“Collection of Student Essays HOW WAR AFFECTED FAMILIES How War Affected Families: Collection of Student Essays. - Donetsk: DIPT, 2013. - 69 p. The collection of essays contains ... "

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Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Donetsk Industrial and Pedagogical College

Collection of student essays

HOW THE WAR AFFECTED FAMILIES

How the war affected families: A collection of student essays. – Donetsk:

DIPT, 2013. - 69 p.

The collection of essays contains creative works of DIPT students, who

describe the life of families during the Great Patriotic War: participation in

fighting, helping partisans, the needs and disasters of the occupation, forced labor in Germany, memories of the severity of everyday life.

Editorial team:

Dmitrieva teacher of the second category, teacher Daria Alexandrovna of the cyclic commission of social and humanitarian disciplines of the Donetsk Industrial Pedagogical College.

Sotnikov is a teacher of the highest category, chairman Alexander Ivanovich of the cyclic commission of social and humanitarian disciplines of the Donetsk Industrial Pedagogical College.

FOREWORD

This collection is not quite a common occurrence in the modern world. Now it is customary to forget and not appreciate many moments not only of the national, but also of one's own family history.

Often children do not know how their parents lived even 30 years ago. What then can be said about such a distant period of history as the period of the Great Patriotic War ... The students were given the task of asking their relatives about what they themselves remember or what they were told about the war. There were a lot of problems in the beginning. Many grandparents had little memory of the war; and parents were not interested in these aspects of the life of their mothers and fathers at one time; some students were embarrassed to ask questions; and sometimes they were just lazy. However, when the first stories of students began to sound in the audience, when these living stories penetrated to the depths of the souls of those present, when there were real tears in the eyes of the girls, it was then that things moved. Not everyone was able to learn a lot about the fate of their relatives and friends, the work of some students fit on half a page. But this is a significant step towards learning your own family history. And a person who respects his history will be more reverent about the history of his people. Then the war will not be forgotten.

All creative works are based on oral history - the stories of living people who convey their experiences and thoughts more than facts and events. Therefore, there may be minor discrepancies in the creative works and the actual story itself.

Sincerely, Dmitrieva D.A.

Introduction

HOW THE WAR AFFECTED FAMILIES

“There is no such family in Russia, Where there would not be a hero”

–  –  –

22 announced that the war had begun…. The Great Patriotic War began.

War ... How much pain in this word for our hearts, sorrow and pride. Mourning for the soldiers who died in this meat grinder, and pride for their stamina and courage, for the Brest Fortress and Stalingrad, for the Red Banner over the Reichstag.

It is simple and easy for us, the generation of the 21st century, to talk about the war, give categorical assessments, commit rash acts and think that the Great Patriotic War is something distant and abstract and does not concern us at all. But the fact is that, despite the fact that almost 70 years have passed since the end of the war, those events still concern us, our families, our Motherland and our history.

To begin with, let us recall the Ost plan, the brainchild of the fascist regime, according to which the population of the Soviet Union was to be partially destroyed, and the rest were to be turned into slaves. But these plans failed, and for this we must pay tribute to our grandfathers and great-grandfathers, who, at the cost of incredible efforts, at the cost of their own lives and health, stopped the beast. Therefore, when we talk about such an important event in history as the Great Patriotic War, we should think about a lot.

The war ran like a red thread through our entire people (saying “our people”, I mean not only Ukrainians, but also Russians, Belarusians, Georgians, people of other nationalities, since they were then a single Soviet people), through every house and family . Already in the first days of the war, many guys went to the front, there were huge queues in front of the military registration and enlistment offices. Oddly enough, but sometimes I had to make a lot of efforts to get into the army, in fact - to go to hell. Many of the guys who just yesterday walked at the graduation ball changed their civilian costumes for infantry tunics, scout camouflage suits and tank overalls. Now it’s hard to believe that sixteen-year-old boys lied in the military registration and enlistment offices about lost documents and, having attributed a year to themselves, went to the front. What happened to the other members of their families?

Many adult men, fathers of families who had a reservation or did not fall under the draft because of their age, went to the militia, where, despite the low level of training, lack of ammunition and weapons, they fought in different sectors of the front, fought to the death in encirclement, defended Moscow. The girls, forgetting about carelessness and fun, went to the schools of radio operators and nurses and, along with the men, took on their fragile shoulders all the hardships of the war, serving in partisan detachments, working in hospitals and taking out the wounded from the battlefield.

With each war year, fewer and fewer men remained in the rear, and the hard work fell on mothers and wives, who learned to drive tractors, sow grain, work in mines and perform other hard, male labor. We must not forget the children who, despite their age, worked in factories and factories, honestly fulfilling the call “Everything for the front, everything for the Victory!” they got to the machines, put boxes from under the shells and did their job. Separately, I would like to recall those who ended up in the occupied territories, despite the cruelest regime, cold and hunger, people remained faithful to their duty and waged partisan struggle, derailing German trains, arranging provocations and sabotage, helping fugitive prisoners of war and encircled.

So that Victory lives in each of us, in every family, and we must not forget the greatest feat of our ancestors.

Pasechnyuk Lyudmila, student of group 1BO13

DEDICATED TO MY GRANDMA AND GRANDPA…

Author: Sotnikov Ivan, student gr. 1PG13 The Great Patriotic War burst in and destroyed the life of an entire nation. There was not a single family in the Soviet Union that did not lose someone in this terrible confrontation. Millions died on the battlefields; millions were shot in occupied towns and villages; millions were taken to Germany for work. But our people found the strength to resist. Someone attributed years to himself in order to get to the front as soon as possible. Someone in complete surroundings made another feat. Someone, despite the fear and uncertainty, replenished the partisan detachments. And there were millions of these "someone" too. I am proud that during this hardest trial in the world, my family contributed to the Great Victory.

My paternal grandparents told me a lot about their memories of the war and about their relatives who defended our Motherland.

My grandmother Sotnikova Lyudmila Konstantinovna (then still Novitskaya) was born in 1939. Therefore, when the war began, she was a little girl and her memories are fragmentary and few. Her family lived in Volnovakha. In 1940, Nikolai Trofimovich, Novitsky's grandmother's father, was drafted into the army. He graduated from the autotractor technical school, so he was sent to military technician courses in the city of Sverdlovsk. From there he came out with the rank of junior lieutenant. At this time, the war began. Great-grandfather served in the tank troops, first as an assistant company commander, and since 1943 as an assistant commander.

commander. He rose to the rank of major. During the war he was wounded three times. Grandmother said that the wounds were very terrible and often opened after the war. The arms and legs were covered with scars and burns. In 1944 Nikolai Trofimovich took part in the liberation of Poland, Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad), the siege of Berlin. Below I have placed photographs of some orders and medals that my great-grandfather was awarded. After the war, he was sent to a small village in the Kaliningrad region as an assistant to the company commander for the technical part of the motor-mechanical brigade. Only in 1947 did my great-grandfather return home. Grandmother says that her father did not like to talk about the war, often, when her daughter tried to ask him, he answered: “You know what, daughter, it’s better for you not to know. What we experienced, God willing, and not to know ... "

Grandmother and mother, when the war began, moved to the village of Novoandreevka. They spent the entire war there. At that time, almost everyone tried to move from cities to villages, where it was easier to survive. Two great-grandmother's sisters also came to Novoandreevka with their children. Everyone lived in my great-great-grandmother's house. Grandmother Lyuda's earliest memories of the war, the arrival of the Germans, are connected with this house. She remembers that it was a very sunny day, she was playing in the garden. Suddenly, German vehicles drove into the village. The cars seemed huge to the little girl, and she climbed the fence to get a better look at them. Under the fence, her grandmother planted some beautiful flowers. The cars didn't fit on the narrow road, their wheels drove right over these flowers and knocked down fences. Grandmother was pulled off the fence by her cousins.

In fact, the Germans were not frequent guests in the village, rather "passing through." Basically, the Magyars (Hungarians) were located here. They did not rage much, treated the children with sweets and chocolate. Sometimes the village was under shelling and bombing. Then all the inhabitants hid in basements and closets.

Grandmother practically does not remember this, she only knows that it was scary.

“There was not a single house in the village that the war had not touched,” my grandmother said. The family suffered a terrible misfortune - all three brothers of the great-grandmother died defending the Motherland. They were not destined to return: Uncle Misha died in the Battle of Stalingrad, Uncle Yasha near Melitopol in 1941, and Uncle Andryusha near Leningrad. Grandmother remembers well the day when her mother and grandmother received two funerals at once. People gathered in the courtyard (as they always did if someone received a funeral), everyone was silent and crying.

The girl did not understand what was happening, and pestered everyone with questions. She was told that they were burying her uncle. She laughed and said that when they bury, they put it in a coffin, and since there is no coffin, it means that no one has died ... Grandmother remembered one more moment. She was then four or five years old.

