Term "social control" was introduced into scientific circulation by the French sociologist and social psychologist Tarde. He viewed it as an important remedy for criminal behavior. Subsequently, Tarde expanded the understanding of this term and considered social control as one of the main factors of socialization.

Social control is a mechanism of social regulation of behavior and maintenance of public order.

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on the acceptance or condemnation of a person's actions by her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as by public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions, or through the media.

There were very few established norms in traditional society. Most aspects of the lives of members of traditional rural communities were controlled informally. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and rituals brought up respect for social norms, an understanding of their necessity.

Informal control is limited to a small group; in a large group it is ineffective. The agents of informal control are relatives, friends, neighbors, and acquaintances.

Formal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person's actions by official authorities and administration. In a complex modern society, which has many thousands or even millions of people, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, order is controlled by special social institutions, such as courts, educational institutions, the army, the church, the media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, the agents of formal control are the employees of these institutions.

If an individual goes beyond social norms, and his behavior does not meet social expectations, he will certainly face sanctions, that is, people's emotional reaction to normatively regulated behavior.

Sanctions- this is the punishment and reward applied by a social group to an individual.

Since social control can be formal or informal, there are four main types of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative.

Formal positive sanctions- this is public approval from official organizations: certificates, awards, titles and titles, state awards and high positions. They are closely related to the existence of prescriptions, determine how the individual should behave and which rewards are provided for compliance with normative prescriptions.

Formal negative sanctions- these are punishments provided for by legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fine, official penalty, reprimand, death penalty, etc. They are associated with the presence of regulations governing the behavior of an individual and indicate what punishment is intended for non-compliance with these norms.

Informal positive sanctions- this is public approval from unofficial persons and organizations: public praise, compliment, silent approval, applause, fame, smile, and the like.

Informal negative sanctions- this is a punishment unforeseen by official authorities, such as a remark, ridicule, a cruel joke, neglect, an unfriendly review, slander, etc.

The typology of sanctions depends on the system of educational features we have chosen.

Given the method of application of sanctions, current and prospective sanctions are distinguished.

Current sanctions are those that actually apply in a certain generality. Everyone can be sure that if he goes beyond the existing social norms, he will be punished or rewarded in accordance with the existing regulations.

Perspective sanctions are associated with the promises of punishment or reward to the individual in case of going beyond the limits of normative prescriptions. Very often the mere threat of punishment (the promise of a reward) is sufficient to keep the individual within the normative framework.

Another criterion for dividing sanctions is related to the time of their application.

Repressive sanctions are applied after an individual performs a certain action. The amount of punishment or reward is determined by public beliefs about the harmfulness or usefulness of its action.

Preventive sanctions are applied even before an individual performs a certain action. Preventive sanctions are applied in order to incline the individual to the type of behavior that society needs.

Today, in most civilized countries, the belief about the "crisis of punishment", the crisis of state and police control, prevails. There is an increasing movement to abolish not only the death penalty, but also imprisonment and in the transition to alternative penalties and the restoration of the rights of victims.

Progressive and promising in world criminology and sociology of deviations is the idea of ​​preventiveness.

Theoretically, the possibility of crime prevention has long been known. Charles Montesquieu in his work "The Spirit of the Laws" noted that "a good legislator is not so worried about the punishment for a crime, as he will try to prevent a crime not so much to punish as to improve morality." Preventive sanctions improve social conditions, create a more favorable atmosphere and reduce inhumane acts. They are able to protect a specific person, a potential victim from possible encroachments.

However, there is another point of view. While agreeing that the prevention of crime (as well as other forms of deviant behavior) is democratic, liberal and progressive than repression, some sociologists (T. Mathyssen, B. Andersen and others) question the realism and effectiveness of preventive measures. their arguments are:

Since deviance is a certain conditional construct, a product of social agreements (why, for example, in one society alcohol is allowed, and in another - its use is considered a deviation?), Then the legislator decides what is an offense. Will prevention become a way to strengthen the position of those in power?

