Today we will talk about how to deceive a lie detector or a polygraph using the methods of the FSB, FBI, CIA and other security services and intelligence units. We will also find out what to do if you were offered to take a polygraph test in order to detect lies in your testimony.

Today, a myth about the super-efficiency of the polygraph circulates in society. Unfortunate oversights are attributed to the insufficient qualifications of individual specialists, but the very reliability of the technology is hardly questioned. On the pages of various publications, you can often read "authoritative data" that the reliability of polygraph tests is 90-95 percent, or even higher. This myth is strongly supported by both the polygraph examiners themselves and other interested structures. Firstly, for advertising purposes, in order to create commercial demand for such services.

They are not cheap and bring a good income to specialized firms. Secondly, to put psychological pressure on the test-takers, depriving them of the will to resist and thus increasing the effectiveness of the tests. This approach, figuratively speaking, helps to ensure victory even before the battle begins. Thirdly, there are deeper, socio-psychological aspects of this phenomenon. Even in ancient times, they knew that the fear and simultaneous admiration of the crowd before something mysterious and powerful is the basis of power over it. The myth about the power of the polygraph, which is cultivated today, is no exception. "Chiefs" use it and will use it to keep those who are below them on the social ladder (the people, the plebs, subordinates, office plankton - call it what you want) in obedience.

Each polygraph examiner, before starting testing, without fail tries to inspire the “victim” with the idea of ​​the futility of counteracting the polygraph. During the briefing, they will explain to you in a friendly and relaxed manner that, they say, the lie detector “sees everything” and it will not be possible to deceive it. And you just have to relax and enjoy the process of turning you inside out, when other people's insensitive fingers unceremoniously climb into the hidden depths of your soul. Let's not blame the specialists for this professional trick - this is part of their work, prescribed in the instructions. Let's talk about whether it is actually possible to deceive a lie detector?
Science and technology do not stand still, but the real efficiency of the polygraph today is still far from the declared indicators. This is evidenced by a large number of errors and high-profile scandals, when the results of a test on the detector literally broke the fate of innocent people. Even in the USA, where (unlike Russia) the tradition of active use of the polygraph goes back several decades, vast experience has been accumulated, and the level of training and qualification of the staff is not like our home-grown specialists, the reliability of estimates today is estimated by unbiased experts at best at 70%, and this is the most optimistic data.

Laboratory and field studies examining the accuracy of polygraph tests have shown that they are subject to a significant number of errors. Experiments were also conducted that proved the possibility of learning to successfully counter the polygraph. This means that it is difficult to deceive a polygraph (lie detector), but it is quite real.

First of all, you need to overcome the fear and "reverence" for the polygraph, which they inspired you with a manipulative purpose. Remember that a lie detector cannot read your thoughts and thus learn something about you. It only records the state of the subject at the time of testing. Or rather, a change in physiological parameters when answering questions. Based on the collected data, the computer generates a probabilistic estimate, which is then analyzed by a specialist. A polygraph, like any machine, can be fooled, beaten to its “brains” so that it cannot give an accurate answer.

A unique video tutorial on drawing a manicure pattern that will switch attention if you look at it during a polygraph test:

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The lie detector can be quite easily confused by pathological liars, because if a person sincerely believes in his lie, then for a polygraph it already looks like the truth. Another group is highly professional actors who are fluent in their craft (the Stanislavsky system, etc.) and able to merge into one with the image of their hero, up to physiological manifestations (“laughter and tears to order, whatever you like”). It is also necessary to mention the employees of the special services who received special training. For other people, this will require training, sometimes quite a long one. Individual geniuses with such a gift from birth do not count, since there are very few of them.

There are three main ways to counter the polygraph

The first is to try to reduce the sensitivity of your own sensory analyzers. To do this, it will be enough to drink a certain amount of alcohol the day before. The next day, a person becomes weakly sensitive, his reactions are conditionally “inhibited” and he will not be able to objectively respond to the stimuli presented. The lie detector will not be able to draw unambiguous conclusions.

Specially selected medications are another remedy. However, you must know and understand your body's reaction to "chemistry" well, because. if the test subject has taken psychotropic substances for the first time, he will be in a new mental state for him and “out of habit” may begin to behave inappropriately, which will be instantly noticed. Non-chemical methods can also be used. For example - lack of sleep for several days.

Due to chronic lack of sleep, a person falls into a state close to a trance, between sleep and wakefulness - his physiological response to all questions will be equally insignificant. But it should be noted that an experienced polygraph examiner will notice such a state. He analyzes the magnitude of reactions to special control questions that are not known to the subject. If the reaction to them does not differ from the "general background" - the polygraph examiner can stop the test, or reschedule it for another time. However, sometimes even such a delay plays into the hands of the test.

Another approach is to suppress all emotions so that no stimulus elicits a response. The basic principle here is that a person tries to answer all questions automatically, without paying serious attention to them. He should focus on the picture of the wall in front of him, or on some other neutral object or memory from his life experience. This method requires the ability to self-concentrate, it takes long training to master it, but its effectiveness is also quite high.

The third approach says: “It is not the absence of a reaction as such that is important (which is quite easily detected by special “control” questions and can arouse suspicion), but the ability to give the desired reaction.” Those. Your reaction should look natural. Effective are feigned emotional reactions to insignificant stimuli. If you want to elicit a reaction to the right question, try simply mentally multiplying a few multi-digit numbers or thinking of something that evokes rage or sexual emotion. For example, if you don't want to be accused of homosexuality, multiplying the numbers in your head is necessary when you are asked "do you prefer women."

And if there is an inverse problem, i.e. You have to pretend to be a homosexual, which you are not (for example, to "slope" from the army), then you need to multiply when you hear the question "Do you prefer to have sex with people of the same sex", etc. Alternatively, when you are asked about women, at that moment you imagine or recall sex scenes with men (or vice versa).

Thus, the sexual reaction to the pictures from your imagination is “superimposed” on the question being asked and it seems that it was the question that caused such a reaction. With a certain impressionability, willpower and a well-developed skill, this method works. The result can also be achieved if you start reading poetry. About myself, of course. Something long, like "Eugene Onegin." Worrying about the protagonist and answering questions as if in between times.

The physiological responses characteristic of psychological stress also cause pain. Some, in their attempts to deceive the polygraph, thought of putting a button in the boot under the thumb: the pain when pressed on it should cause a “false reaction”. There are many different ways to create fake reactions, one of them is the tension of some muscle groups that is invisible to the expert. Usually people press their toes to the floor, turn their eyes to their nose, or press their tongue against the hard palate.

The difficulty here is to hide these movements from the interrogator, since such methods of deception are known today even to amateur polygraph examiners. The person being tested is often filmed on video cameras, which capture close-ups of any of your movements and changes in the expression of the “muzzle of the face”. Therefore, this should be done very carefully. Remember that any suspicious or ambiguous behavior will necessarily be interpreted NOT in your favor.

As an alternative to a needle in your pants, you can recommend techniques from the NLP arsenal - learn to put a "psychological anchor" (for tension and relaxation), using it at the right time. After all, it is the internal, mental methods that are most difficult to expose. If you use them at the right time, it is quite possible to deceive the polygraph and lead the expert to erroneous conclusions.

For connoisseurs of English, I recommend visiting the site of staunch polygraph fighters Antipolygraph.org. The credo of this site impresses me very much. In a free translation into Russian, it sounds something like this: "Their right is to try to find out all the ins and outs about us, our right is to send them all to hell ... This is democracy." This site presents a curious work "The Lie Behind the Lie Detector". In it, opponents of the detectors offer their own methods of dealing with "unscientific ways of testifying, designed for idiots and working only in a lawless country."

These recommendations apply to the classic bark detector, which detects pressure fluctuations, respiratory rate, blinking, heart muscle contractions, skin electrical activity, brain activity, involuntary movements of the arms and legs. For example, when the device is connected to the body, the first thing to do is to pay attention to even breathing. Its frequency can range from 15 to 30 breaths per minute (this is approximately 2-4 seconds).

It is generally accepted that rapid or slow breathing indicates that a person is lying. In addition, it is known that after a “dangerous” question, a “sigh of relief” follows, so you should control your breathing until you are completely “disconnected” from the wires with which you are entangled.

In order to deceive blood pressure sensors, enthusiasts advise doing the following exercise between questions from a polygraph examiner: squeezing the muscles of the anal sphincter and biting the tip of the tongue. You need to squeeze the muscles so that the legs and buttocks do not move, since in modern models of detectors, sensors are connected to the seats, indicating the slightest fidgeting in the chair and rocking the ankles.

Techniques such as those listed above can be used not only during a polygraph test, but also during a regular interview, for example, with a psychologist or a personnel service specialist when applying for a job. After all, an expert psychologist will also monitor your reaction to his questions very carefully to find out if you are telling the truth.
The point is that you can cheat a polygraph using the methods you suggest... But for this you need to be a very prepared person. The committee has been preparing people for this, mmm...well, for a very long time. After the failure of the Stasi agents, if sclerosis does not fail me in the 60th or 61st year. I mean the methods of replacing questions or (even more so!!!) suppressing emotions. The button method is good, but... In modern testing, sensors are placed under the legs of the chair. And any movement will be instantly detected and will be interpreted not in your favor. As well as muscle contraction.

Pressing the tongue against the palate, biting the tongue is quickly determined by its appearance by any, even not very experienced expert, who during testing will not look at the tape at all - why, it is recorded automatically anyway, well, or on the monitor screen, but will look at you in face, revealing additional, NOT psychophysiological reactions, especially eye movement. Coming from a hangover is good. It's also good to come JUST after drinking some alcohol.

Maybe NOT alcohol. You can coffee cups 7-10. You can and other drugs, such as tranquilizers. But then again, with SERIOUS testing, you will definitely get a blood and / or urine test. What all your tricks will calculate. Which again will be interpreted NOT in your favor. Not to mention that testing can simply be postponed. In addition, all this affects the heart rate. And it is ALWAYS measured during polygraph testing. And an increased number of heartbeats per minute can also be interpreted AGAINST you.

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And absolutely all these methods are inapplicable if you are being tested FROM THE CAMERA. But the method that I will allow myself to offer you is largely free from all these shortcomings, tested (do not ask where!) And showed good results. With this method, you also need to drink. But only water. And in large quantities. Everyone knows approximately how much he needs to drink to go to the toilet ... well, VERY wanted. How long to drink... You can try to calculate in such a way that on preliminary, "sighting" questions, you still don't really want to. And this is about the first 10-30 minutes.

