Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky

Baryatinsky Alexander Ivanovich (2.05.1814-25.02.1879), field marshal, hero of the Caucasian war, continued the line of A.P. Yermolov to pacify the Caucasus. Since 1856 he was the governor of the Caucasus. He defeated the gangs of mountain tribes engaged in robbery and capture of prisoners. In 1859, the conquest of the Caucasus ended with the capture of Shamil, bringing peace and prosperity to this region, contributing to the development of trade, industry, and education.

Baryatinsky Alexander Ivanovich (1815-1879) - military and statesman. Prince. Field Marshal General ( 1859 ). Adjutant General (1853). He began his service in 1831. He took part in battles with mountaineers during the Caucasian War. In 1836-1845. - in the retinue of the heir to the throne. Since 1850 in the suite of the emperor. After the conquest Chechnya organized a military administration there. During the Crimean War - Chief of the General Staff in the Caucasus. Since 1856 he was the governor of the Caucasus, and since 1857 the commander-in-chief of the Caucasian army. Since 1869 member of the State Council. Retired since 1862. An active opponent of the military reforms of the 1860s-1870s.

Danilov A.A. Reference materials on the history of Russia IX - XIX centuries.

BARYATINSKY Alexander Ivanovich (1815-1879) - prince, Russian military and statesman, adjutant general (1853), field marshal general (1859), member of the State Council (1860) and honorary member of Moscow University (1868).

He began his service in 1831 as a cadet in the Cavalier Guard Regiment, in 1833 as a cornet in the Life Cuirassier Regiment. Since 1835, he participated in battles with the highlanders during the Caucasian War of 1817-1864. Since 1853 - Chief of the General Staff of the Caucasian troops. Since 1856 - Viceroy of the Caucasus. His actions were characterized by an active offensive nature, thorough reconnaissance and the use of covert approaches that helped save manpower. As a result of energetic actions, he inflicted a decisive defeat (1859) on the main forces of Imam Shamil.

After the conquest of the highlanders Sev. Caucasus was engaged in the military-administrative structure of the region. In May 1860, due to poor health, he went on vacation. Since 1862 - retired.

Orlov A.S., Georgiev N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012, p. thirty.

BARYATINSKY Alexander Ivanovich, military leader, Field Marshal General (1859), prince. In military service since 1831 in the cavalry regiment. In 1835 he transferred to the Caucasus, in March-December he participated in battles against the highlanders, was wounded and returned to St. Petersburg. Since 1836 in the retinue of the heir to the throne (future Tsar Alexander I). Since 1845, again in the Caucasus: as part of the Separate Caucasian Corps, he participated in the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, commanded a battalion, regiment (since 1847), brigade (since 1850), division (since 1851), the left flank of the Russian expeditionary forces in Chechnya, head of the chief corps headquarters (1853-1855), took part in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, distinguished himself in the battle of Kyuryuk-Dar (1854). Since 1856 he was the commander-in-chief of the Caucasian army and the viceroy of the king in the Caucasus. Together with the chief of the main staff of the army, D. A. Milyutin, he developed a new plan for waging war in the Caucasus, which provided for the organization of a systematic advance of troops from line to line with a strong consolidation of the occupied territories. Baryatinsky broke the resistance of Shamil's main forces and captured him on August 25 (September 6), 1859. He paid much attention to the military-administrative structure of the lands annexed to Russia. In 1860 he retired and was appointed a member of the State Council. He was awarded the orders of St. Andrew the First-Called, St. Alexander Nevsky, the White Eagle, St. Vladimir 2nd, 3rd and 4th degrees, St. Anna 1st, 2nd and 3rd degrees, St. George 3rd and 4th degrees, foreign orders.

Used materials of the book: Military Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1986.

Baryatinsky Alexander Ivanovich (1815-1879), prince, field marshal general of the Russian army. In 1835, as an officer, he took part in battles with Caucasian highlanders who rebelled against tsarist colonialism. In 1836-1845, Baryatinsky was in the retinue of the heir to the throne (the future Alexander II), with whom he made a long journey through Europe. Since 1845, he again took part in the war against the highlanders. In 1853-1854 he was chief of staff of the Caucasian Corps, a participant in the battle of Kyuryuk-Dara (1854). Since 1856, Baryatinsky was the commander of the troops and the viceroy of the tsar in the Caucasus, the organizer of the suppression of the national liberation struggle of the highlanders of Dagestan. He developed a new strategic plan, which consisted in replacing individual raids on mountain villages with a systematic advance from line to line with a strong consolidation of the occupied territories. Squeezing the encirclement, he broke the resistance of Shamil's detachments and in 1859 took him prisoner. In 1862 he retired and was appointed a member of the State Council. Baryatinsky opposed the military reforms carried out by D. A. Milyutin.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 2. BAAL - WASHINGTON. 1962.

Literature: Zisserman A. L., Field Marshal Prince. Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky, vol. 1-3, M., 1889-91.

Baryatinsky, Alexander Ivanovich (05/02/1815, the village of Ivanovskoye, Lgovsky district, Kursk province - 02/25/1879, Geneva) - Russian military and statesman, prince, field marshal general. He began his service in 1831 as a cadet in a cavalry guard regiment. In March 1835 he was sent to the Caucasus, where he was awarded a golden saber for participation in the battles against the highlanders. Since 1836 he was under the future Emperor Alexander II. Further career is connected with the Caucasus. From 1847 - commander of the Kabardian Jaeger Regiment, from 1850 - the Caucasian Reserve Grenadier Brigade, from 1851 - the 20th Infantry Division and commander. about. chief of the left flank of the Caucasian line.

During the Crimean War from July 1853 - and. about. chief of the General Staff in the Caucasus, since October of the same year - commander of the corps. From January 1856 - Commander of the Guards Reserve Infantry Corps, from July - Commander-in-Chief of the Separate Caucasian Corps and acting. about. Caucasian governor. For the capture of Shamil near Gunib (in July 1859) and the defeat of his main forces, he was awarded the Order of St. George of the 2nd degree and St. Andrew the First-Called with swords. Subsequently, he was engaged in the military-administrative structure of the region, led the suppression of the highlanders' uprisings and the unrest of the Cossacks.

In December 1862, he resigned from his membership in the State Council. He opposed the military reforms of the 1860s and 1870s. At the beginning of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 (see Russo-Turkish Wars of the 17th-19th Centuries), the emperor rejected B.'s candidacy for the post of commander-in-chief of the Russian army.

V. L. Telitsyn.

Russian historical encyclopedia. T. 2. M., 2015, p. 356-357.

Compositions:

Literature:

Kovalevsky N. F. History of the Russian state. Biographies of famous military leaders of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M. 1997; Kolomiets A. Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky // Motherland. 1994. No. 3-4; Mukhanov V. M. Conqueror of the Caucasus Prince A. I. Baryatinsky. M., 2007; The clan of the princes Baryatinsky: a historical essay. L., 1990; Romanovsky D.I. Field Marshal Prince A.I. Baryatinsky and the Caucasian War. St. Petersburg, 1881.

Baryatinsky Alexander Ivanovich (1815-1879) Field Marshal General. In 1801, Christian Georgia, tormented by wars with neighboring peoples, received appeasement by joining Russia. The way of accession to Russia of other Caucasian peoples was long and difficult. For several decades, the Russian army participated in the conquest and reconciliation of the Caucasus, and the completion of this struggle is associated with the name of A.I. Baryatinsky, who forced the militant Shamil to peace.

Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky belonged to an ancient and famous family, was a Rurikovich in the twentieth generation. His father, owning the rich estate of Ivanovsky in the Kursk province, was fond of agriculture and did not want to make his son either a military man or a courtier. In 1825 the emperor Alexander I on the way to Taganrog he visited Ivanovskoye and talked with 10-year-old Alexander, who had lost his father shortly before. The Baryatinsky family soon moved to St. Petersburg, and by the age of 16, the young man had a desire to enter the military service. Having endured the struggle with his relatives, he decided to enroll in the school of guards ensigns and cavalry cadets with enrollment in the Cavalier Guard Regiment. Thus began his military career, which lasted more than thirty years.

In the first years of his officer service, Baryatinsky led an absent-minded and frivolous lifestyle, which brought displeasure upon himself. Nicholas I . Soon he went to the Caucasus - the then "school of characters". One of the first cases in which Baryatinsky participated in the Caucasus was the expedition of General Velyaminov to the upper reaches of the Abim River (1835). In one of the battles, at the head of a hundred Cossacks, a young officer rushed to the attack, put the enemy to flight, but was wounded by a bullet in his right side; she remained there for the rest of his life. For this battle, Alexander Ivanovich was awarded a golden saber with the inscription: "For courage."

After treatment in St. Petersburg, on January 1, 1836, Baryatinsky received an appointment to be with the heir, Grand Duke Alexander Nikolayevich (the future Alexander II ). During a three-year journey with him to Western Europe, he tried to replenish his education, collected a rich library.

Burdened by secular life, Baryatinsky in 1845, already in the rank of colonel, again headed to the Caucasus. Commanding a battalion of the Kabardian regiment, he took part in the Dargin expedition against Shamil. He valiantly proved himself in a fierce battle during the occupation of the Andean Heights, arousing the admiration of the commander-in-chief, Prince Vorontsov. His reward for this battle, in which Baryatinsky was again wounded, was the Order of St. George of the 4th degree. He was treated in St. Petersburg, but the Caucasus made such a strong impression on him that the prince firmly decided to return there.

In 1847, Alexander Ivanovich was appointed commander of the Kabardian regiment that became his native. On June 23, 1848, the regiment distinguished itself in the battle of Gergebil, for which Baryatinsky was awarded the rank of major general and enlisted in the retinue of His Imperial Majesty. As a regimental commander, he was very demanding and strict, delved into all the little things in the life of soldiers and officers, did not regret spending his own funds on his armament regiments. His apartment became the regiment's second headquarters. Participating in battles with his subordinates, Alexander Ivanovich found time to study the history of the Caucasus, prepared a number of reports of a military-strategic and administrative nature for Vorontsov.

At the beginning of 1850, Baryatinsky fell out of favor Nicholas I , not wanting to marry M. Stolypina, who was intended for him by the tsar. Dismissed from the command of the regiment, the "rich groom" decided to secure himself for the future and transferred his rights to own a significant property to his younger brother. The prince limited his secular acquaintances, deliberately "simplified" and devoted a lot of time to studying issues related to the Caucasus, considering ways to finally conquer it.