Her father, Nikolai Trofimovich, was sent on leave after the hospital. All together they went to the village. Krasnovka, Volodarsky district. My father's mother lived there. Grandmother remembers that she was passed to the train through the window. Looks like she didn't have a ticket. They walked from the station for a very long time. The picture that appeared before them was terrible - the whole farm lay in ashes, only a few houses survived (among them great-great-grandmothers). The mother, running out of the house, exclaimed: “Oh, my, my son. So they beat them all, but they didn’t beat you!”. It is very scary that people were afraid to believe that their children would return after all, they were afraid to hope ... Later, they told their grandmother why the village was burned down. It turned out that the plane fell not far, but did not explode, and even the guns on board were not damaged. Rural boys, among whom was the youngest brother of Nikolai Trofimovich Volodya, climbed into this plane. One of them exclaimed: “Right now, as soon as I press the button, and he, how to pull it up ..!”. The child pressed the button, there was a burst of machine-gun fire. The Germans were frightened and began to burn down the huts. The children were severely beaten, but they were allowed to go home.

Even in the terrible years of the war, children found something to be surprised at. So, the same Volodya caught two whole troughs of crayfish, and grandmother could not take her eyes off them, because she had never seen anything like it.

How the war began, grandmother Lyuda does not remember, but she remembers how it ended. The uncle of my great-grandfather Nikolai took part in the Victory Parade on Red Square in Moscow. His name was Efim, and he had served in the Red Army since 1918. People in Novoandreevka learned about the Victory from the village council, since there were no radios, telephones, and even less televisions. Everyone was running, crying, shouting, rejoicing. But for many, nothing could bring back loved ones. Truly, it was a holiday with tears in the eyes. My great-grandfather changed a lot during the war years. Just look at the photos to see how he has aged in just seven years. That's what war does to people... 1947 Nikolai Trofimovich with his wife and daughter Lyuda (my grandmother) 1940 Nikolai Trofimovich - left My grandfather Sotnikov Ivan Akimovich during the war was a little older than his future wife. He was born in 1934. He sometimes talked about that terrible time, and also left us, grandchildren, his memoirs.

The first thing that stuck in his memory of the war was the appearance of the Germans in his native village. It should be noted that the grandfather's family lived in the village. Panic. This village was located not far from the regional center - the city of Kursk, which was destined to play a key role in the history of the war. In addition to the grandfather, the family had 7 children (two more died in infancy). Life was already hard, and then there was the war. The Germans broke into the village in late August - early September. There were only 7-8 people on motorcycles. The day was quiet and sunny ... And suddenly terrible cries were heard: “Germans!”.

The occupiers went to the center of the village and set fire to ShKM (collective farm youth school). My grandfather saw it all with his own eyes. One of the villagers opened fire, and a shootout ensued. The Germans were forced to leave the village for a while. It must be said that people suffered more from random air raids than from occupation.

1.5 km from the collective farm, through the forest, there was a large highway "Moscow - Simferopol". Cattle were driven east from the occupied regions along this road - horses, sheep, cows, pigs. The Germans fired at these herds from planes. The drovers rushed to hide in the forest. The herds dispersed. Grandfather recalled: “... My older brothers caught a young mare, several heads of sheep. The horse was covered in a haystack. The sheep were put in a barn so that the Germans could not recognize ... And they scoured the village ... and took away horses and pigs first of all ... The horse, which we so carefully hid from prying eyes, later came in very handy for us: we plowed a garden on it, went to the forest for firewood, - and the sheep gave us wool, from which they then made felt boots ... "

The retreat of our troops remained in my grandfather's memory as a terrible memory. Not because the little boy understood what defeat meant, but because the sight of burning wheat fields was terrifying.

The Soviet troops, retreating, set fire to all the practically ripe fields so that the Germans would not get the harvest. “It was such a terrible sight,” grandfather wrote. - There was a stench from the smoke, there was nothing to breathe. When, as it seemed to us, a little calmed down, my older brother and I went to the burnt fields, to collect spikelets ... At the corner of the field they found a piece of unburned wheat. We were so happy!.. With joy, we were so carried away by the collection that we did not notice how a whole column of cars appeared on the highway, and out of nowhere, German planes quickly appeared in the sky. They began to throw bombs, which, it seemed to us, were flying right at us ... ". Grandfather and brother hid in a ditch near the road, and then rushed into the forest. Anti-aircraft installations were installed at the edge, which opened fire on enemy aircraft, which practically stunned the boys. “We were so scared that we ran along the forest road until we could no longer hear the explosions of shells ...”

One night the whole family woke up from a machine-gun fire.

Looking out the window, we saw that only 10-15 meters from the house, aiming at the houses, a machine gun was firing. All the children were ordered to quickly hide under the benches and under the stove. But through the window it was clear that the village was on fire. The houses were wooden and burned like matches. The roar of cows, the squeal of pigs, the neighing of horses could be heard all over the village. Grandpa's older brother Yegor saw that someone was approaching their house with a torch, intending to set it on fire. When the arsonist ran away, Yegor managed to get out of the house and quickly put out the fire. The rain saved the village from complete burning. But when morning came, people felt horror - many houses were burning down, and a bunch of spent machine gun shells lay on the hillock ... Grandfather said that the day was very sunny and very scary at the same time. Everyone was crying. It turned out that the cause of this atrocity was confusion: the Magyars stopped in the forest, but no one knew about it. At night, the shepherds, as always, drove the hidden cattle into the forest to pasture. And then there are the guests. With a fright, shooting began, the shepherds jumped on their horses and hurried to the village. The Magyars thought that they were partisans and that the villagers were hiding them, so they began to shoot houses. It was probably the scariest night in my grandfather's life.

The battle on the Kursk Bulge was also deposited in the memory of my grandfather. He said that in the morning the entire adult population went to harvest peat for the winter (they used them to heat stoves). Only the children remained in the village. Grandfather and his friend were sitting in the garden, they heard a rumble and raised their heads ... The whole sky was filled with airplanes. “Something terrible happened. Not a single light.

Like a swarm. From horizon to horizon,” this is how my grandfather described his memories to me. These were German planes flying to bomb Kursk. And at night over Kursk the glow did not subside. It was very scary, so we didn't go to sleep. These days brought another grief to the family. Before the Battle of Kursk, grandfather's older brother, Yegor, was drafted into the army. About 20 of the same guys were taken from the collective farm and they, untrained, inexperienced, were thrown into the thick of the battle.

Egor died in the very first days after the call. He was 19 years old.

Grandpa survived the war. Back in 1943, he went to school - he really wanted to study. He graduated from the school of gardeners in Oboyan, served in the army, graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Academy. Timiryazev, worked on collective farms in the Kursk and Donetsk regions, for more than twenty years he was the director of the Perebudova state farm in the Velikonovoselkovsky district. He raised two sons and four grandchildren. But the events of the war that seemed to have happened so long ago, grandfather never forgot ... I don’t know if there is something worse than war in life. I don't know how our grandparents' generation survived it. And most importantly - I do not understand how they, despite all those horrors, have not forgotten how to smile? It seems to me that we, now, will never be able to understand them, then. We often do not want to listen to their stories, and when we listen, we do not hear with our hearts. War does not pass through our soul, but remains something external.

We will never see the world through their eyes. Horror and fear tempered our grandfathers and great-grandfathers, made them strong. They learned the value of human life, loyalty and courage. All our problems compared to their problems are just petty nonsense. And even though the war was so long ago, there is no statute of limitations for this. We must, we must honor the people who survived this time. Let the story remain at least in the memory of grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Awards of my great-grandfather Nikolai Trofimovich

HERO OF MY FAMILY

How often do we forget such concepts as hero, heroism, heroic.

Our Fatherland has experienced more than one tragic shock. And, undoubtedly, the most powerful of them was the Great Patriotic War - the war with Nazi Germany. It took more than twenty million human lives. The losses in the battles were huge, but even more died from wounds after the war, from exhaustion, illness, overwork caused by military circumstances, from executions of civilians ... One has only to imagine what would happen to us, and we would be at all, if May 9th would not have happened. We thank our great-grandfathers who fought to give us the right to life and a brighter future!

Everything that happened in those terrible years must be known and remembered! Without knowledge of the past, there can be no future.

In many works of the period of the Great Patriotic War, there are words about the understanding of the great feat that the Soviet people and the whole country accomplished in the name of a brighter tomorrow for future generations.

Much has been written about the Great Patriotic War, but it is better, of course, to hear stories about the war from those who took part in it. In our family, my great-grandfather, Alexander Nazarovich Trachuk, fought against the Nazi invaders.