But, even if they didn’t calculate, all the same, you can force yourself not to think about what you want to go to the toilet on “sighting” questions, to relax as much as possible ... Well, in general, everyone has their own ways of dealing with themselves in such cases. But then ... He will concentrate as much as possible on his bladder, which is swelling, swelling, which is about to burst, thinking only about the unbearable desire to go to the toilet, no more strength to endure, no more strength to think about anything other than What do you want PI-PI!!!

Even if you were invited to take a polygraph test, which is called either a “truth machine” or a “lie detector”, and promised that with its help you would be able to prove your innocence, you should think several times before passing it. The polygraph has yet to prove itself as a miraculous machine capable of revealing the truth.

The polygraph is used not only by police investigators, but also by private detectives (private investigators), representatives of insurance companies, etc. But even in these cases there is no obligation to test oneself.

The activity of the polygraph is based on the principle that when we tell a lie, we undergo physiological changes: the pulse and breathing become more frequent, blood pressure rises, sweating increases. The polygraph is able to detect this. Therefore, sensors are put on the test subject for subsequent fixation of possible changes, and then a test is carried out, during which a verification document is drawn up. The specialist conducting the test then evaluates the data obtained and, based on the observations of the instruments, decides in which cases the subject was telling the truth and in which he was not.

The verification system is not very complicated. The subject is asked to answer all questions in the negative. And later, the inspector compares his reaction to the questions that were asked during two periods: when he answered deliberately incorrectly the questions posed that were not related to his case, and in the second case, when he answered the sharp questions posed, i.e. to those he was afraid to answer.
It is very important to strictly observe that the questions are asked accurately and specifically. You don't have to agree to answer questions like, "Are you an honest, straight person?" or “Are you prone to deceit?” As for the case under investigation, the inspector must formulate it correctly, i.e. do not ask the subject, if he is being checked for involvement in the theft of money from the cash desk of the enterprise, whether he stole something, but ask if he did not steal a specific amount from this cash desk. Because if the question is asked incorrectly, incorrectly formulated, then the reaction of the subject will also be incorrect.

In the latter case, it is very important for every person undergoing the test to know this. The bottom line is that if the subject incorrectly answers the questions - not because he is trying to deceive the polygraph, but because he got confused in the questions posed and does not clarify them, then the inspector may get the impression that the subject really committed this offense, and he will indicate this in his conclusion. Such a conclusion will subsequently complicate the defense of the accused in court and entail great difficulties in proving the incorrect conclusion of a specialist.

Is it possible to "cheat" a polygraph?

There are people who are not suitable at all for a polygraph test, because when they tell a lie, their physiological reactions to it are different from those of other people. Their pulse does not quicken, their blood pressure does not rise, their fingers do not tremble and their eyelids do not blink, etc. These people are able to deceive the "lie detector".

Such a state in people can occur either due to their education and self-confidence, or there are pathological liars who tell lies and feel at the same time as if they were telling the truth, and the reactions of the body indicate this.

A change in the normal reactions of the body can occur due to the use of chemicals. So, drug addicts are not subject to a polygraph test, because their reactions differ from the reaction of ordinary people.

Rarely used is a method of deceiving a polygraph, like hypnosis. During the hypnotic state, they try to change the subject's memory about the event being tested, which will subsequently be verified using a "lie detector".
A simple but effective means of deception is to divert the attention of the subject while he is being asked questions. Those. the subject who wants to deceive the polygraph tries at this moment to think about something else, which is certainly difficult for him, and few people are capable of this. There were cases when the subjects tried to use a sharp object at the same time, so that by inflicting pain on themselves and concentrating on it, they could be distracted from the questions being asked.
In light of all this, it is generally accepted that persons suffering from heart disease or high blood pressure, and any person who is constantly taking medication or who has taken a special medicine or sedative on the day of the test, are not subject to a polygraph test. During the preliminary conversation, the tester asks the subject about this and if the answers are positive, the test can be canceled.

Reliability of the polygraph

In our country, polygraphs are used by three bodies: the police, the security service and private institutions. The latter are used by insurance companies that put forward a special condition for the plaintiff to pass a test to confirm the veracity of his words, threatening otherwise not to pay him anything. Also, the polygraph can be used by employers who want to either check an employee entering a job, or someone already working, to identify the person guilty of a certain violation (for example, someone stole money from the cash desk of an enterprise, or transferred secret data to a competitor, etc.). d.).

The reliability of the polygraph is debatable. Even the experts working with him believe that it is impossible to guarantee 100% verification efficiency. Opponents of such a test talk about the low efficiency of the polygraph and claim a 50% reliability of the test, comparing it with a coin toss.

Very often the myth that the polygraph can always establish the truth is more effective than the machine itself. So, the test subject, who was brought in for testing and he is closed for a conversation with a specialist, because. knows that he is deceiving, and his deception will be revealed with the help of a polygraph, he can “break down” a few minutes before the start of the test and tell the truth.
Sometimes the investigator, without waiting for the result of the test, may tell the suspect immediately after the polygraph test that he already knows that he is deceiving, and offer to start telling the truth.

Where is the polygraph taken?

A simple and well-known rule is that the result of a polygraph test is not accepted by the court. This has been pointed out by the country's Supreme Court many times. You can quote one of the judges, who noted in his decision "... the data obtained as a result of the use of a polygraph is not evidence at all ...".

Despite this, the results of a polygraph test sometimes have some value and are used in some cases. First of all, when considering procedures related to the arrest, when the judge must be satisfied that there are acceptable grounds for the police that filed a request to extend the arrest of a suspect, and there is not enough evidence to support the request. In this case, the judge accepts both the result of the check and the message about the suspect's refusal to pass it, which strengthens the suspicion against this person.

Therefore, it is possible to recommend to a person in respect of whom a criminal case is being investigated, who considers himself innocent, to contact the investigators with a request for a desire to undergo a polygraph test. If such a check is carried out and the results are in favor of the suspect, then you can take advantage of this and ask for release from the court.

Methods of polygraph testing. Quiz Test
It is very important that the subjects are not distracted during the polygraph test. Any distraction can cause a physiological reaction that will be noticed by the polygraph and may affect the result. Therefore, it is desirable that the test take place in a soundproof room where extraneous sounds do not penetrate. Also, the experimenter and equipment should be behind the subject.

Moreover, subjects are not allowed to move and are only allowed to answer “yes” or “no” questions, as movement and speech can lead to unwanted physiological responses. It becomes obvious that cooperation with the subject is a necessary condition for testing. Therefore, participation is only possible on a voluntary basis, and subjects have the right to stop the test at any time. However, the termination of testing seems undesirable, since it can arouse even greater suspicions on the subject and easily lead to questions such as: “If you are innocent, then why not prove it with a polygraph test?”

A typical security question test has four stages. At the first stage, the examiner formulates and discusses with the subject the questions that will be asked during polygraph testing. There are two reasons for discussing questions with the subject in advance. First, the experimenter must make sure that the subject understands the questions, so that later, during testing or after it, there is no discussion of the content of the questions. Second, the experimenter is reassured that the subject will only answer "yes" and "no" questions (rather than "yes, but..." or "it depends...").

There are three types of questions, namely, neutral, meaningful, and control questions.

Neutral questions are general and should not cause excitement (for example: "Do you live in the USA?", "Your name is John?", etc.) Neutral questions play the role of fillers. Therefore, when processing test results, physiological responses to these questions are ignored. Fillers can be used to test how attentive the subject is to the examiner's questions.

Significant questions are specific questions about crime. For example, in the case of theft, the following question might be asked: "Did you take this camera?" Of course, both guilty and innocent subjects will answer “no” to this question, otherwise they would have confessed to the theft. Significant questions are expected to arouse more arousal in guilty suspects (because they are lying) than innocent ones (because they are telling the truth).
Control questions are related to actions that are related to the crime under investigation, but do not directly point to it. They are always generalized, deliberately vague and cover a long period of time. Their purpose is to confuse the subjects (guilty and innocent alike) and cause excitement. This task is facilitated by the fact that, on the one hand, it leaves the suspect no choice but to lie when answering control questions, and, on the other hand, shows him that the polygraph will reveal this lie.

The polygraph examiner formulates the control question in such a way that, in his opinion, the negative answer of the subject was a lie. The exact wording of the question will depend on the circumstances of the subject, but in a theft test setting, the question might be: "During the first 20 years of your life, did you ever take something that did not belong to you?" The examiner believes that the subject really could have taken something from someone else before the age of 21 (as this is typical for many people). Under normal circumstances, some subjects might have confessed to their wrongdoings. However, during a polygraph test, they will not do so, as the examiner will usually report that a confession of theft of this kind would cause him to think of the subject as a person capable of committing the crime under investigation, and therefore put the blame on him.

Thus, the subject has no choice but to deny the misconduct committed earlier and, therefore, to give a false answer to control questions. If, nevertheless, the subjects confess to some misdeeds, then the wording of the control question is changed (for example, "In addition to what you already told me ..."). Moreover, the examiner usually informs the subject that false answers to control questions during testing cause physiological reactions and are recorded by a polygraph. The subject then begins to think that lying to the control questions shows that he was also dishonest about significant questions regarding the crime under investigation, and, if we return to our example, he will be accused of stealing a camera. In fact, as will be discussed later, the examiner interprets strong physiological responses to the security question as an attempt to be truthful, but he simply does not inform the examinee of this!
In general, control and meaningful questions can evoke different patterns of physiological responses in guilty and innocent suspects. In an innocent suspect, control questions can be more arousing than meaningful questions for two reasons. First, an innocent suspect gives false answers to security questions, but truthful answers to meaningful ones.

Secondly, since the subject answers dishonestly to the control questions that the examiner places such a strong emphasis on, and since he knows that he is giving truthful answers to significant questions, he will be more concerned about the answers to the control questions. On the other hand, guilty suspects are expected to be less aroused by the same control questions than by meaningful questions. A guilty suspect gives false answers to both types of questions, when in principle both types of questions should lead to similar physiological responses. However, since the significant questions pose the most serious threat to him, they will lead to a stronger physiological response than the control ones. A guilty suspect might reason: "If the examiner finds out that I'm lying when answering meaningful questions, it's all over for me, but there is still little hope if the examiner notices that I lied on control questions as well."

After the questions are formulated and the examiner is convinced that the subject understands their meaning and will only answer “yes” or “no”, the second stage begins, the so-called stimulating test. The purpose of the stimulation test is to convince the subject of the accuracy of the technique and that the polygraph is capable of detecting any lie. For polygraph testing, it is very important that the subject believes in the infallibility of the test. Believing that the test is 100% accurate will increase the guilty suspect's fear of being found out when answering meaningful questions ("There is no way to fool this device") and will increase the confidence of the innocent ("The device works accurately, and since I am innocent, I will be acquitted"). The opposite situation can be observed if the subjects do not believe in the accuracy of the polygraph. Then guilty suspects may become more confident (“Nothing is lost yet, there is still a chance to beat the polygraph”), and innocent suspects may feel more fear (“I know that I am innocent, but what will this device show? I really hope that the polygraph is not make mistakes").

