Psychodiagnostics as a science.
Psychodiagnostics- This is a field of psychological science that develops a theory, principles and tools, assessments, measurements, individually psychological characteristics of a person.
The subject of psychodiagnostics is often limited to the use of various kinds of
diagnostic methods to a person in order to identify his mental originality and
its subsequent measurement using various kinds of statistical methods. At
This overlooks the fact that both the nature of the information received and its
interpretation is highly dependent on the underlying psychodiagnostics
personality theory.
The main functions of psychodiagnostics are:
1. control over the formation of the necessary knowledge and professionally important qualities
2. assessment of the features of the mental and personal development of students in the course of training
3. assessment of the quality of education itself.
4. the use of psychodiagnostic methods for the selection of applicants to certain educational institutions.
Psychodiagnostics at the university allows:
1. more effectively select applicants
2. further development of the abilities and skills of students,
3. carry out the necessary correction of the educational process, taking into account the individual psychological characteristics of students.
The history of the formation of psychodiagnostics abroad and in Russia.
The history of modern psychodiagnostics begins in the first quarter of the 19th century, that is, from the beginning of the so-called clinical period in the development of psychological knowledge. This period is characterized by the fact that doctors begin to play a key role in obtaining and analyzing empirical psychological knowledge about a person (before they were engaged in this by philosophers and writers). Doctors are interested in the causes of the origin of mental illnesses and neuroses that were intractable and spread in those years in the developed countries of the world. Psychiatrists begin to conduct systematic observations of patients in clinics in Europe, recording and analyzing the results of their observations. At this time, methods of psychodiagnostics such as observation, questioning, analysis of documents. However, in general, psychodiagnostics in these years is not yet strict, arbitrary, which is manifested in various conclusions and conclusions that doctors come to by observing the same patients and studying them using the same methods. This, in particular, is due to the fact that the methods of psychodiagnostics at that time were still of a qualitative nature.
The beginning of the creation of quantitative methods of psychodiagnostics should be considered the second half of the 19th century. - at the time when, under the leadership of the German psychologist W. Wundt, the world's first experimental psychological laboratory was created, where various technical devices and devices began to be used for the purposes of psychodiagnostics. By the same time, the discovery of a psychophysical law dates back, which, having shown a quantitative relationship between physical and psychological phenomena, accelerated the creation of quantitative psychodiagnostics. The basic psychophysical law opened up the possibility of measuring psychological phenomena, and this discovery led to the creation of so-called subjective scales for measuring sensations. In accordance with this law, human sensations became the main object of measurement, and for a long time, until the end of the 19th century, practical psychodiagnostics was limited to measuring sensations.
Diagnostic signs and diagnostic categories.
signs are variables that can be directly observed and
register.
Categories are variables hidden from direct observation.
commonly referred to as "latent variables".
Diagnostic output is the transition from the observed signs to the level
hidden categories. For quantitative categories, the name is also often used.
"diagnostic factors".
The difficulty of psychological diagnosis lies in the fact that between
features and categories there are no strict one-to-one relationships. One and
the same outward act of a child - for example, tore a leaf out of a diary, maybe
due to completely different psychological reasons, such as,
an increased level of the latent factor “propensity to deceive” or an increased level
another hidden factor is “fear of punishment”. For an unambiguous conclusion of one symptom
or action is not enough. It is necessary to analyze the complex of symptoms, that is,
a series of actions in different situations.
1. Introduction
2. Systematic position
3. Distribution
4. Diagnostic signs
5. Life cycle
6. Medical and epidemiological significance
7. Diagnostics
8. Prevention: public and private
9. Applications
10. Literature
Introduction
Systematic position
Type: Arthropoda - arthropods
Subtype: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnoidea - arachnids
Sat gr: Acarina - mites
Family: Ixodidae
Genus 1: Ixodes - proper ixodid ticks
Species: Ix.ricinus - dog tick
View: Ix. Persulcatus - taiga tick
Genus 2: Dermacentor
Species: D. pictus - carrier and reservoir for tularemia
Species: D. marginatus - carrier and reservoir of tularemia, rickettsiosis and brucellosis.