Prevention involves the impact on the causes of deviant behavior. And who can say with certainty that he knows these reasons? There are dozens of theories explaining the causes of deviations. Which of them can be taken as a basis and applied in practice?

Prevention is always an intervention in the privacy of a person. Therefore, there is a danger of violation of human rights through the introduction of preventive measures (for example, violation of the rights of homosexuals in the USSR).

The tightening of sanctions depends on:

Measures of formalization of the role. The military, policemen, doctors are controlled very strictly, both formally and by the public, and, say, friendship is realized through non-formalized social roles, so the sanctions here are rather arbitrary.

Prestige Status: Roles associated with prestige status are subject to harsh external scrutiny and self-monitoring.

The cohesion of the group within which role behavior occurs, and hence the forces of group control.

Control questions and tasks

1. What behavior is called deviant?

2. What is the relativity of deviation?

3. What behavior is called delinquent?

4. What are the causes of deviant and delinquent behavior?

5. What is the difference between delinquent and deviant behavior?

6. Name the functions of social deviations.

7. Describe the biological and psychological theories of deviant behavior and crime.

8. Describe the sociological theories of deviant behavior and crime.

9. What functions does the system of social control perform?

10. What are "sanctions"? What types of sanctions?

11. What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions?

12. What are the differences between repressive and preventive sanctions.

13. Give examples of what determines the severity of sanctions.

14. What is the difference between the methods of informal and formal control?

15. Name the agents of informal and formal control.

- a mechanism for maintaining public order through regulatory regulation, which implies the actions of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing deviants or correcting them.

The concept of social control

The most important condition for the effective functioning of the social system is the predictability of social actions and social behavior of people, in the absence of which the social system is waiting for disorganization and collapse. Society has certain means by which it ensures the reproduction of existing social relations and interactions. One of these means is social control, the main function of which is to create conditions for the stability of the social system, maintaining social stability and at the same time for positive social changes. This requires flexibility from social control, including the ability to recognize positive-constructive deviations from social norms, which should be encouraged, and negative-dysfunctional deviations, to which certain sanctions (from the Latin sanctio - the strictest decree) of a negative nature must be applied, including including legal ones.

- this, on the one hand, is a mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social influence, and on the other, the social practice of their use.

In general, the social behavior of the individual proceeds under the control of society and the surrounding people. They not only teach the individual the rules of social behavior in the process of socialization, but also act as agents of social control, monitoring the correct assimilation of social behavior patterns and their implementation in practice. In this regard, social control acts as a special form and method of social regulation of people's behavior in society. Social control is manifested in the subordination of the individual to the social group in which he is integrated, which is expressed in the meaningful or spontaneous adherence to the social norms prescribed by this group.

Social control consists of two elements— social norms and social sanctions.

Social norms are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people.

Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms.

social norms

social norms- these are socially approved or legislatively fixed rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and proper social norms.

Legal regulations - These are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms involves legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main tool in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.

To social norms usually include:

• group social habits (for example, "don't turn up your nose in front of your own");
• social customs (for example, hospitality);
• social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),
• public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);
• social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, mores, taboos are sometimes called the general rules of social behavior.

social sanction

Sanction is recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance, expressed in the form of encouragement (positive sanction) or punishment (negative sanction). Sanctions are formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons, and informal, expressed by unofficial persons.

Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.

Social norms and social sanctions are an inseparable whole, and if some social norm does not have a social sanction accompanying it, then it loses its social regulatory function. For example, in the 19th century in the countries of Western Europe, the birth of children only in a legal marriage was considered a social norm. Therefore, illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they were neglected in everyday communication, they could not enter into worthy marriages. However, society, as it modernized and softened public opinion regarding illegitimate children, gradually began to exclude informal and formal sanctions for violating this norm. As a result, this social norm ceased to exist altogether.

There are the following mechanisms of social control:

• isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);
• isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);
• rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to normal life.

Types of social sanctions

Although formal sanctions appear to be more effective, informal sanctions are actually more important to the individual. The need for friendship, love, recognition, or the fear of ridicule and shame are often more effective than orders or fines.