A card game is often used to conduct a stimulation test. The subject is asked to choose a card from the deck, memorize it and return it back. Then the experimenter shows several cards, and the subject is asked to answer "no" to the appearance of each card. After that, the experimenter evaluates the answers of the polygraph and tells the subject which card he chose. Very often, the examiner makes the right choice, since showing the right card will almost automatically trigger a physical reaction in the examinee, for example, as a result of the tension associated with whether the examiner will detect a lie in this particular case. The card test allows the examiner to establish a reaction pattern of the subject when telling lies and truth. At the same time, the examiner openly speaks about this to the subject.

Examiners always run the risk of making the wrong decision and being in a stupid position, which would have disastrous consequences. If the subject is called a four of hearts, when in fact he needed a five of faults, it would probably become useless to continue testing. In order to avoid error, examiners sometimes resort to tricks, such as marking the correct card or using (unbeknownst to the examinee) a deck that contains only one type of card (Bashore & Rapp, 1993). Obviously, in this case, the examiner does not show the cards to the subject, but only names the proposed card. Other examiners do not use card games, instead they convince test subjects of the effectiveness of the technique with a well-equipped office, various diplomas and certificates in frames adorning the walls (Bull, 1988).

After the stimulating test, it is the turn of the third stage - the main test. Here is an example of a sequence of neutral/significant/control questions in case of theft of a camera,

H-1 Do you live in the USA? "Yes"

K-1 In the first 20 years of your life, did you ever take something that didn't belong to you? "Not"

3-1 Did you take this camera? "Not"

N-2 Is your name Rick? "Yes"

K-2 Before 1987, did you ever do anything dishonorable or illegal? "Not"

3-2 Did you take this camera from the table? "Not"

H-3 Were you born in November? "Yes"

K-3 Before you were 21, did you ever lie to avoid trouble or cause trouble for someone else? "Not"

3-3 Do you have anything to do with the theft of this camera? "Not"

The exact wording of the control questions depends on the specific circumstances. The same sequence of questions is asked at least three times in order to eliminate random differences in physiological responses between control and significant questions. That is, it may happen that an innocent subject accidentally gives a very strong reaction to one of the significant questions. The more questions the examiner asks, the less will be the influence of random reactions on the final result.

The last, fourth, stage of the test is the interpretation of polygraph charts. There are two methods for interpreting data, namely the general approach and the numerical expression approach. As part of the general approach, the polygraph examiner makes an impression of the physiological reactions of the subject to the test. This information is then randomly combined with an assessment of the factual material of the case (criminal history of the subject, evidence) and the subject's behavior during testing in order to make a final decision about its veracity.

The scoring method compares responses to significant questions and subsequent control questions (3-1 is compared to K-1, 3-2 is compared to K-2, and 3-3 is compared to K-3). There are four options. If there are no differences in the physiological response, a value of 0 is assigned. If the differences are noticeable, a score of 1 is assigned, while 2-3 points are assigned, respectively, to strong and very pronounced differences. However, there are no standardized rules for defining what a “noticeable”, “strong” or “very pronounced” difference means. According to Raskin, the most common score is 0 or 1, rarely 2, and very rarely 3 (Raskin, Kircher, Horowitz & Honts, 1989). If the response is stronger to a meaningful question than to a control question, a negative value (-1, -2, or -3) is assigned. Conversely, if the reaction is weaker to a significant question than to a control one, a positive assessment is given (+1, +2 or +3). The scores are then summed up and the total score for the test is displayed. The final test score is based on this overall score. If it reaches -6 or below (-7, -8, etc.), the experimenter concludes that the suspect has failed the test and is therefore guilty. If the overall score is +6 or higher (+1, +8, etc.), the examiner considers the test passed and the suspect is not guilty. Scores ranging from -5 to +5 indicate an uncertain result. Reactions to the first control and significant questions are often ignored, as subjects sometimes show inappropriately strong reactions to the first questions due to lack of experience with the polygraph or the nervous state associated with the investigation.

The informal, fifth, stage of testing involves telling the subject immediately after the test that he or she is lying. Also, the subject is asked to think about why it became possible that the polygraph charts indicated a lie message. In order to speed up the thought process, the examiner leaves the room for a while. The goal of the fifth stage is to achieve recognition. The subject may experience anxiety at this stage, decide that the game is over, and therefore confess to the crime. This is exactly what happened in one case when, after being accused of lying, the examiner left the room for a while to observe the subject from another room through a one-way mirror. The subject, visibly upset, continued to stare at the polygraph charts, then made up his mind and began to eat them - almost 6 feet of paper 6 inches wide. After waiting for the end of the meal, the examiner returned as if nothing had happened, leaned over to the polygraph and asked: “What happened? Did he eat them? The subject exclaimed: “My God, so this thing can talk?” and confessed to the crime.

Preparation for testing on a polygraph can be considered a work of art. For successful testing, the polygraph examiner must formulate control questions in such a way as to evoke stronger physiological reactions in innocent suspects than to meaningful questions. On the other hand, in guilty suspects, these control questions should evoke less pronounced physiological responses compared to significant questions. Of course, it is not easy to formulate questions that meet these criteria. If the examiner frightens the subject too much with control questions, then there is a risk that guilt will not be revealed in the guilty suspects. In such a case, the physiological responses to control questions may be the same as those to meaningful questions, and test results will be inconclusive. Another problem with too "difficult" control questions is the danger of harming the psyche of the subject. On the other hand, if examiners do not cause sufficient embarrassment to test questions, they run the risk of blaming innocent suspects, because in this case, physiological reactions to significant questions may be stronger than to control ones.

It all depends on the specialist's skills to conduct a serious critical analysis of testing. To obtain an accurate result, the level of psychological sensitivity and sophistication of the examiner, as well as his experience, is of decisive importance. Unfortunately, many lack appropriate training in psychodiagnostics and are unfamiliar with the basic concepts and requirements of a standardized psychological test. These problems are exacerbated when the examiner formulates and presents control questions to the examinee, since it is very difficult to standardize the wording and procedure for discussing questions for all examinees. Much depends on how the subject perceives control questions and reacts to them during the preliminary interview.

Criticism of the Quiz Test

The test of control questions draws serious criticism from its opponents. The most significant remarks are described below.

This test suggests that innocent suspects give stronger physiological responses to control questions than to meaningful questions. Psychologist Paul Ekman (1992) cites five reasons why some innocent suspects may exhibit the opposite pattern and become more aroused in response to meaningful questions than control questions.

Innocent suspects may think that the police are fallible. Indeed, if they were asked to take a polygraph test, then the police had already made the mistake of accusing them of a crime they did not commit. Perhaps they have already tried to convince the police of their innocence, but to no avail. Although, on the one hand, innocent subjects might consider the test as an opportunity to prove their innocence. But on the other hand, it is also possible that they may be afraid that those who have already made the mistake of accusing them of a crime will make even greater mistakes. In other words, if the methods of the police are so unreliable that they mistakenly brought suspicion to an innocent person, why shouldn't the polygraph tests also be wrong?

An innocent suspect may think the police are unfair. People may not like or trust the police and therefore fear that the polygraph examiner will also misjudge or cheat.

An innocent suspect may think the instruments are making mistakes. For example, he may have experienced difficulties with his personal computer or other technical devices and therefore did not believe that the device could be flawless.

An innocent suspect is afraid. Someone who experiences generalized fear may respond more strongly to meaningful questions than to control ones.

As mentioned earlier, the suspect, even in the case of his innocence, reacts emotionally to the events associated with the crime. Let's say an innocent man is suspected of killing his wife. When asked about the murder in meaningful matters, memories of the deceased wife can evoke strong feelings towards her, which will be registered on polygraph charts.

You can add a sixth reason. A test whose validity depends on a clever trick is vulnerable in the sense that the trick must succeed or the test will fail. Therefore, subjects must believe that the test is error-free, and control questions are crucial. According to Elaad (1993) and Lykken (1988), it is impossible for all subjects to believe this. There are dozens of books and articles that provide information about the test, including the details of the challenge test, the nature of the test questions, and the fact that the test sometimes makes mistakes. Information about the test appears even in popular newspaper articles. Of course, those who are tested on a polygraph have access to this literature and may well become familiar with it. Therefore, it is unlikely that subjects who are familiar with the test methodology and / or its errors would believe the examiner's lies about the importance of control questions and that the polygraph is never wrong. Apparently, polygraph testing will become less and less effective when dealing with people who do not trust the examiner. Skeptical innocent suspects have good reason to be very anxious when answering meaningful questions, since skewed test results - and they are always possible if the test is not infallible - will lead to being charged with a crime they did not commit.

An additional complication is that the polygraph examiner may never know whether the control and meaningful questions that he is going to ask are suitable for achieving the desired effect. Many experts argue that polygraph examiners should record the behavioral manifestations of the subjects during the preliminary test. However, this is a very difficult and risky task. Ekman and O'Sullivan (1991) specifically studied polygraph testers and found that they had a particularly difficult time detecting lies based on behavioral manifestations.

And finally, the reactions of the subjects to the control questions are most often not a "deliberate" lie, but only an "assumed" one. The polygraph examiner only assumes that the subject's answers to these questions are false, but he does not have absolute certainty in this. Of course, when the assumptions made by the examiner are wrong, the test questions will not lead to the desired result, since in this case the examinee is really telling the truth.

A situation may arise when the confidence of the polygraph examiner in the guilt of the subject even before testing on the lie detector will affect the test result. As a rule, the subject is not a complete stranger; the polyrapologist usually knows important details of his biography (including information from the criminal case). Also, the polygraph examiner makes a certain subjective impression of the subject (negative or positive) during the preliminary interview, in which control and significant questions are formulated. If he believes that the suspect is innocent, the result may be involuntary pressure on the subject during control questions. As a result, the likelihood that testing will show "not guilty" increases. On the other hand, if the polygraph examiner considers the suspect guilty in advance, this may lead to placing too much emphasis on control questions. In this case, the result of the test will be "guilty".