Spreading
Ixodid ticks are found in a variety of climates, even in the Arctic and Antarctic, but individual species are concentrated in different areas. For example, the dog tick (Ix.ricinus) is an inhabitant of the European part of Russia, Western Europe and North America. The taiga tick (Ix.Persulcatus) is common in Siberia and the Far East. D.pictus is an inhabitant of the southern part of the Urals, Western Siberia, Primorsky, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Ukraine, Belarus, the Republic of Transcaucasia. And D.marginatus - in the steppe zone of the European part of the Russian Federation, Western Siberia, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Astrakhan Region, Kalmykia, the Republic of the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine.
Diagnostic signs
For this family (Fig. 3) the characters are large in size, up to 4 - 5 mm. After feeding, the size of the female almost doubles. The chitinous cover of males contains a shield on the dorsal surface of the body; in females, the shield is localized in the anterior part. The oral apparatus is composed of bases of pedipalps, lateral four-membered palps, and a proboscis with an outgrowth (hypostome) equipped with sharp teeth. The ends of the chelicerae have sharp teeth. With the help of chelicera, mites pierce the skin of the victim.
Ixodes proper (Fig. 1) are characterized by an anal groove, which goes around the anus from above. Representatives of the genus Dermacentor (Fig. 2, 3) have a light enamel pattern on the shield, and scallops on its lower edge.
The larvae of ixodid ticks (Fig. 5) have 3 walking legs, the front part of the dorsal surface is covered with compacted chitin, forming a shield. The border is clearly visible. On the ventral side of the anus. The nymph (Fig. 5) is larger. The main distinctive sign is 4 pairs of walking legs. Behind the fourth are stigmas through which air enters the tracheal system. The anus is clearly visible along the midline from the ventral side. The nymph does not have a genital opening. From the dorsal side, the front part of the body is covered with a shield.
Life cycle (fig.6)
Metamorphosis, including stages: eggs, larvae, nymphs and adult forms, lasts at least three years. The small possibility of meeting with the host entails the mass death of ticks at all stages of development, but this is opposed by high fecundity. Females of some species of ixodid ticks lay up to 17 thousand eggs, but only a small number of them reach sexual maturity. Eggs are laid in crevices in the ground or in the bark of dead trees. The hatched larvae feed once, usually on small mammals (rodents, insectivores).
A well-fed larva leaves its owner and after a while molts, turning into a nymph. The latter, after feeding and molting, turns into an imago. Sexually mature female ixodid ticks feed only once in their lives and mainly on large mammals. The place has a change of three hosts, but there are ticks that change two hosts, and sometimes develop on the body of one host. The larvae and nymphs of ticks have a very fine adaptation for finding a host: well-developed receptors that perceive soil vibration, an increase in temperature and carbon dioxide concentration in the air.
Signs are externally observed and recorded symptoms.
The correlation of features and categories is ambiguous. There can be several categories behind one sign.
Signs differ in that they can be directly observed and recorded. Categories are hidden from direct observation. Therefore, in the social sciences, they are called "latent variables". For quantitative categories, the name "diagnostic factors" is also often used. Diagnostic output is the transition from observable features to the level of hidden categories. A particular difficulty in psychological diagnostics lies in the fact that there are no strict one-to-one relationships between features and categories. For example, the same external act of a child (tearing a leaf out of a diary) can be due to completely different psychological reasons (an increased level of the hidden factor “tendency to deceive” or an increased level of another hidden factor “fear of punishment”). For an unambiguous conclusion of one symptom (one act), as a rule, it is not enough. It is necessary to analyze the complex of symptoms, that is, a series of actions in different situations.
Diagnostic conclusion - there is a transition from externally observed symptoms to the level of hidden categories.
Features of quantitative and qualitative approaches in psychodiagnostics: standardized and clinical methods.
Methods of psychodiagnostics provide an analysis of various symptoms and their systematic enumeration.
Methods of psychodiagnostics are divided into qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Quantitative approach (standardized method):
Standardization (standart - typical) - there is a uniformity of the procedure for assessing the implementation of the methodology and the test.
This includes all test methods: questionnaires, intelligence tests, tests of special abilities and achievements.
Applications: Easily measurable psychological reality.
Peculiarities:
Economical (group, using computers).
Psychometrically or technically justified (correct diagnosis).
Qualitative approach (clinical method):
Analysis of an individual case. Not a pathology!
Understanding, methods of peer review are used: conversation, observation, projective techniques, life path analysis, analysis of activity products.
