What is direct speech and what is it for?

In this lesson, you will learn what direct speech is and what it serves for, what parts it consists of.

Sometimes it is necessary to convey in writing the words of another person on his behalf exactly, verbatim. In such cases, we use sentences with direct speech.

Direct speech is the words transmitted on behalf of the speaker.

"Well, Bunny! Wait for it!" cried the Wolf.

This sentence consists of two parts: the actual direct speech, which includes the words: “Well, Hare! Wait for it!" and the words of the author, which show who owns the direct speech: cried the Wolf.

In order not to confuse complex sentences and sentences with direct speech, it is customary to mark direct speech in quotation marks in writing.

“What, Ivanushka, is not cheerful? What did you hang your head on?" - the horse tells him, at his feet twirling.

The first word in quotation marks is capitalized, regardless of whether the direct speech is before or after the words of the author. If the words of the author are after direct speech, as in this sentence, then they are separated by a dash and are written with a small letter.

4. A: "P..."

For now, we will display schemes with direct speech in writing as follows: we denote direct speech itself with a capital letter P, the author’s speech with an uppercase or lowercase letter A, and depending on the case.

1. The boy nodded and said: "I will participate."

Before us is a narrative sentence. We enclose direct speech in quotation marks and only then complete the sentence with a dot.

2. Tanya looked at Olya and asked: “Now what do you think?”

Direct speech became an interrogative sentence. We put a question mark at the end of direct speech, then close the quotes.

3. Vanya shouted: “Run!”

This imperative sentence ends with an exclamation point inside quotation marks.

4. Shipbuilders in response: "We traveled all over the world ..."

The ellipsis that ends direct speech is located inside quotation marks.

1. "P!" - a.

2. "P?" - a.

Let's look at examples:

1. "I can't stand tooth powder!" - Dunno grumbled.

2. "Why did we fly down?" - the kids got worried.

In the case when direct speech comes before the words of the author, the point is never put, its place is taken by a comma, which is located after the quotes.

For example:

“I won’t do that again,” Vanya apologized.

Summing up the lesson, we note that direct speech is used to accurately convey the words of the speaker. Direct speech can be not only quoting words spoken aloud, but also quoting written words. In literary works, with the help of direct speech, sometimes the thoughts of the hero are conveyed, which he does not say out loud.

List of used literature:

1. Arutyunova N. D. Syntax // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.
2. Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. – M.: BALASS, 2012.
3. M.T. Baranov, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikov. – M.: Enlightenment, 1989.
4. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: LLC "ITI Technologies", 2003.
5. Russian language. Textbook for the 4th grade in 2 parts / Buneev R.N.
6. Russian language: To the secrets of our language: A textbook for grade 4 general education. institutions. In 2 parts / Soloveichik M.S., Kuzmenko N.S. - Smolensk: "Association XXI century", 2012.
7. Russian language: Reference materials: Textbook for students.
8. Russian language lessons in grade 5: A book for the teacher: From work experience. – M.: Enlightenment, 1991.
9. Khalikova N.V., Ledeneva V.V. Control and verification work in the Russian language. – M.: Bustard, 2001.
10. Nikolay Nosov. Adventures of Dunno and his friends http://lib.ru/NOSOW/nezn1.txt
11. N.D. Kucherenko. Russian language tests. – M.: List, 1998.

Direct speech sentences

Direct speech sentences consist of the words of the author and direct speech:

“The day after tomorrow I will go to the Volga,” Sasha said. (A. Chekhon)

In this sentence, the words of the author - Sasha said; direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks. Author's words (words introducing direct speech) part include Verbs said, thought, asked, wrote, read, whispered, exclaimed, etc.

1) M. Gorky wrote: “A good book, just a holiday.
2) “I owe everything good in me to books,” said M. Gorky.
3) "What kind of books do you like?" asked Vera Vasilievna.
4) “This amazing thing is a book! This is truly amazing!” - wrote Lev Kassil.

Sentence schemes with direct speech

1) A: "P".
2) "P", -a.
3) "P?" - a.
4) "P!" - a.

In writing, direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks.

If a author's words stand before direct speech, then a colon is placed after them, direct speech is written with a capital letter.

Direct speech. rules

From the examples given in this lesson, you have already figured out for yourself what sentences with direct speech can be and have analyzed the scheme of sentences with direct speech, and now let's try to formulate a definition and find out what is called direct speech.

Direct speech refers to words belonging to someone, but which are transmitted unchanged.

In another way, one can also say that direct speech is such a structure in which the words of the person to whom these words or speech belong are transmitted verbatim.

Let's take an example:

1. Mom called me: “Sasha, go home!”;
2. "What time is it?" - asked Sasha;
3. "Half past one" - answered my mother.
4. “Can I walk a little more?” Sasha asked.
5. Mom said: “First, you need to have lunch and sit down for lessons.”

Each sentence in which direct speech is present consists of two parts such as the words of the author and direct speech. These parts of the sentence are interconnected in meaning and intonation.