At the end of 1850, Baryatinsky was appointed commander of the Caucasian Grenadier Brigade, and in the winter of the following year - head of the left flank of the Caucasian fortified line. In 1851 - 1853 he led two expeditions against Big Chechnya - Shamil's main area of ​​operations, having spent a lot of effort and energy on their organization. The operations were of a pronounced offensive nature. Russian troops for the first time in many years passed through the whole of Greater Chechnya, which remained after this campaign impregnable only from the east thanks to the steep and wooded Kachkalyk ridge. The operations were distinguished by low losses in people, which was ensured by good reconnaissance and skillful organization of hostilities, accompanied by the laying of new roads and forest clearings, and the organization of the administrative management of the peaceful auls. In 1853, Alexander Ivanovich, with the consent of Vorontsov, was promoted to the post of chief of the main headquarters of the Russian troops in the Caucasus and granted the rank of adjutant general.

Crimean War 1853 - 1856 demanded that the efforts of the Russian Caucasian troops be transferred to the fight against Turkey. Acting with the corps on the Turkish border, Baryatinsky participated in the defeat of the Ottomans near Kyuruk-Dara, was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree (1854). Not getting along with the new commander-in-chief of the Russian troops in the Caucasus - N. Muravyov , Alexander Ivanovich left the Caucasus for a while - he commanded troops in Nikolaev, then the guards reserve corps. In July 1856 Alexander II , who succeeded his father on the throne and highly appreciated Baryatinsky, appointed him commander-in-chief and governor of the Caucasus with promotion to generals from infantry. From that moment on, Alexander Ivanovich got the opportunity, acting with all his energy, to complete the long-term epic of Russia's struggle for this region.

Upon taking office, Baryatinsky, in his order, addressed the troops: " Warriors of the Caucasus! Looking at you and marveling at you, I grew up and matured. From you and for your sake I am happy with the appointment to be your leader, and I will work to justify such mercy, happiness and great honor for me. May God help us in all enterprises for the glory of the Sovereign".

Having entered the administration of the region, throughout the entire space of which an endless struggle was waged, costing Russia huge sacrifices in people and means, Prince Baryatinsky set himself the goal of completing the calm of the Caucasus. In addition, it was necessary to put an end to the encroachments on the Caucasus by England, Persia and Turkey, which threatened the highlanders with the threat of enslavement. The closest assistant to the commander-in-chief was D. Milyutin (chief of the main headquarters of the Caucasian Corps) and N. Evdokimov (chief of the left wing of the Caucasian line). With the active participation of Milyutin (the future Minister of War of Russia), a plan of military operations in the Eastern Caucasus against Shamil was developed. From the side of the Lezghin line, it was supposed to block the detachments of the highlanders, who were going to help Shamil. Actions in the Western Caucasus were considered secondary. In accordance with this program, purposeful and methodical operations began.

The commander-in-chief repeatedly traveled around the troops operating in the Eastern Caucasus, making adjustments to the offensive plan against Shamil, giving energy to subordinate commanders and troops. To influence the highlanders, these detours were accompanied by brilliance, pomp and generosity, inspiring respect for the representative of the Russian tsar. By the autumn of 1858, the Russian regiments had achieved great success. Large and Small Chechnya were occupied, and Shamil was forced to take refuge in Dagestan. Soon, an offensive began on Dagestan from three sides, and in August of the following year, under the personal leadership of Baryatinsky, the last act of the struggle against Shamil was played out near the village of Gunib. The commander-in-chief announced its results in his order: " Gunib is taken. Shamil is in captivity. Congratulations to the Caucasian army". In 1860, the power of Russia was established in the Western Caucasus.

For success in the Caucasus, Baryatinsky was awarded the Order of St. George 2nd degree, St. Andrew the First-Called, the honorary title of chief of the Kabardian regiment, and finally, the rank of field marshal general. Having taken new territories under his guardianship, the Caucasian governor carried out a number of measures aimed at introducing new forms of administration of the region, developing agriculture here, and spreading Christianity. The rest was up to his successors. In the autumn of 1862, Baryatinsky received permission from Alexander II to be dismissed from his post and to receive leave for medical treatment (wounds and years of military hardship affected him).

Upon dismissal, he became a member of the State Council, retained the favor of the king. Spending a lot of time on treatment abroad, Alexander Ivanovich continued to be interested in military and political issues, expressing original opinions. In connection with the military reforms of the 1860s - 1870s. he entered into a polemic with the Minister of War Milyutin. “A stern warrior, a soldier by the grace of God,” wrote the military historian A. Kersnovsky about Baryatinsky, “with his “inner eye” ... he guessed the troubles that the new, “non-combatant” way of life brings to his native army, he felt the danger of extinguishing the spirit, carried out by his former chief of staff." The field marshal especially sharply criticized the new system of military administration for its "bureaucracy", protested against the seeming derogation of the power of the commander-in-chief in the "Regulations on the field command and control of troops in wartime" (1868). Military practice judged this dispute in favor of Milyutin.

During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Baryatinsky proposed to the Russian government a plan for a military alliance with Prussia with the aim of dividing the possessions of Austria-Hungary, but a special secret committee under Alexander II rejected this plan. In connection with the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. many were in favor of appointing Baryatinsky as commander-in-chief of the Russian army, but in order not to create an affront Milyutin , Alexander II preferred to entrust this post to his brother, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. Baryatinsky followed the events of the war with excitement, at its end he was indignant at the results of the Berlin Congress, predicted a new stage in the struggle of the European powers in the Balkans. On February 25, 1879, Prince Alexander Ivanovich died in Geneva at the age of 63. According to the will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in the family estate - the village of Ivanovsky, Kursk province.

Used materials of the book: Kovalevsky N.F. History of Russian Goverment. Biographies of famous military leaders of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M. 1997

BARYATINSKY Alexander Ivanovich (2.05.1815-25.02.1879), military and statesman, prince, field marshal general, hero of the Caucasian war, continued the line of A.P. Yermolov to pacify the Caucasus. Son of I. I. Baryatinsky. According to his father's plan, he was supposed to receive a thorough education, but at the age of 17 Baryatinsky entered the school of guard ensigns, from where in 1833 he was released as a cornet in the Life Guards Cuirassier regiment of the heir to the Tsarevich. In 1835 Baryatinsky was sent to the Caucasus, where he participated in several expeditions against the highlanders and was wounded. From 1 Jan. In 1836 he was appointed to be with the heir (later Emperor Alexander II), whose friendly disposition he enjoyed all his life. In 1845 Baryatinsky again served in the Caucasus. Commanding a battalion, he participated in the Dargin expedition, was wounded in the leg, awarded St. George. order. In 1846 he went abroad for treatment, and the following year he was appointed commander of the Kabardian Jaeger Regiment in the Caucasus. For distinction in military operations in 1848 he was promoted to major general. Then he was successively commander of the Caucasian Reserve Grenadier Brigade and the 20th Infantry Division, while correcting the post of head of the left flank of the Caucasian line. In these positions, Baryatinsky managed to show his military talents. In 1853 he was appointed adjutant general and chief of the main staff in the Caucasus. When the war with Turkey began in 1853, Baryatinsky was appointed commander of the active corps, participated in the battle of Kuryuk-Dara. For some time he commanded troops in Nikolaev and its environs, and in 1856 he was appointed commander of the Guards Reserve Infantry Corps. In the same year, Baryatinsky was appointed commander of the Caucasian Corps and governor of the Caucasus. With the appointment of Baryatinsky, the nature of the war with the Caucasian highlanders changed. He introduced systematicity into military enterprises, and thanks to this, in 1859 the eastern Caucasus was conquered and many tribes of the western Caucasus were pacified. Baryatinsky defeated the gangs of mountain tribes engaged in robbery and capture of prisoners.
In 1859, the conquest of the Caucasus ended with the capture of Shamil, bringing peace and prosperity to this region, contributing to the development of trade, industry, and education. Order of St. George and St. Andrew the First-Called, the rank of field marshal general and the appointment as chief of the Kabardian regiment were Baryatinsky's reward for his efforts to conquer the Caucasus. In 1862, for health reasons, he was dismissed from his posts, but remained a member of the State Council. In recent years, Baryatinsky lived mainly abroad. Died in Geneva.

