various uses of language - or rather, linguistic meanings - outside the process of real communication; hidden speech activity - verbalization that accompanies the process of thinking. In ontogenesis, it is formed in the process of internalization of external speech. Its manifestations are especially obvious in conditions of increased mental stress - when solving various problems, mental planning, reading texts "to oneself", when memorizing and remembering. On the plane of internal speech, the logical ordering of the perceived information is carried out, its inclusion in a certain system of concepts; self-instruction is carried out; analyze their actions and experiences.

According to its logical and grammatical structure, which is essentially determined by the content of thought, internal speech is a generalized semantic complexes consisting of fragments of words and phrases grouped with various visual images and conventional signs. When the subject encounters difficulties or contradictions, his inner speech becomes more developed and can turn into an inner monologue, into whispered or loud speech, which are easier to control logically and socially.

With the help of internal speech, a logical restructuring of sensory data occurs, their awareness and motivation in a certain system of concepts and judgments. It is a very complex phenomenon, where thought and language are connected into an inseparable complex, acting as a speech mechanism of thinking. Thanks to it, the processes of perception of the world, actions and experiences of the individual are verbally expressed, its attitudes and attitudes to the world are formed, and the ability to self-regulate behavior develops.

There are three main types of internal speech:

1) internal pronunciation - "speech to oneself", preserving the structure of external speech, but devoid of phonation (pronunciation of sounds); typical for solving mental problems in difficult conditions;

2) internal speech itself, when it acts as a means of thinking, uses specific units (a code of images and schemes, an objective code, objective values) and has a specific structure that is different from the structure of external speech;

3) internal programming - the formation and consolidation in specific units of intent (type, program) of a speech statement, the whole text and its meaningful parts.

INTERNAL SPEECH

English implicit speech, inner speech, covert speech) - silent speech, hidden verbalization that occurs, for example, in the process of thinking. It is a derivative form of external (sound) speech, specially adapted to perform mental operations in the mind. It is presented in the most distinct form when solving various problems in the mind, attentively listening to the speech of other people, reading to oneself, mental planning, memorization and recall. By means of V. river. there is a logical processing of sensory data, their awareness and understanding in a certain system of concepts, self-instructions are given when performing arbitrary actions, self-analysis and self-assessment of one's actions and experiences is carried out. All this makes V. p. a very important and universal mechanism of mental activity and human consciousness. In a narrower, psycholinguistic sense, V. r. - the initial moment of generating a speech statement, its "internal programming" before implementation in oral or written speech.

Genesis V. r. insufficiently studied. According to L. S. Vygotsky (1932, 1934), it arises from egocentric speech - a child’s conversation with himself aloud during play and other activities, which gradually becomes silent and syntactically reduced, becomes more and more abbreviated, idiomatic and predicative, with the predominance of verb forms in it and, in the end, on the threshold of school age, it turns into V. r. - speech "about oneself and for oneself", and its awareness and improvement occurs under the influence of written speech, which develops already at school age. According to P. P. Blonsky (1935), V. p. arises simultaneously with external speech as a result of the child's silent repetition of the words of adults addressed to him, which is observed already at the end of the 1st year of life.

The logical and grammatical structure of the developed forms of V. r. m. b. very different depending on the content of the thought and the situation that generates it. Usually in V. r. thought is expressed very generally in the form of semantic complexes consisting of fragments of words and phrases, which can be joined by various visual images and conventional signs that turn V. r. into an individual code, different from oral and written speech. However, at the time of mental difficulties V. r. becomes more detailed, approaching internal monologues, and can turn into whispered and even loud speech, which allows you to more accurately analyze the objects of thought and control your mental activity.

Psychophysiological research V. r. very difficult due to the hidden nature of all its processes. The most studied is its speech-motor component - the rudimentary articulation of words, accompanied by micro-movements of the speech organs (tongue, lips, larynx) or an increase in the tone of their muscles (see Speech Organs). According to electromyographic studies (see Electromyography), during mental activity, 2 types of motor speech reactions are revealed: tonic (low-amplitude) and phasic (high-amplitude with short-term flashes of motor speech potentials). The first, apparently, are associated with the general activation of the speech-motor analyzer, the second - with micro-movements of the speech organs during the latent articulation of words. The intensity and duration of motor speech reactions is very unstable and depends on many factors: the difficulty and novelty of the tasks being solved, the degree of automation of mental operations, the inclusion of certain images in mental activity, individual characteristics of memory and thinking. When the same mental actions are repeated, the speech-motor impulsation decreases or completely stops, resuming only at the moment of transition from one mental action to another. With the hidden articulation of words, the maximum EEG activation of the brain is observed in the left sensorimotor region on the border between the frontal and temporal speech centers. These studies suggest that the main physiological function of covert articulation during mental activity consists in speech-motor (proprioceptive) activation of the brain and the formation of speech-motor dominants in its speech sections, integrating the impulses of other brain analyzers into a single functional system that can be arbitrarily regulated through kinesthesia B. R. (see Speech kinesthesia) 44 and in this way to analyze the information entering the brain, its selection, fixation, generalization, and other operations of thinking. See Types of speech, Development of children's speech.

inner speech

Specificity. Hidden verbalization that accompanies the process of thinking. Its manifestations are most pronounced in the mental solution of various problems and planning, attentive listening to the speech of other people, reading texts to oneself, while memorizing and recalling. In terms of inner speech, the logical ordering of the perceived data is carried out, their inclusion in a certain system of concepts, self-instruction is carried out, and an analysis of one's actions and experiences is carried out. According to its logical and grammatical structure, which is essentially determined by the content of thought, inner speech is a generalized semantic complexes consisting of fragments of words and phrases, with which various visual images and conventional signs are grouped. When faced with difficulties or contradictions, inner speech acquires a more detailed character and can turn into an internal monologue, into whispered or loud speech, in relation to which it is easier to exercise logical and social control.