I often remember how as a child I looked at orders and medals - for me they were just shiny, ringing objects. They attracted me externally. And I never thought about how hard it was for my great-grandfather to get these awards. Here are my great-grandfather's awards:

–  –  –

We will remember him forever. I will try to tell my children and grandchildren about my great-grandfather so that they know about him and appreciate his contribution to the victory. I hope that none of my relatives will ever die in the war.

I would like to believe that the time will come when mankind will live without wars.

WAR IN THE DESTINY OF MY FAMILY

About the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945. we know mostly from Soviet films. Our generation was lucky enough to live under peaceful skies, so we don't know what our grandparents went through. The war did not bypass any house. She did not spare our family either. From the words of my grandmother, I know that her two uncles died near Sevastopol. There are their graves. My other grandmother's father went missing near Smolensk. She still does not know about his fate: how he died, where he is buried.

The person I want to talk about is my great-grandfather Nikolay Matveyevich Gritsenko. He survived all the horrors of the war, captivity, reached Berlin.

Then he worked all his life as a livestock specialist on a collective farm. I remember him as funny. For all occasions, he had ditties and jokes, which he himself composed. My great-grandfather died in 2005. I was 8 years old.

Of course, I know most of his life only from the words of my grandmother and mother.

Nikolai Matveyevich was born on April 19, 1922. I found his military ID with relatives. I learned from him that my grandfather was drafted into the Red Army in September 1940. He served in the rifle regiment of the 96th machine gunner. The service took place on the border with Poland, on the Western Bug River. So grandfather was one of the first who took the fight against the Nazis. He saw how enemy aircraft flew into our territory, survived the first bombings. When I watch films about the war, especially about the first days at the border, I always think how my grandfather, who was 18 years old at the time, was able to survive all this? The first battles, the death of comrades, then the encirclement. In September 1941 he was taken prisoner.

Great-grandfather did not talk about this period of his life very willingly. From the words of my grandmother, I know that he was in a POW camp somewhere in Poland. The prisoners were forced to work hard and hard. Almost no food.

Many died. Grandfather said: “Thanks to my mother for giving birth to me with such a strong stomach that could process everything.”

In 1944, Nikolai Matveyevich and thousands of soldiers like him were liberated by the Red Army. He weighed only about 30 kg. After the hospital, he continued his military path. Came to Berlin. He has a medal for bravery. After the war he served until 1946.

Now I am very sorry that at one time I could not ask my grandfather in detail about his life. In my memory, he remained a kind, cheerful person. Earlier on May 9, the whole family went to visit him.

WAR IN THE DESTINY OF THE RESIDENTS OF S. OSYKOVO

A whole life (70 years) separates the generations of people in the 1940s and 2013. And unites Memory. Memory and pain. Memory and achievement.

Memory and joy of Victory. As long as the memory of the Great Patriotic War, of brave warriors and ordinary home front workers, is alive, it means that current and future generations from year to year receive a “vaccination” against war, from death, from endless suffering and non-healing wounds, from slavery and national discrimination.

The feeling of patriotism gives every person vitality, because the Motherland is the land of your Family, each of us is a part of our Motherland, a citizen of our state.

There are two monuments to fallen soldiers on the Osykovo land (the village of Osykovo is located in the Starobeshevsky district of the Donetsk region). On the memorial plate of one of them, the name of my great-grandfather, Likholet Sergey Mikhailovich, is engraved. In 1941, he went to the front, leaving his wife and four children at home. My second great-grandfather, Lyubenko Vasily Stepanovich, also went to the front in 1941. He also left his wife and three children at home. Both died at the very beginning of the war. Great-grandmothers had to "raise" themselves

children. My grandmother, Likholetova Serafima Vasilievna, remembered the bombings, the endless feeling of hunger, poverty ... About 300 Osykovites fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. The oldest of them was 46, the youngest was 17 years old. Their blood watered the land of the Crimea, all of Ukraine, southern Russia, Belarus, Poland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, Germany ... 51 soldiers were missing. Privates, corporals, sergeants, lieutenants, captains, sailors ... died the death of the brave, protecting our future. 109 soldiers returned to their native village. They died of wounds in the post-war years, but they worked for the good of their Family, their people, their Motherland, and now they rest in the Osykov land.

Each of us at least sometimes thinks about what they were like, our great-grandparents, how they lived, what they were interested in. And it's a pity that little information has been preserved. But we still remember the warriors of our Family, those grandparents, whose lives were maimed, shredded, turned upside down by the war. The war with the Scythe visited every family, disfigured more than one human life, left children without a father, a mother without a son, a wife without a husband ... And everyone thinks: "Oh, if there were no war ..."

Veteran of the Great Patriotic War Lidia Semyonovna Pasichenko is 88 years old, the only survivor in our village. 68 anniversaries of the Victory were in her life. She was a 20-year-old girl in 1945, and behind her shoulders there are already hundreds of saved soldiers' lives, hundreds of losses and deaths, and ahead - 68 joyful holidays!

–  –  –

These words, like a song of the soul, like a hymn of endless love and respect from all of us, belong to the daughter of a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, Irina Dmitrievna Yurtsaba. You can’t think of a better one, you can’t say it more honestly ... I really want us to never see a war! Happiness and goodness to all peoples of the Earth!

THE TERRIBLE YEARS OF THE WAR

Author: Golovashchenko Anton, student gr. 1MR12/9 The heroic and formidable years of the Great Patriotic War are leaving us farther and farther away. More than one generation of people has already grown up who have not experienced the hot breath of the great battle with the Nazi invaders. But the further those unforgettable years go from us, the more the wounds of the war heal, the more majestic the titanic feat accomplished by our people appears.

For more than 65 years, silence has been floating over the old trenches. For more than 68 years, the shallow funnels are covered in May with wildflowers. These unhealed wounds of the earth remember the most terrible war of the 20th century.

Through time, those who will never return, who will not hug children, grandchildren, friends, speak to us.

A feeling of boundless pride causes me a great feat of my great-grandfathers. My memory of them will be eternal, and hence the memory of the war.

A family lives next to me, which helped me learn more about how the terrible events of the Great Patriotic War affected ordinary people. The mother of my neighbor Borisova (Ilyina) Tatyana Minaevna, was born in the Iliny family in the village. Source on Lake Kotokel. When the Great Patriotic War began in 1941, the mother's brothers were drafted into the army and went to defend their homeland. The elder brother Ilyin Vasily Minaevich, born in 1920, went through the entire war from the beginning to the Victory. He was captured and sent to the Prisoner concentration camp. While in the concentration camp, the Germans branded him on the body in the middle of his chest in the form of a star. After the end of the war, he was awarded medals, orders, including the Order of the Battle Red Banner, the Order of Victory. He died in the late 1990s.

My neighbor's grandfather Evgeniy Borisov was born in the village of Kuitun.

Didn't fight in the war. But his brother Pyotr Vasilyevich died during the war years and was buried in the common grave of heroes in the village of Lebyazhye, Orenburg Region. After death, a funeral came - a notification to close relatives that a person had died heroically fighting for the Motherland.

The mother of my neighbor Brazovskaya (Shukelovich) Maria Iosifovna was born in 1918. Became a participant in hostilities at the age of 23. She was a partisan in the local swamps. Awarded with three medals.

And even if these people do not belong to my family, but their Feats will become a powerful moral support on the life path of people, for me, for my peers, people of different generations.

THE WAR DID NOT spare anyone

Author: Taranenko Alena, student gr. 1SK12/9 The Second World War is the most terrible war of the 20th century. It affected every home and family in the Soviet Union, which is why it is also called the Great Patriotic War.

During the war years, my grandfather's family lived in the Ramonsky district of the Voronezh region. My grandfather's father, Afanasy Ivanovich Mashkin, fought in the Soviet Army. He went through the entire war, right up to the capture of Berlin.

And although he died after the war, he died due to battle wounds.

My grandfather was also seriously injured during the war. He is a young prisoner of fascist camps. In July 1942, when the Germans captured Voronezh, my grandfather was only 2 years old. My grandfather is the youngest in the family, he had three sisters, the eldest of whom was 11 years old. Since my grandfather and his sisters had black, wavy hair, the Nazis mistook them for Jews. They wanted to kill them, so they took them to a concentration camp. Grandfather's family was driven to Ukraine on foot.

Grandfather Kolya was too small and could not walk for a long time, so his mother and older sisters took turns carrying him in their arms.

Despite the fact that grandfather was very small, he remembered very well how much he wanted to eat all the time, and how his sisters fed him frozen beets and potatoes. This food seemed sweeter than candy. On the territory of Ukraine, the Soviet Army liberated my grandfather's family. So he stayed alive. But for the grandfather's family, the difficulties did not end even after returning to their native village. There were fierce battles on the Voronezh front.