In the process of socialization, forms of external control are internalized so that they become part of his own beliefs. An internal control system is being formed, called self-control. A typical example of self-control is the pangs of conscience of a person who has committed an unworthy act. In a developed society, the mechanisms of self-control prevail over the mechanisms of external control.

Types of social control

In sociology, two main processes of social control are distinguished: the application of positive or negative sanctions for the social behavior of an individual; interiorization (from the French interiorisation - transition from outside to inside) by an individual of social norms of behavior. In this regard, external social control and internal social control, or self-control, are distinguished.

External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee compliance with social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Formal social control, based on official approval or condemnation, is carried out by state authorities, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, resolutions, orders and instructions. Formal social control may also include the dominant ideology in society. Speaking of formal social control, they mean, first of all, actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of government representatives. Such control is especially effective in large social groups.

Informal social control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, expressed through traditions, customs or the media. The agents of informal social control are such social institutions as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by a very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a smirk. Violation of other social norms is followed by severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, exile from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely, certain types of group habits, in particular family habits, are most mildly punished.

Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. This type of control is manifested, on the one hand, in a sense of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse" for social actions, on the other hand, in the form of an individual's reflection on his social behavior.

An individual's self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

- it is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows the individual to rationalize his social behavior.

Conscience- the ability of the individual to independently formulate his own moral duties and demand from himself their fulfillment, as well as to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds. The will helps the individual to overcome his inner subconscious desires and needs, to act and behave in society in accordance with his convictions.

In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly fight with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, therefore self-control is the most important condition for people's social behavior. Typically, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the tighter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker the individual's self-control, the tougher external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with great social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation of the individual.

In addition to external and internal social control of the social behavior of an individual, there are also: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control, based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and satisfy needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.

Social behavior that corresponds to the norms and values ​​​​defined in society is designated as conformist (from Latin conformis - similar, similar). The main task of social control is the reproduction of a conformist type of behavior.

Social sanctions are used to control the observance of norms and values. Sanction is the reaction of the group to the behavior of the social subject. With the help of sanctions, the normative regulation of the social system and its subsystems is carried out.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms. Along with values, they contribute to the observance of social norms and thus social norms are protected from two sides, from the side of values ​​and from the side of sanctions. Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of social norms, that is, for conformity, agreement with them, and a system of punishments for deviation from them, that is, deviance.

Negative sanctions are linked with socially unapproved violations of norms, Depending on the degree of rigidity of the norms, they can be divided into punishments and censures:

forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.

forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, rupture of relations, etc.

The use of positive sanctions is associated not only with the observance of norms, but with the performance of a number of socially significant services aimed at preserving values ​​and norms. The forms of positive sanctions are rewards, monetary rewards, privileges, approval, etc.

Along with negative and positive, formal and informal sanctions are distinguished, which differ depending on the institutions that use them and the nature of their action:

formal sanctions implemented by official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax authorities, the penitentiary system.

informal applied by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).

There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square.

f+	f_
n+	n_

(F+) Formal positive sanctions. This is a public endorsement by official organizations. Such approval can be expressed in government awards, state prizes and scholarships, bestowed titles, erection of monuments, presentation of diplomas or admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example: election as chairman of the board).

(H+) informal positive sanctions - public approval that does not come from official organizations can be expressed in friendly praise, complement, honor, flattering reviews, or recognition of leadership or expert qualities. (just a smile) (F)-) formal negative sanctions - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation of civil rights, confiscation of property, fine, demotion, excommunication from the church, the death penalty.

(N-) informal negative sanctions - punishment not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, neglect, unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relations, disapproving feedback, complaint, exposing article in the press.

Four groups of sanctions help to determine what behavior of an individual can be considered beneficial for the group:

- legal - a system of punishments for actions prescribed by law.

- ethical - a system of censures, remarks arising from moral principles,

- satirical - ridicule, neglect, smirks, etc.,

- religious sanctions .

The French sociologist R. Lapierre identifies three types of sanctions:

- physical , with the help of which punishment is carried out for violation of social norms;

- economic blocking the satisfaction of urgent needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (downgrading of social status, warnings, penalties, removal from office).