BARYATINSKY Alexander Ivanovich (2.05.1815-25.02.1879), prince, field marshal, military and political figure.
He came from an ancient princely family, the ancestor of which was schmch. Mikhail Chernigovsky. Over the centuries, the Baryatinsky family gave Russia a number of military leaders, diplomats and administrators. Among the prominent representatives of the genus, they became especially famous in the 19th century. Yakov Petrovich, who staunchly fought with the gangs of the Tushinsky thief under the command of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky and died in battle with the Poles, Yuri Nikitich, who defeated Stenka Razin, Daniil Afanasyevich, who also fought with the Razints, and also pacified the rebellions of the Cheremis and Siberian foreigners. As you can see, the Baryatinsky family was especially famous for the fight against the rebels. In the 18th century, the Baryatinskys remained one of the most distinguished families in Russia, although in political influence they were somewhat inferior to the new nobility that had come to the fore under Peter the Great.
Alexander Ivanovich received an excellent education at home and, in accordance with family tradition, entered military service at the age of 16. It is curious that Baryatinsky's father was against this, and in order to enter the army, Baryatinsky had to endure a struggle with his relatives. After several years of service in the privileged Cavalier Guard Regiment, Baryatinsky chose to go to the Caucasus for a real war. Baryatinsky's first stay in the Caucasus lasted only a few months and ended in a heavy wound in battle with the Circassians. Until the end of his days, Baryatinsky carried a Circassian bullet in his right side. In addition, the wounded Baryatinsky was almost captured by the Circassians. True, during his short stay in the Caucasus, Baryatinsky earned his first orders, a golden saber with the inscription "For Courage" and early promotion to the rank of lieutenant. Probably, many in Baryatinsky's place would have considered that they had fully drank Caucasian romance and went home. But Baryatinsky, like many Caucasian officers, fell in love with the Caucasus forever. True, Baryatinsky took a vacation for treatment and traveled around Europe for three years; attended lectures at a number of universities, got acquainted with many European politicians and the military. Baryatinsky became close friends with Tsesarevich Alexander Nikolaevich (the future Alexander II), whom he accompanied on his travels in Europe and Russia. However, secular life did not attract Baryatinsky, and in 1845 he again went to the Caucasus. Baryatinsky spent 17 years in this region, fighting and establishing Russian power. He participated in almost all expeditions and battles of the Caucasian army, many times distinguished by his courage and knowledge of all the specific features of the war in this theater of operations. Baryatinsky commanded the famous Kabardian regiment, then the grenadier brigade, was the head of the left flank of the Caucasian army, and in 1853, with the rank of lieutenant general, became the chief of staff of the army.
In the Crimean War that broke out in the same year, the troops of the Caucasian army won victories over the Turks, and Baryatinsky himself fought in a number of battles. During the years of his stay in the Caucasus, Baryatinsky gained fame as one of the most experienced and skillful commanders, whose troops suffered minimal losses, while Baryatinsky was also rightly considered an excellent administrator, creating an effective management of the Caucasus. In 1856, the new Emperor Alexander II appointed Baryatinsky Viceroy of the Caucasus. Baryatinsky immediately began to prepare the final defeat of Shamil. Many years of Caucasian combat experience led him to the conclusion that in order to defeat the highlanders, it was not necessary to go deep into the mountains and then return to their former bases (which was practiced by many Caucasian military leaders), but to steadily tighten the blockade around Shamil’s possessions, push the enemy back into the mountains, and only then " finishing off" him on the battlefield. Baryatinsky methodically carried out this plan. In the end of 1856, Russian troops launched an offensive. They had to "fight" mainly with saws and axes, cutting through clearings in mountain forests, building roads and bridges. Pushing back the highlanders, encountering almost no resistance from them, Russian soldiers built fortresses and Cossack villages on the occupied territory. In 1857 Chechnya was occupied, and the following year Baryatinsky launched an offensive from three sides against Dagestan. Slowly but surely, Baryatinsky's troops squeezed the encirclement of Shamil. 08/25/1859 in the village of Gunib Shamil capitulated.
Baryatinsky was able to end the 25-year war with few losses and little expense. Although in the Caucasus in the 2nd half. In the 1850s, almost 1/3 of the entire Russian army was located, but a significant part of it was on the Turkish border due to the tense international situation, and even a large part of the Caucasian army was irregular units (Cossacks, the so-called "mountain police", etc. ). Baryatinsky, therefore, had an army not much different in number from those that his predecessors had as Viceroy. For the victory over Shamil, Baryatinsky was promoted to field marshal general. It was a fair assessment of his military talent. Following the pacification of the region, Baryatinsky began its economic development. During the war years, the Caucasus absorbed 1/6 of the national income of the Russian Empire. Many Western travelers wrote that only Russia could wage war for decades in a region from which no profit was expected. Relatively quickly, economic growth began in the Caucasus, and this was also a great merit of the prince.
However, he did not remain Viceroy for long - his health deteriorated, and Baryatinsky asked to resign. Dec. In 1862 he left the Caucasus and since that time, remaining a member of the State Council, in fact, he was no longer in the public service. However, he continued to engage in politics. In the 1860s and 70s, Baryatinsky was a prominent figure and publicist of the national conservative trend, close to the Slavophiles. In 1866, during the war between Prussia and Austria, Baryatinsky suggested that Russia take the side of Prussia and completely eliminate the Habsburg empire. At the same time, Baryatinsky considered it necessary to divide Austria by annexing the Slavic lands to Russia, the German lands to Prussia, and to make Hungary an independent state. Official St. Petersburg chose not to notice Baryatinsky's project. The old field marshal opposed many innovations in the life of the army, introduced by the Minister of War D. A. Milyutin (in the past - the chief of staff at Baryatinsky in the Caucasus). Comrade-in-arms and associate of Baryatinsky, General R. A. Fadeev, at the request of the prince, even wrote a book and many articles against Milyutin's reforms. However, the Minister of War really took into account many of the critical remarks of Baryatinsky and his associates when reforming the army. In 1878, during the Berlin Congress, when Russia faced the threat of war with all of Europe, the old soldier Baryatinsky wanted to return to duty. He arrived in St. Petersburg and took part in the preparation of plans for military operations. But there was no need to fight - at the cost of significant concessions, Russian diplomacy kept the peace. Shortly after these events, Baryatinsky died.

Lebedev S.V.

Used materials from the site Great Encyclopedia of the Russian people - http://www.rusinst.ru

Read further:

Compositions:

Letters from Prince A.I. Baryatinsky to N.I. Evdokimov // Russian antiquity. 1886. V. 52. No. 10.

Baryatinsky A.I. Report of the Viceroy of the Caucasus and the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus.-B.m., 1857, 1858, 1859; [St. Petersburg], 1861.

Literature:

Baryatinsky Alexander Ivanovich // Domestic History: encyclopedia: In 5 volumes. T. 1.- M .: Bolshaya Ros. Encycl., 1994. - S. 171-172.

Zisserman A.L. Field Marshal Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky. 1815-1879. T. 1-3.-M „1888-1891.

Kolomiets A. Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky: [About the general-feldm., participant of the Caucasus. wars of 1817-64]// Motherland. - 1994. - No. 3-4.- S. 46-48.

Kravtsov I.S. The Caucasus and its commanders N.N. Muravyov, Prince. A.I. Baryatinsky and gr. N.I. Evdokimov. 1854 - 1864 - B.m. ig.-73 s.

Conquest of the Western Caucasus and the end of the Caucasian War: East. sketch of the Caucasian-mountain war in Zakuban. region and Chernomor, coast / Comp. S. Esadze. - Maikop: Meoty, 1993. - 120 p.

Generals, commanders and military figures of Russia in Sytin's Military Encyclopedia. T. 1 / Avt.-stat. V.M. Lurie, V.V. Yashchenko. - St. Petersburg: "Ecopolis and Culture", 1995. -S. 165-168.

Family of princes Baryatinsky: East. feature article. Reprint. reproduction ed. 1898 - L .: Ingria, 1990. - 45 p.: ill.

The clan of the princes Baryatinsky: a historical essay. L., 1990;

Romanovsky D.I. Field Marshal Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky and the Caucasian War. 1815 - 1879 // Rus. old. - 1881.-T. 30.-№2.

Kovalevsky N. F. History of the Russian state. Biographies of famous military leaders of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M. 1997;

Mukhanov V. M. Conqueror of the Caucasus Prince A. I. Baryatinsky. M., 2007;

The Politics of autocracy: Letters of Alexander II to Prince A.I. Bariatinsky 1857 - 1864. - P .: The Hague, 1966.

Field Marshal General, member of the State Council, b. May 2, 1815, from the second marriage of Prince Ivan Ivanovich Baryatinsky with Countess Maria Feodorovna Keller, mind. in 1879. Shortly after the birth of the child, an unknown person left a horoscope drawing on the stairs of the house, which is believed to be the work of one of the members of the Masonic lodges then existing in Russia. The predictions of the horoscope did not fully come true, but it is still remarkable that the main prophecy about victories in the East, about the charity of the captive, came true; and the advice to be generous to the vanquished became the motto of the future field marshal. All the attention of his father, a zealous Angloman, was focused on Prince Alexander, as on the eldest representative of the family, and a special instruction was drawn up for his education, which, however, later could not be carried out with all accuracy. According to her, Prince Alexander Ivanovich remained under the care of women until the age of five, and then had to go under the care of tutors. This initial period of life was dedicated to the development of physical strength and dexterity: cold baths, gymnastic exercises, riding bareback horses - these are the means to achieve this goal. From the age of seven, the youth should have already begun to study languages ​​​​- Russian, Slavic, Latin and Greek, and most importantly, one should pay attention to the native word. At the same time, the teaching of drawing and arithmetic began. From the age of 12, it was necessary to begin the study of mechanics and applied mathematics, and these sciences were supposed to incite the young man to farming, which was the ultimate goal and cherished desire of the compiler of the instruction. Prince Alexander was supposed to allocate a plot of land for agronomic experiments and provide agricultural implements. He had to thoroughly study the multi-field economy and the arrangement of machines, as well as the art of surveying, and also learn how to freely handle carpentry tools. Such practical education was intended to develop in the prince independence, efficiency and a conscious attitude towards life around him. The education program also included the development of memory by studying poetic works and the development of eloquence by saying aloud speeches composed by the student himself. Traveling to foreign lands was given in the instructions for 6 years, during which the young man had to get acquainted with the history and statistics of the visited countries. In order to study these branches of knowledge as soon as possible and thoroughly, Prince Alexander had to be accompanied during his travels by a doctor, chemist, botanist, mechanic (from the Dutch, English or Swiss), a German familiar with Latin and Greek, the main teacher, on whose duties lay in the management of all education in general, and a Russian mentor who knew Russia well, its history and laws. Four years were intended for a trip to European, and two years to Asiatic Russia. At the end of these travels, Prince Alexander was supposed to enter the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs or Finance, but in no way in the military service, and not in the court or diplomatic. In his old age, upon retirement, he must settle in the countryside in order to "take care of the education and well-being of his peasants and accustom them to engage in arts and crafts that will increase his income and at the same time give employment to a crowd of idle servants." In these instructions, in addition to some influence of Rousseau's pedagogical ideas, the English ideal of a rich, well-born, educated landowner, landlord "and who settled in his family estate, who cares about the culture of the economy and the enlightenment of the dark people who are dependent on him, was clearly reflected. The same English the views of Prince Ivan Ivanovich were also reflected in his spiritual will, according to which the formation of a majorate of 8,000 souls was determined for Prince Alexander, the rest of the property was distributed to Princess Maria Feodorovna, three sons and three daughters born from a second marriage; there is nothing about a daughter from a first marriage in the will was not mentioned. The formation of an extensive primacy in favor of Prince Alexander meant the maintenance of the family, which is why all the splendor and luxury of the princely house of Baryatinsky concentrated on the representative of this family. The father's hopes regarding the future activities of the first-born were far from realized, and Prince Alexander Ivanovich embodied the ideas of his father only in their relations with other members of the family, being their real head, patron and representative of the princely house. Caring for the material well-being of family members was a special subject of attention for Prince. Alexander Ivanovich and the brothers always found in him a generous and generous patron. Early and artificially developed family pride left an imprint on the relationship of the young prince and to the people around him. He was polite, simple and amiable with everyone, but did not tolerate familiarity and swagger in his dealings with himself and, giving his interlocutor attention, nevertheless never crossed a certain line in his rapprochement with him. And this was done somehow by itself without offensive arrogance or humiliating contempt. Princess Maria Fedorovna gave her son an excellent education at home, especially in terms of knowledge of languages, and when the young man was 16 years old, she was going to send him to Moscow University, but this did not work out, because the young prince, under the influence of the guardsman Svistunov, declared a strong desire to devote himself military service. His mother and family tried their best to dissuade him, but in vain. Prince Alexander showed here those stubbornness and independence that made up his distinctive qualities in later life. The family dispute reached the palace, the empress herself supported the young man, offering to enroll him in the cavalry guard regiment, of which she was the chief, and in August, 1831, Prince. Baryatinsky entered the school of guard ensigns and cavalry junkers.