Spheres of application: hard-to-measure psychological reality (meanings, experiences).
Peculiarities:
Strictly individual method.
Psychometrically not justified.
The effectiveness depends on the professionalism of the psychologist and his work experience.
5. Psychological diagnosis. Causes of diagnostic errors. Requirements for psychological diagnosis.
Diagnosis- from the Greek. Recognition.
Medical understanding of the diagnosis:
Symptom - from the Greek. A sign of some disease. They are divided into two types - subjective (interoceptive sensations) and objective (measurement results, blood test, ECG).
Syndrome - from the Greek. Clutch. A regular combination of symptoms caused by a single pathogenesis (pathology), considered as an independent disease, or as a stage of a disease.
Diagnosis - determination of the nature and characteristics of the disease on the basis of a comprehensive study of the patient.
The medical understanding of the diagnosis is strongly associated with the disease, the deviation from the norm. Such an understanding also dominated psychology, that is, a psychological diagnosis is always the identification of a hidden cause of a discovered ill-being.
S. Rosenzweig proposed to use the diagnosis solely for the "naming" of any disorders, disorders.
Psychological diagnosis is broader than in medicine. Both normal and pathological. And normally, it is not necessary to search for any violations or disorders.
Psychological diagnosis(Burlachuk L.F.) is the result of a psychologist's activity aimed at clarifying the essence of individual mental characteristics of a person in order to assess their current state, predict further development and develop recommendations for psychotherapeutic and psychocorrectional influences, determined by the task of a psychodiagnostic examination.
The subject of psychological diagnosis- there is an establishment of individual psychological differences in the norm and pathology. The most important element is to find out in each individual case why these manifestations are found in the behavior of the subject, what are their causes and consequences.
Requirements for psychological diagnosis.
Psychological diagnosis has a detailed and complex (subjectivity, causality, the presence of contradictions) character.
Psychological diagnosis is the result of systemic technical diagnostics. Not only individual units of analysis are described, but also their ratio. The reasons for such correlations are revealed and a prediction of behavior is made on the basis of such an analysis. Diagnosis by one method is not put.
Psychological diagnosis should be structured. The parameters of the mental state of a person must be brought into a certain system: they are grouped according to the level of significance, according to the relatedness of origin, along the possible lines of causal occurrence. Interrelations of various parameters in a structured diagnosis are processed by specialists in the form of diagnosticograms. The simplest option is a psychodiagnostic profile.
Causes of diagnostic errors.
As sources of inaccuracies, errors, A. Levitsky sees: insufficient time allotted for examination, lack of reliable sources of information about the subject and the low level of our knowledge about the laws governing behavioral disorders.
A more complete analysis of the causes of diagnostic errors is presented by Z. Plevitskaya, who singled them out into two main groups.
Data Parsing Errors:
observation errors(for example, "blindness" to traits important for the diagnosis, personality manifestations; observation of traits in a distorted qualitatively or quantitatively form);
registration errors(for example, the emotional coloring of the records in the protocol, indicating more about the attitude of the psychologist to the subject, rather than about the peculiarities of his behavior; cases when an abstract assessment is presented as a substantive one, differences in the understanding of the same terms by different people);
instrumental errors arise as a result of the inability to use equipment and other measuring equipment, both in technical and interpretive aspects.
Errors related to data processing:
first impression effect- an error based on a reassessment of the diagnostic value of primary information;
attribution error- attributing to the subject features that he does not have, or considering unstable features as stable;
false cause error;
cognitive radicalism- a tendency to overestimate the value of working hypotheses and unwillingness to look for better solutions;
cognitive conservatism- Extremely cautious formulation of hypotheses.
Department of Faculty Therapy and Occupational Diseases
EMERGENCIES
IN CLINIC OF INTERNAL DISEASES
Study guide for students
and pharmaceutical education of Russian universities as a teaching aid
for students studying in the specialties: 060101 65 General Medicine,
060103 65 Pediatrics
Ivanovo 2013
UDC 616.1/. 4-083.98
Emergency conditions in the clinic of internal diseases. Textbook for students / Ed. M.G. Omelyanenko. 2nd ed., rev. and additional - Ivanovo: GBOU VPO IvGMA of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 2013. - 109 p.
