms are words that are not opposed in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text:

Mind and heart - ice and fire- that's the main thing that distinguished this hero.

2. Hyperbole- a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:

Snow fell from the sky in pounds. 3. Litota- the worst understatement: man with nails.

Used to enhance the artistic impression. Individual-author's neologisms (occasionalisms) - due to their novelty, allow you to create certain artistic effects, express the author's view on a topic or problem:

… how can we ourselves ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)

The use of literary images helps the author to better explain any situation, phenomenon, other image:

Grigory was, apparently, the brother of Ilyusha Oblomov. Italic

4. Synonyms- these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning:

Love is love, friend is friend.

Used Synonyms allow you to more fully express the idea, use. To enhance the feature. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonyms only in the given text:

Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

5. Metaphor- a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature. In artistic speech, the author uses metaphors to enhance the expressiveness of speech, to create and evaluate a picture of life, to convey the inner world of the characters and the point of view of the narrator and the author himself. In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands what kind of similarity the semantic relationship between the figurative and direct meaning of the word is based on:

There were, are, and, I hope, always will be more good people in the world than bad and evil ones, otherwise disharmony would set in the world, it would warp... capsized and sank.

Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.

6. Metonymy– transfer of values ​​(renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer: a) from a person to his any external signs:

Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted vest; Italic

b) from an institution to its inhabitants:

The entire boarding school recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev; Magnificent Michelangelo! (about his sculpture) or. Reading Belinsky...

7. Oxymoron- a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique sets the reader to the perception of contradictory, complex phenomena, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon, or gives an ironic connotation:

The sad fun continues...

8. Personification- one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When impersonating, the described object is externally used by a person:

The trees, leaning towards me, stretched out their thin arms. Even more often, actions that are permissible only to people are attributed to an inanimate object: Rain splashed bare feet along the paths of the garden. Pushkin is a miracle.

10. Paraphrase(s)– use of a description instead of a proper name or title; descriptive expression, turn of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition:

The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.

11. Proverbs and sayings used by the author make the speech figurative, apt, expressive.

12. Comparison- one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon. Comparison is usually joined by conjunctions:

Like, as if, as if, exactly, etc.

but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of a color:

Like the night, his eyes are black.

Often there is a form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case:

Anxiety snaked its way into our hearts.

There are comparisons that are included in the sentence using words:

similar, similar, reminiscent: ... butterflies are like flowers.

13. Phraseologisms- these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, use. In order to show the author's attitude to events, to a person, etc.:

people like my hero have a divine spark.

Phraseologisms have a stronger effect on the reader.

14. Quotes from other works they help the author to prove any thesis, the position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional, expressive:

A.S. Pushkin like first love", will not forget not only "Russian heart" but also world culture.

15. Epithet- a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:

chatterbox forty, fatal hours. eagerly peers; listens frozen;

but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative sense:

sleepy, tender, loving eyes.

16. Gradation- a stylistic figure, concluding in a consequent injection or, conversely, weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech:

For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

Gradation is ascending (strengthening of the feature) and descending (weakening of the feature).

17. Antithesis- a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

18. Tautology- repetition (better, the author's words are the words of the author) Colloquial vocabulary adds complement. Expressive-emotional. Coloring (put, deny, reduce) can give a playful, ironic, familiar attitude to the subject.

19. Historicisms-words that have fallen out of use along with the concepts they denoted

(chain mail, coachman)

20. Archaisms- words that are in modern. Rus. The language is replaced by other concepts.

(mouth-mouth, cheeks-cheeks)

In the works of the artist Lit. They help to recreate the color of the era, are a means of speech characteristics, or can be used as a means of comic

21. Borrowings- Words - to create humor, a nominative function, give a national. Coloring brings the reader closer to the language of the country whose life is described.

SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION

1. Exclamation particles- a way of expressing the emotional mood of the author, a method of creating an emotional pathos of the text:

Oh, how beautiful you are, my land! And how good are your fields!

Exclamatory sentences express the emotional attitude of the author to the described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration):

Disgraceful attitude! How can you save happiness!

Exclamatory sentences also express a call to action:

Let's save our soul as a shrine!

2. Inversion- Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition is before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition is after it, the addition is after the control word, the adverb of the mode of action is before the verb:

The youth of today quickly realized the falsity of this truth.

And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech:

Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

3. Polyunion- a rhetorical figure, consisting in the deliberate repetition of coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional selection of the enumerated concepts, the role of each is emphasized .:

And the thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall on the earth, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!

4. Parceling- a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its purpose is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation:

The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.

5. Repeat- the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:

Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

6. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations- a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.

Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write in it their useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction? What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

7. Syntactic parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author seeks to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word. The combination of short simple sentences and long complex or complex sentences helps to convey the pathos of the article, the emotional mood of the author.

« 1855 The zenith of Delacroix's glory. Paris. Palace of Fine Arts ... in the central hall of the exposition - thirty-five paintings of the great romantic.

One-part, incomplete sentences make the author's speech more expressive, emotional, enhance the emotional pathos of the text:

A human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps ... Not a single stroke, - I hear the words. - No smears. How alive.

