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Nobel Prize winners (Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich, Louis Pasteur) Teacher of history and social science at Moscow School of Education No. 16 of Yakutsk Polushina Albina Alekseevna
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Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) - Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the theory of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, creator of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member ( 1902) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1888 at the Pasteur Institute (Paris). Together with N. F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Opened (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In the works "Immunity in infectious diseases" (1901) he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms. Proceedings on the problem of aging. Nobel Prize (1908, together with P. Ehrlich).
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There, under the influence of the famous zoologist A. O. Kovalevsky, Mechnikov became a convinced Darwinist. In an effort to prove on the basis of the theory of evolution the relationship of animals of all species, he, together with Kovalevsky, developed the principles of a new science - comparative embryology. The discoveries of Mechnikov and Kovalevsky were noted by the scientific community. In 1867 they received the first-class Karl Baer Prize for outstanding work in embryology.
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At the age of 22, Mechnikov defended his dissertation and became a master of zoology at the Novorossiysk University in Odessa. However, soon, not getting along with his superiors, he left for St. Petersburg. But here, too, his quarrelsome character made itself felt - having run for the military medical academy, Ilya Ilyich returned to Odessa, having managed to defend his doctoral dissertation in the capital.
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In 1887, at the invitation of Pasteur, with whom he entered into correspondence, Mechnikov came to Paris. He worked at the Pasteur Institute until the end of his life (he died on July 15, 1916) and earned the recognition of C. Darwin, I. M. Sechenov and others. 19th century Russia was threatened by a cholera epidemic, he did a lot to fight the disease. Repeatedly participated in expeditions to the Kalmyk steppes, where natural foci of plague were common. Mechnikov was an honorary member of the Royal Society of London, the Paris Medical Academy, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy.
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The French scientist, Louis Pasteur, became a man who made a breakthrough in medicine and immunology in particular. He was the first to prove that diseases, which are now called infectious, can only occur as a result of the penetration of microbes into the body from the external environment. This brilliant discovery formed the basis of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis, giving a new round in the development of surgery, obstetrics and medicine in general.
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Thanks to his research, not only the causative agents of infectious diseases were discovered, but effective ways to combat them were found. This is how vaccines against anthrax, chicken cholera, and swine rubella were discovered. In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against rabies, a disease that in 100% of cases ends in the death of the patient. There is a legend that in childhood, the future scientist saw a man bitten by a rabid wolf. The little boy was very shocked by the terrible picture of cauterization of the bite with a red-hot iron. But when Pasteur nevertheless created a vaccine, he did not dare to test the effectiveness of the anti-rabies vaccine in humans for a long time. In the end, he decided to test the effect of the vaccine on himself. But chance helped: a boy was brought to him, bitten by a rabid dog. The child would have died anyway, so Pasteur injected the child with tetanus toxoid. After 14 injections the boy recovered.
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Pasteur created the world scientific school of microbiologists, many of his students later became major scientists. They own 8 Nobel Prizes. It was Pasteur who laid down one of the cornerstone principles of scientific research, evidence, saying the famous "never trust what is not confirmed by experiments." In the 20th century, prominent scientists developed and successfully used vaccinations against poliomyelitis, hepatitis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, and influenza.
Name: Ilya Metchnikov
Age: 71 years old
Activity: biologist, scientist, Nobel laureate
Family status: was married
Ilya Mechnikov: biography
Ilya Mechnikov is an outstanding scientist whose name is inscribed in golden letters in the history of a number of disciplines from cytology to physiology. A brilliant biologist, the “father” of the phagocytic theory of immunity, valued rationalism and science above all else, arguing: if you can’t
"to live without faith, then the latter cannot be other than faith in the omnipotence of knowledge."
Childhood and youth
Ilya Ilyich was born on May 15, 1845 in the village of Ivanovka, Kharkov province (now Ukraine) into a family with an interesting history. Father Ilya Ivanovich - a landowner, guards officer came from a noble noble family. Among his ancestors is an outstanding diplomat of the 17th century, a polyglot, a participant in the Azov campaign of Peter the Great, Nikolai Gavrilovich Spafariy.
Mother - Emilia Lvovna, nee Nevakhovich. The daughter of the richest man in Poland, financier and founder of the genre of "Russian-Jewish literature" Lev Nikolaevich Nevakhovich. The uncles were the publisher of the innovative "" and the head of the repertoire of the Imperial Theaters.