Literature. Vygotsky L.S. Thinking and speech // Collected works. In 6 vols. T. 2, M.: Pedagogy, 1982

Inner speech

Speech activity involved in the processes of thinking and memory, but not intended for direct communication with other people. Outwardly, it is only sometimes manifested by micro-movements of the speech-motor and mimic apparatus.

inner speech

a special, unconscious, automatic form of speech that a person uses when thinking about solving various verbal and logical problems. Inner speech is a derivative of outer speech and is a thought that is not expressed in a spoken or written word.

Inner speech

speech used in thought processes, “speech minus sound” (Rubinshtein, 1946), which usually does not have a complete, verbally completed structure, as is characteristic of external speech. It is assumed that inner speech is most closely connected with the processes of thinking. In verbal hallucinations, it is probably this form of speech that is represented.

Inner speech

a concept related to hidden processes associated with the listening person with the perception and understanding of sounding speech, and with the speaker - with the preparation of a future statement and “int. speaking" without uttering words outwardly. Among experts there is a cardinal difference in understanding of the term R. of century. Some of them focus on the local phenomenon of “ext. speaking”, others refer to a wider context, referring to R. v. range of processes associated with the preparation of a future statement, the perception of audible speech, ext. processing, structuring and storage of speech information. R. v. as int. speaking was studied by L. S. Vygotsky, he derived its characteristics from the features of the phenomenon observed in children - egocentric speech. To R.'s features of century. fragmentation, fragmentation, abbreviation, incomprehensibility outside the situation, predicativity (predominance of predicates), semantic richness, which gave reason to bring R. v. with thought processes. This position gave impetus to the experimental development of the theme of communication R. century. with thinking. Micromovements of the speech organs (tongue, lips, larynx) were recorded during the performance of various types of mental operations by a person: solving problems of varying degrees of complexity, reading to oneself, etc. The studies suggested that the main. the function of latent articulation in the thought process is to activate the brain and form motor speech dominants that contribute to the implementation of the act of thinking. Dr. a look at the concept of R. in. developed by B. G. Ananiev, considering it a special state preceding speaking. It is built, the scientist believed, on the basis of sensory-motor mechanisms, including listening and perceiving speech, speaking, visual impressions, and goes through 3 phases: installation on the name; naming process using predicative and substantive structures; demonstrative definitions of the place of the designated thought in judgment and inference. The concepts of internal speech and internal speaking, according to Ananiev, are not identical to each other. R. v. received the characteristics of a subjective language-intermediary, with the help of which the intention is translated into external. speech, by N. I. Zhinkin. It functions as a compressed piece of dough, the clot to-rogo is stored in long-term memory. In R.'s processes of century. elements of the universal subject code (UPC) are used, linking thinking, speech and reality. Within the framework of the psycholinguistic direction of R. century. considered in the context of developing a psycholinguistic model of speech production. According to A. A. Leontiev, the process of generation includes a subject, a predicate and an object. Composed of semantic "milestones", the program contains the semantic correlates of components that are especially important for the utterance to the extent that their relationship is essential for understanding. The concept of R. in. is also being developed in the context of a generalized model of the speech-language mechanism. In the model, using data from empirical studies, the main blocks of the internal speech mechanism in the human nervous system: structures of long-term storage of traces of impressions arising in connection with each word (“logogens”); "verbal network", realizing the unity of words into a single system; morphological block (morphemic and phonetic elements); grammatical and textual stereotypes; blocks of functioning of articulation and auditory perception, as well as dynamic processes occurring with the inclusion of these structures. Approaches have been developed to characterize the connection between the internal speech process and brain structures. This aspect of R.'s research of century. lies in the current cognitively oriented psycholinguistic developments. Lit .: Vygotsky L. S. Thinking and speech. Selected psychological research. M., 1956; Zhinkin N. I. Speech as a conductor of information. M., 1982; Leontiev A. A. Fundamentals of psycholinguistics. M., 1999; Sokolov A. N. Inner speech and thinking. M., 1968; Ushakova T. N. Speech: origins and principles of development. M., 2004. T. N. Ushakova

In linguistics and psycholinguistics, the phenomena of external and internal speech are distinguished.

External speech - ego speech, materially designed in sounds or graphically, addressed to the interlocutor or audience.

Therefore, it is often characterized as speech "for others". It has a distinct linguistic structure, being carried out in the form of words and sentences, although in different communication situations the degree of its syntactic formalization may be different. So, in a lively dialogue (in spontaneous speech), disconnections, incompleteness and incompleteness of sentences, logical "jumps" are possible.

Inner speech is a special, not materially expressed form of verbal and mental activity, speech “for oneself” and “to oneself”.

It is constantly present in our minds when we just think, or listen to someone, or read. The transition from inner to outer speech (i.e. from thought to speech on the same topic) is often felt as a difficulty in the speech formulation of a seemingly clear thought. This alone suggests that there are serious differences between external and internal speech.

Let's ask ourselves two questions first:

• 1. Do we think with language?
• 2. Do we think with words?

The answer to the first question will undoubtedly be positive. The linguistic form of thinking is quite obvious, if only because a person who speaks two or more languages ​​can usually say in which language he always thinks or in a certain situation. Case in point: speaking at the Oscars, Polish director Andrzej Wajda began his speech in English, and then apologized and switched to Polish. The apology was: “I will speak Polish because I want to express exactly what I think and feel. And I always think in Polish.” This is also evidenced by the need for “internal translation” into the native language when reading to oneself a text in a foreign language that one does not speak fluently enough, and the well-known evaluative formula: “O// knows English (German, etc.) so well that he even thinks in English (German, etc.).”

