13. Settlement (definition). Types of settlements. Types of settlements
Settlements as places of permanent long-term residence appeared during the transition of people to a settled way of life in connection with the development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
According to V.I. Dahl, a settlement is a populated place, residential, where people are settled.
Thus, locality (settlement, settlement) - the primary unit of human settlement within one built-up area, used as a place of long-term permanent or temporary residence.
All settlements in our country are divided into urban and rural settlements. The assignment of a settlement to the category of urban or rural is carried out by state authorities. In this case, first of all, they take into account the occupation and number of the living population, as well as the administrative, economic, cultural and historical significance of the settlement.
Table 1. Change in the country's population
According to the national economic affiliation, settlements are divided into cities, urban-type settlements, rural settlements.
The high rates of urban development in the country led to the rapid growth of the urban population. The trend of urban development and an increase in the number of urban population will continue in the future (Table 1). In order to improve the distribution of the country's productive forces, it is expedient to restrain the growth of large cities and regulate their growth.
City- a settlement with a population of at least 10 thousand people, and the inhabitants are mainly employed in industry, services, management, science, and culture.
At present, the so-called satellite cities, located around large cities, at a distance of 30-60 km from them. With the help of satellite cities, designed for 60-80 thousand inhabitants, densely populated cities are unloaded. The main conditions for the placement of satellite cities are good communication with a large city. For Nizhny Novgorod, satellite cities are the cities of Bor, Dzerzhinsk, Balakhna, etc.
Urban village- a settlement, the predominant part of the population of which is associated with industrial production and transport. Urban-type settlements are subdivided into:
workers' camps- settlements at large plants, factories, mines, power plants, railway stations and other economically important objects. The population of workers' settlements is 3-12 thousand people;
holiday villages - settlements located outside the city limits, the main purpose of which is to serve cities as sanatorium centers, places of summer recreation. No more than 25% of the population of the settlement should be employed in agriculture;
3) resort villages - settlements located in areas of medical importance with a population of at least 2 thousand people, half of which are temporary residents.
Russia has historically developed an extensive network of rural settlements. Currently, there are more than 150 thousand of them. The network of settlements is dynamic, as it depends on the availability and state of production. Some settlements are destroyed, others appear.
Rural settlements- all settlements that do not have the status of a city or urban-type settlement, regardless of size and sectoral affiliation.
Such settlements are very diverse in their economic, geographical, historical, national and other conditions of development. However, a common feature that unites them is that the bulk of the able-bodied population is employed in agriculture.
Rural settlements are usually understood as villages and villages.
Village - an ordinary residential settlement formed by placing linear buildings along a road or natural lines (banks of a river, lake, ravine).
Village - a large rural settlement serving as an economic and administrative center for a group of service villages. A distinctive feature of the village in the pre-revolutionary period was the presence of a church, a temple, in the Soviet period - a village council, a village council.
Currently, rural settlements are divided into three main types:
a) agricultural rural settlements - production centers of agricultural enterprises and their associations, subsidiary plots, etc. At present, this is the most common type of rural settlements, since about 85% of the total number of rural settlements will fall into it;
b) non-agricultural rural settlements ~ settlements at individual enterprises, settlements for the protection of forests, transport routes, etc.;
c) rural settlements of mixed type ~ regional centers, settlements within the land use of agricultural enterprises, the main part of the population of which is employed at enterprises located outside the given settlement (industrial, transport, etc.).
In connection with the rapid growth of cities, settlements began to appear near the largest of them. suburban type, providing the production base of these cities with labor resources, as well as being a place of rest for citizens (dacha settlements, recreational centers, etc.).
All listed rural settlements belong to stationary settlements. In addition to them, in rural areas there are settlements of a seasonally inhabited type: summer camps for livestock, field camps, settlements of surveyors, logging workers, etc.
In connection with the reform of economic and land relations, accompanied by the emergence of new forms of land ownership and management, a new type of rural settlement appeared on it - peasant (farm) economy. A peasant (farm) economy is a housing and economic complex consisting of three functional zones (residential, industrial and agricultural land) located on one or more land plots. In addition, in recent years, cottage settlements and gardening partnerships, intended for urban residents in the summer, are becoming more widespread.
For organization gardening associations allocate lands of agricultural and forestry enterprises, as well as lands of small settlements in which there is no permanent population. Allocated arrays usually have an area of 20-50 ha (rarely 100-1000 ha). Since in large seasonal settlements the number of residents can reach 100 thousand people, it becomes necessary to organize medical care with a constant duty of medical personnel, mobile trade and other social events.
Under cottage development allocate plots near existing settlements on free (not used) lands. Cottage settlements can be used not only for seasonal, but also for permanent residence.
In accordance with clause 1.4. SNiP 2.07.01-89, all settlements, depending on the population, are divided into the following groups (Table 2):
Table 2. Groups of settlements by number of inhabitants
|
Settlement groups |
Population, thousand people |
|
|
Rural settlements |
||
|
The largest |
Over 1000 | |
|
Less than 0.05 |
||
The group of small towns also includes urban-type settlements.
The term "settlement" (settlement) has a broad interpretation in the literature. In the Dictionary of the Russian Language S.I. Ozhegov, a settlement is understood as "a settlement, as well as in general a place where someone lives, dwells." In turn, the locality is "the general name of the places where people live (city, village, town, etc.)". A number of authors propose to understand a settlement as "a place where people live compactly (in a certain limited area)."
According to other researchers, a settlement is "a place of permanent residence of people, adapted for life, economic activity and recreation, where housing, administrative and utility buildings are concentrated." Thus, the concepts of "settlement" and "settlement" practically coincide.
Until recently, federal legislation did not disclose the concept of "settlement", and also did not establish (and does not establish) the administrative-territorial structure and the procedure for changing it in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The reason for this is the assignment by the Federal Law of October 6, 1999 "On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation" issues of administrative-territorial structure to the number of powers of the legislative body of the subject of the Russian Federation.
From this, in turn, follows the problem of the relationship between the concept of "municipal formation" and the concept of "administrative-territorial unit". A municipal formation "may or may not be an administrative-territorial unit, and the mere presence of an administrative-territorial unit does not in itself necessarily entail the implementation of local self-government within its boundaries."
The boundaries in which local self-government is exercised may not always coincide with the boundaries of administrative-territorial units, therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "territory of a settlement" and "territory of a municipal formation". On the territory of a settlement there may be one municipal formation (“urban district”), and then these concepts coincide, but there may also be several municipal formations (“intra-urban territories”), or several settlements may be part of one municipal formation (“rural settlement”). "). Then these concepts have a different semantic load.
As noted in the scientific legal literature, “the laws of the subject of the Federation on the administrative-territorial division and the legislation regulating the territorial structure of local self-government operate in very close, but not coinciding planes. The institute of the administrative-territorial structure functions as the basis of state power, and the institution of the territorial structure of local self-government functions as an organization of municipal government. The vagueness of the definitions that determine the administrative-territorial division of the subject of the Federation and the territorial structure of the municipality has led to the actual mixing of these two different phenomena.