The decisive role played by the subjectivity of polygraph examiners in relation to possible errors and the assessment of these errors, depending on the circumstances, should be recognized. Since the circumstances of the case are known to the examiner before the polygraph test is administered, and since the test is not standardized, it is possible that not only will the results be judged on the basis of the examinee's information and the examiner's attitudes, but also that the conduct of the test will be affected by these biases. Since the test is psychological in the sense that it involves complex, interview-like interactions between examiner and test taker, any distortions in the preparation and administration of the test can lead to a result corresponding to these distortions. Therefore, different subjects who are accused of committing certain crimes can be offered completely different tests, although they are all called by the same name - a polygraph test. In fact, the term test itself is misleading, since it implies a relatively standardized method of examination, such as an IQ test, which, although controversial, essentially gives the same result in competent diagnosticians.

Thus, the test result reflects the examiner's preliminary subjective beliefs about the guilt of the subject. These difficulties can be overcome by using a computer method for processing polygraph data, in which the "human factor" is minimized. Another solution is to involve independent experts who are not familiar with the case being tested and investigated. For example, most polygraph tests conducted at the government level in the United States are checked by quality control specialists who only evaluate the charts and do not have the opportunity to observe the behavior of the subjects.

There is also an ethical side to the polygraph test, since misleading the subject plays a decisive role in it. It can be argued how appropriate it is to use deceit. Proponents of this test say that the end justifies the means and that it is important to make dangerous criminals confess by deceiving them out of necessity. Also, supporters believe that polygraph testing sometimes benefits innocent suspects, namely when the test confirms that they are innocent.

Opponents of the test point out that it is unacceptable to deceive suspects, since negative consequences are possible. For example, it may undermine public confidence in police services and other institutions that perform polygraph testing, or suspects may decide they are allowed to lie because the polygraph examiner is allowed to lie to them. Finally, suspects may decide to stop cooperating with the investigating authorities when they discover that they have been deceived (cooperation is sometimes necessary to obtain additional information, since polygraph test results are often not considered evidence at trial).

In addition to arguing about the appropriateness or desirability of deceiving suspects, it is often illegal to do so, since in many countries investigative methods that involve deceiving suspects are unacceptable under law. Consequently, in these countries, information obtained through polygraph tests can almost never be used as evidence in court.

Incredible Facts

Would you like to change your vision of the world or experience hallucinations? People tend to associate these phenomena with the use of drugs such as LSD. However, there are ways to expand your boundaries of perception without having to resort to illegal substances. All you need is to understand how our brain works.

Our mind is not a mirror of what is happening around. Much of what we see in the outside world comes from within and is a by-product of how the brain processes sensations. In recent years, scientists have found several ways that reveal the deceptiveness of our senses, and here are some of them.

1. Ganzfeld procedure

At first glance, this may seem like a bad prank. The Ganzfeld procedure is a soft sensory isolation technique that was first proposed in experimental psychology in the 1930s. For this experiment, you need to tune the radio to interference, lie down on the sofa and use a band-aid to attach half of the table tennis balls to your eyes. Within a minute, the person begins to experience hallucinations. Some people see horses running in the clouds, others hear the voice of a dead relative.

The point is that our the mind is dependent on sensations and when there are very few of them, our brain begins to invent its own.

2. Pain reduction

If you are suddenly slightly injured, look at the damaged part with upside down binoculars. In this case, the pain should decrease.

Scientists from the University of Oxford have demonstrated in an experiment that looking at an injured hand through the far end of binoculars visually reduces the size of the hand, as well as pain and swelling.

This suggests that even basic sensations such as pain depend on our vision.

3. Illusion of Pinocchio

For this experiment, you need two chairs and a blindfold. The person with the bandage sits in the back seat, looking in the direction of the person in front. Then the one who is blindfolded reaches out his hand and places it on the nose of the one who sits in front.

At the same time, with the other hand, he touches his nose and starts lightly stroking both noses. After about a minute, over 50 percent of people report that their nose is getting longer.. This is called the Pinocchio effect or proprioception.

4. Deception of thinking

Raise your right leg a few inches off the floor and start moving it in a clockwise direction. As you do this, use the index finger of your right hand to draw the number 6 in the air. Your foot will begin to turn counterclockwise and there is nothing you can do about it.

The left side of the brain, which controls the right side of the body, is responsible for rhythm and timing. She cannot handle the work of two opposing movements at the same time and combines them into one movement.

5. Hearing deception

This trick can be done with three people, one of whom will be the test subject, and the other two will be observers. You will also need headphones attached to two plastic tubes on both sides. Ask the subject to sit on a chair at an equal distance between the two observers. Each observer takes turns speaking into the receiver from the appropriate side. The listener in this case correctly determines the direction of the sound.

If you exchange pipes and start talking, then the listener will get confused and point in the opposite direction from the sound.

Auditory localization is the ability of a person to determine the direction of a sound source. The human auditory system is endowed with limited ability to determine the distance of the sound source, and is based on the intersonic time difference. When you change tubes, the perception of neurons on the opposite side of the brain is activated and the person cannot determine the source of the sound.

6. Rubber hand illusion

More than ten years ago, psychologists discovered an illusion that allows you to convince a person that the rubber hand is his own. For this experiment, you need a rubber hand or an inflated rubber glove, a piece of cardboard and two brushes. Place the rubber hand on the table in front of you, and hide your hand behind the cardboard. Have someone stroke the real hand and the rubber hand at the same time using the same brush strokes.

In a few minutes you it will feel like an artificial hand has become your flesh. If you ask another person to hit a rubber hand, the person will feel uneasy and hurt because the brain is convinced that the rubber hand is real.

7. The sound that is heard by those who are under 20

This sound is sinusoid with a frequency of 18,000 Hertz heard by those who are not yet 20 years old. It is used by some teenagers as a ringtone on a cell phone so that other people cannot hear if the phone is ringing.

As a person gets older, he loses the ability to hear sounds of higher tones. and therefore only young people under 20 are able to catch it.

8. Purkinje effect

Jan Purkinje, the founder of modern neuroscience, discovered an interesting hallucination as a child. He closed his eyes, turned his head towards the sun and began to quickly move his hand back and forth in front of his closed eyes.

After a few minutes, Purkinje noticed the multi-colored shapes that were getting more and more intricate.

Subsequently, scientists created special glasses on which light lit up at a certain frequency. This stimulation creates a short circuit in the visual cortex of the brain, and the cells begin to "light up" in an unpredictable way, which leads to the appearance of fictitious images.

9. Deceiving the perception of light

Look at the center point (plus sign) of the black and white image for at least 30 seconds, then look away at the wall and you will see a bright spot. Blink a few times. What do you see?

Look at the red parrot's eye while slowly counting to 20, and then quickly look at one spot in the empty cage. You should see a hazy image of a blue-green caged bird appear before your eyes. The same can be done with a green cardinal and an indistinct silhouette of a purple bird will appear in the cage.

When we look at an image for some time and then replace it with a white background, an afterimage appears. This is due to the fact that the photoreceptors (rods and cones) of the eyes get tired, an imbalance of information occurs and an afterimage appears.

10. Illusion of a rotating silhouette

Look at the spinning silhouette of the girl. Do you see it spinning clockwise or counterclockwise? As a general rule, if you see a silhouette spin in one direction, say counter-clockwise, it's hard for you to see it in the opposite direction.

Actually, this the 2D image does not rotate in any direction, but shifts back and forth. But our brain perceives it as a three-dimensional image and interprets it accordingly.

If you look around the image, focusing on a shadow or another part, you can force your visual system to realign itself in a different direction.

Hello, in this article I want to touch on the topic of fraud on the Internet, how to avoid them and not become a victim of scammers. There are more and more users on the Internet every day, and along with them there are more scammers and ways to collect money from the population. Human greed has no limits, and this is exactly what scammers play on the Internet. What are the ways of cheating on the Internet to get your money:

1. Method of cheating on the Internet SMS confirmation of registration

You found on the Internet a site that you liked, it can be a dating site, or a social network for adults, or just a site that contains some interesting information for you, in order to get to the information you need, you will be asked to register. At the end of registration, you will be asked to confirm registration and send a message to a short number, if you buy into this, you are guaranteed to lose a tidy sum from your phone.

2. Method of cheating on the Internet: A unique technique

buy for 500 rubles earnings from 1500 rubles a day. Which of us has not seen such a message, it probably came across to everyone, not exactly with such content, but with a similar one. It happens that you pay $500 and get $100,000, moreover, such a technique will cost several times cheaper than the final earnings, after you pay and receive this technique, you will find out that what you have just done can be sold to other people and on to earn money and, most importantly, you won’t undermine, because you yourself bought it.

3. Method of cheating on the Internet you are a rich heiress or heir

Such a letter can come to your e-mail, of course, everything is official, you will be asked to respond to the letter if it is you. You will receive a new letter, you will start a correspondence, after a few letters you will be informed that the inheritance is very large and for its speedy registration, you need to send a certain amount, then for an invitation, then for a visa, then for something else, if buy, you will be pulled a tidy sum.

4. Cheating in an online casino

You will be given a presentation on how you can easily earn money in a roulette casino. Simple, uncomplicated bets on red and black. You will not be asked for money for this information, everything is on a voluntary basis, they will simply recommend you some kind of casino, moreover, it will be a legal casino, to which you will go through the affiliate link of the person who kindly shared this information with you. The fact is that any casino will have 5 minutes to recognize that you have started an unfair game with them. The casino will take action. You will be imperceptibly, but they will transfer you to another table, where they will extract all the money that you credited to the casino account, it seems to me honestly, and the person whose link you went to the casino will earn on the fact that he brought you.

5. Scheme of cheating on the Internet winning the lottery

When you navigate through the sites, you see a message on the left or right side of the screen: You won the lottery, your IP address was chosen by the computer and you became the owner of something, you will be asked to fill out a form, write a comment on the topic that you feel, leave a phone number, to which you will receive a message with the following content: To confirm your identity, answer sms and if you respond and answer, then a whole correspondence will begin with you until you run out of money on your balance and if the mobile operator does not count money from your balance on time, you will remain indebted to the cellular operator.

6. Deception in online stores

Moving through the Internet space, you go to a store with a good design, with cheap, and most importantly, high-quality goods. You see a really worthwhile thing at a bargain price marked with a promotion that is valid for just a few more hours, you rush to pay for it, everything is successful for you, you see a message that within 10-15 days your purchased product will go to you for mail, at the specified place of residence. A week passes, another, a third, but, alas, there is no product and never will be. You go to the address of the online store, it either caught a cold, or they don’t answer you, in the support service. Therefore, be aware that each payment system on the Internet has the e-mail addresses of partner stores, use this database in order to avoid unpleasant life moments.