However, the second question (do we think with words?) can raise legitimate doubts and thus give rise to a new question: how do we think? Since inner speech does not have a tangible material form, flowing in our minds in the psychophysical mechanisms of neurons, hidden from direct perception, it is much more difficult to study than external speech. Even if it were nevertheless possible to record it, as we record a sounding speech on a tape recorder, it would remain absolutely incomprehensible to us.

One way to study inner speech is self-observation, or introspection(from lat. introspecto- I look inside), but this does not give the necessary results, since only the last phase of thinking can be observed on oneself - the expanded phase of internal pronunciation, which really differs from external speech only in the absence of voicing (phonation) - i.e. it is "speech minus sound". Try to check what has been said: you will definitely begin to reason about yourself. However, it is clear that more often than not we think differently. By how?

It can be argued that when we start thinking about how we think, we start thinking differently (not exactly the same) as we normally think. Therefore, to study inner speech, special experimental methods are needed, which modern psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics have at their disposal and which really made it possible to learn a lot about the place of language in our thinking. In particular, the study of the formation of a child's speech skills, as well as various speech disorders associated with damage to the cerebral cortex (a subject of neurophysiology and neuropsychology), gives a lot. As a result, it was possible to experimentally confirm and clarify those qualities of inner speech, which, long before the advent of modern psycholinguistic methods, were written in the book Thinking and Speech (1934) by the famous Russian psychologist L. S. Vygotsky, who drew his conclusions based on observations of the early stage of the speech of the child - the so-called egocentric children's speech (speech "for oneself").

The main features of inner speech are:

• a) phase;
• b) reduction;
• c) predictability.

The phase nature of inner speech as a thought process is manifested in its heterogeneity at different stages of the work of consciousness. There are usually two phases: reduced and expanded (internal pronunciation). The phase of internal pronunciation, which, as already mentioned, differs from external speech only in the absence of sound and is accessible to self-observation, can immediately precede external speech (for example, pre-thinking the answer to an exam or thinking through some serious conversation). The reduced phase is more typical of the thinking process and at the same time more complex. Further we will talk about this phase.

The reduction of inner speech is felt by a person already at the level of everyday consciousness. Let's think about the comparative "thought capacity" and "speech capacity" of some period of time, for example, a second. It is quite obvious that the “thought capacity” of time is many orders of magnitude higher, which is captured in the expressions “a thought flashed” (but not “speech flashed”!), “I remembered with lightning speed, imagined, etc. Experimentally, this is proved for all levels of the language structure: phonetic, lexical, syntactic.

On the phonetic level, articulation is replaced only by impulses coming from the cerebral cortex to the corresponding organs of speech. It is significant that it is easier for a child to think aloud, and he first learns to read aloud, and only then - to himself, but at the same time continues to move his lips for a long time. The presence of articulatory impulses is the more obvious, the more complex the mental task being solved. This is proved by a special experiment, during which electrokymograms of movements of the muscles of the tongue and lower lip are recorded in the process of thinking, and the length and density of the recorded wave is directly proportional to the complexity of mental work.

In the experiment conducted by A. N. Sokolov, the same subject, student K., was asked to first extract the square root of 190, and then the square root of 225. thought, trying to calculate the root of 190. In the second case, this is a short and almost even line: the subject quickly remembered the familiar number "15" (see Fig. 10.1).

Rice. 10.1.

On electrograms I, II and III, the potentials of the muscles of the tongue (a) and lower lip (b) were recorded at the moment of extracting the square root of 190 in the mind (with an approximation of 0.1); on the IV electrogram - when extracting the square root of 225 in the mind. Subject K., student. He calculated the square root of 190, and the square root of 225 "just remembered."

At the lexical level the degree of reduction - and the saving of time - is incomparably greater. We do not think in words in the full sense of the term "word". In inner speech there are only hints of a few generalizing words related to this topic: being semantic complexes, they can be expanded if desired. It is due to the fact that we think not in words, but in “clumps of thought”, “quanta” that suddenness and speed of thought is possible => [Chr.: p. 433, Sokolov]. At the same time, such “inner words” are completely devoid of grammatical structure and in external speech can be realized by different parts of speech.

It is extremely important that in inner speech a significant place is occupied by images, representations that replace words and make the thought very capacious. Indicative in this regard is Albert Einstein's answer to the questionnaire “How your scientific thinking is carried out” common among the world's leading scientists: “Words, how they are written and pronounced, apparently do not have any role in my thinking. More or less clear signs and images of physical realities act as elements of thinking.<...>I diligently look for words and other symbols and find them at the second stage, when the described game of associations has already been established ... ".

Let us also pay attention to the phrase "game of associations". For inner speech in the phase under consideration, not so much logical as associative connections are important. That is why, when thinking, we so easily “jump” from one thought, one topic to another, not always catching this “Brownian movement” (B. M. Gasparov’s metaphor) of our thought.

At the syntactic level the reduction of inner speech is manifested in the absence of complete sentences. At the same time, the subject is omitted in the thought, which denotes the already known in the sentence, but the semantic predicate (not necessarily the verb!), Which contains the grain of thought, the new one, to which we, thinking, are moving, is preserved. The semantic predicate is otherwise called a predicate, therefore the described property of inner speech, following L. S. Vygotsky, is called predicativeness => [Chr.: p. 430, Vygotsky].

Situation Example

An approximate idea of ​​​​inner speech, in particular about its associativity and predicativity, can be obtained from the texts of the "stream of consciousness" literature. Let us use as an example a fragment of reflections of the hero of the novel “Thoughts and Heart”, written by the famous cardiologist Nikolai Amosov, who also dealt a lot with the problem of the brain and consciousness:

“A note of thoughts... The colors of autumn are carmine, cinnabar. Yellow. What are yellow? I used to draw and buy paints. Forgot. Yes, ochre. End of September. [Associative transition]. And I have autumn. Sixty years later. It's probably already October. [Second - reverse - associative transition]. The leaves are yellow and even green, but already inanimate. Dry. And rare - you can see the sky through them. The lively flow of thought will be transmitted by short, including one-part and incomplete sentences, associative switches.