The manual was developed in accordance with the Materials for the final state certification of graduates of medical and pharmaceutical universities in the specialties "General Medicine" and "Pediatrics", approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. It includes 20 emergency conditions for diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory organs, DIC, acute poisoning and intoxication, burns of the esophagus, acute allergic reactions, anaphylactic shock, fainting, fever, heat stroke, snake and insect bites. To develop a specific algorithm of practical actions and skills for a future doctor, each emergency condition is presented in the following presentation: definition, causes and provoking factors, leading clinical syndromes and diagnostic criteria, differential diagnostic signs, organizational basis for diagnostics, organizational basis for emergency care and treatment, situational tasks and sample responses to them. The publication uses the main provisions of the ICD-10, Russian and international clinical guidelines based on the principles of evidence-based medicine.
The textbook is intended for extracurricular training for students studying in the specialties: 060101 65 "General Medicine", 060103 65 "Pediatrics".
The manual was developed by the staff of the Department of Faculty Therapy and Occupational Diseases (Omelyanenko M.G., Lebedeva A.V., Shumakova V.A., Sukhovey N.A., Arsenicheva O.V., Shchapova N.N., Nazarova A.V. .) with the participation of the Department of Polyclinic Therapy, General Medical Practice and Endocrinology (Budnikova N.V.) and the Department of Hospital Therapy (Kalinina N.Yu.)
Scientific editor:
Head of the Department of Faculty Therapy and Occupational Diseases
SBEI HPE "Ivanovo State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of Russia", Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor M.G. Omelianenko
Reviewers:
Head of the Department of Faculty Therapy, Yaroslavl State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor P.A. Chizhov;
Head of the Department of Faculty and Polyclinic Therapy of the Faculty of Medicine, SBEE HPE "Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy
Ministry of Health of Russia”, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor A.N. Kuznetsov
© GBOU VPO IvGMA of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, 2011
© GBOU VPO IvGMA of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 2013
List of abbreviations………………………………………………………….
1. Anginal status ……………………………………………………………...
2. An attack of angina …………………………………………………………...
3. Acute heart failure. Cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema………...
4. Cardiogenic shock ……………………………………………………………...
5. Hypertensive crises……………………………………………………………
6. Sudden cardiac death …………………………………………………...
7. Attack of bronchial asthma ………………………………………………….
8. Infectious-toxic shock ……………………………………………….
9. Pulmonary embolism …………………………………………….
10. Acute respiratory failure ………………………………………...
11. DIC …………….……………………………………………………..
12. Acute poisoning with psychoactive substances ………………………….
13. Burns of the esophagus ………………………………………………………………..
14. Acute allergic reactions ……………………………………………..…
15. Anaphylactic shock ………………………………………………………...
16. Fever ……………………………………………………………………….
17. Heat stroke ……………………………………………………………….….
18. Fainting……………………………………………………………………………
19. Insect bites ………………………………………………………………
20. Bites of poisonous snakes ………………………………………………………….…
SITUATIONAL TASKS ……………………………………………………..