In this educational institution, Baryatinsky, a cavalry junker, completely plunged into the cheerful, noisy life of the capital's youth of that time. Tall, stately, charmingly handsome with lovely blue eyes and curly blond curls, he made an irresistible impression on women, and his romantic adventures overshadowed interest in academic pursuits. The consequence of weak successes in the sciences was that the book. Baryatinsky could not finish the school course in the first category and join his beloved cavalry guard regiment, and in 1833 he was forced to enter the Gatchina cuirassier regiment (then army) as a cornet. But his interests and sympathies did not lie here; his real family was the cavalry guard regiment, in whose life he took an active part. So, by the way, he participated in a major prank of cavalry guard officers directed against the new regiment commander, which made a lot of noise in the city; its consequence was the arrest of Prince Baryatinsky in the guardhouse of an orphanage. His pranks, revels, funny adventures and romantic adventures were widely known in St. Petersburg. With his frivolous behavior, he finally incurred the displeasure of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, and he had to seriously think about correcting his shattered reputation. Prince Alexander Ivanovich did not hesitate for a long time in the choice of means and declared a categorical desire to go to the Caucasus in order to take part in hostilities against the mountaineers. Such a decision, which revealed independence of character and an outstanding understanding of the service, caused great talk in the family and among acquaintances. They begged the prince not to risk himself, but in vain; what he decided, it should have come true; "Tell the Sovereign, Prince Baryatinsky asked to convey to Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich that if I can do pranks, then I can also serve." As a result of his insistence, in March 1835, i.e., when he was not yet 20 years old, he was, by the Highest command, sent to the troops of the Caucasian Corps for the entire duration of the upcoming military operations that year. In April, he said goodbye to St. Petersburg and went to the place of business trip, where he entered the detachment of General Velyaminov, under the immediate command of Prince. Orbeliani, commander of the cavalry regiment of the Black Sea Cossacks.

Our actions against the western highlanders in the period of the 30s did not differ in significant successes and had the main goal of establishing within the triangle between the fortress of Anapa, the sea and the mouth of the Kuban. Prince. Baryatinsky. On September 21, commanding a hundred dismounted Cossacks, in the heat of hand-to-hand combat that ended with our victory over the mountaineers, the prince was seriously wounded by a rifle bullet in the side and was carried on the shoulders by N.P. Kolyubakin, who participated in the battle as a demoted private. Wound book. Baryatinsky was very serious (the bullet sat deep and was not removed until the end of his life), and for 2 days he was between life and death, all the time unconscious. At one of the moments of consciousness, the patient dictated to the commander of the Black Sea Cossacks, Bezobrazov, his spiritual testament, in which he distributed all his property among relatives and friends and asked to petition for the return of Kolyubakin's officer rank. The last request was fulfilled, and the relationship between Prince. Baryatinsky and Kolyubakin preserved forever the most cordial. In this case, the noble attitude of the prince towards the unfortunate and the knightly duty to pay generously with a service for a service clearly affected, the heroic body of the patient overcame the illness, and he was allowed to go first to St. Petersburg to improve his health, and then abroad. Kolyubakin, on behalf of General Velyaminov, described in detail the heroic behavior of the young prince. Baryatinsky to his mother, who, stricken with grief, showed the letter to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and from her the feat of Prince. Baryatinsky became known to the Sovereign himself and to the entire St. Petersburg society. The reward for the expedition was the promotion of the prince to lieutenants and the award of a golden saber. Upon arrival in Petersburg, at Prince. The whole aristocratic world visited Baryatinsky with visits, condolences and congratulations, but the highest reward was a visit by the Heir to the Tsarevich, who at the entrance greeted him with the words: "The Sovereign Emperor commands you to be with the Heir." With tears in his eyes fell Prince. Baryatinsky to the breast of the Tsesarevich, and this cordial meeting, according to his own consciousness, was a solemn moment of cleansing from his former sinful life. Everything of the past was forgotten, and a new life opened before the young hero.

Having rested in St. Petersburg, Prince. Alexander Ivanovich received a long vacation abroad. Traveling to different European lands, he tried to fill in the gaps in his education: he listened to lectures at universities, met writers, scientists, prominent political and public figures, mainly from high society in France and England. In 1838-39. he accompanied the Tsesarevich on his journey through Europe, and at that time Prince. Baryatinsky especially became close to the early deceased count. Joseph Vielgorsky, together with whom he set out to collect a library of foreign writings about Russia and a museum of items related to Russia. Subsequently, this extensive library, with the inclusion of the library of the orientalist Gulyanov, acquired by the book. Baryatinsky in 1840, was placed at the disposal of the Moscow Rumyantsev Museum.

Upon returning from abroad, Baryatinsky lived in St. Petersburg, serving in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, passionately fond of the Tsarskoye Selo races, for which he kept expensive horses, and engaged in putting his money affairs in order and organizing the major. The official movement went very quickly, and by 1845 we see the book. Baryatinsky with the rank of colonel. However, the Caucasus beckoned Prince Alexander Ivanovich to take part in the proposed large expedition of Prince. Vorontsov against the residence of Shamil, the village of Dargo. After intercourse on this subject with the book. Vorontsov, Prince. Baryatinsky was seconded to the Kabardian Jaeger prince. Chernyshov regiment and on May 30, 1845 was appointed commander of the 3rd battalion of this regiment.

The expedition against Dargo was unsuccessful in its consequences. The most brilliant thing during it was the occupation of the Andean Heights, which fell to the lot of Prince. Baryatinsky and immediately put his name along with the outstanding and experienced Caucasian heroes. Knocking out the highlanders from their fortified positions, Prince. Baryatinsky brilliantly fulfilled the order of Prince. Vorontsov and evoked enthusiastic approval from both the commander-in-chief and his retinue, who watched from afar the actions of the battalion commander, "walking, according to Prince Vorontsov, ahead of the bravest and setting an example of courage and fearlessness." Severely wounded by a bullet in the leg and awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree, Prince. Baryatinsky was again forced to part with the Caucasus, return to St. Petersburg, and from there, to improve his health, undertake a long journey abroad. On the way, however, when visiting Warsaw, having received from Prince. Paskevich's proposal to take part in hostilities against the Polish rebels, he also distinguished himself by defeating the rebel cavalry detachment under the command of Mazaraki on February 21, 1846 and throwing the enemy army formed in the Krakow district abroad. For this feat, the prince was awarded the Order of St. Anna 2nd degree.

Shortly after returning from a foreign trip, Prince. Baryatinsky received from Prince. Vorontsov's proposal to take command of the Kabardian regiment. No matter how flattering this proposal was, Prince Baryatinsky hesitated, suspecting that it was caused by pressure from St. Petersburg, not quite sure of the sincerity of the prince's disposition. Vorontsov, whose subtle character he, with his characteristic perspicacity, managed to study enough, and therefore feared that his independence and pride might suffer from a collision with a higher boss, who, like him, was distinguished by an unyielding will. However, what followed showed that these fears were unfounded. February 28, 1847 was followed by an order to appoint Prince. Baryatinsky as adjutant wing and commander of the Kabardian regiment. The decision of the book. Alexander Ivanovich to part with court life caused strong regrets in St. Petersburg society. His collections for the Caucasus were lengthy and complex. He decided to transfer to his regimental apartment all his brilliant atmosphere of life in the capital, believing that the regimental commander, in his position, in addition to his official relations with his subordinates, should have been a prominent representative of the part of the army entrusted to him. The departure from the capital was accompanied by a heartfelt farewell to his comrades, and the prince sent his large luggage along the Volga in the form of a whole flotilla.

The regiment eagerly awaited the arrival of a new commander. They saw in him a friend of the Heir, a rich nobleman, a dashing comrade, a charming companion, and, moreover, an old acquaintance, the hero of the Andean Heights. Prince Baryatinsky appeared with a consciousness of the importance of the command entrusted to him of one of the bravest regiments, which had recently been not in special favor. He was serious, pedantically exacting, and mercilessly strict in his discipline; they began to fear him, old Caucasians trembled before his frowning eyebrows, legends spread about his personality. Going into all, sometimes small, details of the regimental economy and the lives of subordinates, he worked tirelessly, at the same time he managed to make his house the center of regimental life. Everyone who had business with him enjoyed completely free access to him, the officers carefully gathered at his place every day for lunch and dinner, and there was no shortage of entertainment. The prince did not spare money for the needs of the regiment and, by the way, at his own expense armed the regiment with fittings.

But next to these immediate official affairs, Prince. Baryatinsky constantly followed the general course of affairs in the Caucasus, studied the country and weighed our chances of success in the fight against the highlanders. He got acquainted with the literature devoted to the Caucasus: Dubois de Monperet's essay "Voyage autour du Caucase" became his reference book, and in his library one could find notes by Passek, Burneau, Neverovsky about our situation in the Caucasus. Delving into the established book. Vorontsov, the system of military operations, Prince. Baryatinsky finds it the only reasonable and fruitful one, but at the same time he considers it necessary to make significant amendments and additions to it. So, he was surprised at the preference that we gave to Dagestan over Chechnya for the conquest of the Eastern Caucasus, and even then expressed the view that the extreme and exhaustion of the mountaineers' means should come with the loss of Chechnya - a view that subsequently brilliantly confirmed and served as the starting point for the final reconciliation Caucasus. This preparation for future work, studies in the quiet of the study, are becoming more and more persistent and prolonged, and more than once the morning dawn catches Prince. Alexander Ivanovich, immersed in the study of issues of interest to him, more than once in serious cases he submits his opinion, not limited to one execution of the orders of his superiors. So, at his direction, the headquarters of the regiment is transferred from kr. Sudden to Khasav-Yurt, which had an important strategic advantage and provided our troops with a convenient location and communication with the main active forces; according to his idea, the deployment of troops on the Kumyk plane is changing, and the types of protection of the tribes obedient to us and with the aim of ensuring our relations with Dagestan and with the left flank of the Caucasian line; in his opinion, a new, more convenient place was chosen for the construction of a bridge across the Terek. All this greatly elevated the book. Baryatinsky in the eyes of Prince. Vorontsov, and from their extensive correspondence it is clear how much the commander-in-chief valued the strategic abilities of the young regimental commander.