• Sokolov LN Inner speech and thinking. M., 1968. S. 27.

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation

Federal educational institution of higher professional education

Ulyanovsk Higher Aviation School of Civil Aviation (Institute)

The concept of inner speech

Completed by: s-t Redkin A.S.

gr M 3.1-09-1

Checked by Alekseeva T.G.

Ulyanovsk 2010

introduction 3

1. Formation and structure of inner speech 5

2. The structure of inner speech 10

conclusion 12

References 14

introduction

In the conditions of spontaneous oral speech, the conscious choice and evaluation of the language means used in it are reduced to a minimum, while in written speech and in prepared oral speech they occupy a significant place. Various types and forms of speech are built according to specific patterns (for example, colloquial speech allows significant deviations from the grammatical system of the language, a special place is occupied by logical and even more artistic speech). Speech is studied not only by the psychology of speech, but also by psycholinguistics, physiology of speech, linguistics, semiotics and other sciences.

According to the multitude of its functions, speech is a polymorphic activity, i.e. in its various functional purposes is presented in different forms and types. In psychology, two forms of speech are mainly distinguished:

External;

Internal.

Inner speech is a necessary stage in preparation for external, expanded speech. In order to translate a simultaneous semantic record into a successively organized process of verbal utterance, it is necessary that it pass through a special stage, the stage of inner speech.
At this stage, the internal meaning is translated into a system of extended syntactically organized speech meanings, the simultaneous scheme of the "semantic notation" is recoded into the organized structure of the future extended, syntactic utterance.

This process of translating the original idea or thought into a smooth successive process of verbal utterance does not take place immediately. It requires a complex recoding of the original semantic notation into speech syntagmatic schemes, and that is why L.S. Vygotsky said that thought is not embodied in the word, but is accomplished in the word. Inner speech plays a decisive role in this process.

inner speech(speech "to oneself") is a speech devoid of sound design and flowing using linguistic meanings, but outside the communicative function; internal speaking. Inner speech is speech that does not perform the function of communication, but only serves the process of thinking of a particular person. It differs in its structure by curtailment, the absence of secondary members of the sentence. Inner speech can be characterized by predicativity.

Predicativity- a characteristic of inner speech, expressed in the absence in it of words representing the subject (subject), and the presence of only words related to the predicate (predicate).

The role of inner speech as an essential link in the generation of speech utterance was covered in detail by such authors as S.D. Katsnelson (1970, 1972), A.A. Leontiev (1974), A.N. Sokolov (1962), T.V. Akhutina (1975) and others.

1. Formation and structure of inner speech

It is known that inner speech arises in a child at the moment when he begins to experience certain difficulties, when the need arises to solve one or another intellectual problem. It is further known that this inner speech appears relatively late from the previously developed external speech, at the first stages addressed to the interlocutor, and at later stages addressed to oneself. The formation of inner speech undergoes a number of stages; it arises through the transition of external speech, first into fragmentary external speech, then into whispered speech, and only after that, finally, does it become speech for itself, acquiring a curtailed character.

It is known that in its morphological structure, inner speech differs sharply from external speech: it has a folded, amorphous character, and in its functional characteristics it is primarily a predicative formation. The predicative nature of inner speech is the basis for translating the original "intention" into the future, a detailed, syntagmatically constructed speech utterance. Inner speech includes only individual words and their potential connections. Thus, if inner speech contains the word "buy", then this means that all the "valences" of this word are simultaneously included in inner speech: "buy something", "buy from someone", etc.; if the predicate "borrow" appears in inner speech, this means that this predicate also retains all its inherent connections (borrow "from someone", "something", "someone" and "for some time "). It is this preservation of the potential connections of elements or "nodes" of the primary semantic record that are present in inner speech that serves as the basis for a detailed speech utterance, which is formed on its basis. Consequently, folded inner speech retains the ability to unfold again and turn into a syntagmatically organized outer speech.

With some brain lesions, inner speech suffers, and those potential lexical functions that are associated with its constituent fragments disintegrate. Then the original idea cannot turn into a smooth, syntactically organized, detailed speech statement, and "dynamic aphasia" occurs. The patient, who easily repeats the words presented to him, instead of a detailed coherent statement, is limited to naming individual words. About this violation, which is called "telegraph style", we will speak separately later.

However, at the end of the 20s of the XX century, the works of L.S. Vygotsky introduced radical changes to the doctrine of "inner speech". The starting point for the analysis of the formation of inner speech and the role it plays in the child's behavior was the well-known observations of L. S. Vygotsky on the behavior of a child of 3-5 years old in a situation where he encounters difficulties in performing some task. A child, for example, needs to reduce a drawing through tissue paper superimposed on it or circle it with a colored pencil. If the performance of this task met with an obstacle (for example, the experimenter imperceptibly removed the button with which the tracing paper was pinned to the drawing being reduced by the child) and, consequently, a difficulty arose in front of the child, he began to speak. This speech of the child, it would seem, was not addressed to strangers. He spoke even when no one was in the room. Sometimes the child turned to the experimenter with a request to help him, sometimes he seemed to describe the situation that had arisen, asking himself how he could accomplish this task. Typical for the child in this situation were the following statements: "What should I do? Here the paper slides, but there is no button, what should I do, how can I attach it?" etc.