Indeed, it is difficult to deny the existence of a number of differences in the goals and objectives of the administrative-territorial division of the territory of a subject of the Russian Federation and the delimitation of its territory into a number of municipalities. At the same time, the establishment of a mismatched system of the internal structure of the subject of the Russian Federation entails a certain confusion and uncertainty. The appearance of the latter is largely due to the lack of uniformity in the approaches of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to determine the internal structure of their territory. The laws of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation establish that the boundaries of municipalities may not coincide with the boundaries of administrative-territorial units. In turn, both types of these boundaries may or may not coincide with the boundaries of settlements.
Thus, according to paragraph 1 of Article 8 of the Law of the Voronezh Region “On the administrative-territorial structure of the Voronezh Region and the procedure for changing it” dated October 27, 2006, the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units of the urban district, urban settlement may not coincide with the boundaries of the territorial units of the city or urban-type settlement. Based on Article 2 of the Law of the Rostov region "On the administrative-territorial structure of the Rostov region" dated July 25, 2005 No. 340-ZS (as amended on January 14, 2008), an administrative-territorial entity is an urban district or a municipal district within the boundaries and with the name established by the relevant regional law on the establishment of boundaries and conferring the status of a municipal formation.
Accordingly, one of the principles of the administrative-territorial structure is the coincidence of the boundaries and names of administrative-territorial entities, administrative-territorial units and the boundaries and names of the respective municipalities.
Since the administrative-territorial structure is assigned to the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the regions, there are different approaches to the definition of the concept of "settlement". In the laws of some constituent entities of the Russian Federation, a populated area is understood as “a part of the territory that has a concentrated development within the established border and serves as a permanent place of residence for the population.” In the laws of other subjects of the Russian Federation, a settlement is a part of a populated territory of an administrative-territorial unit that has concentrated development and serves as a permanent (including seasonal) place of residence for urban and rural residents.
In the third group of regions (Astrakhan region), a settlement is understood as a territory with concentrated development, serving as a place of residence for people, which was given a name in accordance with the procedure established by federal legislation, and assigned in accordance with Federal Law No. 152-FZ of December 18, 1997 " On the names of geographical objects” to geographical objects.
Thus, most of the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, when defining settlements, pay attention to two of their main features: territory and population. Previously, among such signs, additional attention was paid to the specialization of the activities of the majority of the population.
Until recently, there was a conflict situation in the legislation caused by the use of terminology, in which different federal laws invested unequal meanings. The fact is that the Land Code of the Russian Federation used the term “land of settlements” to designate a category of land, and the Federal Law “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” under “settlement” understood a variety of municipalities, which included both the lands of settlements proper , and land of other categories located within the boundaries of such municipalities.
Clarity in the use of this terminology was introduced only after the entry into force on January 1, 2007 of a federal law that changed a number of norms of the Land Code of the Russian Federation and renamed “land of settlements” into “land of settlements”. Therefore, according to Art. 83 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, lands of settlements are lands used and intended for the construction and development of settlements.
From this definition, it remains unclear what a “settlement” is, as well as what is the unified classification of settlements into types. According to Art. 131 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, local self-government is carried out in urban, rural settlements and other territories, taking into account historical and other local traditions. The named constitutional position is concretized by Art. 2 of the Federal Law “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” dated October 6, 2003, which subdivides municipalities into an urban or rural settlement, a municipal district, an urban district and an intra-urban territory of a city of federal significance.
Since there is no unified approach to the classification of settlements in the laws of the Russian Federation, we will try to formulate our own scientific classification of settlements into types on the following grounds.
First, in terms of population. Such a classification is carried out by the Federal Law “On the Enactment of the Land Code of the Russian Federation”, establishing a different redemption price for land in settlements with different populations (Article 2).
In addition, according to Article 11 of the Federal Law “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” dated October 6, 2003, the territory of a rural settlement may, as a rule, include one rural settlement or settlement with a population of more than 1000 people (for a territory with a high population density - more than 3,000 people) and (or) several rural settlements united by a common territory with a population of less than 1,000 people each (for a territory with a high population density - less than 3,000 people each).
Consequently, the presence of the specified number of inhabitants is the basis for the formation of a separate municipality with all the ensuing legal consequences (including land law).
Secondly, depending on the significance of the settlement in the management system, the federal and regional legislators distinguish between cities of federal significance (Moscow and St. Petersburg), regional (republican, regional, regional, etc.) significance, cities of regional significance, urban-type settlements , rural settlements.
Living in the last of these types of settlements gives citizens a number of benefits. Thus, according to paragraph 5 of Article 55 of the Federal Law of January 13, 1996 No. 12-FZ “On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” (as amended on December 1, 2007), teaching staff of educational institutions enjoy the right to receive a pension for years of service until they reach retirement age, to free living space with heating and lighting in rural areas, workers' settlements (urban-type settlements).
In accordance with Article 350 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, medical workers of healthcare organizations living and working in rural areas and in urban-type settlements, the duration of part-time work may be increased by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, adopted taking into account the opinion of the relevant all-Russian trade union and the all-Russian association of employers.
Thirdly, settlements differ based on the presence of specific environmental factors on their territory. Thus, there are a number of features of the legal status of settlements located within the boundaries of the ecological resort region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk), within the federal resort region of Anapa, settlements located on the territory of nature reserves and national parks. There are a number of features of the legal status of cities and villages located in the zone of ecological disaster, in the zone of protective measures around the facility for the storage of chemical weapons, etc.
Fourthly, based on the main research and production or other specialization of the settlement, one can single out “science cities”; urban and rural settlements located within the boundaries of the territory of closed administrative-territorial entities (for example, the city of Zaozersk in the Murmansk region, the village of Lokomotivny in the Chelyabinsk region), settlements - the location of the gambling business, etc.
As we have already noted above, the existing regional practice shows that in some cases the boundaries of a settlement and the boundaries of a municipality coincide; in other cases (and these are the majority), the composition of the municipality includes the actual settlement (s) and other territories adjacent to them. The latter situation follows from Article 11 of the Federal Law “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”, according to which the territory of an urban settlement may include one city or one village, and also, in accordance with the general plan of an urban settlement, territories intended for development its social, transport and other infrastructure (including the territories of settlements and rural settlements that are not municipalities). We observe a similar situation in the case of urban districts.
This approach is partly a consequence of the construction of a metropolitan city (urban agglomeration) that has long been developed in urban planning science. The need for its development is due to the fact that the creation of an urban agglomeration allows more rational use of available land for a more modern form of settlement, as well as solving the problem of integrated planning of city centers and their suburban areas, raising the architectural and planning organization of industrial and territorial complexes to a qualitatively new level, labor, life and recreation of the population living in them. Therefore, this category is necessary to improve urban planning for the development of territories.
One of the first in Russian legal science, G.V. Vypkhanova. In her opinion, an urban agglomeration is a complex natural-socio-economic system that includes “territorially and functionally interconnected, legally independent settlements (urban and rural), united around one or several large cities, within which a legally regulated complex arises. public relations".
Taking into account the modern urban planning legislation, there is a need for further development of this legal structure. We propose the following regulatory definition: “agglomeration is a set of territories of municipalities adjacent to a city of federal significance or the administrative center of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, intended by territorial planning documents of constituent entities of the Russian Federation to expand the capital of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and constituting with it a single economic, recreational and other space.”