8. Anaphora, or monotony is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. It is used to strengthen the expressed thought, image, phenomenon:

How to describe the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?

9. Epiphora- the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:

I have been going to you all my life. I have believed in you all my life. I have loved you all my life.

10. Water words are used to express

confidence (of course), uncertainty (maybe), various feelings (fortunately), source of the statement (according to words), order of phenomena (firstly), evaluation (to put it mildly), to attract attention (you know, you understand, listen)

11.Appeals- used to name the person to whom the speech is addressed, to attract the attention of the interlocutor, and also to express the attitude of the speaker to the interlocutor

(Dear and dear mother! - common appeal e)

12. Homogeneous members of the proposal- their use helps to characterize the object (by color, shape, quality ...), focus on some point

13. Sentence words

- Yes! But how! Certainly! Used in colloquial speech, express strong feelings of motivation.

14. Isolation- is used to highlight or clarify part of the statement:

(At the fence, at the very gate ...)

Lesson - workshop in Russian for grade 11

"Means of artistic expression".

Goals:

Systematization and generalization of work with the taskAT 8 (preparation for the exam)

The development of logical thinking, the ability to prove one's point of view and defend it.

Education of communication skills, ability to work in groups.

Task number 1.

Students are divided into multi-level groups of 4 people.

When working, students take turns commenting on the text, finding all the paths and figures of speech.

Each student must take part in the analysis of the text.

If someone has difficulties, the rest help the student to understand the topic.

All members of the group should get the same work, the assessment is set one for all.

The work uses the memo "Paths and figures of speech"

The following text is proposed for work:

GREAT JOY...

The city was asleep. Silence stopped the vain chaotic molecular movement. The darkness was tangibly viscous, and even the standard joyful pre-New Year's illumination did not help illuminate this impenetrability.

And he walked, ran, flew ... Where to? What for? What's there? He did not know. Yes, it was not so important! The main thing is that they were waiting for him there.

A series of dull, monotonous school days suddenly turned into festive fireworks, into the sweet torment of waiting for each new day, when one day SHE entered the class .. Entered. She sat down next to her and, famously clicking a pink bubble inflated from chewing gum, said “Hi” with a smile. This simple word turned his whole gray life upside down! Small, boyishly angular, fragile, with huge eyes the color of the sky and a red explosion of naughty small curls on her head, she instantly drove the entire male population of the class crazy. The school buzzed every time this amazing creature swept along the long corridor like a fiery torch.

He understood that the chances were zero, but his heart and reason were clearly out of tune! It rustled with a crazy whisper, stirring balls in the soul with hope ... And he took a chance. The note, which she had suffered in sleepless nights, went into her notebook. Time stopped. Freeze. Gone. He waited. The days dragged on like thick raspberry syrup. Two. Five. Ten... Hope dies last. And he waited.

The night call woke him up, breaking off her long, wonderful kiss. "I'm in the hospital, come." The whisper of rustling leaves, the rattle of a strong, fragile, iridescent ice crust underfoot simply tore the brain. Her throat was beating: “She is sick. She needs me. She called me."

And he walked. Ran. Flew. Without looking at the road. not noticing the cold and uninvited peas of tears on the cheeks. My heart was bursting with thousands of emotions. Where? Why?... There... Then...

5. Summing up.

6. Homework.

Create your own text by analogy with the work done, complicating it as much as possible.

THEORETICAL MATERIALS TO HELP.

1. Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (kind - evil, mighty - powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.

2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not opposed in the language in meaning and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.

3. Hyperbole - a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. It is used to enhance the artistic impression.: Snow fell from the sky in pounds.

4. Litota - an artistic understatement: a man with a fingernail. Used to enhance the artistic impression.

5. Synonyms - these are words related to one part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love - love, friend - friend.

6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

7. Stylistic synonyms - differ in stylistic coloring, scope of use: grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.

8. Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntactic constructions that have a different structure, but have the same meaning: start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.

9.Metaphor - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.

There were, are, and, I hope, will always be more good people in the world than bad and evil ones, otherwise disharmony would set in in the world, it would warp... capsize and sink. Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.

10. Expanded metaphor - a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of being to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. Metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a wide variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink an object, reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the individual author's vision of the world.

11. Metonymy – transfer of values ​​(renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:

a) from a person to any of his external signs: Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;

b) from the institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;

12. Synecdoche - a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something less included in something more) A kind of metonymy. "Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin?

13. Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon: Sad fun continued ...

14. Personification - one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: Trees, bending down towards me, extended their thin arms.

15. Comparison - one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. Comparison is usually joined by unions: like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of the color: Like the night, his eyes are black.

16. Phraseologisms - these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God.

17. Epithet - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:

1) noun: magpie talker.

2) adjective: fatal hours.

3) Adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed with the help of adjectives used in a figurative sense: sleepy, tender, loving eyes.

SYNTAXIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

1. Anaphora - this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?

2. Antithesis - a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

3. Gradation - a stylistic figure that consists in the consistent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the family, for the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

4 Inversion - Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition after it, the addition after the control word, the modifier of the mode of action before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in an emotional, excited speech: Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

5. Parceling - a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its goal is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation: The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.

6.Repeat - the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

7. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations - a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.

What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

8. Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.