The father was passionate and easy-going, so by the time the youngest son was born, the dowry of a wealthy wife had already been spent, and the family moved to the family estate in Ivanovka. Mechnikov's two older brothers also subsequently became famous. Leo turned into a Swiss geographer, anarchist and publicist, participated in the Italian Risorgimento movement, published notes and essays, and with the book Civilization and Great Historical Rivers managed to influence the famous Irish modernist, the author of Ulysses.
In the biography of brother Ivan, the most remarkable was his death. The prosecutor of the Tula District Court suffered from a severe purulent disease that led to death. The last days and thoughts of this man formed the basis of the story "The Death of Ivan Ilyich." Visiting the writer in Yasnaya Polyana, the prosecutor shared his thoughts, for which Tolstoy defined him as an outstanding person, making an impression. Mechnikov, a biologist, would later say that the genius of Russian literature provided the "best description" of the fear of death.
The family estate in Ivanovka was visited by home teachers. Among them is a medical student who taught brother Leo, the only one who was interested and serious about young Ilya's passion for natural sciences, craving for experiments, experiments.
In 1856 he entered the 2nd grade of the Kharkov Men's Gymnasium No. 2. He graduated from the institution with a gold medal. Throughout his studies, he did not lose interest in biology. On the contrary, I enjoyed attending lectures on comparative anatomy and physiology at Kharkov University.
Fascinated by the new world of knowledge, Ilya asks his parents to send him to study in Germany, but the cold reception and lack of money force the young man to return as soon as possible after his departure. The main trophy of this "sally" was the work "The Origin of Species", acquaintance with which had a great influence on the future scientist.
Portrait of a novice biologist Ilya Mechnikov Entered the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkov University. He mastered the student program not in 4 years, but in 2, which gave the young scientist an advantage over his colleagues. Later, Mechnikov nevertheless "conquered" Germany. In 1864, he conducted research on the island of Heligoland, then worked in the laboratory of Rudolf Leuckart in the German university town of Giessen.
At the age of 20, he moved to Italy, where he met the biologist Alexander Kovalevsky, who would become his colleague and true friend. For joint achievements in embryology, the young men received the prestigious Karl Baer Prize. Upon his return to Russia, Ilya Ilyich defended successively his master's and then doctoral dissertations, managing to receive honorary degrees until he was 25 years old.
The science
The discoveries made by Mechnikov were of a revolutionary nature and were not immediately accepted by the scientific community, because the ideas turned the already established ideas about the work of the human body upside down.
Even the fundamental work of the scientist, the theory of phagocytic immunity, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908, was criticized.
Before Mechnikov, white blood cells were considered passive in the fight against inflammation and disease. The scientist argued that leukocytes are active defenders of the body that absorb foreign particles that have got inside. The contribution of the scientist lies in the fact that modern doctors of the world know that fever is a sign of the struggle of immunity, therefore it is harmful to knock it down to a certain point.
An interesting fact: a case helped him to correctly identify the “orderlies of the body”. Examining the larvae of starfish in the Italian Messina in 1882, he found that mobile cells (phagocytes) surround foreign bodies that enter the larva and "eat" them.
“It occurred to me,” Mechnikov later wrote, “that such cells should serve in the body to counteract harmful agents. I said to myself that if my assumption was correct, then a splinter inserted into the body of a starfish larva should in a short time be surrounded by mobile cells that have adhered to it, just as it is observed in a person who has splintered his finger.
Having stuck a pink thorn into the larva, he confirmed the theory and then polished his knowledge for a quarter of a century, simultaneously releasing works on bacteriology, embryology, physiology and a number of other disciplines, some of which will become classics.
In 1886 he returned to Russia and settled in Odessa. The epidemiologist Nikolai Gamaleya, who was trained in the method of vaccination against rabies, also arrived there from France. In the same year, scientists opened the world's second bacteriological station to fight infectious diseases.
A year later, Mechnikov immigrated to Paris, where he received a place at the Pasteur Institute. According to some reports, the scientist decided to leave because of the hostility of the authorities and the scientific community towards him. In France, he finds peace and well-deserved recognition.
Ilya Mechnikov and Louis Pasteur with nurses and sick children Working side by side with the greatest minds of the era, he writes impressive works on cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, and plague. He remained an employee of the institute until the end of his days, later he headed the university. He kept in touch with Russian colleagues, being in correspondence with,.
From the pen of Mechnikov came out not only scientific dissertations, research, but also books on philosophical issues, the theory of the universe, religion. The tireless researcher at the end of the era became the founder of scientific gerontology and introduced the theory of orthobiosis:
"The right life, based on the study of human nature and on the establishment of means to correct its disharmony."