At the same time, it should be emphasized that an agglomeration is not just a city with suburbs (urban district), but a somewhat different qualitative state of planning for the development of a city of federal significance or a regional (territorial, republican) center. The legal consolidation of an effective urban agglomeration around such cities, with the accompanying bringing their infrastructure to the standards of European cities, is the most important prerequisite for successful socio-economic development.
In the future, such agglomerations should take advantage of their geographical position on transport routes between different parts of the country, as well as between foreign countries. At the same time, the development of doctrinal ideas and normative consolidation of this legal category will inevitably lead to a discussion of the territorial relationship (and legal status) of the agglomeration and the suburban area. There are debatable issues here.
So, L.V. Ovchinnikova believes that “when establishing the boundaries of the territory of the municipality, it is necessary to resolve the contradiction that develops in the legislation when determining the regime of the suburban zone. If this zone (according to Article 86 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation) includes lands that are outside the boundaries of urban settlements and are not part of the lands of other settlements (that is, on an inter-settlement territory - outside the boundaries of settlements), then: a) it is difficult to find such territory, especially in a densely populated federal district; b) the management of the suburban area will be carried out exclusively "from above", without taking into account the interests of citizens living in the territory. It is proposed (along with the land concept of "suburban zone") to restore the status of a suburban municipality that has a common border with the city.
In our opinion, in this case, attention should be paid to the following circumstances. First, within the boundaries of, for example, the Southern Federal District with a high level of urbanization, the suburban area is indeed quite well populated. However, in the light of Article 11 of the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation", the suburban area is not at all an inter-settlement area. As follows from this article, the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation is delimited between settlements.
Territories with a low rural population density may not be included in the territory of settlements. Territories of this kind with a low population density are inter-settlement areas, entering "directly" into the composition of municipal districts. Secondly, the "suburban area" can either be part of the city district, or be outside its boundaries. In the first case, there are general rules for taking into account the opinion of the population when making decisions, for example, on changing the boundaries of municipalities, and such opinion of the population is taken into account in accordance with existing procedures.
If the “suburban zone” is not included in the boundaries of the urban district, then it is located on the territory of other municipalities, and it is very difficult to manage it “exclusively from above”. At the same time, in the latter case, we are just observing a set of "suburban municipalities that have a common border with the city." In this case, the concept of "agglomeration" is needed.
So, the Constitution of the Russian Federation and a number of federal laws divide all settlements of Russia into urban and rural. However, there is another approach to the classification of settlements, implemented in the All-Russian classifier of objects of administrative-territorial division OK 019-95 (hereinafter OKATO), which entered into force on January 1, 1997. OKATO delimits settlements into three levels, highlighting cities (federal, regional (regional, republican) district subordination), urban-type settlements, rural settlements. As urban-type settlements, workers, resort and summer cottages stand out in it.
OKATO is designed to ensure the reliability, comparability and automated processing of information in the context of the administrative-territorial division in such areas as statistics, economics and others. It seems that OKATO performs a predominantly statistical function, since it is intended to fix the objectively existing administrative-territorial division, as well as the names and status of settlements and administrative-territorial units, established earlier on the basis of other legal acts, mainly of the Soviet period.
This approach to the classification of settlements until recently was widely used by land and tax legislation in the 90s of the last century. Thus, in articles 70 and 71 of the Land Code of the RSFSR of April 25, 1991, settlements were divided into cities, workers, resorts, summer cottages and rural settlements. The basis for the division of settlements into workers, resorts and summer cottages was, as noted in scientific papers, "the nature of the labor activity of the population and the number of inhabitants."
According to Article 6 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On payment for land" dated October 11, 1991, land tax for land plots within rural settlements and outside their limits, provided to citizens for conducting personal subsidiary plots, gardening, horticulture, animal husbandry, haymaking and grazing, was charged from the entire area of the land at average tax rates for agricultural land administrative area. Land tax cities, workers, resort and holiday villages was levied on all enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens who own, own or use land plots at the rates established for urban lands(Article 7). The current tax legislation no longer provides for such differences.
Order of the Federal Agency for Real Estate Cadastre of June 29, 2007 No. P / 0152 “On Approval of Technical Recommendations for the State Cadastral Evaluation of Land in Settlements” identifies 27 types of settlements, including aul, settlements, town, dacha, resort village, township, microdistrict , planning area, siding, station, territory, ulus, etc. Without objecting in general to the variety of names of types of settlements, at the same time, we note that “microdistrict” or “planning area” as the name (type) of a settlement is an example of a not entirely successful approach. For example, a microdistrict, by definition, is only a part of a large settlement, for example, a city - a regional center.
In the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the classification of settlements into a number of types is carried out today within the framework of the administrative-territorial structure. The legislation of most constituent entities of the Russian Federation currently distinguishes between cities (of regional (krai, republican) and district significance, or without such specification); workers' settlements (urban-type settlements), dacha and resort settlements; rural settlements (village, village, village, farm, rural settlement, etc.).
Under the laws of most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, an urban settlement is understood to mean a settlement that, based on the size of the population, the nature of the occupation of the majority of its inhabitants, is classified in accordance with the procedure established by law to the category of cities or workers, resort and summer cottages. So, for example, in the Bryansk region, an urban settlement is understood as a settlement, which, based on the population, the nature of the occupation of the majority of its inhabitants, geographical, economic, historical and cultural significance, is classified in the manner prescribed by law as cities or towns. The features of the legal status of the regional center are also noted.
Regional laws classify cities of regional significance as settlements that are economic and cultural centers, have a developed industry and a population of 25,000 or more. The status of cities of district significance can be assigned to urban settlements with a population of at least 12 thousand people, of which at least 85 percent must be workers, employees (members of their families), which are industrial and cultural centers.
Settlements with a population of at least 3,000 people, on the territory of which there are industrial enterprises, railway junctions, enterprises for the processing of agricultural products and other economically important facilities, and with a share of non-agricultural employment of at least 85 percent of the able-bodied population .
Resort villages - settlements located in areas of medical importance, with a population of at least two thousand people, provided that the number of people who annually come to these settlements for treatment and recreation is at least 50 percent of the permanently resident population. Dacha settlements are settlements, the main purpose of which is to serve the population of cities as places for summer recreation.
As a general rule, holiday villages do not lose their character if part of the population permanently lives in them. Due to the small population, sometimes such settlements are not included in the lists of settlements of the municipality, which entails a number of serious civil legal consequences (for example, denial of state registration of rights to land plots, as happened with one of the owners of the land plot in dacha settlement of the Old Bolsheviks of the Naro-Fominsk region).
A rural settlement is a village, village, aul, farm and other settlement located in a rural area, which is not classified as an urban settlement, and whose inhabitants are mainly engaged in agricultural production. In a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the following gradation of such settlements has been carried out: a settlement is a large, large and medium-sized rural settlement; village - a large, medium and small rural settlement; railway station village - a large, large and medium-sized rural settlement located near a railway station; farm - medium and small rural settlement. Large is a rural settlement with a population of more than 3,000 people, large - from 1,000 to 3,000 people, medium - from 200 to 1,000 people, small - less than 200 people.