It can also be said that direct speech is someone else's speech, although it is transmitted verbatim on behalf of the person to whom it belongs.

If we talk about the order of constructing a sentence with direct speech, then this does not matter, since the words of the author can be after direct speech or stand before it.

Here's an example:

"Can you tell me where the pharmacy is?" - asked the stranger.
I replied, "Go one block and there will be a pharmacy."
"Thanks a lot!" thanked the stranger.

We can see that in the first sentence the words of the author are after direct speech, but in the second sentence - before direct speech.

And now let's look at the picture and remember the main schemes that are in sentences with direct speech:

An exercise.

1. Make sentences in which the words of the author will be at the end of the sentence.

2. Come up with a short story in which direct speech and the words of the author can be both at the beginning of the sentence and at the end.

3. Read the sentences below. Try to remake them so that the words of the author come first, followed by direct speech:

Punctuation marks

When writing a sentence with direct speech, it should be remembered that direct speech is always written in quotation marks, and the first word of direct speech must be capitalized.

For example: Nikita asked: “Have you done your homework yet?”

A: "P". A: "P?" A: "P!"

If direct speech is written before the words of the author, then after direct speech, we must put a dash before the words of the author. But it should be noted that in this case the words of the author should be written with a small letter.

Also, it should be remembered that at the end of a direct speech, before the words of the author, depending on the sentence, it is necessary to put a comma, an exclamation point or a question mark:

"P" - a. "P?" - a. "P!" - a.

Homework

1. Using the diagrams below, come up with your own sentences and write them down in a notebook.
2. Choose sentences with direct speech from famous fairy tales and make diagrams for these sentences.
3. What punctuation marks are in these sentences? Try to explain why these signs are used in the sentence.
4. Read the sentences carefully and rewrite them so that they contain direct speech.

write out the numbers of sentences with direct speech (punctuation marks are not placed) and draw diagrams of the written sentences A. Zhukovsky perceived

Pushkin as a "future giant".

B. Father asked in surprise, did you do this?

V. Gogol marveled at "the treasures of the Russian language".

G. Will work approvingly said the old man.

D. Savelich tugged at my hand, saying come out, sir, you have arrived.

E. He asked me what we were doing

G. At sea means at home he said.

2. Replacing sentences with direct speech from task 1 with sentences with bone speech

1. Which word has more sounds than letters? But yesterday; B) five; B) a snake D) sometimes. 2. What word consists of

prefix, root, two suffixes and an ending?

A) the Urals; B) belated;

B) shy D) ignore

3. Which of the following words means "very important for the present moment"?

A) principled; B) influential;

B) up-to-date; D) grandiose.

4. In which word does the stress fall on the first syllable?

A) occupied; B) start; B) finished; D) leisure.

5. Which sentence has a gerund?

A) Suddenly, a herd rushed past me, driven by the boys.

B) Thanks to my resourceful friend, I managed to defend my honor.

C) The one who lives a real life, who is accustomed to poetry from childhood, is holy

believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language.

D) At such moments, you rejoice immensely when you see a patch of blue sky.

6. In which line is the letter missing in all cases and?

A) Follow, shine, adored, behind the blue forest;

B) pr_big, locked up, deafened, in front of a frozen lake;

C) to think, cucumber, he breathes, above the visible forest;

D) enable, move, see, visit the greenhouse.

7. In which line in all words you need to write b?

A) Cut, backhand, five hundred, in a wolf pack;

B) cherish_, lantern_shchik, luxury_, nine_hundreds;

C) do not list, hut_, eighteen, rabbit cabbage;

D) eat_, minced_, jump_, seventeen, swan_and feathers.

8. In which word is the letter missing after the hissing about?

A) Sh_pot; B) well_lud; B) ch_porny; D) honest.

9. Which word is missing two letters nn?

A) pickled cucumbers; B) fried meat;

C) quai cabbage; D) frozen fish.

10. In which phrase is the type of connection adjoining?

B) goes on the road;

c) get back from school

D) note paper.

11. In which sentence do you need to put a dash?

a) The Volga is the largest river in Europe.

b) Snow is like sugar.

C) In the garden there are different pear trees, plum trees, apple trees.

D) But the hour has come and you left the house.

12. In which sentence are the punctuation marks correct?

A) Neither laughter nor your merry talk drove away dark thoughts.

B) The bears continued to walk in single file, without adding a step, and without changing

direction of your path.

C) Sometimes a pole or log floats like a dead snake.

D) The stars began to fade and the sky began to be covered with clouds.

13. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in place of which commas should be in the sentences?

We (1) in his opinion (2) got lost (3) and he (4) to his great chagrin (5) was completely confused and did not know what to do.

A) 1, 3 B) 2, 3, 4 C) 4.5 D) 1,2,3,4,5.

14. Which sentence needs only one comma?

A) He crawled high into the mountains Already and lay down there in a damp gorge, curled up in a knot and

looking out to sea.

