Moscow region. History of the Moscow region. So the city of the soul will not cool

Human development of Moscow region lands

The territory of the modern Moscow region - located in the central part of the East European Plain in the basins of the Volga, Oka, Klyazma and Moscow Rivers - according to archeology, was inhabited by humans 20 thousand years ago. The primitive society here lived by hunting, gathering and fishing.

The oldest and most important archaeological site of the Upper Paleolithic (Early Stone Age) in the Moscow region is the Zaraisk site, located in the center of Zaraysk. It belongs to the Kostenkovsko-Avdeevskaya archaeological culture dating back to 22–19 thousand BC. e. The culture left a lot of richly ornamented bone products, among other things, the famous anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines - "Kostenkov's venuses". Neolithic (Late Stone Age) sites were found in the village of Rybaki, Dmitrovsky District, the village of Zhabki, Egoryevsky District, the village of Belivo, Orekhovo-Zuevsky District, the village of Nikolskoye, Ruzsky District, and other places.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

In the III-I millennium BC. e. the Bronze Age begins in the described region. Man has learned to make tools from copper alloys with other non-ferrous metals. This period is represented here by the Fatyanovo culture of the Volga-Oka interfluve - pastoralists who migrated from the southeastern steppes in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e.

The Iron Age replaced the Bronze Age at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. People made iron from swamp ore, deposits of which are often found in the Moscow region. An archaeological site of the early Iron Age was found in Domodedovo, the so-called. Shcherbinsky settlement is located on the right bank of the Pakhra River. In the 1st millennium AD e. the territory of the Moscow region was inhabited mainly by the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Meshchera and Meryans. And the Slavic tribes of the Vyatichi and Krivichi penetrated here starting from the 4th century.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

History of the Moscow region in the 1st millennium AD rich and varied. On the territory of Podolsk, in the bend of the Pakhra River, a monument of federal significance Gorodische Lukovnya was discovered. There have been settlements here since the 5th century BC. e. to the 17th century AD e. Not far from Domodedovo, on the left bank of the Pakhra River, there is the Starosyanovsk settlement of the 6th-15th centuries. The cultural layer of the settlement contains ceramics of the Dyakovo culture - the ancestors of the Meri and Vesi tribes. It is worth noting the burial mound necropolis of the Vyatichi XII-XIII centuries. near the estate "Gorki Leninskie"; a monument of archeology of federal importance Akatovskoy kurgan group XII-XIII centuries. near Balashikha, associated with the settlement of the Pekhorka valley; the disappeared city of the XI-XII centuries, Iskona, inhabited by Krivichi, standing on the river of the same name in the territory of the modern Mozhaisk region.

The period of formation and development of statehood

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

During the period of fragmentation, rivalry with neighboring principalities takes place against the backdrop of resistance to the Mongol-Tatar invasion. In 1238, North-Eastern Russia was devastated by the invasion of Batu Khan, the territories near Moscow were repeatedly plundered. Later, Kolomna, Mozhaisk, Serpukhov, Zaraysk and other cities of the current Moscow region became fortress cities in the fight against the Horde, Lithuania and the Crimean Tatars. In addition to the cities, the monasteries near Moscow played a significant defensive role - Joseph-Volotsky near Volokolamsk, Savvino-Storozhevsky in Zvenigorod and the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

It was Moscow from the specific principalities of the Vladimir-Suzdal land that became at the head of the struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke and the center of the unification of Russian lands and received the greatest development. At the beginning of the XIV century, the Moscow principality expanded to include Kolomna, Pereslavl-Zalessky and Mozhaisk. Under Dmitry Donskoy, in 1376, the principality asserted its influence in the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. And in 1380, the troops of the already united Russian lands, led by the Moscow prince, came out to meet the army of Mamai, who had come to Russia. The battle of Kulikovo ended with the defeat of the Horde, which was a turning point in the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

The protracted internecine war in the principality in the second quarter of the 15th century ended with the victory of Grand Duke Vasily the Dark. Then the territory of the Moscow principality was 430 thousand square kilometers with a population of 3 million people.

In the XV-XVI centuries, under Ivan III and Vasily III, on the lands of Russia, with the exception of those who fell under the rule of the prince of Lithuania and the king of Poland, a single Russian state was formed, including the Yaroslavl, Rostov, Tver principalities and the Novgorod and Pskov republics. At this time, agriculture continues to develop on Moscow lands, especially the three-field crop rotation. The importance of feudal landownership also increased, and corvée economy was developed. Non-agricultural occupations are also undergoing positive changes, trade is flourishing. The cities near Moscow have been known since that time for crafts, for example, Serpukhov - leather production and metalworking, Kolomna - brick production.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

The events of the Time of Troubles, the first and second people's militia also unfolded on the territory of the modern Moscow region. It is worth noting the unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by the troops of False Dmitry II, which lasted 16 months - from September 1608 to January 1610. At that time, the monastery had already become an influential religious center and a powerful military fortress of 12 towers.

Another famous monastery dating back to the 17th century is the New Jerusalem Monastery, founded on the territory of present-day Istra in 1656 by Patriarch Nikon. The idea of the monastery was to recreate a complex of the holy places of Palestine near Moscow. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the monastery became a popular pilgrimage center. In 1920, a museum was created in the monastery. In 1991, it was named the "Historical, Architectural and Art Museum "New Jerusalem"". Today the museum is one of the largest in the Moscow region. The stock collection includes archaeological, historical, ethnographic and art collections and has more than 180 thousand items.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

During the empire

A new period in the history of the Moscow region begins under Peter I Alekseevich. By decree of the Tsar of All Russia in 1708, all of Russia was divided into eight provinces, including Moscow. In addition to the lands near Moscow, the province included the territories of modern Vladimir, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Tula, Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Kostroma regions, in total 50 counties. Since 1719, the Moscow province has been divided into nine provinces. The lands of the Moscow region were included in the Moscow province, controlled by the governor. The rest of the provinces were headed by governors.