The laws of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation emphasize that in some cases, settlements with a smaller population that are of great socio-economic importance, the prospect of further economic development and population growth can be attributed to the category of cities of regional and district significance, workers, resorts and summer cottages. The procedure for classifying settlements as urban and rural, their transformation from one category of settlements to another, or any other change in their status is determined by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation on the basis of territorial planning documents of the subject of the Russian Federation and municipalities. The laws of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation provide for the grounds and procedure for changing the status of a settlement due to a change in population.
The assignment of settlements to the category of cities of regional and district significance or settlements is carried out by the representative authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Thus, in the Volgograd region, these decisions are made by the Volgograd regional Duma on the conclusion of the head of the administration of the Volgograd region on the basis of proposals from state bodies and (or) representative bodies of municipalities. Changing the status of settlements and rural settlements is also carried out through the adoption of resolutions of the Volgograd Regional Duma.
Thus, the legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation largely adopted the structure and criteria for dividing settlements into cities (of regional and district significance), workers, resort and summer cottages, and rural settlements that existed back in the USSR in the USSR. Note that back in the 1920s, Soviet land legislation divided all settlements into two categories: urban settlements and rural settlements. This classification excluded workers, resorts and summer cottages, the legal status of which was determined by special provisions. However, if we analyze the legal acts on the status of a working settlement, a dacha settlement, a resort settlement, we can find only slight differences in the legal regime in terms of planning and building features. Otherwise, their legal status did not differ.
As indicated in the above legal acts, lands were allocated to all three types of settlements on a common basis in the generally established order, and land relations in summer cottages, workers, resort settlements were regulated on the basis of the Regulations on land regulations in cities. Attention was also drawn to this circumstance in the legal literature, where, in particular, it was noted that "legislative acts do not distinguish between urban-type settlements and workers' settlements", and in a number of cases "the legislation of many Union republics classifies resort settlements as urban". Thus, initially the legislator equated the status of a worker, resort and holiday village with the status of an urban settlement and did not distinguish significant differences between the legal regime of a city and a worker, holiday, resort village.
In a separate normative act, the grounds and procedure for classifying settlements as cities (of regional, regional, republican subordination and local significance), workers' and resort settlements were formulated. For example, settlements at large factories, mines, mines, power plants, railway stations, construction of large hydraulic structures and other economically important facilities, with a population of at least 3 thousand people, if this population includes at least 85 % of workers, employees and members of their families.
The laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation adopted these norms, in most cases verbatim, despite the fact that the socio-economic, state-political situation in the country has fundamentally changed. In our opinion, the placement of settlements as part of rural settlements, implemented in a number of laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, deserves support, however, it is difficult to agree with the division of settlements as a category of settlements into two parts - into workers, resorts (and in a number of regions also dachas) and settlements. classified as rural settlements. The division of settlements into types seems redundant. Otherwise, it becomes necessary to reflect, through the introduction of new names of settlements, the modern realities of the formation of places of compact residence of citizens in the suburbs - cottage settlements, etc.
Meanwhile, objectively there are certain legal differences, on the one hand, in the status of a city, and on the other hand, in the status of a settlement and a rural settlement. First, the fundamental difference lies in the fact that cities, as a rule, are independent municipalities (or several municipalities have been created on the territory of the city - intracity territories). In them, the representative and executive bodies of local self-government of the city have the right to independently dispose of municipal property in accordance with applicable law, including land property.
At the same time, settlements and rural settlements are usually not independent municipalities, but are part of rural settlements as municipalities, administratively subordinate to the head of the local self-government body and do not, for example, have their own budget, municipal property, etc.
So, according to Art. 6 of the Charter of the Volgograd Region, on its territory there are 6 cities of regional significance and 33 administrative districts, including cities of district significance, village councils and other territorial units. Settlements and rural settlements located in these areas are not municipalities, but are independent settlements.
It seems that one locality cannot be part of another - in this case, its legal status changes. However, federal, regional and municipal regulations are not always consistent with this conclusion. According to Article 2 of the Law of St. Petersburg dated June 7, 2005 No. 237-ZO "On the organization of local self-government in St. Petersburg", the intracity municipality of St. Petersburg is part of the territory of the federal city of St. Petersburg (municipal district, city, settlement), within the boundaries of which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elected bodies of local self-government. Thus, the composition of the city of federal significance includes some other cities and towns.
Similar examples can be given for other subjects of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, in our opinion, the identification of the concepts of a microdistrict and a settlement is not permissible. It seems logical that if a village or a settlement is included in the boundaries of a city, it should change its legal status and become a street, microdistrict or other administrative part of the city. Therefore, the boundaries of administrative-territorial units (i.e., the boundaries of cities of regional, regional, republican significance) and the boundaries of the corresponding municipalities should coincide, which will prevent the terminological confusion that exists today, in terms of the possibility of finding one settlement within another.
At the same time, it seems reasonable to take into account the historical and cultural traditions on the territory of an urban district or other municipality associated with the names of individual localities that are part of it. For example, on the territory of the city of Volgograd, there are several “settlements” that are administratively part of the corresponding districts of the city, but are traditionally referred to by residents and local authorities as settlements, for example, Nizhny Settlement (on the territory of the Traktorozavodsky District) or the settlement named after. M. Gorky (part of the Soviet district of the city of Volgograd).
A number of authors distinguish, in addition, such settlements as Metallurgov (Krasnooktyabrsky district), Nizhnyaya Elshanka, Kuporosny (Sovetsky district), Beketovka (Kirov district) and others. This name was given to “settlements” at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, when the center of the city of Tsaritsyn was intensively developing, and places of resettlement of workers were formed on the outskirts. These names, of course, are of historical and cultural value, which can be reflected in the names of city transport stops, but the indication in regulatory legal acts of such a division of the city seems unreasonable.
Significant differences in the legal regime of lands of cities, towns and rural settlements lie in different land tax rates for land plots of the same size and quality located in cities (towns) and rural settlements (due to their different cadastral value, as a percentage of which land tax is calculated), which is due to purely economic reasons.
Thus, the status of the settlement and the division of settlements into workers, resorts and summer cottages is controversial. The legislator of the Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation in some cases equates settlements with cities, in other cases - with rural settlements. There are also no fundamental legal differences between various subspecies of urban-type settlements - workers, resort and summer cottages, for example, in terms of the grounds for acquiring and terminating rights to land plots, turnover of land plots, land protection, etc. At the same time, the validity of the very division of settlements into categories of urban and rural should be recognized.
In some cases, the federal legislator directly addresses legal norms to specific types of settlements. Thus, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the status of Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of the Russian Federation and full holders of the Order of Glory" dated January 15, 1993 provides for the free receipt by the named categories of citizens of land plots of 0.20 hectares in cities and urban-type settlements and 0.40 hectares in countryside. Normative acts delimiting the legal status of urban and rural settlements have been adopted not only at the federal level, but also in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In this regard, the division of settlements into urban and rural seems to be justified by a certain specificity of land use in them. If in cities the main purpose of land use is the placement of industrial, residential, cultural, public and business and other similar facilities, then in rural areas the main goal is the rational placement of household plots, areas for grazing livestock, as well as agricultural production within the boundaries of rural settlements .
Therefore, the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should take into account the specifics of land use in urban and rural settlements when developing documents for territorial planning and urban planning zoning, in particular, in order to ensure that, when allocating land plots, their maximum (limit) sizes for agricultural use in urban and rural settlements differed significantly in favor of rural.
