The main cities of the northwestern federal district. Northwestern Federal District: cities and composition

Northwestern Federal District (NWFD), which includes 11 constituent entities of the Federation, plays an important strategic role as a border part of Russia in the European North and the west of the country. The Northwestern Federal District unites 2 economic regions: Northern and Northwestern. The territory of the district is located in the zone of mixed forests, taiga, forest-tundra and tundra. The NWFD occupies an advantageous geopolitical position - it borders on Finland, Norway, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, has access to the Baltic, White, Barents, Kara Seas. Within its boundaries there are very large industrial and vibrant cultural centers, important seaports, unique objects included in the list of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (in the cities of St. Petersburg and Novgorod, as well as on the Solovetsky Islands and Kizhi Island).

is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Rivers flow through the region. Plain rivers are of navigable value. Among them are Pechora, northern Dvina, Onega. Neva and others. In terms of hydropower, the Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa are of greatest importance.
The district richest in natural resources in the European part of the country: ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, chemical raw materials, forest and water resources.
The development of the economy of the North-Western District stimulates the presence of significant reserves of mineral and raw materials, fuel, energy and water resources, which can not only meet the needs of the country's economic complex, but also be exported to many countries of the world.
The district accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, cobalt. Fuel resources are represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat. The region is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Industrial reserves of aluminum-containing raw materials are of great value. The forests are very rich in fur-bearing animals (arctic fox, black-brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.). The seas washing the territory of the district are rich in valuable species of fish (cod, salmon, herring, haddock, etc.).
The presence in the Okrug of significant mineral and raw material and fuel reserves, as well as water and forest resources, is an important factor in its economic development in the context of the formation of a market economy.
The economic potential of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District is one of the largest among other districts located in the European part of Russia. Its leading branch of the economy is industry.
The Northwestern Federal District produces a significant part of the republican volume of phosphate raw materials, industrial timber, about 33% of cellulose, finished rolled products, and its share in the fish catch is also large.
The economic and geographical position of the district has a number of advantages. Access to the seas - the Baltic, Barents and White - provide shipping routes to the west - towards Western Europe and the eastern coast of North America, as well as to the east - along the Northern Sea Route to the Russian Arctic and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Of great importance are the common borders with the countries of the European Union - Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.
The main branches of market specialization in the industrial sector are the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, multidisciplinary engineering, forestry and woodworking, chemical, food, fishing industries, and in agriculture - flax growing, dairy and meat cattle breeding, reindeer breeding , fishing. The leading positions in the industrial development of the regions of the European North to date have been retained by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, and the fuel industry.
In terms of foreign trade turnover, the NWFD ranks third in Russia after the Central and Ural federal districts. At the same time, exports and imports almost balance each other, while in Russia as a whole, exports exceed imports by 2.5 times. It can be said that the Northwestern Federal District specializes in importing products from foreign countries to Russia.
The Northwestern Federal District occupies one of the first places in Russia in the production of marine vessels of various types, unique steam, hydraulic and gas turbines, optical and mechanical products.
Precise and complex mechanical engineering is widely developed in the district: instrument making, radio engineering, electronics, electrical engineering, which is located in St. Petersburg. The prospects for the development of the industry are associated with the further development of science-intensive and precision industries, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding.
The Northwestern Federal District is one of Russia's largest producers and exporters of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, primarily steel, copper, aluminum and nickel.
In the Northwestern Federal District, the chemical industry belongs to the branches of market specialization. Both the basic chemistry, in particular the production of mineral fertilizers, and the chemistry of organic synthesis were developed. Fertilizers, rubber products, synthetic resins, plastics, paint and varnish products, various acids and ammonia, pharmaceuticals, phosphate raw materials, and household chemicals are produced here.
The chemistry of organic synthesis is developing on the use of woodworking waste - the production of alcohol, rosin, turpentine, viscose fibers. On the basis of local oil and gas resources in Syktyvkar (Komi Republic) plastics, alcohols, dyes are produced.
The level of agriculture does not provide the local population with food, and industry does not provide raw materials.
Agriculture specializes in dairy and beef cattle breeding, potato growing, vegetable growing and flax growing. Reindeer breeding is developed in the north of the district. The leading role of agricultural production is animal husbandry.
The city of St. Petersburg occupies a leading position in the economy of the district.

NORTHWESTERN Federal District. Area 1,677,900 sq. km.
The administrative center of the Northwestern Federal District - Saint Petersburg

Cities of the Northwestern Federal District.

Cities in the Arkhangelsk region: Velsk, Kargopol, Koryazhma, Kotlas, Mezen, Mirny, Naryan-Mar, Novodvinsk, Nyandoma, Onega, Severodvinsk, Solvychegodsk, Shenkursk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Arkhangelsk.

Cities in the Vologda Oblast: Babaevo, Belozersk, Veliky Ustyug, Vytegra, Gryazovets, Kadnikov, Kirillov, Krasavino, Nikolsk, Sokol, Totma, Ustyuzhna, Kharovsk, Cherepovets. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Vologda.

Cities in the Kaliningrad region: Bagrationovsk, Baltiysk, Gvardeysk, Guryevsk, Gusev, Zelenogradsk, Krasnoznamensk, Ladushkin, Mamonovo, Neman, Nesterov, Ozersk, Pionersky, Polessk, Pravdinsk, Primorsk, Svetlogorsk, Light, Slavsk, Sovetsk, Chernyakhovsk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Kaliningrad.

Cities in the Leningrad region: Boksitogorsk, Volosovo, Volkhov, Vsevolozhsk, Vyborg, Vysotsk, Gatchina, Ivangorod, Kamennogorsk, Kingisepp, Kirishi, Kirovsk, Kommunar, Lodeinoye Pole, Meadows, Luban, Nikolskoye, Novaya Ladoga, Otradnoe, Pikalevo, Podporozhye, Primorsk, Priozersk, Svetogorsk, Sertolovo, Shales, Sosnovy Bor, Syasstroy, Tikhvin, Tosno, Shlisselburg. The administrative center of the federal district is the city St. Petersburg.

Cities in the Murmansk region: Apatity, Gadzhievo, Zaozersk, Zapolyarny, Kandalaksha, Kirovsk, Kovdor, Kola, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk, Ostrovnoy, Polyarnye Zori, Polyarny, Severomorsk, Snezhnogorsk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Murmansk.

Cities in the Novgorod region: Borovichi, Valdai, Malaya Vishera, Okulovka, Pestovo, Soltsy, Staraya Russa, Hill, Chudovo. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Velikiy Novgorod.

Cities in the Pskov region: Velikiye Luki, Gdov, Dno, Nevel, Novorzhev, Novosokolniki, Opochka, Ostrov, Pechory, Porkhov, Pustoshka, Pytalovo, Sebezh. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Pskov.