During the seven months of occupation, the fighting on the front line, where the grandfather's village turned out, did not stop. During the battles for the liberation, the village was swept off the face of the earth. There are no houses left. Therefore, people lived in cellars. My grandfather's family lived the same way, until his father returned from the war and built a new house. Grandfather said that after the war there were a lot of unexploded shells and mines. When people plowed the fields, they very often exploded. The Great Patriotic War continued to claim lives even after its end.

Victory Day is a great holiday for all people. War is the worst thing that can happen to humanity. People all over the world should strive by all means to prevent war.

UNITED FATE

Author: Suslova Lyubov, student gr. 1PC13 Either humanity will end war, or war will end humanity.

John Kennedy At all times, starting from their appearance on our planet, having learned to cultivate fields and hunt, people waged endless and bloody wars. At first it was a war for survival, in which people tried to defeat animals and the forces of nature. And later, with an increase in population, a war for the best resources, fertile lands and territories. And as soon as one war ended, somewhere in the world another immediately began.

Probably, people by nature are prone to aggression, because their cruelty and insatiability, at times, exceeds not only the boundaries of reasonable, but even fantastic ideas about these concepts. A great many wars, long and not very long, which left traces of themselves in the centuries and forgotten the next day, have led mankind to the current state of the world.

Their invaluable experience is written in our genes.

Even now, somewhere, while far from us and our loved ones, there is a war going on.

People die and are born, shots and explosions rumble, and if not on the battlefield, then in the hearts of those who went through the wars of bygone days. Everyone knows that war is an eternal companion of suffering and pain.

And in the fire of battles and in the rear, the spirit of war captures the mind and turns life into survival, as in those deeply ancient times of primitive people, when every day it was necessary to prove their right to exist.

It would seem, do we need such a life? In eternal fear and expectation of death. After all, if a person stopped trying to survive and accepted eternally inevitable death, he would save himself from many troubles and suffering.

But our contradictory rebellious nature from time immemorial did not want to put up with the awareness of the finiteness of its existence. Man fought for life to the last living drop of his own soul, developing and inventing new ways to prolong life. And these are not only mystical elixirs and unattainable philosophical stones. It's all that surrounds us.

After all, buildings and machines, food and religion, everything that was created by human hands, and everything that nature created, we adapted for ourselves in order to make our life happy and long lasting.

So will it be just meek resignation to his sad fate? After all, our entire history, with its changeable views of the world, is saturated with the desire to exist as a thinking, rational being.

And war is just one of the many ways a person can achieve his goals.

You can talk about it for a long time and still not come to a single conclusion.

Undoubtedly, the only thing is that wherever the ashes of war fall, the lives of people drawn into it for only a moment will never be the same.

I want to tell you how one of these wars changed the lives of two young people.

Once upon a time there lived two young people. A student of the Ufa road technical school, and later a captain of the Red Army, and a simple nurse. And they probably would never have met if not for the Great Patriotic War.

Morozova (Klepitsa) Anna Fedorovna (1918 - 2001) was born in the Donbass in Makeevka, where she lived and worked. She graduated from the feldsher-obstetric school and spent the rest of her life doing what she loved.

There were six children in her family, many of them died. This simple girl never had the ability to speak, and was not a written beauty. But until now, those who knew her remember her as a kind person. Her daughter later recalled: “Mom always had very well-groomed hands, because she worked in the maternity ward. Therefore, she cut her nails short and always smeared her hands with cream, yet she worked with people. She loved her homeland no less than others. And no one will dare to challenge her invaluable contribution to the victory in the Great Patriotic War.

She was awarded the Orders of the Great Patriotic War I and II degree and three medals. An obstetrician by profession, she treated the wounded in hospitals across the country. In 1941, she was drafted into the ranks of the Soviet Army and worked as a nurse, and was evacuated to Siberia. Later, she pulled people out of the other world on the Bryansk front. In the 43rd she was a senior paramedic in a reconnaissance battalion. From 1943 to 1945 served in the 91st motorcycle battalion, where she met the one with whom she then lived for the rest of her life.

Klepitsa Alexander Pavlovich (1918 - 2000) was born in the city of Barabinsk, Novosibirsk Region, into a family of workers. He had 2 brothers and 2 sisters.

He graduated from the Ufa road technical school, and later several military schools. During the war he was a tanker, received the rank of captain. He was shell-shocked during the battle when he pulled his comrade out of a burning tank. He received the Order of the Red Star, 2 Orders of the Great Patriotic War II degree, medals "For Military Merit" and "For the Victory over Germany".

Sasha played the guitar, was the leader of the string orchestra in his technical school, and knew how to draw. His creative streak was passed on to his descendants. Anya and Alexander took care of Vladimir Vsevolodovich, the son of Anya's sister, who lost his parents during the war.

Later, close people will remember, according to Vladimir Morozov:

“Once my grandmother and I were returning from the store, and a whole crowd of people gathered near our house. In the center stood some kind of military man, as it turned out later - it was Sasha who came to get acquainted with his future mother-in-law.

Time passed, the war ended, and the story of two people continued.

The end of the war found them in Romania, in Bucharest, where they formalized their marriage. From there they brought national stamps and a set of furniture. In those days, it was simply impossible to buy something in the Union destroyed by the war, and what was sold was not very diverse. Now we can buy any thing to your taste and color. At the same time, the fulfillment of 5-year plans severely limited the choice of products. Although it was the five-year plans that helped restore the greatness of the USSR.

Together, Anya and Sasha visited many more places, visited relatives in the village. Elkhotovo of the North Ossetian region and many others scattered throughout the Union after the war.

But they still lived in Makiivka, Anna's homeland. Here Alexander built his own house, where in his old age he cultivated grapes and other vegetation. He smoked a pipe almost all his life and sometimes hid in the front garden from the gaze of his disgruntled wife. In this house their daughter Irina was born - the only and beloved child. This lineage continues to this day.

For many, that war was a tragedy. This did not bypass our family either, but through the tears of those days, a ray of hope broke through. He tied together two completely different destinies. He gave them a completely new life. A life without which there would be no me.

And now, returning to the days of the past and looking not only at the medals and orders, but also at the deeds and sincerity of these two eternally young people, I proudly call them grandparents.

–  –  –

Parents told me that my great-grandfather was a direct participant in the hostilities during the Great Patriotic War! For our family, he became a real hero. He was awarded 3 orders and several medals.

Most of all I was touched by one story from those distant war years. During another bloody battle, my great-grandfather was shell-shocked and lay unconscious for about 11 months in a Moscow hospital. At that time, my great-grandmother (by the way, her name, like me, Anya) received a funeral that her husband had died. But the next night after this terrible news, great-grandmother had a dream that great-grandfather was lying unconscious on the bed, and a nurse was sitting next to him. Later, the grandfather regained consciousness in the hospital and asked the nurse who looked after him to write a letter home that he was alive! My great-grandmother was in seventh heaven when this happy letter reached her.

My great-grandfather did not like to talk about the war. My family learned everything from snippets of phrases. So, for example, it became known that my great-grandfather saved a German girl and took her to a children's shelter! Many years later, he learned that this girl was looking for the same soldier who once saved her life a very long time ago.

MY FAMILY DURING THE WAR

Author: Shchevtsova Valeria, student gr. 1SK12/9 In my family, my great-grandfather (a combatant) on the side of my father and great-grandmother (a child of war) on the side of my mother saw the war.

I want to start my story with my great-grandfather. My great-grandfather Pavel Ignatovich Shevtsov was drafted into the army in 1941. He fell under the command of General Kuznetsov, with whom he went through the entire war and reached Berlin! My great-grandfather liberated the cities of Poland, the former Koenigsberg (now this city is called Kaliningrad)! During the war, he was wounded twice: the first time - in the stomach, and the second - in the right hand. But the most terrible memory of my great-grandfather was not a wound at all, but how he once witnessed a terrible atrocity of the Germans: small children were thrown into a well and blown up with grenades.

Grandfather talked about the life of ordinary soldiers.

The soldiers washed themselves, they folded wet trousers under themselves and slept on them! When the soldiers traveled a long distance, they were only allowed to drink when they reached their destination.

The soldiers received food and smoke, and those who did not smoke were given sugar. My great-grandfather did not smoke, but he still took cigarettes and gave them to his friends. My great-grandfather has many medals and certificates, among these awards there is also the Order of the Red Star. My great-grandfather died at 72.

My great-grandmother is Ekaterina Timofeevna Sokolova. She has the status of a child of war, since in 1941 she was 12 years old! During the war, great-grandmother Katya lived in the village of Nekhaevka, Konotop district, Sumy region. She said that Ukraine had been under the rule of the Germans for three years! The occupiers took the livestock and drove it to Germany. Whom from the village was not taken to the front in 1941, they remained to work for the Germans, although they were mostly old people, women and children. My great-grandmother, as well as the whole village, had to work for the enemies: they cleared the way for the Germans (it was the Rovny-Konotop highway). True, the great-grandmother says that the German who followed them did not offend them.