Ilya Mechnikov in the laboratory Considering that a person can live 100 years or longer, Mechnikov assigned a special role in strengthening active longevity to the right diet and hygiene. Only with a happy existence, in his opinion, would a person fearlessly pass from the “life instinct” to the “death instinct”. He expounded his views in detail in the works “Etudes of Optimism” and “Etudes on the Nature of Man”.
Among the factors affecting the quality and life expectancy, the scientist singled out the intestinal microflora. Standing up for a long and happy life, he popularized the discovery by student Stamen Grigorov of the Bulgarian lactic acid bacillus. In 1908, he wrote an article on the benefits of sour milk. Thanks to Mechnikov, yogurt, kefir and other fermented milk products are included in the daily diet, providing support to the body.
Personal life
Despite his involvement in science, in his personal life Mechnikov was an emotional person prone to mood swings. In his youth, he suffered from depression and only by his mature years did he find inner peace and a positive outlook on the world.
Married twice. He married his first wife Lyudmila Fedorovich in 1869. The bride suffered from tuberculosis and was so weak that she was brought to church in a chair. After 4 years, Lyudmila died, and the impulsive Mechnikov decided to commit suicide by drinking morphine. The dose was too high and caused a gag reflex.
The second wife Olga was his pupil, a student. The couple had no children.
Death
Ilya Ilyich died in 1916 from heart disease, having survived a number of myocardial infarctions before.
The body was bequeathed to science, followed by cremation. The ashes of the scientist are in the Pasteur Institute.
Awards
- 1867 - Karl Baer Prize
- 1902 - Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences
- 1906 - Copley Medal
- 1908 - Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1916 - Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)
Date of creation: 09.11.2002
It is said that children from mixed marriages are often talented. Like it or not, but the scientific achievements of Ilya Mechnikov, the son of a Russian nobleman and a woman from a Jewish shtetl, are clear evidence of great talent. Born in the middle of the 19th century, he graduated from the natural department of Kharkov University at the age of 19, and at the age of 25 he became the youngest professor at the university in Odessa. This was preceded by Metchnikov's studies of the embryonic development of marine animals, his joint work with another outstanding Russian scientist Alexander Kovalevsky. These two lifelong friends became the founders of a new branch of biology - evolutionary embryology.
But the main merit of Ilya Mechnikov is that he was the first to discover special cells in the body of marine animals - phagocytes that devour pathogenic microbes - he began to persistently look for such internal defenses in the human body. And he convincingly proved that there are such cells of the "inner guard" in our blood - today we call them leukocytes. Mechnikov's famous speech "On the healing powers of the body", which he delivered in 1883 at the congress of Russian doctors, laid the foundations of the phagocytic theory of immunity. But, alas, the author of the discoveries that thundered all over the world was forced by this time, because of the chicanery of officials, to leave the university and continue research in a small home laboratory. However, this did not prevent Ilya Ilyich, together with his followers, from creating in Odessa the first bacteriological station in Russia, where for the first time in the country they began to inoculate against rabies according to the method of the French scientist Louis Pasteur.
By the way, it was Pasteur, who highly appreciated the merits of Mechnikov, invited him to work at his institute in Paris. And not having the necessary conditions for research in Russia, the scientist accepted this proposal. For almost 30 years he lived in France, tirelessly experimenting, deepening his theory of the body's defenses. Truly, this man devoted himself to science. Once, for example, he injected himself with the blood of a patient with relapsing fever in order to understand the mechanism of infection in more detail. Mechnikov is also called the "enemy of old age." He believed that a person should, without aging, live 100-120 years and developed a whole "longevity diet", especially recommending foods containing lactic acid bacteria. True, with all the diets, he himself lived only to 71 years: he worked too hard. World recognition of the works of Mechnikov was the Nobel Prize, which Ilya Ilyich received in 1908, the second of the Russian scientists. The first was the great physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
He could have become a musician, but devoted himself to science. He was a pessimist who made a number of suicide attempts. He developed a method for extending a person's life, the truth of which he bequeathed to be tested on his own body posthumously. He introduced the concept of cellular phagocytosis into science and founded the doctrine of old age (gerontology). It is very difficult to write a short biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. His life path was thorny and strewn with losses. But fate took care of this outstanding scientist, and he justified her hopes.