7. Method of deception on the Internet social networks

Many of you have probably seen on the status of some nice woman in the status a message that money is urgently needed for the treatment of a small child who is terminally ill. Money is needed urgently, there is no time to delay, the account number is attached, you can’t help with money, put a class or like, like this, playing on people’s pity, scammers fish out money. Therefore, if all this is true and you decide to help the poor child. Therefore, the message must contain official addresses, telephone numbers of various guardianship and guardianship authorities, public funds that can confirm this information, they did not know yesterday that their child is sick, but requesting contact details from official bodies is a matter of several hours.

8. Method of deception with payment systems

You will receive an e-mail with the following content that there has been a failure in the system and you will be asked to fill out a form where you need to indicate all your personal data and do not forget to indicate your card number with a pin code or ID address with a password indicated, sent, say goodbye with money. Not a single bank, not a single payment system similar, will send you a request, so contact your bank by phone or go to the official website to clarify the situation.

9. Method of cheating on the Internet at match-fixing

I met this person personally, a person knocked on my friend in a social network, approximately, with the following sentence: Are you interested in match-fixing? I answered: - Yeah, look for fools! He: - I'm serious, there is a result on the outcome of a football match. Me: And how much are you asking? He: - 4000 rubles. Me: depicting a terrible laugh with emoticons, let me say for a test I will check it. He answered: he gives 2 teams to England 0:1 wins, that one. I go to the bookmaker's office, look, and in fact, in four hours the match should really take place. I believed him, but checked to my happiness. I could not sleep for half the night, I imagined my brand new Porsche or Mercedes, if the information is correct, but I was lucky, the information turned out to be incorrect. Why lucky? I immediately understood what scheme this crook was working on: he knocked on people's friends and offered to buy the result of a fixed match and told everyone a different result, and for someone, this result worked. And he, with full confidence, paid the fraudster 4,000 thousand for the next result. It's so banal, this man made money on greed.

10. A method of deception on the Internet is phishing

Collecting data from English, on some Internet resource, they may ask for your login and password from your social networks, which are necessary to activate registration or enter your ID from an electronic wallet. But always remember that your payment system ID is the only way to get to your money. Never enter your data on dubious sites - this is fraught with losing money or pages on a social network, etc.

11. Way of cheating on the Internet autosurfing

This is a kind of box or mailer, only on these projects, you will be offered to buy bots that will work for you on the site for a month and earn many times more than their own value, for which you will pay with your own money and in the end you will not get anything back. Another type of scam on bucks, you will surf sites all month in pursuit of collecting the required amount for withdrawal and you won’t get anything for the work done, so work on proven bucks, earn a pretty penny, but stably.

12. A method of cheating on the Internet blocking a virus

On some resource, you click on a button with an interesting offer and catch a blocking virus, a window appears on the entire monitor screen, and you can’t do anything with it, it completely covers most of the screen. You will be offered to send an SMS to a number with an exchange for a code to disable this window, for which money will be deducted from your phone number and you most likely will not receive a code. Therefore, you have no choice, you will have to reinstall windows, so use antivirus programs, they will warn you about an untrustworthy site.

13. Cheating on money exchangers

On the Internet, you may need electronic money, those payment systems on which you do not have electronic money, this is due to the fact that payment systems usually do not cooperate with each other and in order to receive money, you will have to use exchangers, and this carries certain risks . The fact is that you first transfer money to the account of the payment system indicated to you in order to receive money from another system, so use trusted exchangers.

14. Method of cheating on the Internet on mobile devices

The number of mobile Internet users is growing every day. Therefore, when exploring the mobile Internet, you can go to an Internet resource where you like, some application that you want to download and, as usual, the application will request access to functions on the phone, almost all applications ask for such a request to work. Therefore, worry about this in advance with your mobile operator, turn off the automatic SMS function, I lost, like 1000 rubles, on this type of fraud.

15. Magic wallets

The gist of this scam is as follows. At one time, it was very common, you send some amount to the wallet number indicated to you, and you get 2 times more back. You may be lucky once or twice, but greed will overwhelm you, and you will send a good amount there, which the scammers are counting on and silence in response, or you may not receive anything even with the first experimental payment. They don't joke with money.

16. Freelancers and web designers, work on the Internet without cheating

Deception of remote workers has a large number of options, advice for freelancers to act through specialized exchanges, although they also occur, such as holding competitions for higher paying jobs, so do not really buy into various competitions, this may be a scam.

17. List the insurance premium

You have found a job for yourself on the Internet, this work is good, paid and not labor-intensive, for example, collecting pens at home, we have a big competition for work, if you agree, transfer 10 rubles in the form of an insurance premium for your consent to work, your 10 rubles will be returned to you as soon as the state is approved, what can I say about this type of fraud, it is as old as mammoth bones, all such business has long been automated and ten times cheaper than human hands.

18. You have become the thousandth visitor to our site

Such an ad can be found when entering the next web resource, you are invited to fill out a form, respond in order to receive a win, do not forget to indicate your cell phone number and confirm that the number is the owner, as soon as you do this, money will be read from your number and you will find , this is immediately after sending SMS.

19. Typing

You have found a job for yourself at home, you are invited to engage in typing, from scanned pages that will be sent to you by mail, after completing the work, employers may disappear, be careful not to become a slave to scammers.

20. SMS fraud

In general, it is very common on the Internet, so never send SMS to short numbers from your phone, everything is done the other way around, a code is sent to you, and you enter it on the site.

21. Cheating on the Internet on ads for the loss of documents

Not long ago I encountered this type of fraud: I lost my documents. And, as many of us do, I turned to local television, where I placed an ad asking for the return of my documents for a fee. The response was not long in coming and unknown people called me and told me that they had my documents and would return them for a fee. To do this, I need to send them an amount to a mobile bank or Webmoney, and after that a girl will come up to me and solemnly hand over my documents to me. To which, of course, I answered them that I would not in any case and would give them the money only at a personal meeting. The fact is that the ads in the running line were duplicated on the local television website, which served as a bait for scammers.

22. ………………………………… this make money online without cheating maybe, 21 ways I don’t know or don’t remember, but maybe you know about it, write in the comments, new ways of cheating on the Internet and we will transfer it to our list. Put likes, leave comments, let this article be distributed even to naive people, it will become easier for people to live. But we can now proceed to.

» How to cheat a lie detector (polygraph)

How to fool a polygraph? Countermeasures

Today, the myth about the super-efficiency of the polygraph is widespread in society. Unfortunate oversights are attributed to the insufficient qualifications of individual specialists, but the very reliability of the technology is hardly questioned. On the pages of various publications, one can often read "authoritative data" that the reliability of polygraph tests is 99 percent, or even all 100.

Cartoon from antipoligraph.org

This myth is strongly supported by both the polygraph examiners themselves and other interested structures. Firstly, for advertising purposes, in order to create commercial demand for such services. They are not cheap and bring a good income to specialized firms. Secondly, to put psychological pressure on the test-takers, depriving them of the will to resist and increasing the effectiveness of the tests. This approach, figuratively speaking, helps to ensure victory even before the battle begins.

Thirdly, there are deeper, socio-psychological reasons. Even in ancient times, they knew that the fear and simultaneous admiration of the crowd before something mysterious and powerful is the basis of power over it. The myth about the power of the polygraph, which is cultivated today, is no exception. "Chiefs", the ruling class use it to keep in fear and obedience those who are below them on the social ladder (people, plebs, subordinates, office plankton - call it what you want). Not without reason, in many fantastic dystopias, the polygraph and polygraph examiners are an integral part of the totalitarian system, an instrument of social control and oppression of the masses by the ruling elite.

With the same manipulative purpose, the myth is being spread today that only criminals are afraid of polygraph tests, because "an honest person has nothing to hide." A refusal to test or an attempt to oppose the conduct of a polygraph procedure is already a priori proof of your unreliability. This is done in advance to create feelings of fear and guilt in you for your unwillingness to pass the test and turn your soul inside out. Although disgust for the polygraph and refusal to test does not at all indicate that you are a complete villain. Under the laws of most countries, a test on such devices is not direct evidence of guilt or innocence.

Each person has his own personal inner world, which he seeks to protect from foreign interference. And to allow in which he is not obliged to anyone. Each of us has personal motives, interests and secret desires that we do not want and are not obliged to communicate to outsiders. In the Anglo-American legal system, there is even a special category of privacy, meaning the right to secrecy and privacy, the intimate sphere of a person. Polygraph testing is a direct invasion of your intimate territory.

In some cases, such an intrusion is justified. For example, when investigating serious criminal offenses (murders, terrorist acts, etc.) that pose a threat to society and people's lives. If you have been slandered, falsely accused of committing a crime, then a polygraph test is sometimes the only chance to prove your innocence. But often, coercion to test can be called nothing more than an insult to a person, a gross interference in private life and psychological violence against a person. Such can be a general check of personnel for loyalty at the whim of a big boss who wants to know the whole ins and outs about the life of his subordinates; suspicions of adultery on the part of a jealous spouse; and other things that are now widely represented in the price lists of commercial printing firms.

Polygraph examiners at the request of the customer (or even simply because of their own unhealthy curiosity) often go to a direct violation of ethical norms and professional standards. They literally begin to turn the test-taker inside out, trying to find out everything about him: from political views and religious beliefs to sexual preferences. This is especially common when hiring and checking already working personnel (the so-called screening). These kinds of intimate questions can make up a large part of the questionnaire compiled for you by the polygraph operator. If it is impossible to refuse such testing (for example, because of the threat of immediate dismissal), but you also do not want to give out the secrets and nuances of your private life, then an attempt to deceive the polygraph may be your only way out.

Each polygraph examiner, before starting testing, without fail tries to inspire the “victim” with the idea of ​​the futility of counteracting the polygraph. During the briefing, they will explain to you in a friendly and relaxed manner that, they say, the lie detector “sees everything” and it will not be possible to deceive it. And you just have to relax and enjoy the process of turning you inside out, when other people's insensitive fingers unceremoniously climb into the hidden depths of your soul. Let's not blame the specialists for this professional trick - this is part of their work, prescribed in the instructions. Let's talk about whether it is actually possible to deceive a lie detector?

Who can cheat a polygraph

Science and technology do not stand still, but the real efficiency of the polygraph today is still far from the declared indicators. This is evidenced by a large number of errors and high-profile scandals, when the results of a test on the detector literally broke the fate of innocent people. Even in the United States, where the tradition of active use of the polygraph goes back many decades, vast experience has been accumulated, and the level of training and qualifications of the staff is not like our home-grown specialists, the reliability of estimates today is estimated by unbiased experts at best at 70%. And this is the most optimistic data. Laboratory and field studies examining the accuracy of polygraph tests have shown that they are subject to a significant number of errors. Experiments were also carried out that proved the possibility of learning to successfully counter the polygraph. They testify that bypassing the lie detector, although difficult, is quite real.