During the retreat in 1942, the Germans blew up the bridge across the river and "ours" could not get to the village of Nekhaevka, as it was surrounded by a swamp.

Great-grandmother said that the battle not far from her native village lasted 7 days. In the end, the villagers collected fences, boards, gates and built a bridge strong enough for Soviet tanks to pass through. During this fight, my great-grandmother's mother was killed, and the mother of her best friend died at the same time. My great-grandmother is now 82 years old, but she remembers wartime like it was yesterday...

WAR - UNIVERSAL SORRY

Author: Tuychiev Dmitry, student gr. 1EC12/9 Sometime in some film about the war, I heard a song in which there were such words: "There is no such family in Russia where its hero is not remembered." Indeed, in those distant years, the war touched everyone, broke into every family. She did not pass by the village where my great-grandmother lived and worked with two children. Then they lived in Belarus. I heard stories about that heroic time from my grandmother. Grandmother was born in 1937, so by the beginning of the war she was 4 years old, but by the end of it she was already 8 years old. By the standards of peacetime, he is still quite a child, but by the standards of that hard times, he is far from a child. Much of that terrible period of history is firmly engraved in her memory.

The territory of Belarus was occupied by the Germans in 1941.

The first step of the invaders was the introduction of restrictions on the civil liberties of the local population. A state of emergency was declared. The entire population living in the occupied territory was subject to mandatory accounting and registration with local administrations. A pass regime was introduced and a curfew was in effect. From the first days of the war, the Germans carried out mass purges: they killed communists, Komsomol members, activists of the Soviet government, and representatives of the intelligentsia. With particular cruelty, the "racially harmful part of the population" was destroyed: Jews, gypsies, physically and mentally ill.

The fascist aggressors often used children as blood donors. The local population was involved in clearing mined areas, was a human shield in combat operations against partisans and Red Army troops. The German administration used the deportation of the population for forced labor in Germany, Austria, France, and the Czech Republic. Such "voluntary" workers were called Ostarbeiters. My grandmother was saved from deportation by her young age, but neither great-grandmother nor grandmother left forced labor, since compulsory labor service was introduced.

All economic and natural resources of the occupied areas were declared German property. The Germans took away everything: food, clothing, and livestock. This behavior of the invaders led to the formation of partisan detachments from the very first days of the war.

The expansion and strengthening of the partisan movement in Belarus was facilitated by a huge number of forests, rivers, lakes and swamps. These geographical factors made it difficult for the Germans to carry out effective punitive measures against the partisans. In addition, the partisans were assisted and supported by the entire local population. My great-grandmother was also part of this. Our hut was located on the edge of the village, not far from the forest, so it served to transfer the provisions collected in the village to the partisan detachment.

Grandmother told how they dug a hole (cellar) in the garden, where they slowly put the transfer intended for the partisans: bread, clothes, etc. At night, partisans came and took it all away. And so that the Germans could not track down the partisans with the help of dogs, at dawn the villagers went out with brooms and covered their tracks.

Once, two Russian soldiers wandered into the village and were surrounded.

For several days they were looking for their own, completely exhausted and weakened. Great-grandmother fed them what she could and hid them in the bathhouse. Under the cover of night, she took them to the partisans.

Even very well, my grandmother remembered the incident, already at the end of the war, the Germans suspected my great-grandmother of helping the partisans and decided to shoot her.

Grandmother remembers how they were taken out into the yard, the hut was poured over and set on fire. Fortunately, our aviation began an artillery attack on the German motor depot, and that was no longer up to the execution. The house, of course, burned down, only the ashes remained. Before the arrival of the Red Army, they lived in dugouts, then they began to restore houses. But for a long time they felt the echoes of those terrible years.

I DON'T HAVE A GRANNY AND GRANDS

Author: Kostenko Karina, student gr. 1013/9 I have no grandparents who could tell me about the war. My environment does not know all the horrors that the older generation had to endure during this terrible ordeal. But I asked my mother if she could tell me about the war. And she answered me: “When War breaks into the peaceful life of people, it always brings grief and misfortune.”

The Russian people experienced the hardships of many wars, but they never bowed their heads before the enemy and courageously endured all hardships. A vivid example of this indisputable fact was my grandmother. At a very young age, she helped our partisans. She secretly carried them food, told about the location of the enemy. Once my grandmother was suspected that she was related to the partisans. They caught her, twisted her arms, beat her head against a stone and carried out a lot of other cruel actions that I can’t even talk about ... And with all these horrors, my grandmother did not give away the location of the partisans with a word or a look. What my grandmother and all the people in our country did during the war is called a collective feat. They fought for the liberation of the Motherland, for our happiness and our lives. Eternal memory to those who died in that war ...

TERRIBLE YEARS OF WAR

At the time when the Great Patriotic War began, my grandmother Galuza Maria Artyomovna lived in Belarus, in the village of Grushnoye, Gomel region.

At that moment, when the village of Grushnoye, together with the whole of Belarus, was completely occupied by the German army, my grandmother was only 4 years old.

She was orphaned early. Her father died at the front (like numerous men of the Soviet Union), her mother died of typhoid fever. She was raised by her maternal aunt and uncle (they survived). During the occupation, they lived in a barn, as the Germans evicted them from the hut.

Perhaps my grandmother no longer remembers everything that happened to them during the war, but in all the years of her life I never heard her curse or hate the Germans! The fact is that the soldiers of the German army cured her of such a disease as "scrofula" (the disease, among other things, included loss of vision). So my grandmother sees clearly so far!

Despite the fact that the invaders evicted the grandmother's family from their own house, they treated the whole family, and my grandmother was normal! Although my grandmother's aunt was a little afraid of the Germans, and cooked for them to eat ... The Germans treated my grandmother with all sorts of sweets and other goodies more than once.

It's no secret that people from the occupied territories were taken to Germany (young girls, boys, men, women). According to my grandmother's stories, the civilian population hid such people in large "Russian stoves" - this was the only hope not to lose them ... Fortunately, no one in our family could be taken away.

I want to emphasize that if the occupiers treated the civilian population more or less normally (apart from individual cases), then quite cruel actions were applied to soldiers and partisans (they shot, captured, tortured). Our soldiers were not softer towards the soldiers of the German army.

Probably, my grandmother will never forget how, after the war, parcels were sent to her and other orphans from America, in which there were very tasty cookies. She still remembers his taste. Also in the parcels were sweets, beautiful and warm clothes. Probably, for her, these were the only positive memories of the war, and, I think, she did not forget those people, even if they were Germans, who cured her of vision loss!

Maybe for my grandmother this war was not as terrible and monstrous as for the other population of the USSR, but we must not forget the most important lesson of this time: war is the work of human hands!

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Arguments on the topic "War" from the literature for the composition of the exam

The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, care for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The impact of war on human life, character and worldview. Participation of children in the war. Man's responsibility for his actions.

What was the courage of the soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man")

In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" you can see the manifestation of true courage during the war. The protagonist of the story Andrei Sokolov goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he passed all the tests: he suffered from hunger, fought courageously, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained human dignity. The war claimed the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break down, and again showed courage, however, no longer on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

In the center of the narrative of the novel "The Book Thief" by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who, on the brink of war, fell into a foster family. The girl's father was connected with the communists, therefore, in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers for education. Liesel starts a new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with the usual childhood worries, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, despite the fact that this only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides the Jew in the basement, takes care of him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudy scatter bread on the road, along which a column of prisoners must pass. She is sure that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and be happy. It is not by chance that the narration of the book is conducted on behalf of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.

Is the human mind capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", G. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

It is difficult for a person who has faced the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. So, one of the heroes of the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not participate in the battles, but he tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of the war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the massacre, the count is horrified by its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torment, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is not able to cope with a mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is inside every person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as part of the human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhumane and unnatural.

WAR AND PEACE ANALYSIS

The protagonist of G. Baklanov's story "Forever - nineteen" Alexei Tretyakov painfully reflects on the causes, the significance of the war for the people, man, life. He finds no weighty explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, the depreciation of human life for the sake of achieving any important goal, horrifies the hero, causes bewilderment: “... One and the same thought haunted: will it really turn out someday that this war could not have happened? What was in the power of people to prevent this? And millions would still be alive…”.

How did the children experience the war events? What was their participation in the fight against the enemy? (L. Kassil and M. Polyanovsky "Street of the youngest son")

Not only adults, but also children stood up to defend their homeland during the war. They wanted to help their country, their city and their family in the fight against the enemy. In the center of the story of Lev Kassil and Max Polyanovsky "Street of the youngest son" is an ordinary boy Volodya Dubinin from Kerch. The work begins with the narrators seeing a street named after a child. Curious about this, they go to the museum to find out who Volodya is. The narrators talk with the boy's mother, find his school and comrades, and learn that Volodya is an ordinary boy with his own dreams and plans, whose life has been invaded by the war. His father, the captain of a warship, taught his son to be steadfast and brave. The boy bravely joined a partisan detachment, got news from behind enemy lines and was the first to know about the German retreat. Unfortunately, the boy died during the clearance of approaches to the quarry. However, the city did not forget its little hero, who, despite his youth, performed a daily feat on a par with adults and sacrificed his life to save others.