The boyar Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev, a relative of the royal family, educator of Peter I, was appointed the first Moscow governor in 1708. Administrative, police and military power was concentrated in his hands. In 1711, Streshnev became a senator, and vice-governor V. S. Ershov was appointed governor of the Moscow province. The next governors were M.G. Romodanovsky and K. A. Naryshkin. After the Moscow province was headed by dignitaries in the position of governor-general. Among them are known S.A. Saltykov, who played a prominent role in the accession of Anna Ioannovna, Z.G. Chernyshev, hero of the Smolensk War, viceroy of Belarus.

In the XVIII century, with the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg, the economic importance of the Moscow region decreased. Now light industry has come to the fore in the economy. Manufactories, and later factories, develop in the cities of the Moscow region. Silk and cotton productions are operating, finishing and spinning factories are being built. Handicrafts are also gaining importance, for example, Gzhel ceramics. The villages of Shchelkovo and Zuevo are becoming centers of crafts. Waterways, among them the Oka River, contributed to the development of trade, the ports of Serpukhov and Kolomna had a significant turnover.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

In order to establish the exact boundaries of land ownership in the Moscow province in 1766, a general land survey was launched; the first master plans appeared near the cities of the Moscow region in the second half of the 18th century. Under Catherine II, the country was divided into 50 provinces and governorships and one region. In 1781, the Vladimir, Ryazan and Kostroma governorships were separated from the former territory of the Moscow province, and the remaining territory, slightly smaller than the modern Moscow region, was divided into 15 counties: Bogorodsky, Bronnitsky, Vereisky, Voskresensky, Volokolamsky, Dmitrovsky, Zvenigorodsky, Kolomensky, Klinsky, Mozhaisky, Moscow, Nikitsky, Podolsky, Ruzsky and Serpukhov. Subsequently, the Nikitsky and Voskresensky districts were abolished. Therefore, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Moscow province had only 13 counties. Kashirsky district was formed on the territory of the Tula province, Zaraisky and Egoryevsky - as part of Ryazan, they later became part of today's Moscow region.

Before the reform of 1775, there were only ten cities in the Moscow region. Later, on the Vladimir road, the city of Bogorodsk arose from the village of Rogozhi, and the village of Bronnitsy also became a city. Two more cities arose on the Pakhra River: Podolsk (formerly the village of Podol) and Nikitsk (formerly the village of Kolychevo). In addition to them, the large village of Voskresenskoye near the New Jerusalem Monastery became the city of Voskresensky.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, Bogorodsk, Pavlovsky Posad and Orekhovo-Zuevo became important centers of light industry. From the first half of the 19th century, a large porcelain and faience production was formed in Gzhel on the basis of the local ceramic craft; in the 1830s, another porcelain factory was opened in the Moscow province - in Dulevo.

The most important events of the Patriotic War of 1812 took place on the land near Moscow. Suffice it to recall the Borodino field near Mozhaisk, where on September 7 one of the largest battles of that war took place.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

The Moscow province experienced a strong economic upswing in the second half of the 19th century, especially after the peasant reform of 1861. A railway network is being formed; in the 1850s–1860s, it was already possible to get from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Sergiev Posad, Ryazan, Kursk, and beyond. And before the First World War, the 11th beam of the Moscow node "Lyubertsy - Arzamas" was completed. Accordingly, the presence or absence of railways near settlements affected their economic development.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

Although mechanical engineering developed in the second half of the 19th century, textiles remained the leading industry in the province. At this time, a large Kolomna machine-building plant and a car-building plant in Mytishchi were opened. Then the Klimovsky plant of weaving looms, the production of agricultural machines in Lyubertsy. In the same period, horticulture, suburban gardening, and dairy farming rose. The population of the Moscow region also grew, if in 1847 1.13 million people lived in the province, then in 1905 it was already 2.65 million.

From that time, many estates associated with the names of writers, artists, scientists and statesmen have been preserved in the Moscow region. Among the most famous are Abramtsevo in the Sergiev Posad region, Muranovo in the Pushkin region, Ostafyevo in the Podolsk region, Arkhangelskoye in Krasnogorsk. Today, the estates have been turned into museums and nature reserves. So the Melikhovo estate near the city of Chekhov was turned into a literary and memorial museum-reserve of the writer. And in Klin, a house-museum of the composer P. I. Tchaikovsky was founded. The estates of Zakharovo and Bolshie Vyazemy in the Odintsovo district are included in the historical and literary museum-reserve named after A.S. Pushkin.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

Under Soviet rule

The economic recovery of the province was facilitated by the transfer of the capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow in 1918. Over time, heavy industries appear. The electric power industry is developing, in the 1920s the Kashirskaya State District Power Plant and the large Elektrostal plant began to operate.

In the 1920s–1930s, administrative transformations of the region took place. In 1929, the Moscow province was abolished, instead the Central Industrial Region was formed with the center in Moscow, the region included Moscow, Tver, Tula and Ryazan provinces, a few months later the region was renamed Moscow. It was divided into ten districts: industrial - Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Kolomensky, Kimrsky, Serpukhov, Tula, Tver; agricultural - Ryazan, Bezhetsk and Kaluga. In 1931, Moscow received the status of an independent administrative and economic unit. In 1935, 26 districts from the Moscow region were transferred to the newly formed Kalinin region. In 1937, 77 districts of the Tula and Ryazan regions were separated from the Moscow region. Many settlements were given urban status, and the category of urban-type settlements was introduced. New cities, for example, Krasnogorsk, Fryazino, Elektrostal, Dolgoprudny, were formed near industrial enterprises.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

In 1931, there were 143 districts in the region, consisting of 6,238 village councils, 67 cities, including seven separate administrative and economic units (Moscow, Tula, Tver, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Serpukhov, Bobriky, Zvenigorod), 60 workers' settlements and 37.1 thousand rural settlements. The population of the region was 11,359,300 people.