Cities in the Republic of Karelia: Belomorsk, Kem, Kondopoga, Kostomuksha, Lakhdenpokhya, Medvezhyegorsk, Olonets, Pitkyaranta, Pudozh, Segezha, Sortavala, Suoyarvi. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Petrozavodsk.

Cities in the Komi Republic: Vorkuta, Vuktyl, Emva, Inta, Mikun, Pechora, Sosnogorsk, Usinsk, Ukhta. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Syktyvkar.

Cities and Administrative center in Nenets Autonomous Okrug - city Naryan-Mar.

Cities in the city of Saint Petersburg: Zelenogorsk, Kolpino, Krasnoye Selo, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Peterhof, Pushkin, Sestroretsk. The administrative center of the federal district, the city of federal significance, the capital of the Leningrad region - the city St. Petersburg.

Federal districts of Russia: , .

The Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) is located in the north and northwest of the European part of Russia and includes 11 subjects of the Federation - the Republics of Karelia and Komi, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, St. Petersburg and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Northwestern Federal District was established by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 dated May 13, 2000. The center of the district is St. Petersburg.

The area of the federal district is 1677.9 thousand km 2, which is 9.9% of the territory of Russia.

The Northwestern Federal District occupies an advantageous geopolitical position. This is the only one of the federal districts of the Russian Federation that directly borders the countries of the European Union, Central and Northern Europe: Norway, Finland, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus. The Okrug plays an important strategic role as a border region.

Its internal borders are adjacent to the territories of the Ural, Volga, Central federal districts. The region occupies the entire territory of the European North, has access to the Arctic Ocean and the Baltic, White, Barents, Kara Seas, which creates favorable conditions for the development of export-import relations.

population population The population of the Northwestern Federal District is 13.5 million people, or 9.5% of the population of Russia. Since 1992, the number of inhabitants living on its territory has been declining. The highest rates of natural population decline were noted in the Vologda Oblast, the Republic of Karelia and St. Petersburg. The decline in population is associated with an unfavorable demographic situation in all regions of the Okrug, characterized by both negative rates of natural growth and intensified migration processes.

The old age structure of the population makes a significant contribution to the significant natural decline in the Okrug's population. There are already 1.5 times more people of retirement age in the NWFD than children under 16. The Pskov and Novgorod oblasts stand out with a particularly old age structure of the population, which is associated with the long-term outflow of young people from these regions in the previous decades. The northern territories (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Komi Republic, Murmansk Oblast) are distinguished by a younger age structure of the population. The city of St. Petersburg also stands out with the old age structure of the population.

Depopulation, i.e. population decline is a serious demographic and socio-economic problem of the federal district, requiring both state incentives to achieve positive indicators of natural reproduction, and a regulated influx of migrants (both are carried out within the framework of the new federal demographic policy for the period up to 2025).

At the same time, only the city of St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions are distinguished by a stable migration influx in the NWFD. These regions constantly have a positive migration balance, both with other regions of the district, and with most other subjects of the Russian Federation and the newly independent states. The relative migration inflow to the Kaliningrad region is especially intense, where it often overlaps the natural population decline. Therefore, the population of this region of the country compared with the beginning of the 90s. increased, while in all other regions of the Northwestern Federal District it decreased.

All other regions of the NWFD have a negative migration balance. The outflow of residents from the northern territories is especially intense - from the Komi Republic, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. In these regions, outbound migration is the main cause of population decline. Mostly young people and people of working age with children leave, which leads to further aging of the age structure of the population and aggravation of demographic problems.

The population of the Northwestern Federal District is distributed unevenly. The average population density is 8.2 people. per 1 km 2. The main part of the population is in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region (72.0 people per 1 km 2). The highest population density is typical for the Kaliningrad region (63.1 people per

1 km 2). The northern part of the okrug is characterized by low population density, with the most sparsely populated region being the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (24.0 people per 1 km2), located in the Arctic.

The federal district is different high level of urbanization for Russia - almost 82% of the population lives in urban areas, while almost a third of the population is concentrated in the largest St. Petersburg agglomeration in the country. The smallest part of the urban population is observed in the Pskov, Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions and the Komi Republic.

National composition The county's population is heterogeneous. The NWFD is distinguished by the multinational composition of the population; the majority are Russians. Among other nationalities, Komi, Karelians, Saami predominate, in the north-east of the Arkhangelsk region - Nenets. In the European North, there is an acute problem of the survival of indigenous peoples due to the reduction of their habitat. St. Petersburg is also multinational, where, as in Moscow, there are diasporas: Ukrainian, Tatar, peoples of the Caucasus, Estonian and others.

Human Resources The districts, especially in St. Petersburg, are distinguished by the presence of a significant number of highly qualified specialists employed in knowledge-intensive industries, in science and trade, including private business, as well as in market infrastructure.

In the structure of the employed population by sectors of the economy, the share of those employed in trade, public catering, consumer services and health care is increasing, while the number of people employed in industry, agriculture, and construction is decreasing. The solution of socio-demographic problems is possible by stabilizing and raising the economy, taking effective national and regional measures to implement social programs at the federal and regional levels aimed at social protection of the population.

In the NWFD, where the total population is declining, there is an increase in the economically active population, including those employed in the economy. Both the unemployment rate and the number of unemployed are steadily declining. The level of registered unemployment in the NWFD (1.4%) is one of the lowest in Russia.

Direct access to the world market and the proximity of European states, the presence of two ice-free seaports - Kaliningrad and Murmansk, the established overland transport network and proximity to the main industrialized districts of Russia - Central and Ural largely determined the multifaceted role of the district as a major supplier of various raw materials and industrial products, fuel and energy resources, a forge of qualified personnel, the most important Russian exporter of not only its own products, but also those produced in other regions of Russia. At the same time, the district can be considered as the largest importer of various products, the main recipient of foreign investment, and an important transit region.

The basis of the economy of the Northwestern Federal District is the use of the rich natural resource potential and favorable economic and geographical position of the region.

The main branches of market specialization that determine its place in the all-Russian territorial division of labor are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the fuel industry (coal, oil, gas), diversified engineering, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper, chemical and fishing industries. Agriculture specializes in dairy farming and reindeer husbandry.

The Federal District occupies a leading position in the production of electrical equipment, electronics, opto-mechanical products, shipbuilding, produces a significant part of the republican volume of phosphate raw materials (being the leader in the production of apatite and nepheline concentrates), industrial wood, more than 45% of cellulose, 62% of paper, 52 % of cardboard, finished rolled products, its share in the fish catch is significant. This is one of the leading centers of scientific and technological progress, the training of highly qualified personnel, the center of Russian history and culture, as well as tourism. The district performs important transport functions in the implementation of maritime transport.