Summing up, we will formulate a modern scientific legal definition of a settlement and lands of settlements.
Locality- a part of the territory of Russia that has a name, concentrated development and serves as a place of residence for people, subdivided into urban and rural settlements.
Lands of settlements- a category of land in the land fund of Russia, which is a spatial and operational basis for the placement of residential, industrial, public and business, recreational and other life support facilities of the population in accordance with the requirements of urban planning, environmental and land legislation, separated by established boundaries from lands of other categories.
By type of settlement settlements are subdivided as follows: (on maps
their names are in different fonts):
Urban-type settlements (working, resort and other settlements);
etc., not officially classified as urban-type settlements;
Settlements of rural and dacha type (villages, villages, villages, kishlaks, auls), as well as
separate yards.
On the maps, their names are distinguished by different font patterns (Fig. 7.5).
Rice. 7.5. Displaying the type of settlement on topographic maps:
dreams- city; New
- urban village; Elbow
- village
rural type
By population settlements are divided into the following gradations:
Cities with population:
1,000,000 or more
from 500,000 to 1,000,000
from 100,000 to 500,000
from 50,000 to 100,000
from 10,000 to 50,000
from 2,000 to 10,000
less than 2,000
Urban-type settlements with the number of inhabitants:
2,000 or more
less than 2000
Settlements at industrial enterprises, railway stations, marinas
etc., not officially classified as urban-type settlements, with the number of inhabitants:
1,000 or more
from 100 to 1,000
less than 100
Settlements of rural and dacha type with the number of inhabitants:
1,000 or more
from 500 to 1,000
from 100 to 500
less than 100
separate yards
The number of inhabitants in settlements is established according to the main cartographic
materials using the latest administrative-territorial directories
and lists. Census data of settlements are necessarily involved.
The number of inhabitants is displayed on the maps in font height. On old maps under the name
settlements of rural type indicate the number of households, and on new ones - the number
inhabitants in thousands with rounding (Fig. 7.6):
with the number of inhabitants less than 1,000 - up to 0.01 thousand.
from 1,000 to 100,000 - up to 0.1
over 100,000 - up to as many as thousands.
For example, if the number of inhabitants is 1,212,345, 17,145, 40, respectively, signatures are given
1212; 17,1; 0,04.
Rice. 7.6. Indication of the number of inhabitants in settlements of rural type:
a
- on new topographic maps in thousandths;
b
- on old maps indicating the number of yards
Political and administrative significance settlements displayed on maps
highlighting the capitals of states, administrative centers and settlements in which
ryh local authorities are located.
In addition, on these maps, the name of the settlement is underlined with one
nominal names with the names of railway stations, marinas (Fig. 7.7).
Rice. 7.7. Locality Karelino,
eponymous
with the name of the railway station
The nature of the layout. When depicting settlements on topographic
maps necessarily show their layout. Cities may have regular, irregular
new and mixed layouts.
Typical for modern cities is regular
pla
alignment: rectangular, radial and combined.
Variations of these plans
shown in fig. 7.8.
Re2
ular layout
- quarters have the shape of regular geometric shapes
and relatively straight streets.
Nere2
ular layout
- quarters can have arbitrary shape and size, on
the presence of narrow and crooked streets.
mixed layout- part of the city has a regular layout, and the other part -
irregular.
direct2 free layout - all streets in the city are mutually perpendicular.
Radial layout All streets are directed towards the city center.
Combined layout- part of the city has a radial structure, and the other
part is rectangular.
Rice. 7.8. Types of city plans:
a- regular (rectangular); b- radial; in- combined
naya; 2 - irregular; d- mixed
The structure of settlements of rural type is:
quarterly- represents the correct quarters, mutually separated
perpendicular streets. The built-up part of the quarters runs along the streets.
Private- represents buildings stretched out in one row with adjacent
on the one hand homestead lands.
Precinct- represents groups of courtyards placed in disorder throughout
area occupied by the town.
The nature of the location of settlements of rural type on the ground depends on the geo
graphic landscape. They can be located along river valleys, along ravines, along the banks
lakes and seas, at crossroads, etc. (Fig. 7.9).
a -- quarterly; b- ordinary; in- precinct placement;
2 - a settlement in a mountain valley and near a lake
Rice. 7.9. Types of development of settlements of rural type:
d
- settlement along the ravine and watershed
Random development rural-type settlements are shown by conventional signs
individual buildings. With a large number of buildings, they are selected, while
first of all, industrial enterprises, public buildings (school
ly, hospitals) and the largest buildings. Making a generalization of such a populated
point, you must keep all edge buildings, regardless of their size, so that you
divide the area occupied by this settlement (Fig. 7.10).
Rice. 7.10. An example of an image of a rural-type settlement with unsystematic buildings:
a b
in
Dispersed development rural-type settlements is shown by conventional signs
kami of individual yards. The selection of yards is carried out similarly to unsystematic building.
Edge yards are also retained to highlight the total area occupied by the data.
settlement (Fig. 7.11).
a- on a map at a scale of 1:25,000; b- on a map at a scale of 1:50,000
Rice. 7.11. An example of an image of a rural-type settlement with dispersed buildings:
in
- on a map at a scale of 1:100,000
The dispersed type of settlement is characterized by the fact that individual residential buildings
ki are located at a considerable distance from each other (more than 50 m). This type is typical
for Abkhazia, Central Asia.
On topographic maps, as a rule, all settlements should be shown.
you. When creating maps at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 for densely populated areas with pain
With the number of individual yards, some of the yards may not be shown. On maps, created
moved to uninhabited and sparsely populated areas, all buildings are shown, including those not
residential.
On maps of scales 1:25,000 and 1:50,000, fire resistant
buildings (stone
nye, brick, reinforced concrete) by pouring orange, non-fire resistant
(wooden,
adobe, etc.) - with a yellow fill. On maps at a scale of 1:100,000, the nature of fire
the stability of buildings is not shown (Fig. 7.12).
Rice. 7.12. An example of an image of a rural-type settlement:
a- on a map at a scale of 1:25,000; b
- on a map at a scale of 1:50,000;
in
- on a map at a scale of 1:100,000
In large cities with a population of more than 50,000, the oran is distinguished by the background color.
yellow-colored neighborhoods with dense buildings. Densely built-up areas include
quarters or parts thereof, in which the distances between buildings, as a rule, are not more than 50 m.
In other cities with less than 50,000 inhabitants, neighborhoods are filled in black.
colors (Fig. 7.13).
Rice. 7.13. An example of the image of cities on maps at a scale of 1: 100,000:
a- a large city with a population of more than 50,000 people; b
- small town
with less than 50,000 inhabitants
The compilation of settlements is carried out in a certain sequence.
(Fig. 7.14):
1. First, objects are applied that are economically important or have a value
landmarks (industrial enterprises, tower-type structures, churches, monuments
nicknames).
2. An image of the outer contour, main and main streets is given.
3. Image of minor streets and driveways.
4. Intra-quarter buildings - buildings and structures in quarters are shown.
5. Filling in the contours of the lands with conventional signs.
Rice. 7.14. The procedure for compiling a settlement
When compiling settlements of all three scales, it is necessary to accurately preserve
nenie outlines and position of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and quarters.