In this decade, the sectoral structure of the regional economy also changed. Heavy industry - mechanical engineering - has received the greatest development. The chemical industry is also gaining importance, for example, a large plant for the production of mineral fertilizers and the Gigant cement plant have been built in Voskresensk. Peat was mined in the east of the region. In the 1930s, with an increase in air traffic, the construction and equipment of new airports began in Bykovo, Tushino (then still part of the Moscow Region) and Vnukovo.

The time of the Great Patriotic War left a big mark in the history of the Moscow region, in 1941-1942 the Battle for Moscow took place - one of the most significant battles of that war. Then industrial enterprises were evacuated to the east. Tens of thousands of residents went to the militia. In October and November 1941, the invaders entered Mozhaisk. The fighting was accompanied by heavy losses on both sides. In December, Solnechnogorsk, Klin, Istra, Volokolamsk and other cities of the Moscow region were liberated.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

Administrative changes also occurred during the war period. In 1944, the Borovsky, Vysokinichsky, Maloyaroslavetsky and Ugodsko-Zavodsky districts were transferred from the Moscow region to the Kaluga region. Petushinsky district went to the Vladimir region. And the districts transferred to the Moscow region in 1942 returned to the Ryazan and Tula regions. In 1960, a number of territories of the Moscow region went to Moscow.

The post-war reconstruction turned into the development of new industries. Science cities were founded in Dubna, Pushchino, Troitsk, Chernogolovka. Now chemistry, mechanical engineering, precision instrumentation and electric power industry have become the leaders of industry. The population of the Moscow region is growing. To provide it with food products, livestock complexes and poultry farms are being built. In the Moskovsky state farm in 1969, one of the largest greenhouse complexes in the country was organized. The transport system has also reached an appropriate level of development: gas pipelines and high-voltage power lines, electrification of main railway lines, the Moscow Ring Road. The rapid development of air transportation required an increase in the capacity of the Moscow air hub: Sheremetyevo Airport was opened in 1959, and Domodedovo Airport in 1964. In the 1980s, the service sector with its center in Moscow became a significant component of the regional economy. As a result, there is a pendulum migration from the region to the capital.

Source: Photobank of the Moscow Region

the Russian Federation

The crisis of the 1990s had the greatest impact on the manufacturing industry and science. The state of the food industry, the construction industry and mechanical engineering were positively assessed. By 1997, only 32% of the volume of industrial production from the 1990 level had been preserved in the Moscow Region.

The growth of the region's economy, which began in 1997, was stopped by the default of 1998, but then it became stable, and after that the industry of the region and the entire economy as a whole are developing at an accelerated pace. The volume of industrial production in the Moscow region in 2004 amounted to only 77% of the 1990 level (average in Russia - 71%). But already by 2005, the process of reindustrialization of the Moscow region made it possible to restore pre-crisis indicators, and by 2007 the region surpassed them by a third.

A new stage of economic recovery fell on the first half of the 2000s. The number of unemployed has significantly decreased. The overall unemployment rate fell from 7.9% in 2000 to 2% in 2007. According to this indicator, the region rose to second place in the Central Federal District after Moscow (0.8%, respectively).

Investment projects in the field of high technologies have been developed. Their implementation took place in Dubna, Krasnoznamensk, Khotkovo. The research and production cluster "Photonics" is being founded in Fryazino. During the period from 2001 to 2010, the Moscow region has become one of the most attractive regions of Russia for investors and has retained these positions to the present. At this time, there is an intensive construction of residential buildings in the cities closest to Moscow. Currently, the region ranks first in Russia in terms of housing commissioning. At the same time, the resettlement of residents from dilapidated and dilapidated housing is proceeding at a rapid pace.

As a result of administrative changes in the 2000s, the cities of Moskovsky, Golitsino, Kubinka and others were formed from urban-type settlements and villages. In 2012, part of the territory of the Moscow region, including three cities - Troitsk, Moskovsky and Shcherbinka - became part of Moscow, as a result of which the territory of the region decreased by 144 thousand hectares, and the population - by 230 thousand people.

Over the past three years, 122 new enterprises have been built, over 200,000 new jobs have been created. The volume of investments has also increased and amounts to 59 billion rubles. Of the 28 operating industrial parks, 12 were created in 2015. At the same time, two special economic zones (SEZs) were created in the region: the Stupino industrial and production type, where five companies at once invested 5.5 billion rubles and created 550 new jobs, as well as the Istok technology and innovation type in the urban district Fryazino. Here, ten companies are implementing their projects with a total investment of at least 48.5 billion rubles.

The territory of the modern Moscow region, according to archeological data, was inhabited by humans about 20 thousand years ago and has been actively used by humans since then. This is confirmed by archaeological finds: the Zaraisk site is the oldest monument of the Upper Paleolithic (Early Stone Age); Neolithic sites in the village. Fishermen of the Dmitrovsky district, the village of Zhabki in the Egorevsky district, the village of Belivo in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district, the village of Nikolskoye in the Ruzsky district, etc.; burial grounds of the Fatyanovo culture of the Bronze Age (middle of the 2nd millennium BC); Shcherbinsky settlement in Domodedovo on the right bank of the Pakhra River (Iron Age, end of II - beginning of I millennium BC).

The history of the Moscow region began in the 1st millennium AD. rich and varied. On the territory of Podolsk, in the bend of the Pakhra River, a monument of federal significance Gorodische Lukovnya was discovered. There have been settlements here since the 5th century BC. e. to the 17th century AD e. Not far from Domodedovo, on the left bank of the Pakhra River, there is the Starosyanovsk settlement of the 6th-15th centuries. The cultural layer of the settlement contains ceramics of the Dyakovo culture - the ancestors of the Meri and Vesi tribes. It is worth noting the burial mound necropolis of the Vyatichi XII-XIII centuries. near the estate "Gorki Leninskie"; a monument of archeology of federal importance Akatovskoy kurgan group XII-XIII centuries. near Balashikha, associated with the settlement of the Pekhorka valley; the disappeared city of the XI-XII centuries, Iskona, inhabited by Krivichi, standing on the river of the same name in the territory of the modern Mozhaisk region.