The lie detector is quite easy to deceive social psychopaths. They do not have an adequate perception of social norms, ethics and public morality (what is colloquially called conscience). Accordingly, questions about the violation of these norms do not cause a physiological alarm reaction. There are cases when sex maniacs and serial killers successfully passed the test, because they were sure that there was no evidence against them and did not feel anxious about what they had done.

For a similar reason, there are restrictions on polygraph testing of minors and very elderly people in "senile insanity" - the former are still, and the latter are no longer able to understand the meaning and social significance of the questions.

Pathological liars also easily cope with this task, because if a person sincerely believes in his lie, then for a polygraph it already looks like the truth. It is no coincidence that the instructions of polygraph examiners indicate that testing of mental patients during an exacerbation of manic psychosis or schizophrenia is impossible, since in this case the person being tested himself cannot distinguish between illusion and reality.

Another group is highly professional actors who are fluent in their craft (the Stanislavsky system, etc.), able to identify themselves with a fictional character and merge with the image of their hero, up to physiological manifestations: “laughter and tears to order, whatever you want ". It is also necessary to mention the employees of special services who received special training. Systematic "training" with the help of the detector allows them to bring the necessary states and reactions to the level of unconscious reflexes in order to more or less successfully deceive the polygraph.

For other people, this requires considerable effort, and sometimes just luck. Individual geniuses with such a gift from birth do not count, since there are very few of them. Unlike the "fighters of the invisible front", you most likely will not have access to the apparatus for pre-training, and the time for preparation will be very limited. But this does not deprive you of the chances of success.

The first step is to overcome the fear and "reverence" for the polygraph, which you were instilled in advance with a manipulative purpose. And also get rid of the feelings of guilt implanted in you. They block your will to resist. And what helps you is calm self-confidence and a mindset to win, not to lose. Remember that the lie detector is not omnipotent. He cannot read your thoughts and thus learn something about you. It only logs the state at the time of testing. Or rather, a change in physiological parameters when answering questions. Based on the collected data, the computer generates a probabilistic estimate, which is then analyzed by a specialist. A polygraph, like any machine, can be bypassed, hammered into his “brains” so that he cannot give an accurate answer.

What you need to know about the work of the lie detector

The basic principle of the polygraph is as follows: physiological reactions are stronger, the more important and meaningful the question is for you. As a rule, a person who is not involved in a case that interests the interrogators reacts approximately the same way to all questions: significant for the case and not significant. And for those who are involved, significant questions cause uncontrollable tension.

Usually, before a direct test on a lie detector, all the questions that will be asked are discussed with the person being tested. The subject of the test is agreed in advance to avoid a vague reaction to an unexpected question. If a person is asked head-on, without preparation, something like “Did you sleep with your boss’s wife?”, He simply may not understand what is happening. He will become nervous or hesitate to answer, even if he has never done this. Or he will be very surprised - and the polygraph shows approximately the same reaction to lies and surprise.

During the preliminary discussion, you can already decide how you will respond. Knowing the topic and the approximate range of questions, you can use this. Expel the real picture from consciousness and create a “legend” that is beneficial for you: a bright, emotionally colored image that will crowd out the real one. With developed imagination and self-hypnosis skills, this can help you outsmart the polygraph. The key here is to force yourself to believe in this alternate reality, not just imagine it in every detail. And the main difficulty is “not to think about the white rhino”, to forget for a while about how everything really happened. Otherwise, the real picture in your mind will be superimposed on the imaginary one. Two mutually exclusive images will simultaneously cause mental tension and stress. You will show a belated reaction to questions and other artifacts. They will show that you are constructing an imaginary event (or, more simply, lying) and this will be recorded by a polygraph as evidence of your lie.

Before the main test, the so-called. tuning (pre-test) interview to "calibrate" your answers. Your psychophysiological parameters are studied in a normal state. The sensors record the upper (thoracic) and lower (abdominal) breathing, heartbeat, pressure, tremor (trembling) and the electrical reaction of the skin. Further, the tests find out how the indicators “jump” when the test-taker is asked questions that are meaningful to him. Usually they are quite simple: “What is your name?”, “Do you have a family?”, “Are you going to cheat a polygraph?”

Your reaction to deliberate lies is also being studied. The polygraph examiner calls several names, including yours. You must lie, that is, say that the name spoken is not yours. Thus, it is checked how you react to a lie and how the detector fixes it. For a similar purpose, you may be asked to write down a number from several proposed ones, choose a playing card, put some figure in your pocket, etc. Then the polygraph operator "guesses" the subject, analyzing your reactions.

A funny detail: in many instructions for polygraph operators, when "guessing" is advised not to be limited to the analysis of psychophysiological reactions, but to be reliable, resort to cheating techniques - labeled cards, hidden video cameras ... Such a petty scam is considered acceptable. After all, among other things, the preparatory stage should break the will of the tested person to resist, convince him of the futility of trying to deceive the polygraph. Therefore, during the preliminary demonstration, they strive to completely eliminate the possibility of a “puncture”.

The main test can take several hours. Questions are read out, you are invited to listen carefully and honestly answer “yes” or “no”. Each question is followed by a pause (15-20 seconds) during which the psycho-physiological reaction to it is recorded. The polygraph records when your “heart skipped a beat”, where your breath held, after which question a “sigh of relief” followed, and where your hands trembled and your knees vibrated. Here are some signs of emotional tension in response to the presentation of a meaningful question. They may not be in your favor:

• the magnitude of the skin reaction increases;
• the pulse slows down, followed by a compensatory increase in heart rate;
• holding the breath and slowing down its rhythm, followed by a compensatory increase in the rhythm and depth of breathing;
• changes in inspiratory/expiratory time, inspiratory pauses and expiratory pauses;
• increased muscle tremor

In order to disorient the interviewee and break down his protective barriers, conditions and wording can change. The same question can be asked many times. Questions on the same topic can be formulated in different ways. You may be asked to answer “yes” to all questions, even if you previously answered “no” to them - to find out what will be the reactions to yes answers. Or vice versa - give only negative answers. There is also a "silent answer" - the test-taker is asked only to think about the answer to the question, but not to say it out loud.

During the survey, “filler questions” are used on neutral topics that, in theory, should not cause excitement (“Today is Monday?”, “Are you sitting on a chair?”). Experts suggest including more such questions in the test, to which a knowingly truthful answer is provided. After them, it will be more difficult for a person to lie, and the corresponding physiological manifestations will become more noticeable.

There are also trap questions regarding the details of what happened (for example, theft). They are not known to the innocent, but they will cause a strong reaction from those involved in the crime. It is not uncommon for a question to list keywords and facts. “What did you take from the safe? Mobile phone? Gun? A pack of condoms? A bunch of keys? “How long has it been since you last used drugs? A week? Month? Year? Five years?". “Do you like to drink alone? In company? In the morning? Evenings? For days on end?" “What kind of bribe did you receive? Hundred? Two hundred? Three hundred? Five hundred thousand?". As you approach the correct answer, there is an increase in signs of anxiety, and then relaxation as you move away from it. Although outwardly it may not be noticeable to a person.

To divert the attention of the test-taker, significant questions complicate. The unknown is presented to the test-taker as known: “Did you hide the package that you stole there?”. A person, by inertia, can “be led”, answer “yes” or “no”. And any unequivocal answer to such questions already contains an indirect recognition.

There are also security questions that should excite even the innocent ("Have you ever taken something that didn't belong to you?"). Everyone has committed such acts at least once in their lives, so it is assumed that innocent control questions should cause more excitement than questions directly related to the essence of the case. And a negative answer to the control test question testifies to the lie of the person being checked.

Ways to cheat a polygraph

How to bring down the "calibration" of the polygraph and make it work incorrectly? The first answer that comes to mind is to give deliberately false, random, unsystematic and "idiotic" answers to all questions without exception during the preliminary interview and further during the testing process. Go out of your way to mix up the tracks, preventing the polygraph from seeing what you can be when you tell the truth. It is clear that such a demonstrative opposition to the polygraph is 100% likely to arouse suspicion of your guilt. Therefore, it is usually chosen by those who have nothing to lose, but can only have fun and enjoy. These can be ideological opponents of polygraphs or criminals caught red-handed who go into "complete unconsciousness." There is no need to prove their involvement in the crime. But figuring out the details (“Who are your accomplices and where are the stolen diamonds hidden?”) will be difficult, because it is impossible to build a basic calibration scale against which physiological responses are compared.

Such provocative demarches look impressive. More often than not, however, test takers need to ensure that the testers do not suspect anything. How to deceive a lie detector imperceptibly?

There are three main ways to counter the polygraph. You can easily find their detailed description on the Internet. Remember that all methods require prior training and careful practice. Any attempt to cheat a polygraph without preparation is likely to end in failure for you.

The first way to fool the lie detector- try to reduce the sensitivity of your own sensory analyzers. To do this, it will be enough to drink a certain amount of alcohol the day before. The next day, a person becomes weakly sensitive, his reactions are conditionally “inhibited” and he will not be able to objectively respond to the stimuli presented. The lie detector will not be able to draw unambiguous conclusions.

Specially selected medications are another remedy. These can be drugs for hypertension, which lower blood pressure and at the same time block the production of adrenaline (beta-blockers). Using them, you should know and understand your body's reaction to "chemistry" well. So, for people with low blood pressure, taking adrenoblockers is strictly contraindicated. You also need to be able to calculate the time of action of pharmacological agents. To make everything look natural, the concentration of the drug in the blood should reach its maximum 40-50 minutes after the start of the polygraph test. In this case, as the effects appear, one can refer to accumulating fatigue and poor health, if the operator suddenly suspects an attempt to deceive the polygraph.

If the test subject has taken psychotropic substances for the first time, he will be in a new mental state for him and “out of habit” may begin to behave inappropriately, which will be instantly noticed. There are also standard questions for testing (“Did you use drugs / alcohol / drugs today?”) And if you lie during testing that you didn’t drink or use it, this can be recorded by a polygraph. Although you can swallow something like an aspirin before starting the procedure and then answer “yes” with a clear conscience. In this case, your honest response "overlaps" and masks your emotional reaction to the other substance. The task of such “masking” is greatly facilitated for people with chronic diseases who are forced to constantly take medication.

However, for serious cases, the "chemo-pharmacological" method is not applicable. For example, if the results of a polygraph examination are planned to be used as evidence in court, then a blood test for the presence of various drugs is mandatory.