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, sanctions together with values ​​and norms constitute the mechanism of social control. Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people on the basis of norms. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes people's behavior predictable,

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If some norm does not have a sanction accompanying it, then it ceases to regulate behavior and becomes just a slogan or appeal, and not an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not (imprisonment requires a serious trial, on the basis of which a sentence is issued). Assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and making a decision by the Academic Council. If the application of the sanction is made by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control is internal control.

Individuals independently control their behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are assimilated so firmly that people who violate them feel guilty. Approximately 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The higher self-control is developed among members of a society, the less it is extremely important for this society to resort to external control, and, on the contrary, the weaker self-control, the tougher external control should be. At the same time, strict external control, petty guardianship of citizens, hinder the development of self-consciousness and muffle the volitional efforts of the individual, as a result, a dictatorship arises.

Often a dictatorship is established temporarily for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order, but citizens who are accustomed to submit to coercive control do not develop internal control, they gradually degrade as social beings, as individuals who are able to take responsibility and do without external coercion, that is, dictatorship, thus, the degree of development of self-control characterizes the type of people prevailing in society and the emerging form of the state. With developed self-control, the likelihood of establishing democracy is high, with undeveloped self-control - dictatorship.

Social sanctions and their typology. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social sanctions and their typology." 2017, 2018.

All procedures by which the behavior of an individual is brought to the norm of a social group are called sanctions.

social sanction - measure of influence, the most important means of social control.

There are the following types of sanctions:

- negative and positive ,

- formal and informal .

Negative sanctions directed against a person who has deviated from social norms.

Positive sanctions aimed at the support and approval of a person who follows these standards.

Formal sanctions imposed by an official, public or state body or their representative.

informal usually involve the reaction of group members, friends, colleagues, relatives, acquaintances, etc.

Thus, it is possible to distinguish four types of sanctions:

1. formal negative,

2. formal positive,

3. informal negative,

4. informal positive.

for example , five for the student's answer in class - formal positive sanction. An example negative informal sanction may be condemnation of a person at the level of public opinion.

Positive sanctions are usually more powerful than negative sanctions..

for example For a student, reinforcing academic success with positive grades is more stimulating than a negative grade for a poorly completed assignment.

Sanctions are effective only when there is agreement on the correctness of their application and the authority of those who apply them.

for example, the nurse can take the penalty for granted if she considers it fair, and if the penalty does not correspond to the misconduct, the nurse will consider that she was treated unfairly, and not only will not correct her behavior, but, on the contrary, may show a negative reaction.

Basic forms of social control

Forms of social control - these are ways of regulating human life in society, which are due to various social (group) processes and are associated with the psychological characteristics of large and small social groups.

Forms of social control predetermine the transition of external social regulation into intrapersonal.

The most common forms of social control are:

traditions,

Morality and manners

Etiquette, manners, habits.

Ø Law - a set of normative acts that have legal force and regulate the formal relations of people across the state.

Laws are directly related to and determined by a particular power in society, which, in turn, leads to the establishment of a certain way of life. Many important events in life (getting married, having a child, graduating from university, etc.) are directly related to laws. Neglect of legal norms can lead to negative socio-psychological consequences.

For example, people living in a civil marriage, with legally unregistered marital relations, may face negative sanctions of an informal nature.

The law acts as an active and effective form of social control.

Ø Taboo – a system of prohibitions on the commission of any actions or thoughts of a person.

One of the most ancient forms of social control, preceding the emergence of laws, is taboo. In primitive society, taboos regulated important aspects of life. It was believed that when prohibitions were violated, supernatural forces should punish the violator. At the level of modern individual consciousness, taboos are most often associated with superstitions - such prejudices, due to which much of what is happening seems to be a manifestation of supernatural forces or an omen.

for example , a student going to take an exam can change the path if a black cat crosses the road; the young mother is afraid that someone else's gaze will harm the baby, and so on. A person is afraid that if the ritual is not performed by him, then unfavorable consequences for him will certainly arise. Internal taboos are (often at the subconscious level) social prohibitions in the past.