Until the 9th-10th centuries, the lands of the future Moscow region were inhabited mainly by the Finno-Ugric peoples Meryans and Meshchers. The Slavs began to penetrate into this territory from the Dnieper region from the 4th-6th centuries, the active development of these lands by the Slavs began only in the 10th century (Odintsovo mounds, Akatovskaya mound group). The population was engaged in hunting, beekeeping, fishing, farming and cattle breeding.

Moscow region in the period of formation and development of statehood

The history of the formation of the state in Russia is inextricably linked with the lands of the modern Moscow region. So, from the middle of the XIII century they were part of the great Vladimir-Suzdal principality. In 1236, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich allocated the Moscow principality as an inheritance to his son Vladimir. The center of the principality was the city of Moscow, formed by Yuri Dolgoruky presumably in 1147. The foundation of other first cities of the lands of the future Moscow principality dates back to the same time: Volokolamsk - 1135, Zvenigorod - 1152, Dmitrov - 1154. Craft and trade were concentrated in the cities, they became strongholds of princely power.

In the first half of the 13th century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal land, including the lands near Moscow, was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars; During the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the territories near Moscow were repeatedly plundered. Of the specific principalities of the Vladimir-Suzdal land during the years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, Moscow rose to the highest; it was the center of the unification of Russian lands in the XIV-XVI centuries and a stronghold of the struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke. It should be noted that the territories of the current southern (zaoksky) districts of the Moscow region were part of the Ryazan principality, which was finally annexed to Moscow only in 1520.

In 1238, North-Eastern Russia was devastated by the invasion of Batu Khan, the territories near Moscow were repeatedly plundered. Against the backdrop of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the Moscow princes struggled for power with neighboring principalities.

And in 1380, the troops of the already united Russian lands, led by the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy, marched towards the army of Mamai and then won a victory on the Kulikovo field. The Battle of Kulikovo (September 8, 1380) ended with the defeat of the Horde, which became a turning point in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars.

The cities of Kolomna, Mozhaisk, Serpukhov, Zaraysk and other cities of the current Moscow region became fortress cities in the fight against the Horde, Lithuania and the Crimean Tatars. In addition to the cities, the monasteries near Moscow played a significant defensive role - Joseph-Volotsky near Volokolamsk, Savvino-Storozhevsky in Zvenigorod and the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

The protection of the Moscow principality on the southern borders was also carried out by fortresses in Zaraysk and Serpukhov; the fortresses in Vereya and Mozhaisk were called upon to take the blows of the Poles and Lithuanians from the west (in 1600, near Mozhaisk, on the orders of Boris Godunov, the Borisov Gorodok fortress was also erected, which has not survived to this day.

Cities retained a defensive function until the 18th century.

The events of the Time of Troubles (from 1598 to 1613), the first and second people's militia also unfolded on the territory of the modern Moscow region. It is worth noting the unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by the troops of False Dmitry II, which lasted 16 months - from September 1608 to January 1610. At that time, the monastery had already become an influential religious center and a powerful military fortress of 12 towers.

In the XV-XVI centuries, trade flourished on Moscow lands, the development of agriculture continued - in particular, a three-field crop rotation spread. The importance of feudal landownership also increased, and corvée economy was developed. There was an increase in non-agricultural occupations. Moscow became the center of the emerging all-Russian market. Crafts developed in the cities (for example, in Serpukhov - metalworking and leather production, in Kolomna - brick production).

Moscow region during the period of the Russian Empire

In 1708, by decree of Peter I, the Moscow province was created, consisting of 50 districts, which, along with the current territory, included the territories of modern Vladimir, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Tula, almost the entire Yaroslavl, part of the Kaluga and Kostroma regions.

In 1719, the Moscow province was administratively divided into 9 provinces, one of which included the modern territory of the Moscow region.

In 1766, in order to establish the exact boundaries of land ownership in the Moscow province, a general land survey was launched; in the second half of the 18th century, the first master plans appeared near Moscow cities, which laid the foundation for regular planning.

In 1781, there were significant changes in the administrative division of the Moscow province: Vladimir, Ryazan and Kostroma governorships were separated from the former territory of the province, and the remaining territory was divided into 15 counties. This scheme lasted, without undergoing any special changes, until 1929.

Many important events of the Patriotic War of 1812 took place on the territory of the Moscow province. On September 7, one of the largest battles of the war, the Battle of Borodino, took place on the Borodino field near Mozhaisk. On September 14-18, the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov, after leaving Moscow, undertook the famous march maneuver; leaving Moscow along the Ryazan road, the army crossed the Moskva River behind the Borovsky ferry and entered the old Kaluga road, blocking the path of the Napoleonic army to the southern grain-growing regions of the country. In Moscow, abandoned by the inhabitants, a fire raged for six days - the invaders received neither shelter nor food, and after retreating from Moscow, having suffered heavy losses in the battle of Maloyaroslavets, they went through Borovsk and Vereya to the old Smolensk road.

In the second half of the 19th century, especially after the peasant reform of 1861, the Moscow province experienced a strong economic upswing. By this time, the formation of the railway network. In 1851, the first railway line appeared on the territory of the province, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg; in 1862 traffic was opened along the line to Nizhny Novgorod, in 1863 traffic began to Sergiev Posad, in 1866 the Moscow-Ryazan road was put into operation, in 1866-68 a railway from Moscow to Kursk was built, in 1872 A railroad was opened from Moscow via Smolensk to Warsaw.

The second stage of intensive railway construction took place in the 1890s - 1900s - then lines were built to Rzhev, Savelovo, Pavelets, Bryansk. Finally, on the eve of the First World War, the 11th beam of the Moscow hub, Lyubertsy - Arzamas, was put into operation. Settlements located near railways received a powerful incentive for development, while the location of settlements away from railways often contributed to their economic decline.