Federal District of Russia- this is an economic region of the highest level, which is a large territorial and industrial complex, which combines industries of market specialization with industries that complement the territorial complex, and infrastructure.

Federal districts of Russia (Russian Federation) were created in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia V.V. Putin No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District" dated May 13, 2000.
In accordance with this Decree, all subjects of the Russian Federation (regions of Russia) are united into eight federal districts: the North-Western Federal District, the Central Federal District, the Volga Federal District, the Southern Federal District, the North Caucasian Federal District, the Urals Federal District, the Siberian Federal District , Far Eastern Federal District. Each of the eight existing federal districts has an administrative center.
In accordance with the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" dated October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ, the regions of Russia include urban districts and municipal districts.

A municipal district is a combination of several urban or rural settlements or settlements and inter-settlement territories united by a common territory.

An urban district is an urban settlement that is not part of a municipal district.

Russian Federation (Russia)- the largest state in the world by area. The year of foundation of Russia is considered to be 862 (the beginning of Russian statehood). The area of the Russian Federation is 17.1 million km2, and is divided into 83 subjects of the federation in eight federal districts, including 46 regions, 21 republics, 9 territories, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous regions and 2 federal cities.

Federal districts of Russia: Central Federal District, North Caucasian Federal District, Northwestern Federal District, Urals Federal District, Southern Federal District, Siberian Federal District, Volga Federal District, Far Eastern Federal District.

Central Federal District in Russia.

Central Federal District. The administrative center of the federal district is the city of Moscow.

Central Federal District (CFD)- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District”. The territory of the district is 650.3 thousand square meters. km. (3.8%) of the territory of Russia and ranks first in Russia in terms of population. The Central Federal District is located in the central part of the East European Plain, its administrative center is the city of Moscow.
The Central Federal District consists of 18 subjects of the Russian Federation.

Northwestern Federal District in Russia.

NORTH-WESTERN Federal District. Area 1,677,900 sq. km. The administrative center of the district is the city of St. Petersburg.

Northwestern Federal District (NWFD)- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District." The North-Western region is located in the north and north-west of the European part of the non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The center of the Northwestern Federal District is the city of St. Petersburg.
The Northwestern Federal District consists of 11 subjects of the Russian Federation.

Southern Federal District in Russia.

Southern Federal District. The administrative center of the district is the city of Rostov-on-Don.

Southern Federal District (SFD)- formed by Decree of the President of Russia V.V. Putin dated May 13, 2000 No. 849, the composition of the Southern Federal District was changed on January 19, 2010 in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia D.A. Medvedev No. 82 "On Amendments to the List of Federal Districts approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724 "Issues of the System and Structure of Federal Executive Bodies" .
From the moment of formation on May 13, 2000, the district was called "North Caucasian", by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1149 of June 21, 2000 - it was renamed into "Southern".
The Southern Federal District is located in the southern part of the European part of Russia, in the lower reaches of the Volga River. The center of the Southern Federal District is the city of Rostov-on-Don.
The Southern Federal District consists of 13 subjects of the Russian Federation

By decree of the President of Russia V.V. Putin dated July 28, 2016 No. 375, the Crimean Federal District was abolished, and its constituent entities - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol - were included in the Southern Federal District.

Volga Federal District in Russia.

Volga Federal District. The administrative center of the district is the city of Nizhny Novgorod.

Volga Federal District (VFD)- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia V.V. Putin No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District". The Volga Federal District occupies the central and eastern part of the European part of Russia. The center of the Volga Federal District is the city of Nizhny Novgorod.
The Volga Federal District consists of 14 subjects of the Russian Federation.

Ural Federal District in Russia.

Ural federal district. The administrative center of the district is the city of Yekaterinburg.

Ural Federal District (UrFO)- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District." The center of the Ural Federal District is the city of Yekaterinburg.
The Ural Federal District consists of 6 subjects of the Russian Federation.

Home —> Federal Districts of the Russian Federation —> Northwestern Federal District

- was formed on May 13, 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District." The North-Western region is located in the north and north-west of the European part of the non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The center of the Northwestern Federal District is the city of St. Petersburg.
Northwestern Federal District (NWFD), which includes 11 constituent entities of the Federation, plays an important strategic role as a border part of Russia in the European North and the west of the country. The Northwestern Federal District unites 2 economic regions: Northern and Northwestern. The territory of the district is located in the zone of mixed forests, taiga, forest-tundra and tundra. The NWFD occupies an advantageous geopolitical position - it borders on Finland, Norway, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, has access to the Baltic, White, Barents, Kara Seas. Within its boundaries there are very large industrial and vibrant cultural centers, important seaports, unique objects included in the list of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (in the cities of St. Petersburg and Novgorod, as well as on the Solovetsky Islands and Kizhi Island).
is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Rivers flow through the region. Plain rivers are of navigable value. Among them are Pechora, northern Dvina, Onega. Neva and others. In terms of hydropower, the Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa are of greatest importance.
The district richest in natural resources in the European part of the country: ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, chemical raw materials, forest and water resources.
The district accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, cobalt. Fuel resources are represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat. The region is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Industrial reserves of aluminum-containing raw materials are of great value. The forests are very rich in fur-bearing animals (arctic fox, black-brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.). The seas washing the territory of the district are rich in valuable species of fish (cod, salmon, herring, haddock, etc.).
The economic potential of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District is one of the largest among other districts located in the European part of Russia. Its leading branch of the economy is industry.
The Northwestern Federal District produces a significant part of the republican volume of phosphate raw materials, industrial timber, about 33% of cellulose, finished rolled products, and its share in the fish catch is also large.
The economic and geographical position of the district has a number of advantages. Access to the seas - the Baltic, Barents and White - provide shipping routes to the west - towards Western Europe and the eastern coast of North America, as well as to the east - along the Northern Sea Route to the Russian Arctic and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Of great importance are the common borders with the countries of the European Union - Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.
The main branches of market specialization in the industrial sector are the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, multidisciplinary engineering, forestry and woodworking, chemical, food, fishing industries, and in agriculture - flax growing, dairy and meat cattle breeding, reindeer breeding , fishing. The leading positions in the industrial development of the regions of the European North to date have been retained by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, and the fuel industry.
In terms of foreign trade turnover, the NWFD ranks third in Russia after the Central and Ural federal districts. At the same time, exports and imports almost balance each other, while in Russia as a whole, exports exceed imports by 2.5 times. It can be said that the Northwestern Federal District specializes in importing products from foreign countries to Russia.
The Northwestern Federal District occupies one of the first places in Russia in the production of marine vessels of various types, unique steam, hydraulic and gas turbines, optical and mechanical products.
Precise and complex mechanical engineering is widely developed in the district: instrument making, radio engineering, electronics, electrical engineering, which is located in St. Petersburg. The prospects for the development of the industry are associated with the further development of science-intensive and precision industries, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding.
The Northwestern Federal District is one of Russia's largest producers and exporters of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, primarily steel, copper, aluminum, and nickel.
In the Northwestern Federal District, the chemical industry belongs to the branches of market specialization. Both the basic chemistry, in particular the production of mineral fertilizers, and the chemistry of organic synthesis were developed. Fertilizers, rubber products, synthetic resins, plastics, paint and varnish products, various acids and ammonia, pharmaceuticals, phosphate raw materials, and household chemicals are produced here.
The chemistry of organic synthesis is developing on the use of woodworking waste - the production of alcohol, rosin, turpentine, viscose fibers. On the basis of local oil and gas resources in Syktyvkar (Komi Republic) plastics, alcohols, dyes are produced.
The level of agriculture does not provide the local population with food, and industry does not provide raw materials.
Agriculture specializes in dairy and beef cattle breeding, potato growing, vegetable growing and flax growing. Reindeer breeding is developed in the north of the district. The leading role of agricultural production is animal husbandry.
The city of St. Petersburg occupies a leading position in the economy of the district.