Chemical methods also include the treatment of the surface of the skin with various substances so that the electrical conductivity becomes constant for some time. Then the sensors attached to your fingers will not record a change in response to meaningful questions. You will have a chance to outwit the lie detector. The most elementary remedy is rubbing with ordinary medical alcohol, which constricts the sweat glands. The galvanic skin reaction is “evened out” by various medical and cosmetic products that greatly reduce sweating: talcs and ointments from sweating, deodorants for the feet, etc. Conditions for their successful application:

• the applied product should be invisible, colorless and odorless;
• its action should be long, since a polygraph test lasts several hours;
• the preparation must be stable and preserved after washing the hands (this is a common procedure before starting the test);

A good result is given by salicylic-zinc ointment, which is sold in pharmacies. It should be applied to hands well warmed up in boiling water so that it is deeply absorbed into the skin. It should be remembered that the polygraph fixes not only GSR. Even if the skin is treated, breathing will have to be controlled independently.

Non-chemical methods also give results. For example - lack of sleep for several days. Due to constant lack of sleep, a person falls into a state close to a trance, between sleep and wakefulness - his physiological reaction to all questions will be equally insignificant. Severe fatigue (after a hard sports workout), exhaustion (due to prolonged fasting) also dull physiological responses to questions, "smoothing" the lie detector. Polygrams will turn out to be “smooth”, unsuitable for decoding. Moreover, it will not be possible to assert with certainty that this is a conscious opposition, or that a person simply has such a physiological constitution (in the jargon of polygraphs - “a body unsuitable for research”).

When reducing the sensitivity of sensory analyzers, it is important not to overdo it. Don't push yourself into a very deep blackout. Almost all polygraphs measure the electrical resistance of the skin (galvanic skin response). It is directly related to the functioning of the brain. The more relaxed the person, the higher the level of skin resistance. If the device fixes the limiting indicators of resistance, there will be suspicions about the reliability of the results. In addition, the polygraph examiner analyzes the magnitude of reactions to control questions that are not known to the test person. If the reaction to them does not differ from the "general background" - the polygraph operator can stop the test, or reschedule it for another time. However, sometimes even such a delay plays into the hands of the test.

Another way to cheat a polygraph- this is the suppression of all emotions so that no stimulus causes a significant response. There are two ways to manage your state that violate habitual reactions: a) general deconcentration; b) attention control (concentration on some object). The basic principle is that a person tries to answer all questions automatically, without paying serious attention to them. He should focus on the drawing of the wall in front of him, or on some other neutral object. You can concentrate on some part of the body, the rhythm of your breath, or a memory from your life experience. Ideally, you generally need to forget about the existence of a polygraph near you and exclude the perception of the content of the questions being asked. In this state, you hear sounds, words, confirming that you are being asked a question, but its content, social significance, does not reach you. This method requires the ability to self-regulate, it takes long training to master it, but its effectiveness is also quite high.

It is important that your inner detachment is not noticed by the interviewer. External signs of trance that can be detected by him:

• monotonous and unnatural voice without emotional coloring;
• the face resembles a stone statue;
• the gaze is directed to one point;
• the answer is given before the tester even has time to ask the question.

If the operator notices all this, he will try to get you out of this state. For example, in the following way, described in textbooks for polygraph examiners:

If during testing you have a suspicion, try to immediately change the question and put it in such a way that the subject is forced to say “yes” if he answered “no” before. For example, asking a question like this: “What is your name ...?” call his name. If the suspect has entered a state of detachment from the content of the questions, he will automatically answer "no". Then, in a mild form, you should express your bewilderment: “How is it, Semyon Semenovich, have you already changed your name?” or “You have never been called that, is this data incorrect in the questionnaire?”. These questions will take him out of the state he has entered and for some time will make him perceive the content of your questions. Usually, after a pause, a neutral question is given, followed by a "meaningful" one.

Third Approach states: “What is important is not the absence of a reaction as such (which is quite easily detected by control questions and can arouse suspicion), but the ability to give the right reaction.” Your reaction should look natural. Effective are feigned emotional reactions to insignificant stimuli. If you want to elicit a reaction to the right question, try simply mentally multiplying a few multi-digit numbers or thinking of something that evokes rage or sexual emotion.

So, if you don't want to be convicted of homosexuality, multiplying the numbers in your head is necessary when you are asked "do you prefer women." And if there is an inverse problem, i.e. if you have to pretend to be homosexual, which you are not, then you need to multiply when you hear the question "Do you prefer to have sex with people of the same sex", etc. Alternatively, when you are asked about women, at that moment you imagine or recall sexual scenes with men (or vice versa). Thus, the sexual reaction to the pictures from your imagination is "superimposed" on the question being asked and it seems that it was the question that caused such a reaction. With due impressionability, willpower and a well-developed skill, this method works.

The result can also be achieved if you start reading poetry. About myself, of course. Something long, like "Eugene Onegin." Worrying about the protagonist and answering questions as if in between times.

There are many different ways to create fake reactions. The most famous of them is “mechanical”, the tension of some muscle groups imperceptible to an expert. Usually they press the toes to the floor, reduce the eyes to the nose, or press the tongue to the hard palate.

Pain also elicits physiological responses that are characteristic of psychological stress. Some, in an attempt to fool the polygraph, put a button in their boot under the thumb and press it with each negative (or positive) answer. The body begins to respond to the expectation of pain, and not to lies or truth. Therefore, the polygraph readings will be the same in the case of a truthful answer and vice versa.

The difficulty lies in hiding these movements from the interrogator, since such attempts to deceive the lie detector are known today even to amateur polygraph examiners. The test subject is filmed on video cameras, which capture close-ups of any movements and changes in the expression of the “muzzle of the face”. Therefore, this should be done very carefully. Remember: any suspicious or ambiguous behavior will necessarily be interpreted NOT in your favor.

If you do not alternate methods, but keep pressing the button with each answer “no” (“did not participate ...”, “did not see ...”, “did not participate ...”, “did not steal ...”) - then the polygraph operator will see a pattern in the manifestation of the same type of reaction and suspect something is wrong. In addition, sensors can be attached to your calf muscles that will record finger movements. The proverbial “nail in the shoe” should be long and sharp enough to cause pain even with light pressure, and your movements should be subtle, with minimal involvement of other muscles in the body. Then there will be a chance that the motion sensors will not notice the counter signal against the background of the general tremor of the body (caused by heart contractions, breathing, etc.).

It is believed that the most difficult in detecting mechanical resistance to the polygraph is the language. After answering the question "yes" or "no", the tongue can imperceptibly be pressed against the teeth or "wrapped" towards the larynx, or pressed against the palate with a force that causes pain. However, this way to deceive the lie detector can be determined using special sensors installed in the chin or larynx. You should also remember about breathing - you need to “work” with your tongue without disturbing the rhythm and depth of breathing, because it will be instantly recorded by a polygraph.

A common disadvantage of all mechanical methods is that they are difficult to hide and take time to complete, which means they cause a delay in the reaction. If the reaction occurs a few seconds after the question is answered, then the polygraph examiner will notice the “turning on” of the button or tongue to create a false signal. The graph will show the delay in the physiological response to the response, its magnitude and duration. Through training, reaction time should be kept to a minimum.

As an alternative to a needle in your pants, you can recommend techniques from the NLP arsenal - learn to put a "psychological anchor" (for tension and relaxation), using it at the right time. After all, it is the internal, mental methods that are most difficult to expose. If you use them at the right time, it is quite possible to deceive the polygraph and lead the expert to erroneous conclusions. Remember: even the absence of a reliable result can sometimes benefit you.

An example for understanding the principle of working with tension / relaxation can be gleaned from fiction:

We're conducting an intensive search for this spy. Since you gentlemen were in close proximity to the scene, I intend to speak with you one by one to find out what you might know. I can also discover... Which one of you is the missing spy?

This last arrow elicited only shocked silence. Now that he had brought us all into a state of depression suitable for cross-examination, the gray man began to call the officers one at a time. I was doubly grateful for my foresight, which had the foresight to drop my head on the ground in full view of everyone.

I was called third not by chance. On what basis? A general similarity in physique with the spy Paz Ratunkov? Bandage? Some basis for suspicion must have existed. I trudged forward, barely moving my feet like the others before me. I saluted and he pointed to a chair next to the desk.

Why don't you hold this while we talk? - he said judiciously, passing me a silver lie detector egg.

The real Vaska wouldn't recognize him, so I didn't recognize him either. I just looked at him with slight interest - as if I did not know that he was transmitting vital information to the lie detector in front of him, and squeezed it in my palms. My thoughts were not so calm.

I got caught! He opened me up! He knows who I am and plays with me.

He looked deep into my bloodshot eyes, and I noticed that his mouth twisted slightly in disgust.

Did you still have that night, lieutenant? he asked me, looking at the sheet of paper and at the polygraph readings.

Yes, sir, you know... Had a few drinks with the boys. That is what I said out loud. And to myself I thought this: now they will shoot me to death, right in the heart! I imagined this vital organ throwing my living blood into the mud.

I see you have recently been demoted... Where are your fuses, Pas Ratunkov?

"I'm tired... how I wish I was in bed," I thought.

Explosives? - I blinked my red peepers and, raising my hand to scratch my head, touched the bandage and thought that it was better not to. His eyes bored into mine, gray eyes almost the same color as his uniform, and for a moment I caught strength and anger behind his calm manner.

And your head wound, where did you get it? Our spy was hit on the side of the head.

I fell, sir, I must have been pushed from the van. The soldiers bandaged, ask them...

Already asked. They got drunk, fell, disgraced the officer corps. Get out and clean up, you disgust me! Next!

I unsteadily got to my feet, not looking into the piercing gimlets of those cold eyes, and walked as if I had forgotten about the device in my hands, and then came back and dropped it on the table, but he bent over his documents, ignoring me. I saw a faint scar under the sparse hair on the top of his bald head and left.

It takes skill, practice and training to fool a lie detector. I had all this. This can only be done under certain circumstances, and the current ones were ideal. Sudden interrogation, at night, without testing for the subject's normal response. So I had to express a beautiful peak on his recorder. I was afraid: of him, of something else, of anything. But when he asked capture questions designed to expose a spy, I relaxed because I was waiting for them, and the device showed it. The question was meaningless to anyone but the spy. If he soon saw this, the interrogation was over, he still had a lot of work to do. ( Harry Harrison, Revenge of the steel rat)

Reception with psychological relaxation has its pitfalls. Polygraph examiners are well aware that every “normal” person experiences worries, fears, fears in an uncomfortable testing situation for him. Therefore, relaxation should not fall below some general background of anxiety. In a person who is well-versed in self-regulation, relaxation in response to the presentation of a significant question leads to a sharp activation of inhibitory processes. The activity of recorded physiological manifestations is significantly reduced. As a result, the reaction can turn out to be paradoxically low - less than the answer to any neutral question. Such an unusual result will attract attention. If you relax too much, you risk arousing suspicion.