From the purely military exploits of the book. Baryatinsky during this time, we should first of all mention the case at the village of Zandak, where, having fulfilled the essential side of the assignment - to distract the enemy from our main forces - he managed to refrain from the conceited desire to seize the enemy cannon at the cost of the death of many soldiers, and this revealed his true military look and stewardship. In November and December 1847, he undertook a number of successful raids on the Shamilevsky auls, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree. In the summer of 1848, acting with his Kabardians in the detachment of Prince. Argutinsky-Dolgoruky, Prince. Baryatinsky, when taking the village of Gergebil, with his stamina and diligence most of all contributed to the success of the case, and for this he was promoted to Major General of His Majesty's retinue.

The immoderate life of the years of youth, however, began to affect at first mild, and then increasingly intensifying attacks of gout, which caused severe suffering, produced a depressing effect on the spiritual mood of Prince. Alexander Ivanovich and forced him to apply again for a vacation, which was allowed to him in the autumn of 1848. The court spheres were looking forward to the arrival of Prince. Baryatinsky, thinking of marrying him; but these gentlemen were not included in the calculations of the prince, and therefore, having received information about them, he, under the guise of illness, stopped in Tula, stretched out his vacation here and, considering it over, hurried to the Caucasus. To the courier sent after him, the prince pointed out his eye disease, fatigue and the need to stay in the regiment. By this he postponed his arrival in St. Petersburg for another year. This episode did not remain without influence on the relationship to the book. Baryatinsky Prince. Vorontsov, who realized that the Royal Family was already looking at Prince Alexander Ivanovich somewhat differently, and at the same time gossip about the reviews of Prince. Baryatinsky about the activities of the governor could not help but cause cooling in him. At the same time, friends and relatives from St. Petersburg made it clear that Prince. Baryatinsky needs to appear at court to restore his former position. As a result of all this, in 1850, having said goodbye to the regiment, Prince. Baryatinsky appeared in Petersburg.

He was met in Petersburg salons, where they saw the Sovereign and Empress cool towards him, despite daily meetings with the Tsarevich, far from being as friendly as before. Book himself. Baryatinsky emphasized by his behavior that he was not looking for the mercy of the Court and the location of society. To show his indifference to the world, he even changed his appearance: he cut off his curls, let go of his blunt trimmed sideburns, walked slightly hunched over and leaning on a stick. This gave him, with his tanned, weather-beaten face, the appearance of a brave soldier and destroyed the former idea of ​​\u200b\u200ba graceful courtier. He took measures to deprive himself of the tempting quality of a rich groom, hanging on his mother's Christmas tree as a surprise, the transfer of the major to his second brother, Prince Vladimir Ivanovich. Prince Alexander Ivanovich ceased to appear in the world, staying in a close circle of close people and studying various state issues, mainly related to the affairs of the Caucasus, dear to him, clarifying to himself both the state needs and the importance of this region, and the means for finally settling in it Russian power. Analyzing the system of actions of Yermolov and Prince. Vorontsov, he preferred the latter, and pointed out significant shortcomings here too: the lack of continuity in hostilities and the fallacy of some administrative measures. Recognizing the correct opinion of General Velyaminov that "the Caucasus is a fortress, extremely solid in location, skillfully fenced with fortifications and defended by a numerous garrison," Prince. Baryatinsky considered it necessary to continuously press the garrison of the fortress, deal him one blow after another and at the same time weaken his vitality and energy through deprivation and separation from reinforcements that might come from outside. He was deeply convinced that the power of Shamil was short-lived and that, with the unrelenting energy of the Russian authorities, the appeasement of the highlanders did not seem unattainable. It is not only necessary to give the enemy time to gain strength and show him that he is considered dangerous; at the same time, it is necessary to attract to oneself the location of the environment in which the enemy operates, and not for a moment lose sight of those places where calm and humility have already been achieved.

Being in complete service inactivity, the uncertainty of what awaits him in the future, weighed on the book. Baryatinsky; Alexander Ivanovich, after some hesitation, decided to return to the Caucasus, despite his shaken relationship with Prince. Vorontsov. May 23, 1850 Prince. Baryatinsky was appointed to be with the Caucasian army, and it was entrusted to him to accompany the Tsarevich on his journey through the Caucasus. Date with the book Vorontsov in Kislovodsk did not differ in particular cordiality, but with the arrival of the Tsarevich in the fall in the Caucasus, the position of Prince. Baryatinsky immediately changed. Firstly, everyone was convinced of the friendly attitude of the representative of the Royal Family towards him, and secondly, Prince. Vorontsov saw that Prince. Alexander Ivanovich is trying with all his might to put in relief his merits in the eyes of the Heir, and that the intrigues that gave rise to his cooling to Prince. Baryatinsky, are not trustworthy. Good relations were restored, and on October 17, 1850, the appointment of Prince. Baryatinsky commander of the Caucasian grenadier brigade with the rights of division chief.

During the winter of 1851, the efforts of our troops were aimed at destroying the Shalinsky trench arranged by Shamil in Chechnya, which was done by a successful roundabout movement without shedding blood. In addition, the book Baryatinsky managed to inflict a severe defeat on the highlanders at the Bas River and capture many weapons and horses. A number of summer and winter expeditions in 1851-52. on the Great Chechnya Square gave us the opportunity for the first time after the indignation of the mountaineers to go along it from the Vozdvizhenskaya fortress to the Kurinsky fortification. Since then, the main stronghold of Shamil's dominion has become accessible to our troops at any time of the year. Particularly successful was the defeat of the imam near the Chertugaev crossing, the offensive movement of Prince. Baryatinsky has always been distinguished by the most insignificant loss of people during skirmishes with the enemy, thanks to the tactic of constant detours, hiding from enemy observation until a certain moment by skillful fake maneuvers against the enemy front. A well-organized system of collecting information about Shamil's plans through scouts made it possible for Prince. Baryatinsky to warn the intentions of the enemy and build his calculations with almost unmistakable accuracy. Book succeeded no less. Baryatinsky to reach both the southern districts of Chechnya and from the Kumyk plane, where the steep banks of the Michik made the movement of troops especially difficult. In the winter of 1852-53. our troops firmly occupied the Khobi-Shavdon heights, laid a convenient road through the Kayakalsky ridge, and arranged a permanent crossing through the Michik. Years of active energy book. Baryatinsky as a brigadier commander and head of a division, and in the summer as commander of the left flank of the troops (Prince Vorontsov gave him this position after General Nesterov) prepared the final fall in Shamil's influence and opened the previously impregnable auls to the Russian troops, thanks to a number of new clearings and roads. Cutting works attracted the special serious attention of Prince. Baryatinsky.

Next to the military operations of the book. Baryatinsky reveals remarkable administrative considerations. Under him, numerous new auls are set up in Chechnya, and in the old ones the population doubles, as the Chechens, deprived of the means of subsistence and exhausted by the war, throw down the banner of Shamil in masses and express obedience to the Russian authorities. This movement was greatly facilitated by the device of the book. Baryatinsky in the Grozny fortress of the Chechen people's court (mehkeme), modeled on the courts for Kumyks and Kabardians, arranged by Yermolov. In this court, coordinated with local customary law, the members of the court and the chairman had a decisive vote, and the mullah, the interpreter of Sharia, retained only an advisory voice, which greatly weakened his influence on the population, for the most part hostile to the Russian authorities. Prince Baryatinsky showed the most attentive attitude to the arrangement of the mekhkeme, and by appointing the Orientalist Colonel I. A. Bartolomey as its chairman, he soon turned this court into a beloved and respected institution of the Chechens.

Book. Vorontsov, who maintained an extensive correspondence with the chief of the left flank, whom he soon appointed chief of his staff, constantly expressed his full pleasure to him on the subject of actions and undertakings in the Chechen region and announced to him his consent to the presentations made. In January 1853, Prince. Baryatinsky was appointed adjutant general, and in the fall of the same year he was approved as chief of staff, which opened up wide scope for him to carry out his strategic plans to conquer the mountaineers. But the Crimean War that broke out at that time temporarily created a special situation in the course of our actions in the Caucasus, and our role here in the period 1853-56. was limited to maintaining what we had achieved in previous years. And these results were extremely important, since the highlanders, especially in the Western Caucasus, instigated by the Turks, the British and the French, showed a particularly warlike mood and caused us a lot of anxiety. For the share of the book. Baryatinsky fell in the war with the Turks to once again show his strategic talent, in the battle with the 60,000th Anatolian army of Mushir-Zarif-Mustafa Pasha. For the defeat of this army at Kyuryuk-Dara, mainly due to the diligence and resourcefulness of Prince. Baryatinsky, he was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd class.

After the departure of Prince Vorontsov and the appointment of H. H. Muravyov, who held different views on our struggle with the highlanders, Prince. Baryatinsky did not consider it convenient for himself to keep the post of chief of staff and asked to go on vacation to St. Petersburg. Here he was assigned to to the person of the Emperor Alexander Nikolayevich, who had just ascended the throne, and in this position he accompanied the Sovereign on his trip to Moscow and the Crimea, where he was entrusted from September 27 to October 28, 1855, with command of all the troops gathered in Nikolaev and its environs. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Prince. Alexander Ivanovich was appointed commander of the reserve guards corps. The ill-wishers of Prince Baryatinsky were sure that he, as the head of this part of the army, would turn out to be weak in front of the knowledge and bearing of his subordinates, who were considered great experts in the system, who constantly distinguished themselves at reviews, but he managed to get out of the test with honor, turned out to be at the height of true knowledge of the military service and gave his subordinates many instructions on what should be required of a soldier and what is the strength of the spirit of the army. For the command of this corps, Prince. Baryatinsky was awarded the Order of the White Eagle.

During this time, the book Baryatinsky submitted several notes on the question of the final pacification of the Caucasus, insisting on the need for this purpose to keep the 13th and 18th infantry divisions transferred there during the Crimean War in the Caucasus until the end of the war with the highlanders, since such a strengthening of the Caucasian army would make it possible take decisive action. This view, in favor of which D. A. Milyutin also spoke out, was approved by the Sovereign, and the two divisions mentioned were left in the Caucasus. On July 22, 1856, the appointment of Prince. Baryatinsky as commander of a separate Caucasian corps and correcting the post of governor of the Caucasian with all the rights that were granted to his predecessor. Some Petersburg circles found that Prince. Baryatinsky is too young for such a responsible position, they recalled his various sins of his youth; but people who seriously looked at the matter understood the importance of this appointment. In the Caucasus, the news of this caused a rare rejoicing. The Caucasus, from young to old, from private to general, was happy and proud that the new boss mine a man baptized by Caucasian fire, twice pierced by a mountain bullet and knowing the country and its people inside and out. This general joy was vividly expressed in the articles of the Kavkaz newspaper.