Thus, the child's speech first described the difficulties, and then planned a possible way out of them. Sometimes the child began to fantasize when confronted with a similar problem and tried to solve it verbally.
Such speech of a child not addressed to an adult was known even before L.S. Vygotsky. It is described by such prominent psychologists as Jean Piaget under the name "egocentric speech", because this speech is not addressed to other people, is not communicative, but is, as it were, speech for oneself. It was shown that at first this speech is of a detailed nature, then in older children it gradually decreases, turning into whispered speech. At a later stage (after a year or two), external speech disappears altogether, only contracted movements of the lips remain, from which one can guess that this speech has “grown” inside, “internalized” and turned into the so-called “inner speech”. Many years after the experiments of L.S. Vygotsky in a number of experiments, which, in particular, include the experiments of A.N. Sokolova (1962) proved the connection between inner speech and movements of the tongue and larynx. Using the method of recording latent movements of the speech apparatus, it was found that with difficulty in solving problems in adults and children, it is possible to register mild electromyographic reactions of the speech muscles, indicating an increase in the activity of speech motor skills during the performance of intellectual tasks.

Thus, the facts show that such "egocentric speech", not addressed to the interlocutor, arises with every difficulty; at first it is of a detailed nature, describing the situation and planning a possible way out of this situation; with the transition to the next ages, it gradually decreases, becomes whispery, and then completely disappears, turning into inner speech.

The outstanding Swiss psychologist J. Piaget, assessing the role of inner speech, characterized these facts in accordance with his theory, according to which a child is born as an autistic creature, a small hermit who lives on his own, having little contact with the outside world. Initially, the child is characterized by autistic, or egocentric speech, directed at himself, and not at communication with peers or adults. Only gradually, according to Piaget, does the child's behavior begin to be socialized, and with it speech is socialized, gradually turning into speech as a means of communication or communication. Thus, Piaget considered the child's egocentric speech as an echo of childhood autism, egocentrism, and attributed the disappearance of this egocentric speech to the socialization of his behavior.

L.S. In interpreting inner speech, Vygotsky proceeded from completely opposite positions. He believed that the assumption of the autistic nature of the earliest periods of development of the child is false at the very core, that the child is a social being from birth; first he is connected with the mother physically, then biologically, but from the very birth he is connected with the mother socially; this social connection with the mother is manifested in the fact that the mother communicates with the child, addresses him with a speech, teaches him to follow her instructions, starting from a very early age.

According to this view, the evolution of a child's speech does not at all consist in the fact that the child's speech, egocentric or autistic in function, passes into social speech. The evolution consists in the fact that if at first the child addresses this social speech to an adult, offering an adult to help him, then, without receiving help, he himself begins to analyze the situation with the help of speech, trying to find possible ways out of it, and, finally, with the help of speech begins to plan what he cannot do with direct action. So, according to L.S. Vygotsky, an intellectual, and at the same time behavior-regulating function of the speech of the child himself is born. Therefore, the dynamics of the so-called egocentric speech, which at first has an expanded character, and then gradually collapses and passes into inner speech through whispered speech, should be considered as the formation of new types of mental activity associated with the emergence of new - intellectual and regulatory - functions of speech. This inner speech of the child fully retains its analyzing, planning and regulating functions, which were at first inherent in the speech of an adult addressed to the child, and then carried out with the help of the expanded speech of the child himself.

Thus, according to L.S. Vygotsky, when inner speech arises, a complex volitional action arises as a self-regulating system, carried out with the help of the child's own speech - first expanded, then folded.

Over the past decades, these provisions of L.S. Vygotsky were traced in detail in the experiments of P.Ya. Galperin and his collaborators (1959, 1975), who showed that any intellectual action begins as an extended material or materialized action, in other words, as an action based on extensive external manipulations with objects. Then the person begins to use his own speech and intellectual action passes to the stage of extended speech. Only after this, external speech is reduced, becomes internal and begins to take part in the organization of those complex types of intellectual activity that P.Ya. Halperin calls "mental actions". Mental actions, which are the basis of human intellectual activity, are created on the basis of first expanded, and then abbreviated and folded speech.
These provisions make it possible to approach the solution of the most important question of the internal structure and origin of the volitional act. A volitional act begins to be understood not as a primarily spiritual act and not as a simple skill, but as an action mediated in its structure, based on speech means, and this means not only external speech as a means of communication, but also internal speech as a means of regulating behavior. . All of the above is a completely new solution to one of the most difficult problems of psychology - the problem of the act of will. It allows us to approach a volitional (and intellectual) act materialistically, as a social process in its origin, mediated in its structure, where the role of a means is played primarily by the inner speech of a person.

2. The structure of inner speech

Inner speech is not just speech about oneself, as psychologists for several generations thought, who believed that inner speech is the same external speech, but with a truncated end, without verbal motor skills, that it is "speaking to oneself", being built according to the same laws of vocabulary, syntax and semantics as external speech.
To think so would be the greatest mistake. Such an idea is erroneous, if only because such "talking to oneself" would be a duplication of external speech. In such a case, inner speech would proceed at the same speed as outer speech. However, it is known that an intellectual act, decision-making, choosing the right path occur quite quickly, sometimes literally in tenths of a second. In this short period, it is by no means impossible to say to oneself a whole detailed phrase, and even more so a whole argument. Consequently, inner speech, which performs a regulatory or planning role, has a different, abbreviated structure than external speech. This structure can be traced by studying the path of transformation of external speech into internal.

Let us recall how a child's speech is built, arising in case of any difficulty. At first, his planning speech is fully developed ("The paper is slipping, how can I make it not slip?"; "Where can I get a button?"; "Maybe spit on a piece of paper?" etc.) . Then it contracts, becomes fragmented, and then only fragments of this previously expanded speech appear in the external whispered speech ("But a piece of paper ... it slides ... but what about ... if only a button ..." or even : "paper", "button", "but what about").