How did adults feel about the participation of children in military events? (V. Kataev "Son of the regiment")

War is terrible and inhuman, it is not a place for children. In war, people lose loved ones, harden. Adults do their best to protect children from the horrors of war, but, unfortunately, they do not always succeed. The protagonist of Valentin Kataev's story "Son of the Regiment" Vanya Solntsev loses his entire family in the war, wanders through the forest, trying to get through the front line to "his own". Scouts find the child there and bring him to the camp to the commander. The boy is happy, he survived, made his way through the front line, he was fed deliciously and put to bed. However, Captain Enakiev understands that a child has no place in the army, he sadly remembers his son and decides to send Vanya to a children's receiver. On the way, Vanya escapes, trying to return to the battery. After an unsuccessful attempt, he manages to do this, and the captain is forced to accept: he sees how the boy is trying to be useful, eager to fight. Vanya wants to help the common cause: he takes the initiative and goes to reconnaissance, draws a map of the area in the primer, but the Germans catch him doing this. Fortunately, in the general confusion, the child is forgotten and he manages to escape. Yenakiev admires the boy's desire to protect his country, but worries about him. To save the child's life, the commander sends Vanya with an important message away from the battlefield. The entire crew of the first gun perishes, and in the letter that Yenakiev handed over, the commander says goodbye to the battery and asks to take care of Van Solntsev.

The problem of the manifestation of humanity in war, the manifestation of compassion, mercy for the captured enemy. (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

Only strong people who know the value of human life are capable of showing compassion for the enemy. So, in the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy there is an interesting episode describing the attitude of Russian soldiers towards the French. In the night forest, a company of soldiers warmed themselves by the fire. Suddenly, they heard a rustle and saw two French soldiers, despite the wartime, were not afraid to approach the enemy. They were very weak and could hardly stand on their feet. One of the soldiers, whose clothes betrayed him as an officer, fell to the ground exhausted. The soldiers laid out an overcoat for the sick man and brought both porridge and vodka. They were officer Rambal and his batman Morel. The officer was so cold that he could not even move, so the Russian soldiers took him in their arms and carried him to the hut occupied by the colonel. On the way, he called them good friends, while his orderly, already pretty tipsy, sang French songs, sitting between Russian soldiers. This story teaches us that even in difficult times we need to remain human, not to finish off the weak, to show compassion and mercy.

WAR AND PEACE SUMMARY

WAR AND PEACE ANALYSIS

Is it possible to show concern for others during the war years? (E. Vereiskaya "Three Girls")

In the center of the story of Elena Vereiskaya "Three Girls" are friends who stepped from a carefree childhood into a terrible wartime. Girlfriends Natasha, Katya and Lucy live in a communal apartment in Leningrad, spend time together and go to a regular school. The most difficult test in life awaits them, because the war suddenly begins. The school is destroyed, and the friends stop their studies, now they are forced to learn how to survive. The girls grow up quickly: the cheerful and frivolous Lucy turns into a responsible and organized girl, Natasha becomes more thoughtful, and Katya becomes self-confident. However, even at such a time, they remain people and continue to take care of their loved ones, despite the difficult living conditions. The war did not divide them, but made them even more friendly. Each of the members of the friendly "communal family" first of all thought about others. There is a very touching episode in the book where the doctor gives most of his ration to a little boy. At the risk of dying of hunger, people share everything they have, and this inspires hope and makes them believe in victory. Care, love and support can work wonders, only thanks to such relationships, people were able to survive some of the most difficult days in the history of our country.

Why do people keep the memory of the war? (O. Bergholz "Poems about myself")

Despite the severity of the memories of the war, you need to keep them. Mothers who have lost children, adults and children who have seen the death of loved ones will never forget these terrible pages in the history of our country, but contemporaries should not forget either. To do this, there are a huge number of books, songs, films designed to tell about a terrible time. For example, in "Poems about Myself" Olga Berggolts urges to always remember wartime, people who fought at the front and died of hunger in besieged Leningrad. The poetess appeals to people who would like to smooth out "in the timid memory of people" this, and assures them that she will not let them forget "how a Leningrader fell on the yellow snow of deserted squares." Olga Berggolts, who went through the whole war and lost her husband in Leningrad, kept her promise, leaving after her death many poems, essays and diary entries.

What helps you win a war? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

You cannot win a war alone. Only by rallying in the face of a common misfortune and finding the courage to resist fear, you can win. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is especially acute sense of unity. Different people united in the struggle for life and freedom. The courage of each soldier, the morale of the army and faith in their own strength helped the Russians to defeat the French army, which encroached on their native land. The battle scenes of the Shengraben, Austerlitz and Borodino battles show the unity of people especially vividly. The winners in this war are not careerists who want only ranks and awards, but ordinary soldiers, peasants, militias, who perform a feat every minute. The modest battery commander Tushin, Tikhon Shcherbaty and Platon Karataev, the merchant Ferapontov, the young Petya Rostov, who combine the main qualities of the Russian people, did not fight because they were ordered, they fought of their own free will, defended their home and their loved ones, which is why they won the war.

What unites people during the war years? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

A huge number of works of Russian literature are devoted to the problem of uniting people during the war years. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" people of different classes and views rallied in the face of a common misfortune. The unity of the people is shown by the writer on the example of many dissimilar individuals. So, the Rostov family leaves all their property in Moscow and gives carts to the wounded. The merchant Feropontov calls on the soldiers to rob his shop so that the enemy does not get anything. Pierre Bezukhov changes clothes and stays in Moscow, intending to kill Napoleon. Captain Tushin and Timokhin heroically fulfill their duty, despite the fact that there is no cover, and Nikolai Rostov boldly rushes into the attack, overcoming all fears. Tolstoy vividly describes Russian soldiers in the battles near Smolensk: the patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of people in the face of danger are fascinating. In an effort to defeat the enemy, protect loved ones and survive, people feel their kinship especially strongly. Having united and feeling brotherhood, the people were able to unite and defeat the enemy.

WAR AND PEACE SUMMARY

WAR AND PEACE ANALYSIS

Why should we learn from defeats and victories? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

One of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy, Andrei Bolkonsky went to war with the intention of building a brilliant military career. He left his family to gain glory in battle. How bitter was his disappointment when he realized that he had lost this battle. What he imagined in his dreams as beautiful battle scenes, in life turned out to be a terrible massacre with blood and human suffering. Awareness came to him as an insight, he realized that war is terrible, and it carries nothing but pain. This personal defeat in the war made him reevaluate his life and recognize that family, friendship and love are much more important than fame and recognition.

WAR AND PEACE SUMMARY

WAR AND PEACE ANALYSIS

What feelings does the stamina of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratiev "Sasha")

The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in the story of V. Kondratiev "Sasha". A young Russian fighter takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sasha is ordered to deliver him to the headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the prisoner a leaflet, which says that the prisoners are guaranteed life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost a loved one in this war, orders the German to be shot. Sasha's conscience does not allow Sasha to kill an unarmed man, a young guy just like him, who behaves in the same way as he would behave in captivity. The German does not betray his own, does not beg for mercy, preserving human dignity. At the risk of being court martialed, Sashka does not follow the order of the commander. Belief in the correctness saves his life and his prisoner, and the commander cancels the order.

How does war change the worldview and character of a person? (V. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

G. Baklanov in the story “Forever - nineteen” speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe - a great liberation of the spirit,” Atrakovsky said. “Never before has so much depended on each of us. That is why we will win. And it won't be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That's how people are." War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to the breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, the definition of true life values ​​by everyone. In war there is a reassessment of values, the worldview and character of a person change.

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev "The Sun of the Dead")

In the epic "The Sun of the Dead" I. Shmeleva shows all the horrors of war. “The smell of decay”, “cackle, clatter and roar” of humanoids, these are wagons of “fresh human meat, young meat!” and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads! Human!" War is the absorption of the world of the living by the world of the dead. She makes a beast out of a man, makes him do terrible things. No matter how great external material destruction and annihilation, they do not horrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor famine, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person begins who does not oppose him, for him "everything - nothing!" "and there is no one, and none." For the writer, it is indisputable that the human mental and spiritual world is a place of struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that always, in any circumstances, even during war, there will be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.