STANDARDS OF ANSWERS TO SITUATIONAL TASKS………………………
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AV block - atrioventricular block
BP - blood pressure
BP diast - diastolic blood pressure
BP syst - systolic blood pressure
BP mean - mean arterial pressure
AK - aortic valve
ALT - alanine aminotransferase
ACE - angiotensin-converting enzyme
ASA - acetylsalicylic acid
AST - aspartate aminotransferase
APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time
BA - bronchial asthma
URT - upper respiratory tract
SC - sudden cardiac death
VEM - bicycle ergometric test
GB - hypertension
GCS - glucocorticosteroids
GM - brain
GERD - gastroesophageal reflux disease
DBST - diffuse connective tissue diseases
PWLA - pulmonary artery wedge pressure
VT - ventricular tachycardia
IHD - ischemic heart disease
IVL - artificial lung ventilation
MI - myocardial infarction
CAG - coronary angiography
CTG - computed tomography
CS - cardiogenic shock
KShchS - acid-base state
LSD - lysergic acid diethylamide
LV - left ventricle
MPU - medical and preventive institution
CF-CPK - myocardial fraction of creatine phosphokinase
MAO - monoamine oxidase
MK - mitral valve
ICD-10 - International Classification of Diseases 10th revision
INR - international normalized ratio
LMWH - low molecular weight heparin
NMS - chest compressions
NSAIDs - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
UFG – unfractionated heparins
NCD - neuro-circulatory dystonia
ACS - acute coronary syndrome
AKI - acute renal failure
AHF - acute heart failure
FEV 1 - forced expiratory volume in the first second
BCC - volume of circulating blood
RV - right ventricle
ICU - intensive care unit
RCA - right coronary artery
PSV - peak expiratory flow
PVR - peripheral vascular resistance
CO - cardiac output
SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus
SMP - ambulance
SM ECG - 24-hour ECG monitoring
ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate
CVD - cardiovascular disease
TAD - tricyclic antidepressants
DVT - deep vein thrombosis of the leg
PE - pulmonary embolism
Doppler ultrasonography
EF - ejection fraction
VF - ventricular fibrillation
FK - functional class
FEGDS - fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy
COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
HDL cholesterol - high density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDL cholesterol - low density lipoprotein cholesterol
CHF - chronic heart failure
CVP - central venous pressure
RR - respiratory rate
HR - number of heartbeats
EIT - electrical impulse therapy
EOS - electrical axis of the heart
EchoCG - echocardiography
ANGINOUS STATUS
1. Definition. Anginal status (AS) is an attack of prolonged pain in the chest (behind the sternum), which does not stop after repeated administration of nitroglycerin. AS is the most common and typical clinical syndrome of the onset of MI.
MI is an acute form of coronary heart disease, which is based on necrosis of cardiomyocytes, caused by acute complete occlusion of one of the main coronary arteries (CA) by an intracoronary thrombus (MI with ST segment elevation on the ECG) or the formation of a parietal (non-occlusive) thrombus and subsequent embolization of its fragments and material from a damaged atherosclerotic plaque of the distal segments of the coronary artery (MI without ST segment elevation on the ECG). MI is accompanied by clinical symptoms of myocardial ischemia and an increase in blood biomarkers of cardiomyocyte necrosis.
The main diagnostic signs of AS.
A) Clinical:
An attack of intense pain in the chest (behind the sternum), lasting more than 15 minutes and not stopping after repeated administration of nitroglycerin;
Emotional coloring of the attack, vegetative reactions (nausea, vomiting), complications are possible (CS, pulmonary edema, tachy- or bradyarrhythmia, VS);
History of coronary heart disease and / or the presence of its risk factors.
B) Instrumental:
Direct and reverse (reciprocal) ECG signs of ischemia, damage and necrosis of the myocardium.
B) Laboratory:
Diagnostically significant increase in the level of biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (MB-CPK, cardiac troponins).
3. Diseases manifested by intense chest pain:
a) diseases of the cardiovascular system- TELA; aortic dissection; pericarditis; GB; AK defects; pulmonary hypertension; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (see Table 1);
Forecasting as the main task of psychological diagnostics.
Psychodiagnostics as a theoretical discipline.
Stages of psychological work (any practical work).
Psychodiagnostics as a practical discipline.
Psychological diagnostics as a theoretical and practical area of psychological science.
Diagnostics (dia - to distinguish, gnostica - meaning) is the science of difference.
It is used in medicine, when making a technical diagnosis, in pedagogy.
Psychodiagnostics is the science of distinguishing the soul, psychological reality.
Psychodiagnostics- an area of psychological science and at the same time the most important area of psychological practice, which is associated with the development and use of various methods for recognizing individual psychological characteristics of a person (Shmelev A.G.).
Used:
During professional selection, placement of personnel, career guidance;
When optimizing training, education;
When predicting social behavior (marriage stability, law-abiding);
In advisory practice;
In forensic psychological examinations: assistance in the investigation of crimes;
In medicine (psychosomatics, loss of the meaning of life, preparation for operations);
When predicting the psychological consequences of environmental change;
To study personality and interpersonal relationships.
1. Collection of information, choice of technology assistance.
2. Consultation, correction (psychological help).
3. Collection of information, clarification, choice of further technology if necessary.
It is given by enumeration of three spheres:
1. Subject area of psychological science (general and differential psychology).
2. Differential psychometrics (development and mathematical justification of diagnostic methods).
3. Practical areas of application of the methodologies (Where? When? How?)
Predicting a person's behavior, his actions is the main task of psychodiagnostics.