NORTHWESTERN Federal District. Area 1,677,900 sq. km.
The administrative center of the federal district - Saint Petersburg

ARKHANGELSK Oblast - The administrative center of the city of Arkhangelsk
VOLOGDA Oblast - The administrative center of the city of Vologda
KALININGRAD Oblast - The administrative center of the city of Kaliningrad
LENINGRAD Oblast - The administrative center of St. Petersburg
MURMANSK Oblast — The administrative center of Murmansk
NOVGOROD Oblast — The administrative center of the city of Veliky Novgorod
PSKOV Oblast - The administrative center of the city of Pskov
Republic of KARELIA - The administrative center of the city of Petrozavodsk
The Republic of Komi is the administrative center of the city of Syktyvkar
NENETS aut. env. — The administrative center of Naryan-Mar
city SAINT PETERSBURG

Federal districts of Russia: Central Federal District, Northwestern Federal District, Southern Federal District, Volga Federal District, North Caucasian Federal District, Urals Federal District, Siberian Federal District, Far Eastern Federal District.

The whole section...

Northwestern Federal District

The territory of today's Northwestern Federal District has always occupied a significant political and economic position. From the time of Kievan Rus, trade routes passed here (the path from the Varangians to the Greeks). Staraya Ladoga became the first capital.

In 1478, the Novgorod lands became part of the Moscow principality. Part of the territory of the current Leningrad region in the 17th century was part of the Kingdom of Sweden (the entire Baltic coast). For Russia, gaining access to the Baltic Sea was during this period the most important foreign policy and economic task. Peter I entered the Northern War against Sweden 1700 - 1721. St. Petersburg was founded already in 1703, and in 1714. the capital of Russia was moved here until 1917.

1941 - 1944

Northwestern Administrative Okrug

- occupation of 70% of the territory (II MB).

Today the Northwestern Federal District is an administrative formation in the north of the European part of Russia. The territory of the district is 9.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation.

Russia, in order to take a worthy place on the world stage after the collapse of the USSR, needs to develop foreign economic relations, pursue an active foreign economic policy, and for this it is necessary to expand the direct participation of the regions of the Russian Federation in foreign economic activity. It is the North-West region that plays an important role in establishing foreign economic relations.

The NWFD includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Fig. 1), including

2 republics:

Karelia (3),

7 areas:

Arkhangelsk (1)

Vologda (10)

Kaliningrad (2)

Leningrad (5)

Murmansk (6)

Novgorodskaya (7)

Pskov (8);

1 federal city

- St. Petersburg (9);

1 autonomous region

- Nenets (1a).

Rice. 1. Composition of the Northwestern Federal District

The population of the Northwestern Federal District as of January 1, 2009 is 13,462,000 people. (9.5% of the population of Russia). The basis of the population are the townspeople.

Large cities: St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Syktyvkar, Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Severodvinsk, Ukhta, Velikiye Luki.

The main types of industry in the district are timber, woodworking and pulp and paper. From the extractive industry, it is necessary to note the oil industry in Komi, the extraction of iron and nickel ores in the Murmansk region, marble in the south of Karelia, and peat in the Leningrad, Novgorod and Vologda regions.

In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in most of Komi, in the north of the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions, reindeer herding, hunting for fur-bearing animals and fishing are widespread. In Karelia, in the south of Komi and the Arkhangelsk region, dairy farming (cattle) with farming centers is also developed.

Domestic economic potential. Human Resources

Dynamics of the population of the region.

The northwest is characterized by low natural population growth, so migration growth plays a major role in increasing the population of the area. The urban population is growing due to administrative changes and the growth of the largest cities. There are also intra-regional differences in population dynamics: for the Leningrad region, the main source of population growth is the influx from the Pskov and Novgorod regions, as well as from other economic regions. And the regions of the district are characterized by a low birth rate and a constant outflow of the population to the capital. But recently there has been a tendency to stabilize the population of these regions. Currently, there has been a re-emigration of the population to the countryside due to the deterioration of the economic situation and the influx of refugees and internally displaced persons.

Ethnic composition of the population.

The population of the region is multinational. The basis of the population is the Russian population. And also there are such ethnic groups as Karelians (Finogorsk group), Finns, Vepsians, Elmens.

Labor resources, labor market.

The North-Western region has the highest rates of employment of the able-bodied population in Russia, especially in large cities. This is due to the fact that all the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the region have the prerequisites for the development of small businesses; special programs are used for its development. Employment of the population in personal and household subsidiary plots is low and has low labor mobility, and a significant part of the rural population is employed in non-agricultural sectors, industry and transport. In recent years, unemployment has become widespread.

The economic potential of the region is determined primarily by the industry of St. Petersburg, its highly skilled working class, scientific and technical personnel, who create 10% of the scientific and technical developments of the former republics of the USSR. This makes it possible to assign to the region the functions of one of the most important flagships of scientific and technological progress, the training of qualified personnel for the national economy.

Under the conditions of the crisis, the North-Western economic region retains significant operating capacities in the light and especially in the food industry. However, there are problems of reconstruction of these capacities, since their depreciation at some enterprises reaches 80%. The rapid turnover of funds invested in the food and light industry in a number of cases makes it possible to attract domestic and foreign investments, in particular, in the production of confectionery and cereal products.