Responsibility of a person for the actions that he committed in the war. Mental trauma of the participants in the war. (V. Grossman "Abel")

In the story "Abel (Sixth of August)" V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only about the universal misfortune and ecological catastrophe, but also about the personal tragedy of a person. Young scorer Connor bears the burden of becoming the man who is destined to push the button to activate the kill mechanism. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with his inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to save his own life. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is sure that true humanity is impossible without participation in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The pairing in one person of a heightened sense of the World and soldier's diligence, imposed by the state machine and the system of education, turns out to be fatal for the young man and leads to a split in consciousness. Crew members perceive what happened differently, not all of them feel responsible for what they have done, they talk about lofty goals. The act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by social thought, being presented as a struggle against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute sense of guilt, washing his hands all the time, as if trying to wash them of the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that his inner man cannot live with the burden that he has taken on himself.

What is war and how does it affect a person? (K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow")

In the story “Killed near Moscow”, K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, “made up of thousands and thousands of efforts of different people, it has moved, it is moving not by someone else’s will, but by itself, having received its course, and therefore unstoppable” . The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left, calls the war the "master" of everything. All life is now determined by the war, which changes not only life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: "In a war, whoever fails first." The death that the war brings occupies almost all the thoughts of the soldiers: “It was in the first months at the front that he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one. Everything is so in these moments, everyone overcomes them alone with himself: there will be no other life. The metamorphoses that occur to a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show incredible courage, self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only the bodies of people, but also their souls: the writer shows how the disabled are afraid of the end of the war, because they no longer represent their place in civilian life.

KILLED NEAR MOSCOW SUMMARY

The influence of war on the fate of man is a topic that has been the subject of thousands of books. Everyone theoretically knows what war is. Those who felt her monstrous touch on themselves are much less. War is a constant companion of human society. It contradicts all moral laws, but despite this, every year the number of people affected by it is growing.

The fate of a soldier

The image of a soldier has always inspired writers and filmmakers. In books and films, he commands respect and admiration. In life - detached pity. The state needs a soldier as a nameless manpower. His crippled fate can excite only those close to him. The influence of war on the fate of a person is indelible, regardless of what was the reason for participating in it. And there can be many reasons. Starting from the desire to protect the homeland and ending with the desire to earn money. One way or another, it is impossible to win the war. Each of its participants is obviously defeated.

In 1929, a book was published, the author of which, fifteen years before this event, dreamed of getting to his homeland at all costs, nothing excited his imagination. He wanted to see the war, because he believed that only she could make a real writer out of him. His dream came true: he received many stories, reflected them in his work and became known to the whole world. The book in question is Farewell to Arms. Author - Ernest Hemingway.

About how the war affects the fate of people, how it kills and maims them, the writer knew firsthand. He divided people related to her into two categories. The first included those who fight on the front lines. To the second - those who kindle the war. The American classic judged the latter unequivocally, believing that the instigators should be shot in the first days of hostilities. The influence of war on the fate of man, according to Hemingway, is devastating. After all, it is nothing more than a "brazen, dirty crime."

Illusion of immortality

Many young people begin to fight, subconsciously unaware of the possible ending. The tragic end in their thoughts does not correlate with their own destiny. The bullet will overtake anyone, but not him. Mina he can safely bypass. But the illusion of immortality and excitement dissipate like yesterday's dream during the first hostilities. And with a successful outcome, another person returns home. He does not return alone. With him is the war, which becomes his companion until the last days of his life.

Revenge

About the atrocities of Russian soldiers in recent years began to speak almost openly. Books by German authors, eyewitnesses of the Red Army march on Berlin, have been translated into Russian. The feeling of patriotism for some time weakened in Russia, which made it possible to write and talk about mass rapes and inhuman atrocities carried out by the victors on German territory in 1945. But what should be the psychological reaction of a person after an enemy appeared on his native land and destroyed his family and home? The influence of war on the fate of a person is impartial and does not depend on which camp he belongs to. Everyone becomes a victim. The true perpetrators of such crimes usually go unpunished.

About responsibility

In 1945-1946, a trial was held in Nuremberg to try the leaders of Nazi Germany. The convicts were sentenced to death or long-term imprisonment. As a result of the titanic work of investigators and lawyers, sentences were passed that corresponded to the severity of the crime committed.

After 1945 wars continue around the world. But the people unleashing them are sure of their absolute impunity. More than half a million Soviet soldiers died during the Afghan war. Approximately fourteen thousand Russian military personnel account for the losses in the Chechen war. But no one was punished for the unleashed madness. None of the perpetrators of these crimes died. The effect of war on a person is all the more terrible because in some, although rare cases, it contributes to material enrichment and strengthening of power.

Is war a noble cause?

Five hundred years ago, the leader of the state personally led his subjects on the attack. He risked the same as ordinary fighters. The picture has changed over the past two hundred years. The influence of war on a person has become deeper, because there is no justice and nobility in it. Military masterminds prefer to sit in the rear, hiding behind the backs of their soldiers.

Ordinary fighters, once on the front line, are guided by a strong desire to escape at any cost. There is a “shoot first” rule for this. The one who shoots second, inevitably dies. And the soldier, pulling the trigger, no longer thinks about the fact that there is a person in front of him. A click occurs in the psyche, after which it is difficult, almost impossible, to live among people who are not versed in the horrors of war.

More than twenty-five million people died in the Great Patriotic War. Every Soviet family knew grief. And this grief left a deep painful imprint, which was passed on even to descendants. A female sniper with 309 lives on her account commands respect. But in the modern world, the former soldier will not find understanding. Tales of his murders are more likely to cause alienation. How does war affect the fate of a person in modern society? Just like the participant in the liberation of the Soviet land from the German occupiers. The only difference is that the defender of his land was a hero, and whoever fought on the opposite side was a criminal. Today, war is devoid of meaning and patriotism. Even the fictitious idea for which it is kindled has not been created.

Lost generation

Hemingway, Remarque and other authors of the 20th century wrote about how war affects the fate of people. It is extremely difficult for an immature person to adapt to civilian life in the post-war years. They had not yet had time to get an education, their moral positions were not strong before they appeared at the recruiting station. The war destroyed in them that which had not yet had time to appear. And after it - alcoholism, suicide, madness.

Nobody needs these people, they are lost to society. There is only one person who will accept the crippled fighter as he has become, will not turn away and refuse him. This person is his mother.

woman at war

A mother who loses her son is not able to come to terms with it. No matter how heroically a soldier dies, the woman who gave birth to him will never be able to come to terms with his death. Patriotism and lofty words lose their meaning and become ridiculous next to her grief. The influence of war on becomes unbearable when this person is a woman. And we are talking not only about soldiers' mothers, but also about those who, along with men, take up arms. A woman was created for the birth of a new life, but not for its destruction.

Children and war

Why is war not worth it? It is not worth a human life, maternal grief. And she is not able to justify a single tear of a child. But those who conceive this bloody crime are not touched even by children's crying. World history is full of terrible pages that tell of atrocious crimes against children. Despite the fact that history is a science necessary for a person to avoid the mistakes of the past, people continue to repeat them.

Children not only die in the war, they die after it. But not physically, but mentally. It was after the First World War that the term "children's homelessness" appeared. This social phenomenon has different preconditions for its occurrence. But the most powerful of them is war.

In the 1920s, orphaned children of war filled the cities. They had to learn to survive. They did this by begging and stealing. The first steps in a life in which they are hated turned them into criminals and immoral creatures. How does war affect the fate of a person who is just beginning to live? She deprives him of his future. And only a happy accident and someone's participation can make a child who lost his parents in the war, a full-fledged member of society. The effect of the war on children is so profound that the country that participated in it has to suffer its consequences for decades.

Fighters today are divided into "murderers" and "heroes". They are neither the same nor the other. A soldier is someone who has been unlucky twice. For the first time - when he got to the front. The second time - when he returned from there. Murder depresses a person. Awareness comes sometimes not immediately, but much later. And then hatred and a desire for revenge settle in the soul, which makes not only the former soldier unhappy, but also his loved ones. And it is necessary to judge for this the organizers of the war, those who, according to Leo Tolstoy, being the lowest and vicious people, received power and glory as a result of the implementation of their plans.

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How did the war affect my family?

MOU "Secondary School No. 4", Zheleznogorsk, Kursk Region

Chernukhina Elena Nikolaevna

Real heroes are near

The theme of the Great Patriotic War has lived in me and always lives. To pain in the heart, to a coma in the throat. Brought up by the Soviet school, I clearly know all the stages, all the events and heroes of that time. For a year now, watching the traditional events associated with the anniversary military date, I suddenly realized that I know very little about the participation of my relatives in that war. I am bitter that I did not learn anything about the war from them themselves. Then my heart was occupied by other heroes. Reading books about them, I shed tears: Pavka Korchagin, the Young Guards, Vitaly Bonivur (I even named my younger brother after him).