The main industry of the province in the second half of the 19th century continued to be textile. Mechanical engineering also developed, the development of which was greatly facilitated by intensive railway construction. So, in the second half of the 19th century, a large Kolomna machine-building plant was opened, in the same period a car-building plant in Mytishchi began to operate. In 1883, the Klimovsky looms plant was opened; in Lyubertsy, the production of agricultural machines began. At the same time, the size of arable land in the Moscow province was reduced (for example, in 1860-1913, the arable area decreased by 37%).

Such branches of agriculture as horticulture, suburban gardening, and dairy farming have risen. The population of the Moscow region has grown significantly (and if in 1847 1.13 million people lived in the province, then in 1905 it was already 2.65 million; Moscow, on the eve of the First World War, was a city with a million inhabitants.

Moscow region during the USSR

In November 1917, Soviet power was established in the Moscow province. The transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918 contributed to the economic recovery of the province. After the Civil War, most businesses were rebuilt; the sectoral structure of the industry as a whole was preserved, however, along with the textile industry, the knitwear and clothing industries developed, and heavy industry enterprises appeared.

The electric power industry began to develop - in 1922, the Kashirskaya GRES gave its first current; in the 1920s, a large plant "Elektrostal" was formed.

In the 1920s - 1930s, in the course of anti-church activities of the state, many churches near Moscow were closed, later religious buildings performed various functions not related to their original functions (warehouses, garages, vegetable stores, etc.), many were empty and destroyed, some cultural monuments were completely lost; the restoration of most of the affected temples was started only in the 1990s.

On January 14, 1929, the Moscow province was transformed into the Moscow region, consisting of 144 districts, united into 10 districts. The capital was transferred to Moscow.

In 1931, the city of Moscow was withdrawn from the Moscow Region and acquired administrative and economic independence. The modern borders of the Moscow region finally took shape in the post-war period.

Since the 1930s, the restructuring of the sectoral structure of the economy of the Moscow region began. The branches of heavy industry (primarily mechanical engineering) have received the greatest development. The importance of the chemical industry increased (for example, a large plant for the production of mineral fertilizers and a cement plant "Gigant" were built in Voskresensk). Peat extraction developed in the east of the region. Several dozen large enterprises of various profiles were built in Moscow. At the same time, the development of cities proceeded slowly, where industry was poorly developed even before the revolution. In 1935, a forest park protective belt with an area of 35,000 hectares was allocated around Moscow for recreational purposes.

In 1941-1942, one of the most significant military operations of the Great Patriotic War, the Battle for Moscow, took place on the territory of the Moscow Region. It began in late September - early October 1941. The Mozhaisk line of defense was put into action. Industrial enterprises were evacuated to the east. With particular force, the fighting near Moscow flared up from mid-October. On October 15, the USSR State Defense Committee decided to evacuate Moscow. On October 18, the German army entered Mozhaisk, and on October 19, a state of siege was introduced in Moscow and nearby areas by a decree of the State Defense Committee. Tens of thousands of residents of the Moscow region went into the militia. The advance of the enemy was stopped.

However, already in mid-November, the general offensive of the German troops continued; the battles were accompanied by heavy losses on both sides; these days, near Volokolamsk, 28 guardsmen from the division of General Panfilov were accomplished a feat of arms. On November 23, the German army managed to capture Klin and Solnechnogorsk, there were battles in the area of Kryukov, Yakhroma, Krasnaya Polyana. On December 5-6, the Red Army launched a counteroffensive. During December, most of the occupied cities of the Moscow region were liberated from the Nazi troops. The front line was moved 100-250 km from Moscow. Military actions caused significant damage to the population and economy of the region. It took several years to restore the economy. During the war, some cultural monuments were also damaged (for example, significant damage was inflicted on the New Jerusalem Monastery, where, in particular, in 1941, the largest architectural structure, the Resurrection Cathedral, was blown up.

In July 1944, the Kaluga region was formed, from the Moscow region Borovsky, Vysokinichsky, Maloyaroslavetsky and Ugodsko-Zavodsky districts were transferred to its composition. In the same year, the Vladimir region was formed, the Petushinsky district was transferred from the Moscow region to its composition. In 1946, the districts transferred from these regions to the Moscow region in 1942 were transferred to the Ryazan region and in 1957 to the Tula region. The last major change during the Soviet era occurred in 1960, when a number of territories of the Moscow region went to Moscow.

In the postwar years, the growth of the economic potential of the Moscow Region continued; ties between production and science intensified, a number of science cities were founded (Dubna, Troitsk, Pushchino, Chernogolovka). The main industries were chemistry, mechanical engineering, precision instrumentation, and electric power industry. By the beginning of the 1980s, the leading branches of specialization in the Moscow Region were manufacturing and science.

The development of transport continued: a system of main gas pipelines and high-voltage power lines was created, electrification of main railway lines was carried out, a network of main roads was being formed (one of the largest projects was the construction of the Moscow Ring Road). The population of cities grew rapidly; a powerful Moscow urban agglomeration was formed. To provide the growing population of the agglomeration with food products, large poultry farms and livestock complexes were built in the Moscow Region; in 1969, one of the largest greenhouse complexes in the country was organized at the Moskovsky state farm.

Moscow region in the Russian Federation

The economy of the Moscow region experienced a deep crisis in the 1990s; in 1996, the volume of industrial production amounted to only 30% of the volume of 1990; the number of employed decreased by almost 500 thousand people; The manufacturing industries suffered the most losses. Science is also in deep crisis.

The economic growth that began in 1997 was halted by the 1998 crisis. However, since the first half of the 2000s, a rapid recovery of the economy after the crisis began, the gross regional product grew at a high pace, but at the same time, a complete recovery of industrial production relative to the pre-crisis level did not occur (in 2002, the volume was only 58% of the 1990 level).