If we carefully trace the structure of speech passing from external to internal, we can state, firstly, that it passes from loud to whispered, and then to internal speech, and secondly, that it is reduced, turning from expanded into fragmented and folded. All this makes it possible to assume that internal speech has a completely different structure than external speech.

A characteristic feature of inner speech is that it begins to become purely predicative speech.

What does it mean? Every person who tries to include his inner speech in the process of solving a problem knows for sure what he is talking about, what task he is facing. This means that the nominative function of speech, an indication of what exactly is meant, or, using the term of modern linguistics, what is the "topic" of the message (linguists conventionally designate it with an inverted T), is already included in inner speech and does not need a special designation. . Only the second semantic function of inner speech remains - a designation of what exactly should be said about a given topic, what new things should be added, what kind of action should be performed, etc.

This side of speech appears in linguistics under the term "rheme" (conventionally denoted by an inverted R sign). Thus, inner speech in its semantics never denotes an object, never has a strictly nominative character, i.e. does not contain a "subject"; inner speech indicates what exactly needs to be done, in which direction the action needs to be directed. In other words, while remaining convoluted and amorphous in its structure, it always retains its predicative function. The predicative nature of inner speech, denoting only a plan for further utterance or a plan for further action, can be expanded as needed, since inner speech originated from expanded external speech and this process is reversible. If, for example, I go to a lecture in order to talk about the mechanisms of inner speech, then I have an abbreviated plan of the lecture in the form of several points ("inner speech", "egocentrism", "predicativity", etc.), denoting what exactly I want to say about this subject (in other words, bearing a predicative character). This short plan allows us to move on to a detailed external statement.

conclusion

Internal speech - various types of use of language (more precisely, language meanings) outside the process of real communication. There are three main types of inner speech: a) inner pronunciation - "speech to oneself", preserving the structure of external speech, but devoid of phonation, i.e. pronunciation of sounds, and typical for solving mental problems in difficult conditions; b) internal speech itself, when it acts as a means of thinking, uses specific units (code of images and schemes, subject code, subject meanings) and has a specific structure that is different from the structure of external speech: c) internal programming, i.e. the formation and consolidation in specific units of design (tin, program) of a speech statement, the whole text and its meaningful parts (A. N. Sokolov; I. I. Zhinkin, etc.). In ontogenesis, inner speech is formed in the process of internalization of external speech.

Most modern psychologists do not believe that inner speech has the same structure and the same functions as extended external speech. Psychology understands internal speech as an essential transitional stage between an idea (or thought) and expanded external speech. The mechanism that allows you to recode the general meaning into a speech statement gives this idea a speech form. In this sense, inner speech generates (integrates) a detailed speech statement that includes the original idea in the system of grammatical codes of the language.

The transitional place occupied by inner speech on the way from a thought to a detailed statement determines the main features of both its functions and its psychological structure. Inner speech is, first of all, not a detailed verbal utterance, but only a preparatory stage preceding such an utterance; it is directed not at the listener, but at oneself, at the translation into the speech plane of that scheme, which until then was only the general content of the idea. This content is already known to the speaker in general terms, because he already knows what exactly he wants to say, but has not determined in what form and in what speech structures he can embody it.

Inner speech is an essential link in the process of transforming the original idea or a simultaneous "semantic record", the meaning of which is clear only to the subject himself, into an expanded, time-based, syntagmatically constructed system of meanings.

For a long time, "inner speech" was understood as speech devoid of a motor end, as "speech to oneself." It was assumed that inner speech basically retains the structure of external speech; the function of this speech remained unclear.

Thus, internal speech differs from external speech not only in that external sign that it is not accompanied by loud sounds - "speech minus sound." Inner speech differs from outer speech in its function (speech for oneself). Performing a function other than the external one (speech for others), it also differs from it in some respects in its structure - as a whole, it undergoes some transformation (abbreviated, understandable only to oneself, predicative, etc.).

Bibliography

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One of the most difficult problems studied by philosophy, general linguistics and psychology is the relationship between language and consciousness, speech and thinking. Inner speech is mental speech, therefore, this chapter introduces the reader to the understanding of this problem.

External speech and internal speech are opposed to each other according to the following characteristics:
a) by purpose, by goals: external speech includes a person in the system of social interaction, internal speech not only does not fulfill this role, but is also reliably protected from outside interference, it is realized only by the subject himself and can only be controlled by him (internal speech in its content , of course, is associated with social life);
b) external speech is encoded with its own codes available to other people - acoustic, graphic, codes of body movements, intonations; the code of internal speech is used along with the same language as in external speech (for example, Russian), but its external manifestation is hidden, not amenable to perception by other people. At different levels of the depth of inner speech, images, representations, concepts, schemes, etc. are used; usually this whole complex is called the code of thinking, the mental code.

Inner speech is verbalized thinking. In essence, a person’s thought could “work” without verbal elements, but in fact, verbal elements connect thinking with the outside world, with society, with the solution of external problems of a personal and social plan. Inner speech, as it were, serves the outer and all the actions of a person.

It is presented in the following situations: when solving various problems in the mind, often at great speed (on the streets of a large city, a car driver solves four mental tasks per second, and each task costs a lifetime); when listening carefully to the interlocutor, the listener not only repeats the speech he is listening to to himself, but also analyzes and even evaluates both from the point of view of truth and by the mastery of the language, the same - when reading to himself; when mentally planning their activities; when purposefully remembering something and when recalling. Through inner speech, the process of cognition is carried out: internal, conscious construction of generalizations, verbalization of emerging concepts; definitions are built, logical operations are performed. At the mental level, self-regulation, self-control and self-esteem are carried out.