The concept of "street" includes the carriageway and sidewalks, green spaces between
them and landscaping elements (lanterns, crossing signs, fences, etc.).
On a map at a scale of 1:25,000, all streets, driveways and dead ends are shown. On the map
headquarters 1:50 000 some minor streets are not shown if their display interferes
correct display of buildings. On a 1:100,000 scale map, selection of streets and dead ends
produced depending on the size of the quarters of settlements.
Minor streets and cul-de-sacs are eliminated by merging small blocks
into larger ones. At the same time, it is necessary to preserve the layout, shape and size of the quarters.
On a map at a scale of 1:25,000, when depicting quarters of cities and towns of the city
type, all buildings and structures in them are shown if the distances between them are not
less than 0.3 mm. If the distance is less than the specified value, then the buildings should be
call with selection. Outstanding buildings are applied first, then buildings,
having large dimensions, as well as located at the intersections of streets and on the outskirts of
settlements. Examples of generalization of the image of building blocks in cities
and settlements of dacha and rural type are shown in fig. 7.15, 7.16.
Rice. 7.15. Generalization of the image of development in small towns and urban settlements
type in scale:
a - 1:10 000; b - 1:25 000; in- 1:50 000; g - 1:100 000
Rice. 7.16. Generalization of the image of development in dacha and rural settlements
in scale:
a - 1:10 000; b - 1:25 000; in- 1:50 000; g - 1:100 000
These maps also highlight parks, squares, fruit, berry and citrus orchards,
vineyards, sports grounds, as well as wastelands in the quarters of settlements.
Signatures of the names of settlements. All plotted settlements should
indicate their official name. On a 1:100,000 scale map, you can leave without
signatures of names of settlements with less than 50 inhabitants, if their signatures
on this site can not be placed due to the large overload of the map.
1. What are the requirements for the image of settlements on a large
large-scale topographic maps?
2. How are settlements classified when they are depicted on a large scale?
headquarters topographic maps?
3. How is the type of settlement transmitted on large-scale topographic
maps?
4. How are cities, urban-type settlements and rural-type settlements divided according to
the number of inhabitants?
5. How is the number of inhabitants transmitted on maps at a scale of 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:100,000?
6. What is the difference between showing the number of inhabitants in rural-type settlements on old maps
and new?
7. What names of settlements are underlined in the name?
8. What layouts can cities have?
9. What is the difference between regular city planning and irregular planning?
10. What is the difference between mixed and combined city planning?
11. What types of buildings are there in rural-type settlements?
12. Describe the unsystematic development of a rural-type settlement.
13. Give a description of the dispersed development of a rural settlement
14. How is the selection of settlements on maps of these scales?
15. In what sequence is the settlement compiled on the maps of these masses
headquarters?
16. How are streets, driveways and dead ends selected?
17. How are prominent buildings shown?
18. Up to what scale, inclusive, is the fire resistance of quarters shown? How is she
transmitted on cards?
19. What does the orange color of quarters mean on topographic scale maps
20. How is the selection of buildings within the quarters of settlements?
21. How are densely built-up parts of quarters shown?
22. How is the selection of buildings in unsystematic building?
23. How is the selection of detached yards when depicting settlements
Comrade with dispersed buildings?
24. Which settlements on maps of scale 1:100,000 can be left without
pisi?
7.4. Depiction of communication routes and their generalization
On topographic maps, roads are subdivided according to the mode of movement, mat
rial coverage, conditions of patency and throughput.
Topographic maps show:
Railways;
Monorails and cableways, funiculars and bremsbergs, tram lines
and ground sections of metro lines;
Highways, paved roads and highways from
cover;
Unsurfaced or improved dirt roads, unpaved, field
and forest roads;
Caravan routes, pack and hiking trails, winter roads;
Railway facilities (stations and metro stations, sidings, boards
forms, stopping points, railway stations, depots, roadblocks, semaphores and lights
tophoras, etc.);
Bridges, tunnels, flyovers, viaducts, embankments and cuts;
Pipes, pedestrian bridges, paved road exits, fascinated sections of roads,
gati, rowing;
Mountain passes, fences and casings along the roads.
The following requirements are imposed on maps of all three scales:
1. Correctly convey the density of the road network.
2. Accurately convey the location of the roads.
3. Correctly show the class of each road and its condition.
4. Clearly show road intersections, road sections near bridges, crossings and places where
difficult detour.
5. Show in detail the road structures that characterize the equipment of the roads,
serving as guidelines.
6. The axis of the conventional road sign must exactly correspond to the axis of its image on
cartographic material.
7. The image of the roads must be consistent with the image of other elements with
holding a card.
Land routes according to the method of movement are divided into rail
and trackless
. Railroads include railways, cableways, funica
lers and bremsbergs, tram lines and ground sections of subway lines.
Railways shown on maps subdivided by track gauge (width
coil-gauge with a track width of 1435 mm or more, in the Russian Federation - 1524 mm) and narrow-gauge with a track width of
gauge less than 1435 mm); by the number of tracks for one-, two- and multi-track; by type of traction - electric
trified and others and according to the condition of the canvas - operating, under construction, dismantled
nye (Figure 7.17).
Rice. 7.17. Depiction of railroads and structures on large-scale topographic maps
maps:
a- single-track, double-track, triple-track; b- electrified: single-track, double-track
nye, three-track; in- narrow gauge railways and tram lines; g - hanging up
horns and funiculars; e - railway stations
In addition, monorail railways, tram lines are also shown.
(a common symbol with narrow gauge railways), cableways, funi
coolers (railways on steep slopes, in the mountains with cable traction) and bremsbergs, on
ground sections of subway lines.
If the railway line passes through the settlement, then it is shown without
gap, and if necessary, you can reduce the thickness of the sign.
The maps show all railway stations, sidings, platforms and
new items. If the stations are located outside the settlements, then it necessarily gives
is their name. Semaphores and traffic lights are shown on a map at a scale of 1:25,000.
Highways when depicted on maps, they are divided into motorways, highways
gyi with improved surface and paved roads, on improved unpaved
roads, dirt (country) roads, field and forest roads, caravan routes
and pack trails, hiking trails (see subsection 5.3). Special conventional signs
paved roads and winter roads (Fig. 7.18).
Rice. 7.18. An example of road classification on large-scale topographic maps:
a- highways; b- roads with improved surface; in- highways with
coated; d - improved dirt roads; e - roads with a wooden surface;
e- unpaved roads and hard-to-reach sections of roads; well- field and forest roads;
h- winter roads
Highways, paved roads and highways from
coverage are shown on the maps of these scales, all, regardless of the density of the road
networks. Improved dirt roads are also shown, as a rule, all, only with
when setting maps at a scale of 1:100,000, roads of small length may be excluded.
Dirt (country) roads are usually plotted on maps at a scale of 1:25,000
all. On maps of scales 1:50,000 and 1:100,000, roads are plotted with selection, if in a given
The area has a dense network of roads. When drawing roads of lower classes, preference is given to:
1. Roads that provide communication between settlements and railway stations
stations, marinas, airfields and high-class roads.
2. Roads that are a continuation of the main passages in settlements.
3. All roads that lead to water sources, through passes to state
borders or along borders.
4. Connecting settlements by the shortest distance.
5. Roads that have the best driving conditions and have a smoother
profile.