At the celebrations of the coronation of Emperor Alexander II, Prince. Baryatinsky attracted general attention both with his personality and with the brilliant atmosphere with which he knew how to surround himself; but at the same time, he did not miss the opportunity, in conversations with A.P. Yermolov, to draw for himself important indications of military experience. In September 1856, the new governor of the Caucasus Volga, through Astrakhan to Petrovsky, went to the region entrusted to him. Traveling by water and the way in which he sent his luggage 10 years ago was not chosen by him in vain. Then he had in mind to point out the most convenient way for us to trade with the Caucasus, and now his attention was occupied with considerations regarding the strengthening of Russian power in the Transcaspian region, both for the development of trade with the East, and for the expansion of our political influence in Asia. . On this subject, he submitted a note from Shemakha to the Admiral General about the need to build a Trans-Caspian railway, but this idea did not meet with support in the bureaucratic spheres of St. Petersburg.

Book. Baryatinsky gave the following order to the army: “Warriors of the Caucasus! Looking at you and marveling at you, I grew up and matured. From you and for your sake I am happy to be your leader, and I will work to justify such mercy, happiness and great honor for me. May God help us in all undertakings for the glory of the Sovereign." The population everywhere greeted Prince Baryatinsky with expressions of genuine joy, and the meeting in Tiflis was especially solemn and was accompanied by the offering of bread and salt and noisy festivities.

Extensive tasks were ahead of the new head of the region; among them, in the foreground was the end of the war, which exhausted the region, distracted the population from peaceful pursuits and absorbed huge funds from the state treasury. Any delay threatened to strengthen the influence of British agents in the Caucasus, who used all their strength to set the mountain tribes against us and destroy the successes we had already achieved. Caucasus in the eyes of Prince. Baryatinsky served as the basis on which he had to rely: Russian influence in the Eastern question. Only standing with a firm foot to this region, Russia acquired the security of Europe in its aspirations to the East. In addition to its political and strategic role, the Caucasus, according to Prince. Baryatinsky, was supposed to serve as an inexhaustible source of inflow of funds to the state treasury, for which it was only necessary to raise its culture and conduct a reasonable civil administration here, which, without depersonalizing the local peoples, would bind them with inextricable ties with Russia.

Book. Baryatinsky came to the Caucasus with the broadest powers. Both in the military and in the civil administration of the region, he outlined important measures, of which he managed to complete one part, partially begin to implement the other, and only sketch out the third. Immediately on appointment, he began to reorganize the military administration, the main drawback of which was the lack of the necessary independence of individual commanders, and at the same time he recognized the need to bring the deployment of troops in line with the military-administrative division of the region. With these goals, the commander-in-chief divided the troops into five main departments: 1) The right wing of the Caucasian line, subordinate to the head of the 19th infantry. divisions, 2) The left wing, subordinate to the head of 20 infantry. divisions, 3) the Caspian region and the Derbent province under the control of the head of 21 infantry. divisions, 4) the Lezgin cordon line with the Djaro-Belokan district, subordinate to the head of the Caucasian Grenadier Division, 5) the Kutaisi General Government with the inclusion of the 3rd branch of the former Black Sea coastline. The title of commander of the troops on the Caucasian line and in the Black Sea region was abolished, and the heads of departments were given the power of commanders on the line. According to this new order, the troops were distributed, moreover. divisions 13 and 18 were disbanded in the first 4 departments.

From the nearest employees of the book. Baryatinsky, during his administration of the Caucasus, in the military part, D. A. Milyutin, who as chief of staff greatly contributed to the development of military-administrative and strategic issues, and N. I. Evdokimov, the head of the left wing, who managed to bring war to a happy end.

In general terms, the program of military operations drawn up by Baryatinsky was as follows: Evdokimov was to deliver the final blow to Shamil in Chechnya and penetrate Dagestan from this side; from the side of the Caspian region, it was necessary to establish itself in Salatavia in order to strategically tie the Dagestan and Chechen troops and take a firm position in the mountains; on the part of the Lezgin line, it was the task of annually systematically ruining recalcitrant societies and bringing them to complete weakening. The assertion of Chechnya on the plane and the occupation of Salatavia were aimed at depriving Shamil of the rich regions of his territory and at the same time shortening the length of the blockade line. Thus distracted from their usual activities and constantly disturbed by our advancing detachments, the highlanders inevitably had to come to terms sooner or later, and Prince. Baryatinsky was sure that this moment would come very soon, while his colleagues, even such as D. A. Milyutin and N. I. Evdokimov, almost until the very end of the struggle with Shamil, mistakenly believed that it should still last, and as a result they did not show that decisiveness, which distinguished all the actions of the governor. As for some mountain tribes of the Western Caucasus, for the first time in relation to them it was supposed to renew Anapa, the device of the Adagum line and the continuation of the Belorechinskaya line. The Adagum line and the foundation of the Maykop fortification on the Belaya River cut off part of the plane from the enemy and provided Russian settlements in the Kuban, and also transferred our military equipment closer to the mountains. In the Western Caucasus, from the side of Transcaucasia, it was planned to renew the fortress of Gagra, blocking the way along the Black Sea coast from the Circassian tribes, and in addition, an expedition to Svanetia was supposed.

Our actions were especially successful in the Eastern Caucasus, where Gen. Evdokimov brought to an end what Prince. Baryatinsky began as early as 1851-53, holding the post of chief of the left flank. Simultaneously with these actions in Chechnya, on the other hand, the occupation of Salatavia was carried out. During the expeditions in the Western Caucasus, Prince. Baryatinsky lost at the very beginning one of his newly elected assistants, Prince. A. I. Gagarin, Governor-General of Kutaisi, who fell at the hands of the ruler of the autonomous Svaneti, Prince. Constant Dadeshkeliani. This fact, as well as the uprising of the peasants that broke out in the Mingrelian principality, were the reason for the abolition of two autonomies, Mingrelian and Svaneti, which was a matter of state necessity, since these two self-governing regions were a harmful anachronism in the general system of government created by the new governor.

Simultaneously with these military-administrative and strategic transformations, Prince. Baryatinsky is carrying out a number of measures in the Caucasus that are supposed to raise the welfare of the region, introduce order and law in it and strengthen the significance of the Russian authorities; for these transformations, he had wide scope, using the Highest granted him the right to reform the old and introduce new institutions, without their approval by the legislative order, "in the form of experience, for three years." Already in 1856, having disbanded the main administration of the governorship, he established a special committee to discuss the foundations on which the administration reform should be carried out. This committee, based on a number of considerations, suggested: 1) Instead of the position of head of the civil administration, establish the position of head of the main administration, who, being the closest assistant to the viceroy in civil affairs, should, under his main leadership, manage all parts of the administration and conduct correspondence that does not require orders in the highest respect, and thus have the same importance in civil matters that belongs to the chief of staff in military matters. 2) The Main Department of Affairs of the Caucasian and Trans-Caspian Territories, calling it the main department of the Viceroy of the Caucasus, to form from separate parts, which, in charge of special branches of administration, in their composition and range of actions would replace the institutions intermediary between the ministers and their subordinate places, existing in all ministries . Therefore, under the immediate supervision of the head of the main department, it was decided to establish the following departments: a) general affairs; b) court cases; c) financial, to concentrate in it the highest accounting for local incomes and expenditures and for monetary zemstvo duties in the Transcaucasian Territory; as well as to manage the affairs of drinking collections, mining and salt parts, customs administration and measures related to the revival of domestic and foreign trade, the promotion of factory and manufacturing industries; d) state property, for the management of state lands and, in general, state peasants of all denominations; e) to introduce a special department of agriculture and colonies of foreign settlers in the Caucasus into the composition of the main department, which is not divided with the departments. 3) Leaving at the main administration in the form of a special establishment the existing special presence on zemstvo duties, for cases related to zemstvo duties in the Transcaucasian region, change its personnel and the procedure adopted in it for the conduct of cases, in accordance with the new structure of the main administration. In other cases, in cases of particular importance, in the circle of administrative ones that arise, when it is necessary to adopt any general order for different parts of the administration, to allow the head of the main department to convene advisory meetings from the directors. 4) With such a structure of the main administration, when all parts of it will be subordinated to special special persons who are obliged to have the immediate responsibility for their improvement, change the organization of the former council of the main administration of the Transcaucasian Territory and call it the council of the governor, with its focus not so much on the current affairs of the administration ( which will be resolved by meetings of administrative persons, i.e., heads of units with the head of the main department), how much on the most important issues that will be submitted for discussion by the governor. 5) Then, under the immediate and direct supervision and guidance of the governor, a temporary department was established for the affairs of the civil system of the region, for the processing of cases and correspondence according to the special plans and orders of the governor, as well as for the preparation and processing of drafts, regulations, new rules and instructions on issues general, closely related to the organization of various parts of the administration and to the development of the people's welfare in the region. At the same time, it was found convenient in the person of the manager of this department to combine the title and duties of the director of the viceroy's field office.