The North-Western region has a developed transport network. The density of the transport network of the region significantly exceeds the average for Russia. The main shortcomings of the existing transport infrastructure are associated with restrictions on the turnover and composition of the cargoes served by the Baltic seaports - St. Petersburg, Vyborg, etc. Moscow, Finland, Poland and through it with Western Europe and Russian Kaliningrad.

The coastal position of the Leningrad Region, with all its benefits, has a drawback associated with the lack of seaports intended for the export of oil, oil products, as well as an additional volume of universal ones. cargo. Next in line is the construction of an oil terminal in the city of Primorsk, an oil product port in Batareinaya Bay on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, and a universal port in Ust-Luga Bay on the coast of the Gulf of Finland.

The share of agriculture is only 10% of the total gross product of the region. This is one of the lowest rates among the economic regions of the Russian Federation. Agriculture has a complex suburban, dairy and livestock, as well as flax-growing direction (in the Pskov and Novgorod regions). Its main role is to provide for the internal needs of the region. The industry is experiencing an acute crisis, which is associated with unsatisfactory material and technical support of the agro-industrial complex, aggravated by the demographic crisis (large natural loss and negative migration of the rural population).

The Northwestern Federal District is divided into eleven subjects of the Federation and is divided into at least four types of territories that require a special managerial relationship and a complementary "assembly". Each of them is based on different types of development and has its own infrastructural features, a specific system of settlement and location of industries.

The first type of territories includes the Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod and Vologda regions. The natural conditions of people's lives are the most favorable in the entire North-West. At the same time, these lands are not rich in natural resources. But at the same time, it is in these subjects of the Federation that the highest density of economic activity of the population is achieved. They contain most of the centers of the manufacturing industry. The population in these territories has not decreased in recent years. In general, they can be characterized as "industrial territories within the main zone of settlement" in the North-West of Russia. The problem for this type of territories is the fact that the focus on the primary implementation of raw materials projects leaves them on the periphery of the main financial flows.

The second type is made up of territories predominantly of the raw materials or military-settlement type of development. These include the Murmansk and, to some extent, the Arkhangelsk regions, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the republics of Komi and Karelia. The curtailment of a number of industries and the erosion of the defense functions of territories of significant military-strategic importance leads to an increase in their specialization in raw materials.

Most of the territories of the resource type are intensively losing population, there is a loss of ethno-cultural and social identity, traditional ways of life are under threat, which confirms the insufficiency of a purely raw orientation, both from an economic and socio-cultural point of view.

St. Petersburg belongs to the territories of the third type in the North-West. The "Strategic Plan" of St. Petersburg, adopted in December 1997, emphasizes the world significance of the city and notes that "the decisive factor for the long-term development of the city is its favorable geopolitical position in the system of world economic relations and, due to the collapse of the USSR, its new role in connecting Russia with the outside world. Both for Russia and for St. Petersburg itself, its growing role as a transport, distribution and trade intermediary center of international importance is of great importance. St. Petersburg seeks to strengthen its position as "the main Russian contact center of the Baltic Sea region and the North-West of Russia". However, it should be recognized that while St. Petersburg is technologically, personnel and financially little connected with the general space of the North-West. Dominating in the commodity markets and transportation markets, St. Petersburg, however, cannot become the only Russia's stronghold in the new development of the North-West.

The Kaliningrad exclave can be attributed to the fourth independent type of territories in the space of the North-West. Its peculiarity is that it is surrounded by countries that intend to join the European Union and NATO in the near future. The ultimate certainty of the challenge in relation to the Russian exclave explains the fact that out of the entire North-West, only in relation to the Kaliningrad region, the Russian Federation has declared some kind of development concept. Within the framework of this concept, it is proposed to make this territory an "experimental platform" on which mechanisms for the integration of Russia and the EU will be worked out.

However, the situation of an unproductive clash of territorial, departmental and corporate interests leads to the fact that it is impossible to implement a whole class of development projects that are commensurate and commensurate with those proposed by the European Union. The unified strategy developed by the European Union in relation to interaction with the Kaliningrad region is a common project for the development of relations, taking into account the complexity of interests and the multi-layered interaction of the members of the Union, both among themselves and with the Russian Federation. Russia, however, can present only a local project as an answer (competing or complementary). The short, medium and long-term goals of Russia and the Kaliningrad region in the new international context turn out to be internally inconsistent.

Foreign economic relations

The state should pursue an active economic policy aimed at developing key industries that determine Russia's entry into the ranks of developed post-industrial states, and not turning it into a backward country with raw materials. In solving this problem, foreign economic cooperation in various forms, not limited to trade relations, is of great importance. The prospects for both trade and scientific and technical cooperation, cooperation, implementation of joint projects are very favorable in the Baltic region, the developed countries of which support the participation of all countries in regional cooperation. It is here that the Russian territory is located closest to the developed countries of the West. The developed regions of Russia located on the shores of the Baltic Sea - the North-West, the Kaliningrad region, have the necessary potential to participate in the processes of international economic integration. Its development is a favorable factor in the development of not only the regions located here, but also for the Russian Federation as a whole.

Northwest Russia is now one of the regions producing relatively little of the country's current export products. It does not have significant raw material resources, although it produces a number of semi-finished products for export (petroleum products, chemicals, cellulose). However, due to its border and coastal position, it plays an important role in servicing all-Russian foreign economic relations. Large industrial and scientific centers are located here, primarily St. Petersburg, which can play an important role in the cooperation of manufacturing industries with enterprises from various countries of the Baltic region.

The North-West region differs from others by a high level of export specialization. From here, the products of the industries of this region are supplied to the world market - high-quality and sophisticated equipment, electric power equipment, equipment for nuclear power plants, products of the electronic industry, precision mechanics, trucks and cars; products of the timber and pulp and paper, chemical industries, including apatity.

The North-Western region, having a developed port economy, performs important export-import functions in the Baltic Sea for the whole of Russia. Through the St. Petersburg seaport - the largest in the Baltic basin - products of St. Petersburg and other Russian enterprises are exported to many countries. It also handles imported goods. Container carriers successfully operate on the lines St. Petersburg - London and St. Petersburg - Hamburg - Rotterdam. Through the North-Western region, there are close economic ties with Poland, Germany, and Finland. Norway.

In Russian imports from the EU countries, the main place is occupied by food products, chemical products, plastics, leather, garments, machinery and equipment for various industries, for example, pumping and compressor, refrigeration, electrical equipment, telephone communication equipment. Vegetables, fruits, and alcoholic beverages are also purchased.

The peculiarity of the geopolitical and geo-economic position of the North-West of Russia is expressed in the fact that the space opposing it is the industrially developed Western Europe. The highly industrialized countries of Western and Northern Europe, in order to enter a qualitatively new stage of development, will increasingly need Russia as a potentially capacious market and as a partner in industrial cooperation. Thus, Europe began to form its own plans for the development of the North-West of Russia, or rather, its individual territories, natural objects and economic complexes. Moreover, most of these plans are connected with the exploitation of Russia's natural resources and the consolidation of the export-raw material orientation of its economy. Even now, the most far-sighted business people from European countries are beginning to master the Russian market.