Ø Customs -repetitive, habitual for the majority ways of human behavior, common in a given society.

Customs are assimilated from childhood and have the character of a social habit. The main sign of custom is prevalence. The custom is determined by the conditions of society at a given moment in time and thus differs from tradition.

Ø Traditions -are timeless in nature and exist for a long time, being passed down from generation to generation.

Traditions are practices that:

First, they have developed historically in connection with the culture of a given ethnic group;

Secondly, they are passed down from generation to generation;

Thirdly, they are determined by the mentality (spiritual warehouse) of the people.

We can say that traditions are one of the most conservative forms of social control. But traditions can also gradually change and be transformed in accordance with socio-economic and cultural changes that affect social patterns of behavior.

for example , the tradition of the existence of a patriarchal family is gradually changing in many countries of the world. The composition of a modern family living under one roof increasingly includes only two generations: parents - children.

Customs and traditions cover mass forms of behavior and play a huge role in society. The psychological meaning of a custom or tradition – solidarity of people. Solidarity unites people of one society, makes them more united and, therefore, stronger. Punishment (negative sanctions) following the violation of tradition only contributes to maintaining the unity of the group. It is impossible to understand the essence of tradition outside the culture of the people. Many customs are eliminated with the change of life in society.

Ø Moral -special customs that have moral significance and are associated with the understanding of good and evil in a given social group or society.

Morality defines what people traditionally allow or forbid themselves in connection with their ideas about good and bad. Despite the diversity of such representations, moral norms are very similar in most human cultures, regardless of the forms in which they are embodied.

Ø Conscience – a special, unique quality of a person that determines his essence.

According to V. Dahl, conscience - this is moral consciousness, moral instinct or feeling in a person; inner consciousness of good and evil; the secret of the soul, in which the approval or condemnation of each act is recalled; the ability to recognize the quality of an act; a feeling prompting to truth and goodness, averting from lies and evil; involuntary love for the good and for the truth; innate truth in varying degrees of development (Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. - St. Petersburg, 1997. - V. 4).

In philosophy and psychology conscience is interpreted as the ability of a person to exercise moral self-control, independently formulate moral duties for himself, demand from himself their fulfillment and evaluate the actions performed (Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1983; Psychology: Dictionary. - M., 1990).

Conscience carries internal special controlling functions, it is the absolute guarantor of the implementation of moral principles. At the same time, it is impossible not to notice that, unfortunately, in modern life they do not always contribute to the development of this unique human property.

Ø Morals -the designation of customs that have moral significance and characterize all those forms of behavior of people in a particular social stratum that can be subjected to moral assessment.

Unlike morality, mores are associated with certain social groups. That is, the generally accepted morality in society can be one, but the mores are different.

for example , the mores of the elite and the mores of the working part of society have significant differences.

On the individual level morals are shown in manners of a person, the peculiarities of his behavior.

Ø Manners – a set of habits of behavior of a particular person or a particular social group.

These are external forms of behavior, ways of doing something that characterize a certain social type. By manners, we can determine to which social group a person belongs, what is his profession or main activity.

Ø Habit -an unconscious action that has been repeated so many times in a person's life that it has become automated.

Habits are formed under the influence of the immediate environment and, above all, family education. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that habits acquirenature of need if they are formed and fixed.

At the first stage of habit formation, due to its novelty, the individual experiences certain difficulties in assimilation. But when action is perfectly learned, it becomes necessary. We do not pay attention to our habits, because it is, as it were, a part of ourselves, it is something natural and necessary. Other people's habits that are not like ours can be quite annoying.

for example , newlyweds may experience some everyday difficulties due to the difference in habits. And in families that exist long enough and safely, one can observe the unity of habits or agreement about their manifestations.

A famous proverb says:

“Sow a deed, reap a habit,

SANCTIONS INFORMAL

- English sanctions, informal; German Sanctionen, unformal. Spontaneous, emotionally colored reactions of the immediate environment (friends, neighbors, relatives) to the behavior of the individual, deviating from the social. expectations.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

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