Events book. Baryatinsky to improve the Caucasian administration embraced all areas of public life. So, in the question of the educational part of the book. Baryatinsky insisted on the abolition of the educational district, transferring all the rights and duties of the trustee to the heads of individual localities of the region, and concentrated the clerical work on monitoring the educational part in the head office of the governor. In 1858, Prince. Baryatinsky established the Department of Agriculture and the Colonies of Foreign Settlers (however, after 2 years it was disbanded), which was intended to increase the natural productivity of the region. A lot of work was put into improving the construction and road parts, thanks to which excellent roads and highways were laid in some previously deaf and inconvenient places for communication, but the end of the work in this respect is the construction of the Georgian Military Highway. The governor attached great importance to the construction of railways and the organization of steamship communications, but in this respect he failed to achieve any significant results, although a shipping company was established along the Kuban and Rion, and a party of foreign engineers drafted a railway from Poti to Baku (given implemented much later) and worked out an irrigation plan, the economic importance of which for the Caucasus region was highly appreciated by the governor. Assuming to extend the peasant reform to the Transcaucasian region, Prince. Baryatinsky established in Tiflis a central committee for organizing the life of the Transcaucasian peasants, but this work was completed under his successor. The confusion and even the complete absence of land surveying also served as a matter of concern for the governor, although there were no important improvements in this matter. Of great importance was the transformation of legal proceedings, the replacement of the collection of Tsar Vakhtang with general Russian civil laws. But special attention to the book. Baryatinsky was attracted by church affairs, since he saw in the preaching of Christianity among the highlanders the best means of securing the Caucasus region with the rest of Russia. On this subject, the governor presented the Sovereign with an extensive note on the need to restore Christianity among the highlanders, which once existed among them, as is shown by the remains of Christian shrines found in the mountains, and for this it was supposed to establish the Brotherhood of the Exaltation of the Cross, with the goal of building and maintaining churches and clergy in the mountainous regions, the training of preachers of the Christian doctrine, the establishment of schools at churches in which foreign children would be brought up in the spirit of Orthodoxy, as well as the translation into all kinds of Caucasian dialects of St. Scripture and catechism. Note book. Baryatinsky, transferred to the Caucasian Committee, with some changes was forwarded to the Holy Synod, and after objections submitted by Met. Philaret and Count Bludov founded the Society for the Restoration of Orthodox Christianity in the Caucasus, under the supreme auspices of Empress Maria Alexandrovna. The purpose and organization of the society closely approached what was outlined in the note of the book. Baryatinsky.

In the military operations of 1858-59, one can see the fulfillment of the basic requirements of the program of the commander-in-chief: our movement is distinguished by stubborn continuity and a pronounced offensive character, after the occupation of Salatavia and Aukh. Having established itself on the Black Mountains, the left wing got the opportunity to move into a treeless strip that runs between the Black Mountains and the Andean Range, from where access was already opened to the societies of inner Dagestan, which are not distinguished by the militancy that we used to meet in the highlanders of Chechnya. One expedition after another exhausted and finally weakened the villages of Chechnya, and the local inhabitants were forced to surrender themselves to the generosity of the winners. As a result, it turned out to be possible to place a number of peaceful auls in pre-planned, quite accessible places. Shamil was in a hurry to concentrate his remaining few forces in impregnable Veden.

Meanwhile, our detachments were advancing from all sides. The mountain tribes, one after the other, showed their obedience. The commander-in-chief this year was busy bypassing the North Caucasus, and from Kobi, where Evdokimov met him with reports on hostilities, Prince. Baryatinsky followed the left wing to Khasov-Yurt. These trips were extremely important. His appearance in the center of our army, which had not seen him for a long time, should have given animation to the soldiers for the upcoming military operations in 1859. In addition, he had to check to what extent the plan of action he had outlined and the continuous offensive system were carried out by the heads of departments and justified his expectations. Everything he saw and heard in the theater of operations left him with a feeling of complete satisfaction, but, showering the gene. Evdokimov differences, he nevertheless found in his orders some slowness and indecision and considered it necessary to rush him with the end of hostilities against Shamil. By the nature of his character, the book. Baryatinsky considered once conceived to be carried out as quickly and decisively as possible, and the obstacles fell by themselves. Knowing how to correctly calculate the chances of success, the governor acted decisively and accurately.

In April, book Baryatinsky went along the Terek to Stavropol, Chernomorie, Kerch, Laba, Maikop, Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk, and from Vladikavkaz made a trip along the right bank of the Terek. His appearance everywhere caused delight, and not only on the part of the Russian people and troops, but also on the part of the newly reconciled highlanders. The commander-in-chief knew how to give his journey a special brilliance and pomp, and the natives who expressed their obedience were showered with gifts, though not God knows how expensive, but nevertheless they made an extraordinary impression. The treasurer who rode with him always kept a bag with gold and silver coins at the ready, which the prince scattered on his way. These handouts instilled in the greedy highlanders a special reverence for the luxury of a representative of the tsarist government, in comparison with which, of course, Shamil was completely out of place, since he was not able to compete in this with the Russian commander in chief.

April 1, 1859 Evdokimov took possession of Veden. Shamil fled to Dagestan, and the recalcitrant communities of the Black Mountains and the intermediate terrain to the Andi Range expressed their obedience. Reporting the fall of Vedenya to the Sovereign, Prince. Baryatinsky assessed this event as follows: "This success is especially glorious for Russian weapons, because from this day will be considered the conquest of the population living between the Caspian Sea and the Georgian Military Highway. I dare to say this with confidence. "Now, according to the plan worked out by Prince Baryatinsky, it was up to the share of the Russian troops to carry out an offensive in the mountains of eastern Dagestan from three sides in the summer of 1859 with the aim of occupying this area to complete the conquest of the Eastern Caucasus. The commander-in-chief wished to report his plan Prince Baryatinsky’s confidence that the days of Shamil’s independence were numbered was so great that in a conversation with the Sovereign, he even asked for a promise to welcome Colonel Trumpovsky rank major general for delivering Shamil in the very near future to St. Petersburg, and Shamil himself, according to ancient custom, a fur coat from the royal shoulder; while passing through Moscow, Prince Baryatinsky even ordered a travel carriage, in which the head of Muridism was to arrive. neither D. A. Milyutin, nor Count Evdokimov, who was preparing for a long time to fight with Shamil.

In July book. Baryatinsky pulled an army of 40,000 people with 48 guns to the place of Shamil's stay, he himself became the head of these vast military forces and personally ordered the offensive. Shamil sat down in a fortified position near the middle of the Koysu current, occupying both banks of the river. With skillful strategic movements, Baryatinsky squeezed Shamil's troops and separated them from the rest of the mass of the recalcitrant population. As a result, uprisings against Shamil rose up all over the country, and the mountain tribes, one after another, hastened to show obedience to us. Seeing his critical situation, Shamil locked himself in Gunib, a place, due to its natural conditions, almost completely inaccessible to attack; but already after 2½ weeks Mount Gunib-Dag was tightly surrounded by Russian troops, and the nearby mountain tribes were brought into submission. The consequence of all these successful actions was the conquest of Avaria, Koysubu and other areas of Dagestan, and for such successes, achieved with a relatively insignificant expenditure of funds and loss of people, Prince. Baryatinsky was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd class.

On August 10, the correct blockade of Shamil began, and the head of the murids began negotiations on the terms of surrender, wanting to drag out time and bearing in mind that with the onset of autumn, all military operations here should be stopped. Book. Baryatinsky understood the enemy's goals, stopped negotiations with him, and on August 25 the hunters of the Apsheron regiment occupied the northwestern corner of Gunib, 8 versts from the village. When the enemy, noticing the advance of our troops from this side, decided to overturn on him with all swiftness, he saw that his Georgian and Samur regiments were also overtaking him from the rear. The highlanders were divided: part of them rushed to the bayonets of the soldiers and died, and the other part, together with Shamil, sat down on the rocks of Gunib. Book. Baryatinsky, convinced that there was no salvation for Shamil, and not wanting to shed too much blood, suggested that he surrender, promising him and his family complete safety. After rather lengthy negotiations, Shamil finally surrendered himself to the victor's generosity, and this ended the long-term war in the Eastern Caucasus. On the victory of the Russian troops, Prince. Baryatinsky announced the following brief order: "Gunib is taken. Shamil is captured. I congratulate the Caucasian army." A dispatch was immediately sent to the Sovereign, announcing the day of his namesake of a joyful event that had recently been predicted. Shamil, under the supervision of Trumpovsky, was sent to St. Petersburg, and the commander-in-chief himself returned to Tiflis. For the conquest of the Eastern Caucasus, Prince. Baryatinsky was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. The entrance to Tiflis was accompanied by an unprecedented celebration, in the ceremonial performance glory was presented in the form of a woman with a fiery wreath on her head and with the monogram of Prince. Baryatinsky on the sides, the Georgian nobility decided to build a triumphal arch with the inscription "Grateful Georgia to the Conqueror of the Caucasus", but the last decision was not destined to come true.

As for our actions in the Western Caucasus, here too, thanks to the energy of Prince. Baryatinsky, we enjoyed significant success, although not as brilliant as in the Eastern Caucasus. During 1858-59. many mountain tribes decided to submit to Russian power - these were: Bzhedukhs, Temirgoevs, Magashevs, Egerukays, Beselneevs, Zakuban and Kabardians and Shakhgireys, as well as large Abadzekhs and Natukhai peoples, in total from 150 to 200 thousand people. For actions in the Western Caucasus, Prince. Baryatinsky was appointed chief of the Kabardian regiment and promoted to field marshal general. The field marshal's baton was met with enthusiasm in Tiflis as a reward. throughout the Caucasus, in the words of the book Orbeliani.

In inner Russia, the entire educated society was in a hurry to express the book for a break. Baryatinsky a feeling of delight and admiration for his military genius, which is especially well expressed in the articles of MP Pogodin. Emperor Alexander Nikolayevich expressed touching favor at a meeting with the field marshal and generously rewarded his associates, D. A. Milyutin and gr. Evdokimov. Shamil was not forgotten, for whom Prince. Baryatinsky interceded before the Sovereign, asking that his life be financially fully secured in accordance with the position that he once occupied.

In the Caucasus, 1860 was a time of enhanced military-administrative dispensation. In the eastern part of the region, it was necessary to hasten to consolidate the position we had occupied in the newly annexed regions, where, due to historical inertia, unrest could not immediately subside and took on such an acute character in Chechnya and Dagestan that they had to be subdued with weapons, along with which, however, it was required such administrative measures, which could serve as some satisfaction of the just desires of the highlanders, as for example. reduction in the number of villages that hampered the land use of the highlanders. In the western part of the Caucasus, we had to continue our previous offensive policy. Here one had to keep in mind the possible harm, both from the natives and from the European enemies of Russia. In view of precisely the security of the western border of the Caucasus from the invasion of European troops and for the speedy readiness of Russia to take the necessary measures in this case, Prince. Baryatinsky made energetic orders for the development of a pack road from Abkhazia to the Pskhu community, as well as for the construction of the Kutaisi-Sukhumi road. At the same time, two new detachments of troops were formed in the Kutaisi General Government. The field marshal caused a lot of worries to restore order in Svaneti, in the society of Pskhu, reconcile the warring clans in Tsebelda and restore the people's court here. An important and difficult task was the eviction to the plane of some especially restless Circassian communities and the construction of a number of fortified Cossack villages on both slopes of the Caucasus Range. For the speedy putting in order of trans-Kuban affairs, the field marshal instructed c. Evdokimov command of the right wing, retaining his command over the left wing; the affairs of the army headquarters, after the departure of D. A. Milyutin to St. Petersburg for the post of Deputy Minister, he handed over to General Philipson, Evdokimov's predecessor on the right wing. Book himself. Due to poor health, Baryatinsky was forced to settle in Borjomi for treatment, from where he monitored the execution of his orders.