In the 2000s, as a result of administrative transformations of existing urban-type settlements and villages, new cities were formed (Moskovsky, Golitsino, Kubinka, etc.).

On July 1, 2012, a significant part of the territory of the Moscow Region, including three cities (Troitsk, Moskovsky and Shcherbinka), was transferred to the so-called. New Moscow; as a result of this transfer, the territory of the Moscow region decreased by 144 thousand hectares, and the population - by 230 thousand people. with a corresponding increase in Moscow.

In 2014-2015, the cities of Korolev and Yubileiny, the cities of Balashikha and Zheleznodorozhny, the cities of Podolsk, Klimovsk and the urban-type settlement of Lvovsky were merged respectively.

The modern image of the Moscow region is determined by large industrial centers - Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Dmitrov. The heavy and light industries are well developed, in particular, the chemical and petrochemical industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building and metalworking, as well as the textile, food, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries.

Presentation on the course "Native Moscow Region" The emergence, development and promotion of Moscow. The emergence of ancient cities near Moscow Moscow. Moscow!.. I love you like a son Like a Russian - strongly, fieryly and tenderly, I love the sacred shine of your gray hairs And this Serene jagged Kremlin M.Yu. Lermontov Author of the presentation: Vinichenko E.V. geography teacher, secondary school 8, Ramenseoe

Recall 1. What are the main features of the peoples belonging to the Vyatic tribes? 2. Name what is common in the clothes and jewelry of the peoples inhabiting the north and south of the Moscow region? What are the differences? 3. Where is the conditional border between the Vyatichi and Krivichi tribes? 4. What are the main occupations of the inhabitants of the Moscow region? 5. What did the people called bricklayers do? 6. Since what centuries in Russia did it not become a custom to bury noble people under mounds? 7. On what line did the Vyatichi people go through the social stratification of society?

The emergence of cities A number of settlements, thanks to the development of crafts and trade, turn into craft and trade centers - cities appear. (Up to 20 cities are mentioned in the chronicles: Kolomna, Vorotynsk, Masalsk, etc.). Moscow became such a city in the century. G. Kolomna

The legend of the origin of Moscow The date of foundation of Moscow is considered to be 1147, when the Prince of Suzdal Yuri Dolgoruky invited his ally Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich of Novgorod-Seversk to a meeting. Then, on the site of the future urban area along the Neglinka and Yauza rivers, there were several villages belonging to the boyar Kuchka. The whole territory was originally called Kutskova. The village where the princes met was called Moscow. As historians note, the settlement was then a rural princely estate, or, more precisely, a stationary courtyard, where the Suzdal prince stopped during his trips to the south of Kyiv and back. According to the Tver Chronicle, in 1156, “Great Prince Yuri Volodimerich founded the city of Moscow at the mouth below the Neglinnaya, above the Yauza River”, that is, he surrounded his Moskvoretsky courtyard with wooden walls - “a city”. This settlement began to be called "Moscow-grad". The town was small and occupied only the southwestern part of the modern Kremlin. Around the town there was a pine forest, the memory of which was preserved in the name of the Borovitsky Gates, and dense forests and marshy swamps stretched beyond the river. It is believed that the swamps gave the name to the river, and the river to the city. Finno-Ugric Maskava, Makuva, Maskva - swamp, mud. Old Slavonic "mossy" means "marshy area". The town arose as a border town at the crossroads between the Dnieper south and the Upper Volga north.

Favorable geographical position With its upper tributary, the Istra, the Moskva River comes close to the Lama, a tributary of the Shosha, which flows into the Volga. Thus, the Moskva River connected the upper Volga with the middle Oka by a lama portage. On the other hand, the city of Moscow arose at the very break of the river, at its turn to the southeast, where, with its tributary, the Yauza, it almost comes close to the Klyazma, along which the transverse route went through Moscow from west to east. On the third side, a road ran through Moscow from Lopasnya (a village 70 versts from Moscow to the south along the Serpukhov road). At that time, the border of the Chernigov and Suzdal principalities passed along it, the road from the Kyiv and Chernigov south to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Rostov. So, the city of Moscow arose at the intersection of three major roads.

In the 14th century Moscow became the capital of the Moscow principality. In every Russian city, large or small, there were definitely detinets, settlements and bargaining. The first Kremlin of Moscow of the century covered only the center, and outside there were unfortified settlements where artisans and merchants lived. Built in the 12th century, the citadel served the city for about 200 years. Built in 1358, the White Stone Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy had the most modern weapons at that time. In the quarries near the village of Myachkovo, this stone was cut down, loaded onto a sled and carried along the ice of the river to the city. They were transported in winter so as not to pull laden barges against the current in summer. Since Muscovites built this city of white stone, the people began to call Moscow Belokamennaya.

The new Kremlin was built from 1485 to 1495. The two walls of the Kremlin were still washed by the Neglinnaya River and the Moskva River. And where there was no such reliable barrier - from the side of Red Square, a huge moat was dug 8 meters deep (the size of a two-story house), up to 35 meters wide. It was filled with water, and thus, the Kremlin turned into an island, equally inaccessible to the enemy from any direction. Moscow was called the most glorious of all cities, both in its position (middle in the country), and because of the convenient location of the rivers, loud fame for its fortified fortress and abundance of dwellings.

The emergence of the ancient cities of the Moscow region. The oldest written information about the cities that have survived to this day on the territory of the Moscow region dates back to the 12th century: the chronicle first mentions Volokolamsk (1135), Moscow (1147), Dmitrov (1154), Kolomna (1187), Mozhaisk (1231). Archaeological materials also indicate the existence of Zvenigorod, Ruza

The main principles of the emergence of the first cities Most of the Slavic cities of the Moscow region arose in a new, previously uninhabited place Some towns were built on the site of fortified settlements of the Iron Age belonging to tribes of Finno-Ugric origin Kremlins of Slavic cities were built on uninhabited steep coastal capes, which occurred mainly in the southern part modern Moscow region In the upper reaches of the rivers, which were close to each other, the boats were pulled ashore and dragged "drag" overland to another river. The portages sometimes stretched for tens of kilometers. Cities grew up near such portages, sometimes retaining the word "portage" in the name, etc.