One of the main roles of inner speech is the preparation of outer speech, oral and written statements. In this role, it is the initial stage of the forthcoming utterance, its internal programming.
Let us note that in a person's ordinary life, external speech takes no more than two or three hours; only some professions require a significant excess of this norm: teaching, information service, etc. Inner speech serves a person almost around the clock. But the degree of its “verbality” is not the same.

The question of the origin of inner speech is ambiguously resolved: it arises in a person either as a result of internalization (going deeper) of the child’s external, especially egocentric, speech - talking with himself during the game (L.S. Vygotsky’s hypothesis), or simultaneously with external speech, with speaking and listening as a result of the silent repetition by the child, in the first and second years of life and later, of the words of adults addressed to him (the hypothesis of P.P. Blonsky). The second hypothesis still has more grounds, since it allows for the almost simultaneous speech and mental acts. Without such unity, the assimilation of speech would be difficult.

It is extremely difficult to draw a line between inner speech and thinking: many psychologists even identified inner speech and thinking, as L.S. Vygotsky (Vygotsky L.S. Thinking and speech // Collected works: In 6 volumes - Vol. 2. - M., 1982. - P. 105). He also notes that thinking and speech in their development converge and diverge, merge in their separate parts, then branch out again (Ibid. - P. 89).

Due to its “hiddenness”, inner speech is difficult to study in comparison with external speech. Therefore, it is necessary to describe the methods used to study inner speech.

method of self-observation. It is available to everyone, but scientific accuracy of observation requires special knowledge in the field of language and speech, clearly set goals, self-observation tasks, for example: how do I choose the right word? Do I reject words in the selection process? How does this happen? How satisfied are you with your choice? How do I understand the content of the text being read? Do I perceive the meaning of the sentences in whole or in parts? If in parts, what are their sizes? What is the scope of my proactive synthesis when mentally compiling a text and writing it down? Etc. All the results of self-observations are recorded, compared and, with a significant number of attempts, allow us to draw conclusions, the reliability of which is determined by the formulas of probability theory.

The study of speech errors. Errors in the use of words, in the construction of a phrase, various substitutions of phonetic units, morphemes, etc., accumulate, they are classified, their number is brought to statistically significant values. The causes of errors are analyzed. Often such an analysis allows us to understand how a particular mechanism of speech works.

The typical mistakes of representatives of such professions as secretary-typist, typesetter-linotyper, computer typist, proofreader, graphic designer, journalist are studied; mistakes of students, pupils of schools are studied.

Comparison of internal and external speech. The following tasks and questions for self-observation are proposed: are spelling, punctuation, grammatical marking observed in inner speech? Are mental intonations possible? What syntactic constructions are preferable in inner speech? What will be revealed when comparing the speeds of internal and external speech? Is self-control possible in inner speech?

Building hypotheses, modeling based on hypotheses with subsequent verification. An example of the Depth Step of Inner Speech is given below.

There is also such a method for studying inner speech - electromyographic reactions. With the repetition of the same mental actions, speech-motor impulsation decreases, and with the transition to others, it again intensifies. Micromovements of the pronunciation organs accompanying inner speech can be recorded. Fortunately, little progress has been made along this path. "Fortunately" because any attempt to read minds is beyond the scope of scientific ethics.

Let us now consider the situations of inner speech, the conditions for its flow.
Preparation for an oral statement, as a rule, is not provided with a margin of time, the lead here is insignificant. The search for optimal language means is reduced to a minimum; a huge role belongs to linguistic instinct - intuition, speech experience.

The preparation of a written text, as a rule, is provided with the necessary time, and sometimes with aids: dictionaries, reference books; there is the possibility of editing, improving, critical self-examination, etc.

Inner speech, like outer speech, is not devoid of emotions. Positive emotions and moods contribute to success up to inspiration, help in achieving good results, raise ordinary activities to the level of creativity. But the semiotics of the world of emotions only to a small extent uses language codes.

Situations of inner speech-reading: quiet reading at the pace of colloquial speech allows re-reading, thinking, weighing two or more options for reading comprehension, referring to other sources of information, summarizing (mental), generalization, highlighting the main thing - all this constitutes the content of reading.

Any reading - aloud, to oneself, dynamic reading - involves the active work of the imagination, visual representations, etc. Reading generates a whole imaginary world that is controlled by the experience of the subject's life, and read texts, and logic, common sense.

Inner speech prepares and composition is mental creativity: the accumulation of material, its selection and evaluation, highlighting the main thing, designing the text, working on the composition, predicting the perception of future readers, choosing words, creating images, allegories, building rhetorical figures, selecting and considering means of expression . Much of what has been listed will not be made public.

Next - the performance of mental operations of analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization, comparison and opposition, construction of judgments and conclusions, generalizations, proofs, modeling, construction and testing of hypotheses, problem solving ... All these operations are usually performed at the internal level, only results, conclusions, decisions are voiced or recorded.

The most free, individual are reflections, memories, dreams.

Naturally, in such a variety of situations and conditions of inner speech, its verbal component may lose, at least partially, its position, its role. Language units are being replaced by signs from other code systems: these are images - visual, auditory, olfactory, schemes of various types, moral feelings, moods - from major and minor to remorse, to reverence for the beautiful. The variety of means of the spiritual world of man is inexhaustible.

One of the topics of psycholinguistic research is the so-called deep structures of inner speech and thinking.

The tasks of this course allow us to limit ourselves in this matter to just a few steps “in depth”. Let's start counting from the dividing line between the materialized, recorded speech, all the preparation of which proceeded at the internal level. Imagine that the film frames of this film ran backwards.
Step one into the "depth" of inner speech.

Let's imagine the following situation: the subject "x" writes a business letter: mentally composes the text, checks and rechecks each word, rebuilds the construction of the phrase. He brings the text to perfection: are there any repetitions, are all grammatical connections correct. Checks if the text does not allow for ambiguous interpretation - after all, this is a business letter, perhaps a monetary one. All this is done in the mind - in whole or in parts.