Diagnosis is inextricably linked to prognosis. The activity of a specialist in the field of psychodiagnostics is not limited to describing the individual characteristics of a particular phenomenon, searching for the causes that brought it to life and correlating this knowledge with the structure and dynamics of the personality. The practical value of a diagnosis is largely determined by the possibility of making a prognosis on its basis.
L.S. Vygotsky believes that the content of the prognosis and the diagnosis coincide. But the forecast "is based on the ability to understand the internal logic of the self-propulsion of the development process to such an extent that, on the basis of the past and the present, it outlines the path of development under all other conditions that have remained in the same form."
The condition for penetration into the "internal logic of self-propulsion of the development process" is the breakdown of the forecast into separate periods and long-term repeated observations.
The diagnosis and prognosis should take into account not only the personality traits that have found their place in the theoretical model. It is necessary to analyze the environmental conditions, the specificity of a particular situation.
It is impossible to determine, for example, suitability for a particular activity outside the requirements for it. Characteristics of personality traits outside of social conditions are devoid of soil. “We can understand what a “lazy boy” is if we know who exactly, in what social conditions, to whom and on what grounds gave such a definition” (Obukhovskiy, 1981).
The forecast is carried out on the basis of empirically determined statistical relationships. The question of the effectiveness of clinical and statistical prognosis has been repeatedly discussed by psychologists and is still the subject of discussion.
P. Mil, who initiated the discussions, based on the analysis of a significant number of works in this area, comes to the conclusion that the statistical forecast is much more effective. This is confirmed by later studies, which, in particular, show the reasons that limit the effectiveness of clinical prognosis (Barendregh, 1961). It turns out that an increase in the amount of diagnostic data that a psychologist must take into account first leads to an increase, and then to a decrease in the accuracy of the forecast.
The most vulnerable point of the clinical approach is the sacrifice of the private, the separate, in the name of completeness. P.B. gannushkin once wrote. That the richer the experience of the clinician-psychiatrist, the more difficult it is, and sometimes it is completely impossible, to make a differential diagnosis of an individual seizure.
However, the statistical approach cannot replace the clinical approach, when the task is to describe the personality comprehensively, to reveal causal relationships and relationships. It is difficult to find an alternative to the clinical approach in those areas of personality research in which the use of tests is ineffective.
Signs are externally observed and recorded symptoms.
The correlation of features and categories is ambiguous. There can be several categories behind one sign.
Signs differ in that they can be directly observed and recorded. Categories are hidden from direct observation. Therefore, in the social sciences, they are called "latent variables". For quantitative categories, the name "diagnostic factors" is also often used. Diagnostic output is the transition from observable features to the level of hidden categories. A particular difficulty in psychological diagnostics lies in the fact that there are no strict one-to-one relationships between features and categories. For example, the same external act of a child (tearing a leaf out of a diary) can be due to completely different psychological reasons (an increased level of the hidden factor “tendency to deceive” or an increased level of another hidden factor “fear of punishment”). For an unambiguous conclusion of one symptom (one act), as a rule, it is not enough. It is necessary to analyze the complex of symptoms, that is, a series of actions in different situations.
Diagnostic conclusion - there is a transition from externally observed symptoms to the level of hidden categories.
4. Features of quantitative and qualitative approaches in psychodiagnostics: standardized and clinical methods.
Methods of psychodiagnostics provide an analysis of various symptoms and their systematic enumeration.
Methods of psychodiagnostics are divided into qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Quantitative approach (standardized method):
Standardization (standart - typical) - there is a uniformity of the procedure for assessing the implementation of the methodology and the test.
This includes all test methods: questionnaires, intelligence tests, tests of special abilities and achievements.
Applications: Easily measurable psychological reality.
Peculiarities:
ü Economical (group, using computers).
ü Psychometrically or technically justified (correct diagnosis).
Qualitative approach (clinical method):
Analysis of an individual case. Not a pathology!
Understanding, methods of peer review are used: conversation, observation, projective techniques, life path analysis, analysis of activity products.
Spheres of application: hard-to-measure psychological reality (meanings, experiences).
Peculiarities:
ü Strictly individual method.
ü Psychometrically not justified.
ü The effectiveness depends on the professionalism of the psychologist and his work experience.