When compiling roads, the features of the mapped territory must be taken into account.
rhetoric. For example, winter roads are shown only on maps created on a small scale.
residential and hard-to-reach areas where there are no higher-class roads and travel
available only in winter.
On maps created for sparsely populated, mountainous and desert areas with a sparse network
roads, all caravan routes and pack trails are shown.
Hiking trails are shown when depicting hard-to-reach areas (mountains,
tender forests, thickets of bushes, swamps), where there are no other means of communication.
The generalization of the contour of the roads is practically not done. Generalization is allowed for iso
winding roads in the mountains, when all the meanders cannot be conveyed, while it is necessary
Dimo save all the main turns of the roads.
In addition to the main roads on the maps, fascinated
road sections, gati
and rowing
with a length of at least 2 mm.
fascines- are bundles of brushwood laid on longitudinal beds
and pressed by poles; from above, the fascines are covered with earth or sand.
Gati - solid floorings of logs, placed on brushwood or poles.
Rowing- low mounds of soil, stones, and sand.
Sometimes all these primitive structures along the roads have local names, for example
measures pavement.
If the roads cross mountain ranges, then it is necessary to show passes with captions.
with their height marks and accessibility period, for example: (GU-X), i.e. the pass is accessible
from April to October. The main passes should be highlighted with a larger size of the sign
and signatures.
When depicting motorways and roads, their technical characteristics are signed
ristic: pavement width (for motorways - the width of one lane and the number of
los), the width of the road with shoulders (for motorways) and the pavement material, and also denotes
the boundary of the change of the coating material. The coating material is indicated by conditional abbreviations
signed by:
A - asphalt concrete, asphalt
B - cobblestone
B m - bitumen-mineral mixture
B r - paving stones
G - gravel
K - chipped stone
C - cement concrete
Shch - crushed stone
Sh l - slag
When depicting improved dirt roads, only the width of the passage is signed
part of the road.
Images of highways and motorways are labeled with road numbers, as well as
allocate numbers of trans-trunk routes (European, Asian, etc.). Rooms
are determined by the latest road maps and road atlases (Fig. 7.19).
At exits outside the frame of the map sheet of conventional road signs, their direction is signed
inscription: the signature of the own name of the nearest settlement is given and the
distance in kilometers (Fig. 7.19)
The order and rules of the compilation of roads. Roads on maps of given scales are always
arranged in order from highest class to lowest. Railways and roads
are worked out immediately on the entire sheet, and the rest are made up in separate sections.
First, road structures are drawn up, the conventional signs of which are interrupted
image of the road (for example, railway stations, tunnels, bridges). Then the composition
The road itself is laid, and only after that all other road structures are applied.
When depicting roads, it is necessary to ensure that the axis of the symbol of the road
exactly corresponded to the axis of its image on the cartographic material. Vectorization
roads are made strictly along the axis of the conventional sign of the road.
Violation of this rule is allowed only in the event that a merger has occurred
roads with other objects. If, when compiling roads on a smaller scale, about
the confluence of the road with the shore of a river, lake or sea has come out, then the conventional sign of the road is displaced.
If there is a confluence of two roads, then the conventional sign of the lower class road is shifted.
Rice. 7.19. Indication of road numbers and their directions on topographic maps
With special care, turns and intersections of roads are worked out on the map. iso
Road markings should be consistent with the depiction of other content elements.
maps (hydrography, settlements, etc.).
Questions and tasks for self-control
1. What types of roads are shown on large-scale topographic maps?
2. How are railways classified?
3. What are the requirements for the image of roads?
4. How is the line of the railway passing through the settlement shown?
5. How are railway stations shown? Which stations subscribe?
6. How are automobile and dirt roads classified?
7. How is the selection of dirt and field roads on maps at a scale of 1:100,000?
8. Taking into account what the road configuration is transmitted?
9. What is the characteristic of motorways and highways?
10. How are the signatures of numbers and characteristics of roads given?
11. What road structures are given on maps of these scales?
12. Which low-class roads are preferred in their generalization?
13. When are winter roads shown?
14. What are fascines, gati, rowing?
15. What is the characteristic of roads crossing mountain ranges?
16. What is signed at the exits outside the frame of the map sheet of the main roads?
17. In what sequence are roads compiled?
18. In what case can the axis of the road be moved relative to its position on
original cartographic material?
7.5. Relief image and its generalization
on large-scale topographic maps
The relief on the maps of all three scales is depicted horizontal lines, conventional signs
mi
cliffs, rocks, ravines, gullies, screes, etc. and elevation marks.
Rel image
efa is supplemented with labels of absolute and relative heights of characteristic points locally
sti, signatures of horizontal lines and indicators of the direction of slopes (bergstrokes)
(See subsections 5.4, 5.4.1).
As a result of the fact that large-scale topographic maps are used for
detailed study and assessment of the terrain and various calculations and measurements on
him, then the most stringent requirements are imposed on the image of the relief:
1. It is necessary to visually convey the nature of the relief and the degree of its dissection.
2. Accurately display the location, size and shape of terrain irregularities, character
characterizing its patency, camouflage and protective properties, as well as the possibility of ori
orientation on the ground.
3. Visually and correctly convey the morphological features of various types
relief (plain-erosive, hilly-morainic, mountainous, karst, volcanic,
sand relief, etc.).
4. Accurately and clearly convey the main orographic lines and points (watersheds,
thalwegs, ledges, peaks, saddles, etc.).
5. Correctly and clearly display the direction of the slopes, their steepness, as well as sharp
surface disturbances (cliffs, ravines and gullies, bedrock outcrops, etc.).
6. Arrange elevation marks in such a way that it is possible to quickly determine
dividing the absolute heights of terrain points and the excess of some points over others.
When depicting the relief with horizontal lines, it is very important to choose the right height
relief sections. The main height of the section is set depending on the nature
topography of the mapped area. Within one sheet of the map, the main height of the
cheniya does not change.
On topographic maps, according to
honeycomb section (Table 7.4).
Settlement - a place of permanent or temporary residence of people. This is a territory built up with residential and industrial buildings, cultural and community facilities.
The separation of industrial labor from agricultural labor led to the emergence of two main types of settlements - urban and rural. In different countries, various quantitative characteristics have been adopted, according to which a particular settlement is classified as urban or rural. However, the main differences between them are not so much in the number of inhabitants, but in the functions (economic, cultural, administrative and political) that the settlement performs. In Latvia, for example, all settlements with more than 2,000 inhabitants are considered urban, but in Moldova, a significant proportion of the population lives in villages with more than 5,000 inhabitants.
The study of the city requires a special combination of knowledge in the field not only of geography, but also of history, art and architecture, etc. Everyone can discover some new features in his city that no one has yet revealed. Economic geography also plays an important role in this.
What is required to understand the economic and geographical features of a modern city?
It is important to understand and evaluate its economic and geographical position, to establish the origin of the name. It is also necessary to trace the development of the city, the growth in the number and changes in the composition of its inhabitants, the increase in the territory it occupies.
It is necessary to determine the economic specialization of the city and its place in the single economic complex of the country. Therefore, its transport and economic ties with other cities and regions are necessarily studied. Finally, it is very interesting to find out the prospects for the further development of my native city.