Childhood
He was born into a friendly large family of boyars of Moldavian origin on May 15, 1845. In their estate in the village of Panasovka (Kharkiv region) it was always noisy. Little Ilya diligently listened to his teachers, but most of all he liked the teacher of his older brother Leo, a medical student Khodunov, who taught chemistry and biology. The biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov as a scientist began at the age of eight. It was then that he enthusiastically collected a herbarium and gave pocket money to his brothers so that they would listen to his "lectures on botany." And at eleven, Ilyusha almost drowned in a pond when he was catching freshwater hydras for his research.
Gymnasium
The future scientist was a child prodigy. He entered the Kharkov gymnasium immediately in the second grade (1856) and graduated with a gold medal. He devotes all his free and not very time to the natural sciences. He reads books avidly, catches hydras and strives to go to college early. With considerable difficulty, this sixth-grader obtained permission to attend lectures on anatomy and cytology at Kharkov University. An ambitious high school graduate decided to continue his studies in Germany. But at that time, Europe did not accept him. He returned to his homeland and entered his native university in the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. From Europe, Ilya brought Ch. Darwin's book, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which is gaining popularity. This work made its own adjustments to the biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, who had been an atheist all his life.
Young PhD
The first unsuccessful suicide of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
A short biography of the scientist continues in Odessa. He is 22 years old, he is a professor at the department of zoology, his eyesight is damaged from working with a microscope, radical students annoy him, political conversations of teachers are alarming. The first wife, Lyudmila Fedorovich (1873), dies of tuberculosis, he is gloomy and depressed. Ilya Ilyich drinks morphine, but the dose turns out to be too large, and he did not die. During the illness, a student Olga Belokopytova looked after the scientist. He married her in 1875, when she was a fifteen-year-old student of his. Years of work at the Novorossiysk University (1870-1882) brought the discovery of the concept of multicellular organisms. During this period, Mechnikov was the first to apply biological methods of protecting plants from pests. But the situation at the university was heating up, and he resigns. With his wife, they leave for Messina (the island of Sicily, Italy).
Major discovery
It was in Messina, watching starfish, that Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov made a discovery, whose contribution to science turned all the views of that time on immunity upside down. He observed how amoeba-like cells accumulate around a splinter in the body of a starfish, which either absorb a foreign object or create a protective capsule around it. He called these cells phagocytes, and the phenomenon - phagocytosis. These experiments glorified Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Contribution to science briefly this - the discovery of cellular immunity.
Homecoming
A brief biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov since 1886 is associated with his native estate. He organized a private bacteriological laboratory, where he gathered like-minded people who became prominent microbiologists (D. Zabolotny, L. Tarasevich, N. Gamaley). They vaccinated livestock against anthrax and rabies. The mistakes made by the disciples, when more than half of the flock of vaccinated sheep died, led to a trial. The rebellion of the peasants in the family estate and the unstable political situation forced the scientist to leave Russia. He and his wife left for Germany, and in 1888 Mechnikov accepted the proposal of Louis Pasteur and headed the department at the Pasteur Institute (Paris, France).
Work in Paris
He worked at the Pasteur Institute for 28 years, became a recognized microbiologist, wrote many works on infectious diseases, received the Nobel Prize for work on immunity (1908) and developed the theory of orthobiosis (the right way of life). But it is here that he will survive the death of his beloved wife from typhoid fever and a second suicide attempt, injecting himself with a vaccine with the causative agents of this disease. But he didn't die again. Having survived several serious crises, the scientist recovers. With the departure of the disease, the pessimism of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov also leaves. Biology played a strange joke on him - after an illness, vision and general condition improve. He continues to work hard and develop his theory of phagocytosis.
Gotta live right
Since 1903, a brief biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov has been associated with the problems of aging and death of the human body. He considers toxins that poison our body with intestinal microflora to be the causes of aging. More dairy products and less meat - this is Mechnikov's recipe for longevity. His theory of orthobiosis provided for a person to go through a full cycle of life, which will end with a calm and natural biological death of the organism. But he did not exclude the human factor - the influence of life's contradictions. He read that each age has its own tasks and characteristics. And death would not be perceived by us tragically if we lived to the age of its natural acceptance. And although these views of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov did not contribute to science, even today there are trademarks of lactic acid products using the name of the scientist.