This is the first step in depth. This is, in essence, inner speech only insofar as it is not translated into a sound, acoustic code or is not recorded in a graphic code. Otherwise, all the details of inner speech in this situation do not differ in the degree of completeness and correctness from the attributes of external speech. But even at this first stage, inner speech retains its main property: it is inaccessible to other people, not materialized, its code is internal, it is accessible only to the subject himself.

At this stage, the code of inner speech, although mental, is at the same time verbal, because its units are linguistic; other, non-verbal units (for example, visual images), if they flicker, do not play a significant role.

Life gives us examples of creative activity at this level of inner speech. Thus, the poet Boris Ruchiev created his book of poems "Red Sun" for many years in the camps of the Gulag, he kept the texts in his memory for about twenty years, polished and processed them. This fact is exceptional and tragic; but doesn’t each of us keep in mind and repeat to himself individual phrases, and proverbs, and entire poems, theatrical roles, repeats many times, so as not to forget, not to distort.

So the first stage of inner speech performs functions very close to those of external speech, except for communication, the transmission of one's thoughts to others.

The second step in depth.
Situation: I am preparing for an oral presentation on an important topic: it may be a report, or a lecture, or something less significant.

It happens that in such situations the text is compiled in advance, recorded, memorized. But this is not the case in our version: there is a mental preparation. There is not always time for writing, but the one whose speech is sufficiently developed deliberately refuses to pre-record the text: it prevents him from improvising.

However, even such improvisers prepare a detailed plan, individual formulations, names, dates, numbers.

And yet, compared with the first stage, there are many differences: there is no concern for spelling, punctuation, and even more so for calligraphy, grammatical marking means are not verified, the choice of words is less strict in advance, far from all sentences are drawn up, especially paragraphs are not observed. True, there is concern about the pace of speech, volume, timbre, intonation. But these characteristics are relevant only for oral speech.

In general, inner speech at the second level of depth is mainly verbal.
The third stage of the depth of inner speech is inner preparation in the process of speech itself, sometimes in fast, monologue or dialogue. Unlike the first two stages, self-observation is difficult here.

In this variant of inner speech, the automatic choice of words and the construction of sentences and text are especially important. All language facilities should be highly activated; it is necessary that the anticipatory synthesis of mental speech be sufficient.

At this stage, inner speech overcomes its discreteness, it must unfold as a single sequence, continuity must be observed not only within the sentence, but also in the text. Starting a phrase, the speaker does not yet know how he will finish it, with what words. But in general terms, he already has a scheme for the upcoming speech.

The accuracy of the transmission of the idea, the correctness of the construction of speech in such conditions is achieved by many years of training. For successful internal, mental preparation of quick speech, organization of the material is also required - what you are talking about, a clear plan, as well as self-control and willpower, the ability not to get lost in case of failure, for example, when it is difficult to choose a word. A quick rebuild is needed: the fix should not be noticeable. The pause should be natural. However, pauses in improvisation are rarely blamed on the speaker, they interfere more with him than with the listeners.

It is easy to see that at this stage of inner speech it also has a verbal character, thought and speech are closely merged.

At the same level of depth is the inner, mental speech at the time of reading, aloud or to oneself (we are talking about conscious reading, of course).

Reading is the translation of graphic complexes (words, their combinations) into mental, inner speech, which becomes the understanding of the text being read. This mechanism will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 14, Modeling the Speech Perception Process.

If the internal preparation of the upcoming speech consists in the transition to the sound, acoustic code of speech, then in reading (as well as in the perception of oral speech) we see the reverse process. Moreover, the process itself is not discrete, perception is both holistic and differentiated, word by word. Synthesis and analysis are merged.

The next, fourth, step deeper.
I solve a problem: mathematical, chess, spelling, engineering - it doesn't matter. Everything - mentally: motivational stage - awareness of the goal, conditions; indicative stage - attraction of rules, formulas, choice of strategy for solving the problem; operational stage - the implementation of a number of rule-like actions using formulas, drawings and other auxiliary means; finally, the control and evaluation stage, checking the correctness of the solution of the problem, conclusions. Here, the linguistic, verbal basis coexists with other, non-verbal signs: digital designations, symbols, drawings, names of chess pieces and board cells, etc. are used. In some cases, visual images, integral pictures are required, images and schemes are used. N.I. Zhinkin highly appreciates the role of the speech-motor code in inner speech (kinesthesia, sensations of moving organs of speech).

In other words, as inner speech deepens, its verbal part decreases, and images, schemes, non-verbal sign units play an increasing role.

Fifth step deep.
I am resting in the forest, around - amazing beauty, the scent of pine trees, the voices of birds. Half-forgotten pictures of youth emerge from the recesses of memory, the smoke of a fire, friends and girlfriends in a clearing, a guitar, an unforgettable voice... At this level of depth, words lose their leading role in mental speech. The main role here is played by images - visual, auditory, olfactory. This internal speech-thought loses its structure adopted in the language, but a considerable place belongs to emotions.

At this depth, the function of consciousness control, volitional and regulatory principles are weakened to the limit.
Meanwhile, this level of mental speech occupies a very significant place in a person’s life and has many options: this is empathy with the heroes of the movie, and complete immersion in the world of music, and mental reading of favorite poems to oneself, and a passion for creativity - painting, for example, and “quiet » hunting - picking mushrooms in a clearing, in the shade of birches.

The extremely deep level was called the “functional basis of speech” by I.N. Gorelov is a psycholinguist, researcher of deep structures. This, according to his hypothesis, is the level of concepts that have not yet been formalized by the words of any of the languages: this level is international.

Such is the world of inner speech, unusually rich, but also mysterious in many ways.