Connoisseurs of English are advised to visit the site of staunch polygraph fighters Antipolygraph.org. The credo of this site is very appealing to many. In a free translation into Russian, it sounds something like this: "Their right is to try to find out all the ins and outs about us, our right is to send them all to hell ... This is democracy." This site presents a curious work "The Lie Behind the Lie Detector". In it, opponents of the detectors offer their own methods of dealing with "unscientific ways of testifying, designed for idiots and working only in a non-legal country."

These recommendations apply to the classic lie detector, which captures pressure fluctuations, respiratory rate, blinking, heart muscle contractions, skin electrical activity, brain activity, involuntary movements of the arms and legs.

When the device is connected to the body, the first thing to do is to pay attention to even breathing. Its frequency can range from 15 to 30 breaths per minute (this is approximately 2-4 seconds). Rapid or slow breathing indicates that the person is lying. In addition, it is known that after a “dangerous” question, a “sigh of relief” follows, so you should control the rhythm of breathing until you completely “disconnect” from the wires with which you are entangled.

Breathing is directly related to the pulse, heart rate, which is also recorded by sensors. When you inhale, your pulse speeds up; when you exhale, it slows down. This is well known to Indian yogis who use a certain type of breath to meditate and slow down the heart. With a long exhalation with a quick inhalation, you can “hold” the pulse when answering questions, preventing it from becoming much more frequent. If, however, before each answer to a question, a short forced breath is taken, then the reactions to all questions will be equally increased, without sharp jumps. Of course, such an inhalation / exhalation should look natural, be as inconspicuous and silent as possible - which is achieved only through training. If you are accused of doing it on purpose, you can always answer that this is a natural and familiar way for you to breathe. Or just the result of general nervousness and fear of the polygraph.

In order to fool blood pressure sensors, enthusiasts advise squeezing the muscles of the anal sphincter and biting the tip of the tongue between polygraph questions. Instead of the proverbial "button in the shoe" to cause pain, women and men are advised to put "thorny objects" in more intimate places where inspectors usually do not look. You need to squeeze the muscles so that the legs and buttocks do not move, since in modern models of detectors, sensors are connected to the seats, indicating the slightest fidgeting in the chair and rocking the ankles.

Remember: testing continues as long as the sensors are connected and the conversation lasts. Don't let yourself be fooled. It happens that the operator puts sensors on the respondent and says that he will not turn on the polygraph for now, so that you get used to the sensors. And he starts to discuss the topics of questions with you. In fact, the detector is in working mode and captures all your indicators, as well as the moment of transition to direct testing. If, at the moment of transition, the respondent changes the nature of breathing, begins to move, strain various parts of the body, etc. - this may indicate his attempt to deceive the polygraph. The same trick can be done after the poll is completed. The operator says that testing is over, but the sensors are not disconnected. In fact, the polygraph continues to work.

Finally, we present the original method of dealing with a polygraph, sent by our reader.

After a little thought, I decided to write a few words about the polygraph... If you'll excuse me... I don't think that in connection with my problem I will have to undergo such a test... But still...

The point is that you can cheat a polygraph using the methods you suggest... But for this you need to be a very prepared person. The committee has been preparing people for this, mmm...well, for a very long time. After the failure of the Stasi agents, if sclerosis does not fail me in the 60th or 61st year. I mean the methods of replacing questions or (even more so!!!) suppressing emotions. The button method is good, but... In modern testing, sensors are placed under the legs of the chair. And any movement will be instantly detected and will be interpreted not in your favor. As well as muscle contraction. Pressing the tongue to the palate, biting the tongue is quickly determined by appearance by any, even not very experienced expert, who during testing will not look at the tape at all - why, it is recorded automatically anyway, well, or on the monitor screen , but will look you in the face, revealing additional, NOT psychophysiological reactions, especially eye movement. Coming from a hangover is good. It's also good to come JUST after drinking some alcohol. Maybe NOT alcohol. You can coffee cups 7-10. You can and other drugs, such as tranquilizers. But then again, with SERIOUS testing, you will definitely get a blood and / or urine test. What all your tricks will calculate. Which again will be interpreted NOT in your favor. Not to mention that testing can simply be postponed. In addition, all this affects the heart rate. And it is ALWAYS measured during polygraph testing. And an increased number of heartbeats per minute can also be interpreted AGAINST you. And absolutely all these methods are inapplicable if you are being tested FROM THE CAMERA. But the method that I will allow myself to offer you is largely free from all these shortcomings, tested (do not ask where!) And showed good results. With this method, you also need to drink. But only water. And in large quantities. Everyone knows approximately how much he needs to drink to go to the toilet ... well, VERY wanted. How long to drink ... You can try to calculate in such a way that on preliminary, “sighting” questions you don’t really want to. And this is about the first 10-30 minutes. But, even if you didn’t calculate, anyway, you can force yourself not to think about what you want to go to the toilet, to relax as much as possible ... Well, in general, everyone has their own ways of dealing with themselves in such cases. But then ... He will concentrate as much as possible on his bladder, which is swelling, swelling, which is about to burst, thinking only about the unbearable desire to go to the toilet, no more strength to endure, no more strength to think about anything other than what you want pi-pi! !!

Techniques such as those listed above can be used not only when testing a lie detector, but also during any interview or interrogation with prejudice: with an investigator, psychologist or personnel service specialist when applying for a job. After all, an experienced psychologist-expert will also very closely monitor your reaction to his questions to find out if you are telling the truth.

Well, now that's all! Good luck!

Everyone knows that lying is not good. But often we still cannot resist. So how do you do it professionally? One of the most important skills.

I divided my article into two conditional parts: how to fool people, as well as how to cheat something heavier - polygraph. I hope you will not come across a lie in the second case, because most often the so-called "lie detector" is used in courts and pre-trial proceedings. However, purely theoretically, the topic of lying even to a machine is very curious, and its advice can improve the first type of lie - to people.

My advice is based on the recommendations of professional, no, not liars, but psychologists, although one does not exclude the other. Among them Robert Feldman, who devoted his career to the study of lies, a psychologist from the University of Massachusetts - Robert Feldman and many others.

How to deceive a person?

Of course, I'm oversimplifying the question - the type of lie will depend on the situation, the object of the lie, and yourself. However, there is general information worth getting for every liar. I have collected concise but useful adviсe.

1. try plan lies ahead
2. Necessarily add details. This is one of the most important points, because, in my practice, they make a lie by 40-50%
3. It is desirable that these the details were absolutely true, it inspires more confidence in the story
4. But with all these little things, the truth must be kept as short as possible. Most liars fail precisely because of suspiciously long epics.
5. How can fewer third parties. The more people you mention in a lie, the more likely you are to get caught.
6. If you do refer to someone, then make sure that this person a) wants to help you lie b) is smart enough to support this lie c) has authority in the eyes of the person you are lying to. If there is such a person, then it is even worth attracting him.
7. Learn control your body. More on how a person who lies nonverbally should behave is in the next chapter.
8. Learn speak beautifully, intelligibly, without stuttering, non-stop, but not too fast
9. In no case don't change your lies. If flaws are found in it, it is better to try to explain that you were misunderstood
10. try back up your lies with something material, as much as possible. Once upon a time, my salvation was movie tickets, which did not indicate the date. Just check the "artifacts" in all respects - they must be perfect, otherwise - it's better not to
11. One of the best ways to protect yourself is attack. No matter how vile it may sound, but if the person to whom you are trying to lie is soft-hearted, then it is quite possible to begin to suspect him of responding. He will start to defend himself, forgetting about you. The main thing is that he himself does not choose the tactics of attack in response. So be careful
12. try believe in your lies. By convincing yourself, you can surely convince others.
13. Break the lies apart try to communicate it in a structured way, like this list (this does not mean that I'm lying to you)
14. It is advisable not to allow thoughts about how it really happened. So you can start confusing truth and lies
15. Evaluate whether it is beneficial for the object of the lie to believe in your lie. If yes then try put pressure on his feelings: “would I become ...”, “you yourself know”. If a lie is unprofitable for a person, point out to him, only carefully: “maybe you don’t want to believe me just because it will offend you ... but I can’t say otherwise”
16. Do not speculate with the words "true" and "false". Maybe they haven't even crossed your opponent's mind yet.
17. Deny. Indeed, even if you made a mistake, it is better not to invent a second lie, but either use points 8.9, or simply deny it. And it's better to skillfully switch between them
18. Necessarily be confident and calm. Especially fulfilling the 13th paragraph. This is the hardest thing, because it seems that the lie has already been revealed
19. switch attention. Ask unobtrusively something of the interlocutor along the way. Perhaps this way you will run away from the topic, or at least create the appearance that the situation is not interesting to you.
20. Talk details. Did I already mention this? Great, because repeated twice is believed more. Just try not to mess up
21. Agree. You'd better agree on everything except the fact that you're lying. Let the person feel sympathy for you
22. Never and for nothing do not apologize during a lie, do not thereby show your guilt. You can agree, where appropriate - smile, thereby arousing affection. But no apologies
23. Go to the end. Often lies fail precisely because you give up too quickly. Once you rake, then rake. Cling to the end. You might still be stronger despite all the logic
24. Finally, do it as rarely as possible, because then you will earn a reputation for yourself, and no one will even check your lies

How should you behave when lying?

As I mentioned, well-defined lies are only part of the story. Its non-verbal part is also very significant. The way it is presented is also very important. And here are a couple of tips about it:

1. Of course, be calm in general. It is very difficult when the risk is high, but it is worth trying very hard. It's easier to do this when you're lying drunk. But drunk people have a flaw in their conscience and logic in general, so everyone has their own merits.
2. Don't take your eyes off. Look straight ahead with confidence. It also inspires confidence with a look that occasionally moves a little lower to the opponent’s hands.
3. Don't touch yourself, don't pull on your clothes. Better open your palms to the person you're trying to fool
4. smile when appropriate. Not too arrogant, just not mocking. Rehearse a kind, welcoming smile
5. try gesticulate less
6. If you are accused, do not shout, show aggression. Even if you use the attack method, it should be neat, friendly. Make a fool who does not quite understand a person, which is why he doubts his words, and not the aggressor

How to lie to a polygraph?

A polygraph, also known as a lie detector, determines your physical performance. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the previous chapter of behavior, paying even more attention to it than to lying to a person. But there are a few more things you should know if you come across this car.