Life and death for the benefit of science
Briefly, the contribution to science of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov cannot be described. He lived in science since childhood, his discoveries expanded the knowledge of microbiology, opened the way for practical application in medicine and disease prevention. Having suffered several heart attacks, Mechnikov died on July 15, 1916. But he also gave his death to science - according to his will, the body was given for medical research, and then cremated. The urn with the ashes of the great Russian biologist, pathologist and evolutionist Ilya Mechnikov is stored in the library of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Many streets, avenues, medical and educational institutions of Russia named after this outstanding microbiologist are a tribute to the memory of a scientist in his homeland.
Soon the New Year is a very good time to remember the merits of the great French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur before humanity: firstly, he was born on December 27, and this year we celebrate the 193rd anniversary of his birth. Secondly, his contribution to the development of science can hardly be overestimated, and stories about such people and their achievements usually inspire and energize. Agree, on the eve of the New Year, this is very important.
Exposing the theory of spontaneous generation of life
In 1862, the French Academy of Sciences awarded Pasteur a prize for finally resolving the question of the spontaneous generation of life. The theory of the origin of living beings from inanimate matter has been taken for granted since the days of the Ancient World. This was believed in ancient Egypt, Babylon, China, India, Greece. It was believed, for example, that worms are born from rotten meat, and frogs and crocodiles from river silt.
Only in the Middle Ages, some scientists began to question this theory, proving that spontaneous generation does not occur in a boiled and sealed flask with a nutrient solution. However, adherents of the theory found a counterargument to every argument of scientists, inventing either a “life-giving” force that died when boiled, or the need for natural unheated air.
Louis Pasteur performed an ingenious experiment with a sterile nutrient medium, which he placed in a specially made flask with an S-shaped neck. Ordinary air freely entered the flask, but the microorganisms settled on the walls of the neck and did not reach the nutrient medium. Therefore, even after several days, no living microorganisms were found in the laboratory glassware. That is, despite ideal conditions, spontaneous generation did not occur. But as soon as the neck walls were rinsed with a solution, bacteria and spores began to actively develop in the flask.
Pasteur's experiment disproved the prevailing opinion in medical science that diseases originate spontaneously inside the body or come from "bad" air ("miasms"). Pasteur laid the foundations of antiseptics, proving that infectious diseases are transmitted by infection - pathogens must penetrate into a healthy organism from outside.
Even before Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of life, he investigated the processes of fermentation. He proved that this is not a chemical process, as another prominent chemist, Liebig, argued, but a biological one, that is, the result of the reproduction of certain microorganisms. In parallel, the scientist discovered the existence of anaerobic organisms that either do not need oxygen to exist, or it is even poisonous to them.
In 1864, at the request of French wine producers, Pasteur began researching wine diseases. He discovered that they are caused by specific microorganisms, each disease - its own. To prevent deterioration of wine, he advised heating it to a temperature of approximately 50-60 °C. 
This is enough to kill harmful bacteria without affecting the quality of the product itself.
Now this method is called pasteurization and is widely used in laboratories, in the production of food and some non-food products. Currently, several types of pasteurization have been developed:
- long - 30-40 minutes at t not more than 65 ° C;
- short - ½-1 minute at t 85-90 ° С;
- instantaneous - a few seconds at t 98 ° С;
— ultra-pasteurization — a few seconds at t above 100 °C.
Vaccination and the theory of artificial immunity
Beginning in 1876, Pasteur focused on the study of contagious diseases. He managed to isolate the causative agent of anthrax, cholera, puerperal fever, chicken cholera, swine rubella, rabies and some other infectious diseases. For treatment, he suggested using vaccinations with weakened cultures of microorganisms. This method became the basis of the theory of artificial immunity and is still used today.
The rabies vaccine was especially famous for the scientist. 
After the first successful experience on a human in July 1885, people from all over Europe began to come to Paris, hoping for a cure from a previously fatal disease. For example, in a group of 19 Russian peasants, 16 were cured, although as many as 12 days had passed since the moment of infection. Ilya Mechnikov, who worked with Pasteur, called the development of a rabies vaccine his “swan song.”
All over the world, Pasteur stations began to be organized, which vaccinated against rabies. In Russia, the first such station was already in operation in 1886.
Pasteur Institute of Paris
In 1889, Pasteur became head of a private institute he organized in Paris, funds for which were collected by subscription all over the world. He managed to gather the best biologists of that time at the institute and organize a scientific school of microbiology and immunology, from which many famous scientists came out, including 8 Nobel laureates. For example, the 1908 Nobel Prize winner Ilya Mechnikov, whom Pasteur personally invited to head one of the laboratories, worked at the Pasteur Institute from the very beginning until his death.