In the context of rapidly becoming more complex global economic relations, the most promising joint projects are born and implemented not in the capitals of states, but on the ground with the support of municipal and territorial governments.

For example, the idea of the so-called "Arkhangelsk Corridor" arose, linking the industrial centers and ports of Scandinavia and Finland by rail through the Republic of Karelia with the Arkhangelsk Region, with the Republic of Komi and the Urals.

After the commissioning of a 126 km section of the railway in Karelia, this idea, no doubt, promises to grow into a real cross-border project. This project is the fruit of the efforts of leaders, scientists and entrepreneurs from the province of Oulu, the Republic of Karelia, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The second cross-border project is the so-called "South Karelian" or "Atlantic Corridor", which is designed to connect the territories of the southern part of the Baltic region through the Finnish ports of Kotka, Hanko, Helsinki, European highway No. 18 and road No. 6, which runs along the Finnish-Russian borders with deep Russian territories through Karelia, the Vologda and Kirov regions. And this project is actually being implemented. Thus, in the Republic of Karelia, despite the economic crisis, new international checkpoints and roads in the East-West direction are being built. At the same time, the republic invests its own funds in federal customs infrastructure facilities.

There are a sufficient number of tourism zones in the Russian North-West. According to a joint study by the North-Western Branch of the Russian Union of Travel Industry and experts from the European Union, in 2006 the volume of inbound tourism in the North-West is estimated at 12.8 million people, of which foreign tourists account for about 44%. A sufficient number of recreational tourism zones are concentrated in the region, but they are still developing thanks to the enthusiasm of small and medium-sized businesses rather than the efforts of regional authorities.

Humanities / Economic geography / 14.1. European West

All major cities of the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) originated on the coast. At present, the major Baltic ports are poorly loaded. The fish processing industry is highly developed. Therefore, the countries of the European West have many common features and several differences:

1) The main feature of the EGP is its position on the western borders of Russia. Transport routes connecting Russia with the countries of Central and Western Europe pass through the European West.

2) The similarity of natural conditions, mild climate and flat terrain create good conditions for the life and economic activities of people.

3) Small reserves of natural resources.

4) Peculiarities of the population: the natural increase of the population is low, the distribution of the population is uniform, and its employment and qualification of labor resources are high.

5) The leading role in the economy belongs to industry, it provides 70% of all products and works on imported raw materials.

6) Agriculture specializes in dairy and dairy-beef cattle breeding, pig breeding. Farming specializes in fodder and grain crops, flax, and potatoes.

7) Maritime position of all countries.

In industry Estonia a prominent place belongs to the machine-building complex: the production of radio equipment, instruments, ship repair and the manufacture of equipment for the oil shale industry. Light industry was formed on imported dyes, cotton, and wool. The agro-industrial complex is highly developed. Dairy and meat cattle breeding is developed in the southeastern, central and northwestern regions, bacon pig breeding - in the west. In the territorial structure of the economy, there is a strip along the Gulf of Finland (70% of industrial production).

Latvia- the most economically developed state of the Baltic States. It has large reserves of hydropower (a cascade of three large hydroelectric power stations operates on the Daugava). The machine-building complex is more diverse than in Estonia and Lithuania: transport engineering (shipbuilding, automobile construction and the production of railway cars), radio industry, and instrument making. Rubber, varnishes, chemical fibers, paper, cardboard, and furniture are produced using imported raw materials.

Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation

The agro-industrial complex of Latvia is similar to the agro-industrial complex of Estonia. The port industry of Latvia is the largest among the Baltic countries. In the territorial structure of the economy, middle Latvia stands out (80% of industrial production).

Lithuania - the largest in terms of territory and population of the Baltic states. Sources of therapeutic mud, mineral waters, resort areas (Druskininkai, Palanga) are the main natural wealth of the country. The basis of the Lithuanian economy is the agro-industrial complex with the same specialization as in other Baltic states. The machine-building complex specializes in the production of radio electronics, machine tools, agricultural machines, televisions and electronic computers. In the territorial structure of the Lithuanian economy, southeastern Lithuania stands out sharply. The largest industrial hubs are Vilnius and Kaunas.

Northwestern Federal District

Introduction 3

Northwestern. List of cities

Economic and geographical position of the region 4

2. Natural conditions and resources 5

3. Economy 8

3.1 Fuel and energy complex 9

3.2 Transport complex 10

3.3 Machine-building complex 11

3.4 Metallurgical complex 12

3.5 Chemical industry 12

3.6 Agro-industrial complex 13

3.7 Fishing industry 14

3.8 Building materials industry 14

3.9 Light industry 14

4. Population and labor resources 15

5. Foreign economic relations 17

6. Intra-regional differences of the region 18

7. Environmental issues 23

Conclusion 24

References 27

Introduction

In the context of the formation of a market economy in Russia, it becomes necessary to consider the sectoral structure and location of the most important sectors of the economic complex of each federal district separately in order to analyze the economic and geographical state of Russia as a whole. In my work, I will conduct a comparative economic and geographical description of the two federal districts: the North-Western and the Volga.

The Federal District is an economic region of the highest level, which is a large territorial and industrial complex, which combines industries of market specialization with industries that complement the territorial complex, and infrastructure.

The Northwestern Federal District is an administrative-territorial formation in the north of the European part of Russia. It was formed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.

The Northwestern Federal District includes 11 subjects of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Karelia, the Republic of Komi, the Arkhangelsk; Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, St. Petersburg, Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Northwestern Federal District includes all subjects of the Russian Federation belonging to the Northwestern and Northern economic regions.

The district covers an area of 1,687 thousand square meters. km, which is 9.9% of the territory of Russia. The Northwestern Federal District is home to 13,501 thousand people (9.5% of Russia's population). The basis of the population are the townspeople. The center of the federal district is St. Petersburg. The largest cities of the Northwestern Federal District are St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Syktyvkar, Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Severodvinsk, Ukhta, Velikiye Luki. In total, there are 152 cities in the district.

Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Northwestern Federal District - Ilya Iosifovich Klebanov.

1. Economic and geographical position of the region

The North-Western region is located in the northern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, north of 57` with. sh., the southern border of the region runs almost 800 km north of the US border. The most striking feature of the North-Western region is the discrepancy between the historical role of the region and the very modest territory of the region. This discrepancy is due to the following features:

Location of the area on the outskirts, remoteness from the center of Russia. This situation prevented the region from the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

The area is sharply advanced towards Europe. Here are Pskov and Novgorod-Veliky - the most noble cities, for a long time connected with European countries through trade as part of the Banza (a medieval union of the Baltic states).