Dubna: which is located at the confluence of the river. Dubny to the Volga. The city was built on the site of a settlement of local tribes in the late 10th or early 11th century. Suzdal princes. Lobynsk: arose on the site of an Iron Age settlement of a Slavic fortified settlement.

The first cities and how the city of Vyshgorod arose on the Yakhroma River - a city with a Kremlin layout in the form of a circle or oval Przemysl of Moscow on the banks of the Mocha River, a tributary of the river. Pakhry (in the Podolsk region). This is one of the largest and well-fortified cities in the Moscow region in antiquity. The city of Vyshgorod on Protva was built at the end of the 12th century, but it is mentioned in written sources later - in 1352. The city had a settlement, settlements.

14 cities-regional centers;
43 cities of regional subordination;
1 closed city - Krasnoznamensk;
12 cities of district subordination, which are under the administrative subordination of districts;
3 cities that are under the administrative subordination of cities of regional subordination.

List of cities in the Moscow region by distance from Moscow

The cities of Lyubertsy, Kotelniki and Reutov top the list, they are located 2 km from the capital, Dzerzhinsky and Khimki - 3 km, Krasnogorsk - 4, Vidnoe and Odintsovo - 5 km, Dolgoprudny - 6, Balashikha and Shcherbinka - 8 km, Mytishchi - 9 km , Yubileiny - 10, Moskovsky - 11 km, Zheleznodorozhny, Lytkarino and Korolev - 12 km, Lobnya - 14 km, Domodedovo - 15 km, Podolsk - 16 km, Troitsk - 18 km, Ivanteevka, Pushkino and Shchelkovo - 19 km, Dedovsk - 20 km, Zhukovsky, Staraya Kupavna and Elektrougli - 23 km, Klimovsk - 24 km, Aprelevka - 25 km, Fryazino - 27 km, Golitsino and Ramenskoye - 28 km, Krasnoznamensk and Losino, Petrovsky - 29 km, Istra - 36 km, Noginsk - 37 km, Krasnoarmeysk - 39 km, Bronitsy and Zvenigorod - 41 km, Elektrostal - 42 km, Chernogolovka - 43 km, Solnechnogorsk - 44 km, Dmitrov, Yakhroma and Kubinka - 48 km, Chekhov - 50 km, Khotkovo - 53 km, Sergiev Posad - 55 km, Naro-Fominsk - 57 km, Pavlovsky Posad - 59 km, Elektrogorsk - 64 km, Klin - 66 km, Peresvet - 71 km, Drezna - 72 km, Serpukhov - 73 km, Krasnozavodsk - 74 km, Voskresensk - 76 km, Vysokovsk and Orekhovo-Zuevo - 78 km, Kurovskoye - 79 km, Likino-Dulyovo - 86 km, Ruza - 87 km, Stupino - 88 km, Mozhaisk - 89 km, Kolomna - 91 km, Volokamsk - 94 km, Pushchino - 96 km, Dubna - 98 km, Vereya, Protvino, Kashira - 99 km, Egorievsk - 100 km, Necklace - 105 km, Taldom - 107 km, Lukhovitsy - 112 km, Lakes - 119 km, Zaraysk - 137 km, Shatura - 138 km. The list of cities in the Moscow region is closed by the most remote city of Roshal, its distance to Moscow is 147 km.

To include the territory and cities of Moscow, located from the Moscow Ring Road at a distance of 40 km towards the region. What are the cities near Moscow? The list is short: Mytishchi, Kotelniki, Lyubertsy, Lobnya, Zhukovsky, Podolsk, Odintsovo, Domodedovo, Khimki, Krasnogorsk, Dzerzhinsky, Balashikha, Reutov, Korolev, Pushkino and others. All these cities are known to almost any inhabitant of our country.

The largest cities of the Moscow region: a list of cities by population

The list of the 20 largest cities in the Moscow region in terms of the population living in them includes:

Balashikha - 215,350 people;
Khimki - 208,560 people;
Podolsk - 187,960 people;
Korolev - 183,400 people;
Mytishchi - 173,340 people;
Lyubertsy - 171,980 people;
Elektrostal - 155,370 people;
Kolomna - 144790 people;
Odintsovo - 139,020 people;
Railway - 132,230 people;
Serpukhov - 126,500 people;
Orekhovo-Zuevo - 121,110 people;
Krasnogorsk - 116,740 people;
Shchelkovo - 108,060 people;
Sergiev Posad - 105,840 people;
Pushkino - 102,820 people;
Zhukovsky - 102,790 people;
Noginsk - 102,080 people;
Ramenskoye - 101,200 people;
Wedge - 93 420.

The most ancient cities

In the era of ancient Russia (the period before the Tatar-Mongol invasion), about 17 ancient Russian cities were located on the territory of the modern capital region. But only 9 of them are mentioned in ancient written sources, and only they retained their names and did not turn into dead cities. List of ancient cities of the Moscow region: Moscow, Zaraisk (Sturgeon), Mozhaisk, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Dubna, Zvenigorod, Lobynsk, Kolomna.

Most of the cities of the ancient Moscow region are mentioned in chronicle sources starting from the 12th century. The very first mention of the city of Dubna is 1134, the second is Volokolamsk - 1135. List of ancient cities of the Moscow region and the year of their first mention in the annals:

Dubna - 1134;
Volokolamsk - 1135;
Moscow, Lobynsk - 1147;
Dmitrov - 1154;
Kolomna - 1177;
Zaraysk (Sturgeon) - 1225;
Mozhaisk -1231

Tourist attractive cities of the Moscow region

1. Sergiev Posad. One of the main attractions and decoration of the city is the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Also famous are the Ascension Church, Pyatnitskaya, Assumption, Vvedenskaya, old shopping malls and the monastery hotel.