Now, when none of my relatives, participants in the war, are alive, I understand that real heroes lived next to me, and not book ones. It is amazing that, having serious injuries, their health undermined by the war, they then did not enjoy any benefits, did not have a disability, but worked like hell for the rest of their lives in the fields and farms. But who then considered the heroes of ordinary village peasants? Their profiles were not very suitable for the heroism of that time. Yes, and participation in the war was considered a common thing: after all, everyone who returned from the front was alive. Nobody went into details.

True, once a year, on May 9, front-line soldiers, along with schoolchildren, were invited to a rally at a mass grave with a traditional pyramid on which eight names of buried soldiers were carved. This grave is now abandoned, the monument has almost collapsed, as no one cares for it.

After the rallies, the veterans sat on the grass, celebrated the Victory with a drink and a simple snack, and commemorated the dead. After several toasts, the noise of voices intensified, disputes arose, turning into screams, thick obscenities, and sometimes into fights. The main reason for these unrest was the fact that former policemen were also present here. In their address from the “warriors” (as the front-line soldiers were called in the village) such things were carried! “I shed blood, and you, bitch, served the Nazis!” Those who were captured were not welcomed either.

Grandpa is a former tanker.

My paternal grandfather Ivan Fedorovich Chernukhin went to the Finnish War at the age of 21 in 1939. At this time, his first child, my dad, was only a year old. Grandfather was seriously wounded, and in 1940 he came home for aftercare. And already in 1941, Ivan, having two children, went to the Great Patriotic War with the first call. After the courses, he fought as a gunner-driver in tank troops. He held the defense of Leningrad, was wounded more than once, but reached Berlin.

The family at that time lived in the occupied territory. They were in poverty - the policemen took away the cow, the only breadwinner. I often catch myself thinking that the civilian population, especially children, had a difficult life during the war. One winter, the policemen brought Nazis to the house where a grandmother lived with small children. They climbed onto the stove, took off their grandmother's felt boots and tried to try them on, but the boots did not fit - grandmother had a small foot. And then my four-year-old dad shouted: “You don’t need to take our felt boots, go to Grandma Varya (neighbor) - she has a hefty leg!”

Grandfather returned home with the rank of foreman, having military awards. As a relatively competent young front-line soldier, he was harnessed to collective farm work. He visited all positions - from the chairman to the shepherd on the Ordzhonikidze collective farm (they came up with such names: where is Ordzhonikidze, and where is the downtrodden village of Konyshevsky district). This was a common phenomenon in those years: instead of not very literate soldiers, party functionaries came to leadership positions, and the “warrior” was sent to shepherds. Grandpa liked to drink. At these moments, he became miserable, cried, remembered the war and asked me: “Unucha, sing “Three tankers!” Grandfather, a former tanker, adored this song. And I, a little one, sang loudly with my tipsy grandfather: “Three tankmen, three cheerful friends!” Grandfather loved me: the first granddaughter! I regret that I did not ask him about the war years when I was an adult.

The fate of relatives

The fate of Semyon Vasilyevich Lebedev, maternal grandfather, was more tragic. Semyon Vasilyevich was very literate: he graduated with honors from a parochial school, drew well, and played the harmonica from the age of three. But the parents disposed of Semyon's fate in their own way. Instead of studying to become an icon painter, which the son dreamed of, they sent him to relatives in the Donbass, where his grandfather served as a boy in a shop. Before the Great Patriotic War, he had a serious path. In 1914 he was drafted into the tsarist army, went through the First World War. While fighting against the Germans (he said so), he experienced chemical weapons: he was poisoned with gases, and until the end of his life, his grandfather suffered from terrible asthma. Revolutionary propaganda brought him under the banner of the Red Army and led him through the crucible of the civil war, after which he established Soviet power, engaging in collectivization in his district. At the same time, my grandfather was not officially a member of the party. His brother Peter, who returned from Austrian captivity, had a windmill and fell under dispossession. Until the end of his life, the brother did not forgive that his grandfather did not protect him, but he never joined the collective farm, he died early.

In September 1941, at the age of 46, my grandfather went to the Great Patriotic War. A seriously ill wife remained at home with four children, the youngest of which is my mother. Grandfather began his soldier's way from the defense of Moscow, and in 1944 he was very seriously wounded in the legs, he was treated in a hospital in Kazan. That year he returned from the front. Mom remembers that my grandmother jumped out onto the porch and threw herself on the neck of some uncle. She only shouted out loud: “Senechka has come!” and cried. And my mother thought that this mother was hugging a strange man. She did not recognize her father, terrible, overgrown, dirty, on two crutches. After all, when he went to the front, she was three years old. Grandfather went not only the path of a soldier. In the year of his return from the front, he was put on two crutches as a weigher to weigh grain. And in the year of the Victory, grandfather Semyon became an enemy of the people: hungry fellow countrymen made a dig in the warehouse, and the grains were missing. They did not find out - they sent him to Stalin's camps for six years, where he served three years. Ironically, grandfather was sent to where he was treated in the hospital after being wounded. Then there was rehabilitation, but what did it matter then when the children suffered from hunger (the household was confiscated), and the wife, overstrained, died early ...

After grandfather Semyon worked in the village council (how many people who escaped from the village to study or earn money, he secretly issued certificates!). He was known throughout the region as an accordionist. He, an absolute teetotaler, was in great demand and catered for everything from christenings to funerals. There was even a queue for him. Grandfather had a special notebook where he wrote down his repertoire: grandfather knew dozens of Poles alone. He knew how to repair harmonicas. And if there were still harmonists in the district, then no one possessed this skill. Sometimes grandfather was given an extra workday for playing at events. The accordion was with her grandfather on all fronts. He did not part with her until the end of his life.

The sons of my grandfather, my uncles, as teenagers on horseback, took the wounded fighters. For this, the policemen well “departed” with their whips. Grandmother was also crippled - they kicked and beat her half to death with rifle butts. Mom still remembers the terrible pool of blood on the porch of the hut. And then the eldest of my mother's brothers, Uncle Semyon, was mobilized for the last military draft. At the age of 17, he began to fight, crossed the Dnieper, participated in bloody battles, liberated the countries of Western Europe, reached Berlin. However, not a single serious injury. After the war, he graduated from a military school, served as an officer until the shell shock, which he received during the exercises. Uncle was a smart girl: without support and patronage, he rose to the rank of captain, could have made a good career if not for his serious illness.

The grandfathers' awards were lost (who then kept them in the villages, these pieces of iron and letters - a piece of cloth or a pood of millet were valued more), and some of the uncle's awards were preserved.

In our village in the Konyshevsky district, standing on a high mountain, there are many traces of trenches. Soviet troops held the defense here. My parents used to play hide-and-seek in the trenches after the war when they were little, and then so did we. But every year the traces from the trenches become smaller, overgrown with time, only small depressions remain: the earth heals the wounds. Herbs are now raging in these places, berries and flowers are growing. Here you feel eternity, and nothing reminds of the brutal war years. But how terrible it will be if our memory of that tragic time overgrows.

During the Second World War, more than 10 thousand ships were sunk, most of which had oil heating. As a result, oil slicks gradually spread over the surface of the water and poisoned the benthic fauna.

But there is a place that has suffered incomparable environmental damage - the Baltic Sea.

December 27, 1947 ended one of the most secret operations in history. The naval forces of the Allies (USSR, USA and Great Britain) sent stockpiles of chemical weapons of the defeated Germany to the bottom of the Baltic Sea. 302,875 tons of ammunition containing 14 types of poisonous substances, including the most dangerous mustard gas, were flooded. The mass of poisonous substances in its pure form amounted to approximately 60 thousand tons.

According to new estimates by specialists, 422,875 tons of chemical weapons and 85,000 tons of “clean” poisonous substances lie at the bottom of the Baltic Sea. Moreover, the depth of their occurrence often does not exceed 100 meters.

Those who made the decision to sink chemical weapons naively believed that the problem would be solved once and for all. Indeed, from the point of view of science of those years, this is the easiest and most reliable way to get rid of a dangerous legacy. It was believed that even with the simultaneous depressurization of all ammunition, the concentration of toxic substances due to their mixing with sea water would decrease to a safe level in a few hours.

Only years later, the British geneticist Charlotte Auerbach would discover the terrible mutagenic properties of mustard gas: even a few molecules per liter of water of this poisonous substance retain their dangerous properties. Having passed through the food chain, mustard gas can respond in a person months and years later with terrible diseases. And after generations, according to doctors, the risk of having mentally and physically handicapped children increases.

Experts have calculated that the rate of corrosion of shells of ammunition is approximately 0.1-0.15 mm / year. It is known that the thickness of the shells is on average 5-6 mm. The last expedition, conducted in 2001, confirmed the process of a wide range of toxic substances entering the water. In the coming years, scientists do not rule out the possibility of an ecological catastrophe in the Baltic region.