3. Seaside and border position of the region. The North-Western region is inferior to most of the economic regions of the Russian Federation in terms of population and territory, therefore it is called the region of one city - St. Petersburg. It contains 59% of the region's population and 68% of its urban population.

In the North-Western region, populated by ancient Slavic tribes, trade and crafts developed, international trade, industry and qualified personnel were concentrated in St. Petersburg, and the region's outlying position contributed to the development of the economy. All these reasons played a certain role in shaping the modern image of the district.

The region occupies one of the leading places in terms of the level of economic development, the scale and diversity of industrial production, research and development products, the training of highly qualified specialists in the national economy, the pace of the formation of market relations, the scale of participation in Russia's world economic relations.

The North-Western region is located on the Russian Plain. The climate in the area is maritime, temperate continental. The air has high humidity, the soils are sod-podzolic

2. Natural conditions and resources

Natural conditions are all elements of animate and inanimate nature that affect human economic activity.

Natural resources are all elements of nature that are used in production as raw materials and energy.

Most of the Northwestern Federal District is located in the European North. The territory of the district is predominantly flat. It is distinguished by a variety of natural and climatic conditions. The predominant part of the territory is located in a zone favorable for human habitation, industrial and economic activity.

The climatic conditions of the Northwestern Federal District are not favorable enough. The seas of the Arctic Atlantic Ocean washing its territory influence the formation of the climate, which differs in the north-west of the district by relatively warm winters and cool summers and severe winters and relatively short warm summers in the north. A small amount of precipitation falls, but due to low evaporation, they contribute to the formation of a large number of swamps, rivers and lakes. Climatic conditions that ensure the development of agricultural production are limited to the southern territories of the region. They are suitable mainly for livestock breeding. Only the Kaliningrad region is characterized by a more moderate climate.

The Northwestern Federal District is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Rivers flow through the region. Plain rivers are of navigable value. Among them are Pechora, northern Dvina, Onega. Neva and others. In terms of hydropower, the Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa are of greatest importance.

The development of the economy of the North-Western District stimulates the presence of significant reserves of mineral and raw materials, fuel, energy and water resources, which can not only meet the needs of the country's economic complex, but also be exported to many countries of the world.

Almost 72% of reserves and almost 100% of apatite mining, about 77% of titanium reserves, 43% of bauxites, 15% of mineral waters, 18% of diamonds and nickel are concentrated in the district. The district accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, cobalt.

Fuel resources are represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat.

About 40% of the reserves of the most important fuel resources of the western regions of the country are concentrated here. The total prospective areas for oil and gas production are about 600 thousand km 2, and the general geological reserves of coal are 214 billion tons. One of the largest coal basins in Russia, Pechora, is located in the northeast of the district, with large reserves of high-quality and power-generating coal. Of particular importance is the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province, where more than 70 oil and gas fields have been discovered. Currently, considerable attention is paid to the development of oil and gas in the shelf zone of the Barents and Kara Seas - the Shtokman gas condensate and Prirazlomnoye oil fields. Oil shale reserves are estimated at more than 60 billion tons. They occur in the Leningrad Region and in the basins of the Sysola, Ukhta, Yarega, and other rivers.

Peat reserves are large, which are located in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Novgorod, Leningrad regions and the Komi Republic. The potential hydropower resources of the district are estimated at 11,318 thousand kW, and the potential generation of electric power is 89.8 billion kW. h.

The region is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Industrial reserves of aluminum-containing raw materials are of great value. The Tikhvinskoye bauxite deposit with a high percentage of alumina (up to 55%) is located in the Leningrad Region. In the Arkhangelsk region, the Severo-Onega bauxite deposit is distinguished, and reserves of bauxite in the area of the city of Plesetsk are also explored.

Ores of non-ferrous metals are also represented by copper-nickel ores of Monchegorsk and Pechenega.

Iron ore deposits are located on the Kola Peninsula, in the Murmansk region (Olenegorsk and Kovdor deposits). With a low iron content in the ore (28 - 32%), they are easily enriched and provide a high quality of the smelted metal. In the Republic of Karelia, the Kostomukshskoye deposit is located, the ore of which contains 58% iron.

There are large reserves of mining and chemical raw materials in the district - apatite ores (over 10 billion tons), phosphorites. The country's largest apatite deposit, the Khibiny deposit, is located in the Murmansk region. In the Leningrad region, in the area of Kingisep, phosphorites occur with a low percentage of the main component (5 - 7%).

Industrial reserves of diamonds have been explored within the Arkhangelsk Region. The Kaliningrad region has huge amber reserves (90% of the world's reserves). The district is rich in various building materials (limestone, clay, glass sand, marble, granite). Their main reserves are located in the Murmansk, Leningrad regions and the Republic of Karelia.

The Northwestern Federal District contains 40% of the forest and 38% of the water resources of the European part of Russia. In terms of forest resources, the district ranks first in the European part of Russia. The percentage of forest cover reaches 75%. Coniferous species predominate - spruce, pine. In the southern part of the district - coniferous-broad-leaved species. Only the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, dominated by tundra, remains treeless.

The forests are very rich in fur-bearing animals (arctic fox, black-brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.).

The seas washing the territory of the district are rich in valuable species of fish (cod, salmon, herring, haddock, etc.).

The presence in the Okrug of significant mineral and raw material and fuel reserves, as well as water and forest resources, is an important factor in its economic development in the context of the formation of a market economy.

3. Economy

Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. Branches of specialization determine the economic profile of the federal district. Since market specialization is based on the territorial division of social labor, therefore, the definition of the specializations of industries should be based on identifying the share of the district in the social division of labor.

To quantify the level of specialization of the federal district, in my work I will use such an indicator as the coefficient of per capita production.

Having considered the branches of the economic complex of the federal districts, I will make calculations in the "Appendix" section, on the basis of which I will draw a conclusion about the specialization of the region in the corresponding industry.

The economic potential of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District is one of the largest among other districts located in the European part of Russia. Its leading sector of the economy is industry, the share of which in the total Russian volume of industrial production is 12.7%.

The concentration of the most valuable natural resources in the north of the district determines the specifics of the economic complex that is being formed here, based on the development of fuel and energy, mining, timber chemical, fish processing complexes, the production of paper, pulp, cardboard, commercial wood, along with a specialized complex that works for the main mining and infrastructure engineering industries.

More information

2 republics and 1 autonomous region. All of them are located in the north and northwest of the country.