By population, cities are divided into small (up to 50 thousand inhabitants), medium (up to 100 thousand inhabitants) and large (more than 100 thousand inhabitants). The growth in the number of cities with a population of over 500,000 gave rise to the category of super-large, or largest, cities. In 1917, there were only 2 of them in our country, and according to the 1979 population census, there were already 45. Cities with a population of more than a million people are real giants.
Our country has really become a country of big cities. In total, they are home to about 50 million people, or almost 40% of the population. The share of small and medium-sized cities, urban-type settlements accounts for about 30 million people, or approximately 22% of the country's population.
A big city is at the same time a large industrial center, an administrative, scientific and cultural center, and a powerful transport hub. With rare exceptions, all the capitals of the autonomous republics, regional and regional centers are large cities. At the same time, the other part of the big cities, not being officially one or another administrative center, nonetheless perform important organizational and economic functions in relation to a particular area.
Big cities accumulate not only material and spiritual values. They also multiply shortcomings and give rise to a number of complex scientific and technical problems. One of the main ones is the preservation of a healthy human environment.
Small and medium cities- a support and a lever for the transformation of rural settlement, an important tool for overcoming the differences between the city and the countryside. At the same time, they are a means of regulating large cities, which are threatened with excessive growth.
One of the most important features of the modern life of people in many countries of the world is connected with cities. Their growth, the increase in the proportion of city dwellers in the population, the spread of the urban way of life to the countryside - all this is called urbanization.
On the territory of Russia, as well as throughout the planet, cities were distributed unevenly. In the north and east of our country, they are separated from each other at very respectful distances. A different picture is around the largest cities in populated areas, where powerful territorial production complexes have already formed, as well as at the main port "entrances and exits" from the country. There is a close proximity of large and small cities. The gap between them is reduced to a few kilometers. Sometimes neighboring cities get so close that they seem to grow into each other. In a continuous strip along sections of railways of considerable length, urban settlements in the Moscow region stretch without interruption. Here are the real constellations of cities.
Groups and clusters of cities that are closely located and closely related in labor, cultural and domestic terms are called agglomerations. More than 80% of all citizens of the country live in them.
Rural settlements- These are settlements with a relatively small number of inhabitants, most of whom are engaged in agriculture. Rural settlements also include such settlements where residents are employed in forestry, in transport services, etc. The size of rural settlements ranges from tiny, with up to 10 inhabitants, to giant villages with a population of 5 or more thousand inhabitants.
The cooperation of small peasant farms and the creation of powerful agricultural enterprises gave impetus to the concentration of the rural population in large villages and towns. This process makes it possible to successfully solve the problem of undesirable differences between the city and the countryside. In each of the hundreds of thousands of villages and villages in our country, it is far from always economically feasible to build water supply and sewerage systems, establish electricity and gas supplies, even have a school and a club, a library and a shop. All this is available only to large modern rural settlements.
Deepening the specialization of agriculture, its concentration and mechanization, and the creation of agro-industrial complexes can only be achieved on the basis of large rural settlements. That is why the main direction of improving the existing system of resettlement of rural residents in many regions of the country, for example, in the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia, is the transition from a network of small settlements to settlements that are much larger in size and with a higher level of improvement.
In geographic local history, rural settlements are studied as an integral part of larger and more complex objects. An analysis of the location of settlements within the boundaries of this economy is carried out, an assessment of the economic and geographical position of the central estate is given, and the significance of each settlement is clarified. It is necessary to collect information on the number of inhabitants, their age composition, employment by certain types of agricultural labor. It is desirable to have such data in dynamics, i.e., for a sufficiently long series of years. The analysis is completed by the characterization of cultural and living conditions and the prospects for their improvement in the countryside.
Such a study of rural settlements makes it possible to trace socio-economic changes in the countryside, helps to identify the most promising settlements for further growth and development.
- The concept and composition of the lands of settlements
- The concept of a settlement under the legislation of the Russian Federation
1. The concept and composition of the lands of settlements
According to paragraph 1 of Art. 83 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, lands of settlements are lands used and intended for the construction and development of settlements.The main feature is their location - these lands are separated from the lands of other categories by the boundaries of urban, rural settlements. The boundaries of settlements are displayed on the master plan of the urban district, settlement, as well as the territorial planning scheme of the municipal district. The boundaries of urban, rural settlements cannot cross the boundaries of municipalities or go beyond their boundaries, as well as cross the boundaries of land plots provided to citizens or legal entities.
The second sign of the lands of this category is their intended purpose - this is the development and development of urban and rural settlements.
Types of territorial zones are listed in paragraph 1 of Art. 85 ZK RF. These include:
residential,
public and business,
production,
engineering and transport infrastructures,
recreational,
agricultural use,
special purpose, etc.
Local self-government bodies may establish other types of territorial zones, allocated taking into account functional zones and features of the use of land plots and capital construction projects.
In residential areas of settlements, it is allowed to place free-standing, built-in or attached objects of social and domestic purposes, healthcare facilities, general education, places of worship, parking lots of vehicles, garages and other objects associated with the residence of citizens and not having a negative impact on the environment.
Public and business zones of settlements are intended to accommodate healthcare facilities, culture, trade, public catering, social and domestic purposes, business activities, secondary vocational and higher vocational education facilities, administrative, research institutions, places of worship, parking lots road transport, business, financial facilities and others related to the life of citizens. The list of capital construction objects permitted for placement in public and business areas may include residential buildings, hotels, underground or multi-storey garages. In industrial zones, zones of engineering and transport infrastructures, utility and storage facilities, housing and communal services, transport, wholesale trade facilities can be located. The agricultural use zones may include land plots occupied by agricultural land, agricultural facilities and intended for agricultural and dacha farming, horticulture, personal subsidiary plots, development of agricultural facilities.
Recreational areas may include areas occupied by urban forests, squares, parks, city gardens, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, beaches used and intended for recreation, tourism, physical culture and sports. In settlements, zones of specially protected territories may be allocated, which include land plots of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health-improving and other especially valuable value.
Special purpose zones may include territories occupied by cemeteries, crematoria, animal burial grounds, consumer waste disposal facilities and other facilities, the placement of which can only be ensured by allocating these zones and is unacceptable in other territorial zones. The composition of various territorial zones may include land plots (territories) of common use, occupied by squares, streets, driveways, highways, embankments, squares, boulevards, water bodies, beaches and other objects that are freely used by an unlimited number of people. A single social, natural and economic territory with the lands of settlements are suburban areas located outside the boundaries of settlements. In suburban areas, areas of agricultural production, recreation areas for the population, reserve lands for the development of the city are allocated. The boundaries and legal regime of suburban areas, with the exception of suburban areas of federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, are approved and amended by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2. The concept of a settlement under the legislation of the Russian Federation
The current legislation does not contain the concept of "settlement". Federal Law "On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation" dated October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ gives the concepts of urban and rural settlements:
An urban settlement is a city or a settlement in which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elected and other bodies of local self-government;
Rural settlement - one or several rural settlements united by a common territory, in which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elected and other local self-government bodies.
Thus, from the text of the law it follows that settlements are
- cities
- urban districts
- urban districts with intracity division
- settlements
- villages, villages, villages, farms, kishlaks, auls and other rural settlements.