B) Streams of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and freshness of the sea.

C) The sun, hiding behind a narrow bluish cloud, gilds its edges.

D) He ran headlong down the stairs and ran out into the street.

15. In which of the sentences with direct speech is there a mistake in punctuation?

A) "And how to call you?" - asked the landowner.

B) “Really, stay, Pavel Ivanovich! Manilov said when they

stepped out onto the porch. “Look at the clouds.”

C) "Well, well, well!" - Aigul laughed: "A deal is more valuable than money."

D) “Yes,” Aivaz said, “I can start work right now.”

Text

(1) I noticed one sad circumstance long ago: the current impoverishment of nature has by no means increased people's responsibility for the world entrusted to them, has not made them kinder, more careful towards their smaller brothers and towards a greener life. (2) No one is embarrassed that daisies are among the protected, that is, endangered plants. (3) This is our Russian chamomile, which until recently covered glades and meadows with a white and gold carpet! (4) But, once in nature, people still collect them in bouquets, weave chamomile wreaths, and in the spring they pick off lilies of the valley and night violets, and yet the situation with them is even worse than with daisies. (5) And even if someone thought: what will be left for our children, not to mention grandchildren? (6) Fields without daisies, forests without fragrant lilies of the valley - an empty, devoid of any beauty and aroma, a bare world.

(7) No, it seems that everyone is preoccupied with one thing: to snatch more today, while some flowers are still blooming, something flies in the sky, something floats in the water. (8) Blind poaching greed owns souls.

(Y. Nagibin)

16. Determine the part of speech of the word subject in sentence 2.

17. Write out adverbs from the text in a comparative degree.

18. Write out an introductory word from sentences 4-8.

19. From the 4th sentence, write out the word formed by the prefix-suffix method.

20. Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author. State the position of the author. Write whether you agree or disagree with the author's point of view. Explain why. Justify your answer.

Help me decide 1. Which word has more sounds than letters? But yesterday; B) five; B) a snake D) sometimes. 2. What word consists of a prefix, a root, two

suffixes and endings? A) the Urals; B) belated; B) shy D) neglect 3. Which of the following words means “very important for the present moment”? A) principled; B) influential; B) up-to-date; D) grandiose. 4. In which word does the stress fall on the first syllable? A) occupied; B) start; B) finished; D) leisure. 5. Which sentence has a gerund? A) Suddenly, a herd rushed past me, driven by the boys. B) Thanks to my resourceful friend, I managed to defend my honor. C) The one who lives a real life, who has been accustomed to poetry since childhood, firmly believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language. D) At such moments, you rejoice immensely when you see a patch of blue sky. 6. In which line is the letter and missing in all cases? A) Follow, shine, adored, behind the blue forest; B) pr_big, locked up, deafened, in front of a frozen lake C) pr_think, cucumber, he breathes, above the visible forest; D) enable, move, see, visit the greenhouse. 7. In which line in all words should you write b? A) Cut, backhand, five hundred, in a wolf pack; B) cherish_, lantern_shchik, luxury_, nine_hundreds; C) do not list, hut_, eighteen, rabbit cabbage; D) eat_, minced_, jump_, seventeen, swan_and feathers. 8. In which word is the letter o missing after the hissing? A) Sh_pot; B) well_lud; B) ch_porny; D) honest. 9. In which word are two letters nn missing? A) pickled cucumbers; B) fried meat; C) quai cabbage; D) frozen fish. 10. In which phrase is the type of connection adjoining? A) goes on B) goes on the road; c) get back from school D) note paper. 11. In which sentence do you need to put a dash? a) The Volga is the largest river in Europe. b) Snow is like sugar. C) In the garden there are different pear trees, plum trees, apple trees. D) But the hour has come and you left the house. 12. In which sentence are the punctuation marks correct? A) Neither laughter nor your merry talk drove away dark thoughts. B) The bears continued to walk in single file, without adding a step, and without changing the direction of their path. C) Sometimes a pole or log floats like a dead snake. D) The stars began to fade and the sky began to be covered with clouds. 13. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in place of which commas should be in the sentences? We (1) in his opinion (2) got lost (3) and he (4) to his great chagrin (5) was completely confused and did not know what to do. A) 1, 3 B) 2, 3, 4 C) 4.5 D) 1,2,3,4,5. 14. Which sentence needs only one comma? A) He crawled high into the mountains and lay down there in a damp gorge, curled up in a knot and looking at the sea. B) Streams of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and freshness of the sea. C) The sun, hiding behind a narrow bluish cloud, gilds its edges. D) He ran headlong down the stairs and ran out into the street. 15. In which of the sentences with direct speech is there a mistake in punctuation? A) "And how to call you?" - asked the landowner. B) “Really, stay, Pavel Ivanovich! - said Manilov, when they came out onto the porch. “Look at the clouds.” C) "Well, well, well!" - Aigul laughed: "A deal is more valuable than money." D) “Yes,” Aivaz said, “I can start work right now.”