This district of the state was officially recognized in 2000. It included 11 subjects, including the administrative center of federal significance St. Petersburg. The total area is almost 2 million square meters. km, which is about 10% of the total size of Russia. According to 2015 data, the population is slightly less than 14 million people, of which 80% live in cities.

In economic terms, the Northwestern Federal District is of great importance for the country. Cities that occupy a special place:

The leader in all respects, of course, is St. Petersburg.
The capital of the Komi Republic is Syktyvkar.
The regional center is Kaliningrad.
City of military glory - Novgorod.
The largest port in Russia is Murmansk.
The center of the municipality is Severodvinsk.
Urban district - Arkhangelsk.
Petrozavodsk is the capital of the Republic of Karelia.
Vologda is a center for the development of science.
The city of the Vologda region - Cherepovets.

The resources of the Northwestern District allow it to occupy one of the most honorable places throughout the country. Titanium, gas, oil, apatite are mined here. The lands of the district are full of peat deposits and oil shale. Extensive deposits of gold, diamonds, nickel, uranium allow the economy of not only the region, but the entire state to develop rapidly.

Komi Republic

The history of Komi begins in 1921. Until 1936, it was equated with an autonomous region, but on December 5 of that year it was given the title of a republic that is part of the Soviet Union. It received its current name on January 12, 1993. During 1994, the constitution was officially adopted, the emblem, anthem and flag were approved, and the first elections of the head of the republic were held.

It is currently part of the Northwestern Federal District. Composition of the Komi Republic:

administrative districts - 12;
cities of republican subordination - 8;
district settlements - 2;
village councils - 190;
settlements - 37.

The industrial crisis fell on the collapse of the USSR. This has led to mass migration. From 1990 to 2000, the population decreased by 20%.

At present, the republic's economy is at a high level. Here, they are mainly engaged in the extraction and processing of minerals, such as precious stones, oil and gas.

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this district is a subject of the state. It received official significance in 1926. The city of Naryan-Mar was appointed as the administrative center. It is the most sparsely populated region in the Northwestern Federal District. The cities of this region are half populated by Russians, and the indigenous people make up a little less than 20%. The total population of the district is about 43 thousand people. The charter of the autonomous region allows to conduct activities outside the Russian Federation.

The district includes:

city of administrative significance - 1;
PGT - 1;
villages - 42.

The main economic sphere is reindeer husbandry and agriculture.

Republic of Karelia

The first mention of Karelia appeared in the 7th century, these were the tribes that were members of the Baltic-Finnish United Union. Since 2001, it has been a full-fledged subject of Russia with its own legislative power. A constitution and basic paraphernalia were adopted. The capital of the republic is Petrozavodsk. Mechanical engineering and metallurgy is the main industry, which allows it to take a leading position among other regions that are part of the Northwestern Federal District.

The regions of the republic can be divided into northern, southern and central parts. Each of them differs in population and economic development.

The central part - only 13% of the total population.
Northern - approximately 14%.
The southern regions of the Republic of Karelia are densely populated - 73%.

The main inhabitants are Russians (57%) and Karelians (37%), other nationalities - 6%.

St. Petersburg

The only city in the district of federal significance is St. Petersburg. It is the cultural capital of a great state. It was founded by Peter I in 1703. One of the main headquarters of the Russian Armed Forces is located here. Thanks to direct access to the sea, the main command of the Navy of the state is located here.

St. Petersburg is a scientific, cultural and industrial center with a highly developed economy, which is part of the Northwestern Federal District. The structure of the Leningrad region does not include this city, since it is recognized as an independent entity.

The population is more than 5 million people. It bears the proud name of a millionaire. It is an urban agglomeration, the total area is almost one and a half thousand square meters. km.

Leningrad region

The territory of the Leningrad region extends over 84 thousand square meters. km. This is the only region whose authorities are located in another region (Moscow). In 1993, a constitution was adopted, where the Leningrad region was recognized as a subject of a great state called Russia. The Northwestern Federal District includes this region with 217 municipalities. This is one urban district and 17 districts, which include 61 urban settlements and 138 villages. The region is inhabited by almost 2 million people. Main industries: construction, metal processing, transport. The approximate annual income is 700-800 billion rubles.

Kaliningrad region

The Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation includes In terms of area, it is the smallest in comparison with other regions of Russia. Its size is slightly more than 15 thousand square meters. km. A feature of this region is the fact that after the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad region lost its land border with Russia. The population here is about 960 thousand people.

90% of the world's amber is located here. Also in the Kaliningrad region, rock salt, peat, and oil are mined.

In 1938, the Murmansk region was formed. It occupies almost 145 thousand square meters. km of area with a population of about 766 thousand people. The Northwestern Federal District unites all its regions. Such types of industry as non-ferrous metallurgy, mining, light industry, metalworking and chemical industries are well developed. The annual turnover varies in the region of 300 billion rubles, which allows us to maintain average positions in the rating of Russian entities. The structure includes 5 districts of self-government and 12 districts of urban subordination.

It was formed in 1944, but its borders were finally formed only in 1958. All 4 years of the Great Patriotic War it was occupied by the Germans, which largely influenced its development and population. In 1967, for her courage and rapid recovery after hostilities, she received the highest award - the Order of Lenin.

Currently, according to the data for 2015, the population of the region is about 650 thousand people. After entering the Northwestern Federal District, its gross turnover reached almost 80 billion rubles. Agriculture, electric power industry, construction are developed here.

The formation of the Vologda Oblast with modern borders took place in 1937. However, in 1944, the Pavinsky and Vokhomsky districts passed into the possession of the Kostroma region. The total population is 1.1 million people. The city of Vologda is the administrative center. The indigenous people are Russians and Vepsians.

Municipalities of the region:

districts with local self-government - 26;
districts - 2;
urban settlements - 22;
villages - 322.

The most developed branches of industry are electric power industry and ferrous metallurgy.

The Northwestern Federal District includes 7 regions within its borders. Novgorodskaya takes the 6th place in terms of area with a size of 55.3 square meters. km. It was formed in 1944. However, already in 1956 the districts were redistributed, and the village councils of Dmitrovsky and Mozolevsky became subordinate to the Leningrad Region. The population is over 618 thousand people.

There are 3 cities of regional significance in the Novgorod region. These are Veliky Novgorod - the administrative center, Borovichi and Staraya Russa.

1519 industrial complexes operate on the territory. Leading areas: woodworking, chemical, metallurgy.

The largest region of Russia, located in the European part, is Arkhangelsk (590 thousand sq. km). Its dimensions can be compared with the areas of some countries, for example:

When the Northern region was divided in 1937, the Arkhangelsk region was formed. According to current data for 2015, the population was almost 1.2 million people. The most important industrial sectors are concentrated in this area: shipbuilding, woodworking, pulp and paper production, diamond mining.

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