2. Wedge. Tourist interest is caused by an old church on the territory of the former Assumption Monastery, the Resurrection Church, shopping malls, the Demyanovo estate. In the village of Boblovo - a museum of D.I. Mendeleev.

3. The city of Kubinka. Invites guests to the famous military-historical armored museum.

4. Old Kupavna. Holy Trinity Church attracts many pilgrims.

5. Mozhaisk. The majestic earthen Kremlin, Yakimansky and St. Nicholas Cathedral - all these are the sights of a small town.

The most favorable cities for living in the Moscow region

An analysis of cities located at a distance of 30 km from the Moscow Ring Road was carried out. 21 criteria were taken into account when compiling the rating: infrastructure development, affordability in purchasing housing, availability of jobs, quality of services provided to the population, quality of medical care, social protection of the population, ecology and cleanliness of the city, and many others. etc. The first place in the list of the most favorable cities for the life of the population of the Moscow region was taken by Klimovsk, the top five included Ivanteevka, Vidnoye, Dolgoprudny, Lobnya.

In terms of transport accessibility, among the cities near Moscow, one can single out such cities as Khimki, Lobnya, Reutov, Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Kotelniki, Krasnogorsk, Dolgoprudny and Vidnoye.

List of cities in the Moscow region with the highest level of atmospheric pollution: Elektrostal, Zheleznodorozhny, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Klin, Serpukhov, Mytishchi, Noginsk, Balashikha, Kolomna, Yegorievsk, Podolsk, Lyubertsy.

Cities with a high level of radioactive contamination: Troitsk, Dubna, Khimki, Sergiev Posad.

Of the most built-up cities in the Moscow region, Reutov is in first place, Yubileiny is in second, then Zheleznodorozhny, Podolsk, Krasnoznamensk, Fryazino, Lyubertsy, Dolgoprudny, Ivanteevka.

Moscow is surrounded by a real ring of ancient fortress cities. We have collected for you all the preserved Kremlins of the Moscow region. You can visit each of them in one day, seeing the city itself along the way - all these places are ancient, interesting, with their own unique history and monuments.

Vereya. Kremlin of the 14th century, with high earthen ramparts. Its walls have always been wooden. The hero of the war of 1812, General Dorokhov, is buried in the Kremlin Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ. Highway M1, 98 km from Moscow Ring Road.
Volokolamsk. Kremlin of the 12th century. The city of Volok on Lama was founded by the Novgorodians, it was besieged more than once by Moscow and Vladimir troops. The city was fortified: on a high hill a wooden kremlin was built on earthen ramparts, in total the height of the fortifications reached about 25 meters. The ancient Resurrection Cathedral of the 15th century has been preserved in the Kremlin. Highway M9, 100 km from Moscow Ring Road.
Dmitrov. Kremlin of the 12th century. The historical center of the city is the Kremlin, surrounded by a ring of powerful earthen ramparts. As early as the end of the 16th century, the ramparts were strengthened along the top with a high wooden balustrade. During the Time of Troubles, the fortifications burned down and were no longer restored, but the shaft remained and now serves as a favorite place for walks of citizens and tourists. In the center of the Kremlin stands the ancient Assumption Cathedral of the 16th century. Highway A104, 54 km from the Moscow Ring Road.
Zaraysk. Kremlin of the 16th century. By decree of Grand Duke Vasily III, a stone fortress was built in Zaraysk in 1528-1531. Even before it, the city was fortified with ramparts and a wooden fortress - Ostrog. Powerful walls and 7 towers have been preserved to this day. Highway M5, 140 km from Moscow Ring Road.
Zvenigorod. Kremlin of the 14th century. On the high bank of the Moskva River, Prince Yuri Zvenigorodsky built fortifications - a high shaft and a wooden wall with towers, and built a cathedral inside, which has survived to this day. At the foot of the hill there is a spring where the locals collect very tasty water. Highway A107 between M1 and M9, 46 km from MKAD.
Kolomna. Kremlin of the 16th century. Initially, Kolomna was fortified with a wooden wall with ramparts. The powerful stone walls of the Kolomna Kremlin, about 2 km long, 4-5 meters wide and up to 20 meters high, were built in 1525-1531 by order of Grand Duke Vasily III. This is the largest Kremlin in the Moscow region in terms of area, containing 2 active monasteries, a cathedral complex and several streets where people live to this day. Highway M5, 92 km from the Moscow Ring Road.
Mozhaisk. Kremlin of the 13th century. The city on a high hill above the Mozhaika River was fortified partly with a wooden, partly with an adobe wall, later rebuilt in stone. In 1802 the brick walls were dismantled. But there was a magnificent neo-Gothic Nikolsky Cathedral on a hill, visible from afar. Highway M1, 93 km from Moscow Ring Road.
Ruza. Kremlin XV-XVII centuries. Ruza was not an independent principality. A high hill, surrounded on three sides by rivers, and on the fourth by a moat, was an excellent fortification, on which only in the Time of Troubles, in 1618, a wooden fence was placed, which allowed the city to repel the attack of the Poles. This fortification can be attributed to the Kremlin with a high degree of conventionality. Highway A108, between M1 and M9, 93 km from MKAD.
Serpukhov. Kremlin of the 14th century. Initially, the Kremlin, as in other cities, was made of wood and earth, fortifications were built under the appanage prince Vladimir the Brave. The stone fortress with wide, low sandstone walls was built in 1556. In Soviet times, the walls of the fortress were almost completely dismantled - stone blocks were used to build the Moscow metro. Highway M2, 85 km from Moscow Ring Road.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Moscow region in the period of formation and development of statehood

Moscow region during the period of the Russian Empire

Moscow region during the USSR

Moscow region in the Russian Federation

List of cities in the Moscow region by distance from Moscow

The largest cities of the Moscow region: a list of cities by population

The most ancient cities

Tourist attractive cities of the Moscow region

The most favorable cities for living in the Moscow region

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