During this period, the abolition of the special Black Sea Cossack army took place, and the Cossacks who made it up were attached to the troops of the Terek and Kuban. This measure was presented by the book. Baryatinsky needed to eradicate the arrogance and self-will of these descendants of the Cossacks. In these types of Evdokimov constantly pushed the highlanders to the sea, and moved the Cossacks to the places they left. It was decided to carry out the resettlement in whole villages, starting with the regiments of the Kherson and Kuban brigades and from the Yeysk district, the Black Sea district. But the Cossacks did not want to move to new places, strong unrest arose between them, to pacify which they had to resort to strict measures.

These misunderstandings greatly distressed Prince. Baryatinsky, whose health was already very upset. Already the last expedition to Dagestan he made with great difficulty, and he had to use incredible efforts of his strong will in order not to show others how great his sufferings were. Severe attacks of illness forced him to abuse the medicine prescribed for him, and this caused terrible pains in the bones of the legs and arms, stomach pains and fainting, and finally brought the viceroy to a complete loss of strength. This state of health prompted the field marshal, upon submission to the Sovereign of a report on the administration of the region for 1857-1859, to go on a long vacation abroad and in April 1860 to say goodbye to the Caucasus. And in the absence of the field marshal, our actions to pacify and populate the Western Caucasus continued, according to his instructions and program, so that by the end of 1862 the entire Trans-Kuban region to the ridge was cleared of mountaineers and prepared for occupation by Cossack villages.

In the report presented by the book. Baryatinsky before going abroad, especially noteworthy are his views on the management of the highlanders. In the foreground, he noted the need to establish a people's administration, in which the Sharia court would be subordinate exclusively to spiritual matters; verbal legal proceedings based on customary law (adat), and the establishment of the nobility will make it possible to introduce civil principles in court, bringing the highlanders closer to the Russian order. A written statement of adat for each tribe, with explanations of the concepts of property and in connection with the views of the Russian authorities, is, according to the book. Baryatinsky, the surest step towards weakening the malign power of the Murids. At the same time, the field marshal noted the need to take care of the development of trade, industry and public education, especially women, through whom Russian influence would be most firmly established in the families of the highlanders. It is also necessary to understand the confusion of land relations that was created by continuous wars, and for this, the field marshal established special committees in the districts into which the regions of the Caucasus were divided, instructing them to investigate and determine the personal rights of the estates and the advantages that should be granted to the upper classes. Everything shows the desire of the governor to closely connect the region with the state, without depersonalizing the various small nationalities that have lived in the country since ancient times. A lot of worries fell on the share of the book. Baryatinsky in the matter of reconciling the interests of the state budget with the enormous expenses required to pacify and control the Caucasus. Book. Baryatinsky pointed out that when it comes to acquiring an entire region as a source of future state wealth, questions of temporary savings, often based on theoretical considerations, should recede into the background.

Upon returning from abroad, going to the Caucasus, passing through Vilna, Prince. Baryatinsky felt so bad that he had to stop here. The serious circumstances of the internal life of Russia during that time made him think a lot about the historical conditions of our life, about the needs of the state and about the state in which our society found itself under the pressure of various events. His thoughts book. Baryatinsky stated in a letter to the Sovereign. He depicts Russia as a representative of the Slavic world, leading on the European mainland, and, among other things, expresses an original idea (later supported by Katkov) about transferring the Russian capital to Kyiv. In this, he saw a means of paralyzing the too broad claims of the Poles, and on the other hand, in this way, "The Sovereign of Russia will again become the closest neighbor of all Slavic tribes and can easily restore the hope of the Slavs in Russia, which is now fading. By repaying your debt to Kiev, you will set an example of historical justice; the most now the restless parties in Russia will receive the satisfaction of their best desires and will then direct their activities towards the development and realization of Your Majesty's views, the state will be covered with new routes of communication, and hence the development of the people's welfare and the acquisition of millions of grateful hearts. supporters and facts for themselves, then no efforts of the human mind will prove that Lithuania, Volhynia and Podolia do not belong to Russia; then Poland will be restored already by the will of Your Majesty.

The field marshal's health was deteriorating. As a result of this book. Baryatinsky sent the Sovereign a petition for dismissal from the post of viceroy, indicating himself a successor in the person of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich. The dismissal took place in December 1862, and Prince. Baryatinsky was granted diamond badges of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, with a rescript, in which, among other things, it is said: "The exploits of the brave Caucasian army, under your personal leadership, and the organization of the Caucasian region, during your administration, will remain forever in the memory of posterity."

In the next 16 years, the prince did not return to business, although public opinion more than once, in difficult moments of our state life, recalled the name of the conqueror of the Caucasus. The personality of the prince was far from being presented to contemporaries in its true light, nevertheless, his name was widely popular, and he was instinctively considered capable of actions of extreme importance. However, the disease deprived him of the opportunity to justify the validity of these expectations.

In the year of dismissal from the post of viceroy, Prince. Baryatinsky could finally marry the woman he had loved for a long time, Elizaveta Dmitrievna Davydova, nee Prince. Orbeliani. This marriage was connected with a complex romantic story, which at one time caused a lot of talk. The wedding took place in Brussels, from where the newlyweds moved to southern England. Hence the book. Baryatinsky carried on an active correspondence with the Sovereign, announcing his health and communicating his various views on foreign policy issues. When the war in the Western Caucasus ended, the Sovereign honored Prince. Baryatinsky with a rescript on his merits and granted him a golden sword adorned with diamonds. In 1866, on the day of the celebration of the Sovereign's silver wedding, Prince. Baryatinsky, with a gracious rescript, was granted a gold snuff-box adorned with diamonds with images of Their Majesties.

This year, when he was in Tsarskoe Selo, in a conversation with V. A. Kokorev, Field Marshal expressed his views on the then Prussian-Austrian clash. Book. Baryatinsky believed that the defeat of Austria should be accomplished by the combined forces of Russia and Prussia in order to divide it into three parts: form an independent state from Hungary, give the Slavic lands to Russia, and German Prussia. To discuss this plan, a secret committee met in Tsarskoye Selo, by the Highest command, which, however, rejected the assumptions of Prince. Baryatinsky.

Elected in 1868 by Moscow University as an honorary member, Prince. Baryatinsky, having arrived in Russia, temporarily lived on the estate of Count Orlov-Davydov, Serpukhov district, in the circle of relatives and good friends, and then moved to his estate "Derevenki", Kursk Gubernia, took part in zemstvo affairs and got acquainted with the situation of the peasants. The result of this study of peasant life was a note sent by the prince to A.E. Timashev, in which the prince reacted negatively to the communal land tenure of the peasants, giving full preference to the household system, as protecting the principle of ownership. At the same time, the field marshal spoke out on another state issue, speaking out as an opponent of the military-administrative reforms of D. A. Milyutin, seeing in the opinions of the Minister of War bureaucratic principles that should harm the spirit of the army. The "Regulations on the Field Command of Troops in Wartime" provoked sharp criticism from the field marshal, and his struggle with the Minister of War took on a very sharp form. Regarding the "Regulations" of the book. Baryatinsky, at the request of the Sovereign, drew up a detailed note in which, arguing that the "Regulation" excessively limits the power of the commander in chief with various bureaucratic formalities, he insisted on revising the "Regulation". The revision, however, did not take place, and only many years after the death of Prince. Baryatinsky, his thoughts found implementation in the new "Regulations" of 1890.

In 1869, Prince. Baryatinsky lived in Italy, and in 1870, during a meeting with the Sovereign in Ems, he was awarded lifetime use of the Skierniewice estate near Warsaw. In 1871, the field marshal was enrolled in His Majesty's cuirassier regiment, where he began his service, and in the same year he was appointed chief of the 2nd rifle battalion. The Sovereign himself enrolled himself in the Kabardian name of Prince. Baryatinsky regiment. During his travels in the Caucasus, the Sovereign thanked the prince for his services with a rescript. In the same year, the field marshal presented the Sovereign with a note on the colonization of the Caucasus by Western European highlanders. “Grant, he wrote, complete independence of nationality and cult, especially for the settlement of the mountains and Transcaucasia. Let them pay attention only to the useful qualities of the colonist. porto franco, with great colonization, provided with a bank, guaranteed by the government, founded for the success of a well-considered irrigation system, would attract landowners from all countries."

In 1873, Prince. Baryatinsky was appointed chief of the Prussian No. 14 Hussar Regiment, and Emperor Wilhelm I addressed him with a flattering rescript. Even earlier, in the previous decade, the field marshal was granted the insignia of the Legion of Honor, with a kindly handwritten letter from Napoleon III. In February 1874, the Emperor of Austria granted Prince. Baryatinsky Order of St. Stephen of the highest order. The members of the Russian Imperial House did not stop showering the field marshal with signs of gracious attention, and the resting Emperor Alexander III, then still the Tsarevich-Heir, treated him especially favorably in Bose.

In 1877, at the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war, there was at one time an assumption that the honored Caucasian hero would become the head of the Russian army, but this did not materialize. For that, during the Berlin Congress, Prince. Baryatinsky himself turned to the Sovereign with an offer of his services in the event of a possible European war against our fatherland. The sovereign answered him by telegraph that he was ready to use his services with pleasure, and invited him to Petersburg. In June 1878, in the Winter Palace, Prince. Baryatinsky was intensely busy considering the plan of military operations drawn up against Austria and England, but the issue was resolved peacefully.

An evil illness soon demanded a new trip of Prince. Baryatinsky abroad, from where he never returned to his homeland. From the first days of February 1879, his state of health deteriorated greatly, and he almost never left his bed. The mountain air of Geneva did not bring the desired relief, and the field marshal's life was rapidly fading away in front of everyone present. He almost could not study, and anxiety appeared in the mood of the spirit. He knew that his days were numbered. In moments of relief, he urgently inquired about the health of the Sovereign, expressed deep sorrow at the anarchists' attempts on the life of His Majesty, and anxiously discussed what would happen to his wife after his death; however, when meeting with his wife, fearing to upset her, he did not show his suffering and tried to appear calm. On the night of February 24-25, he felt especially unwell. On the afternoon of February 25, at first he felt somewhat better, but then a rapid decline in strength and fainting followed. After one severe fainting spell, he got to his feet with all his strength, saying: "If you die, then on your feet," but immediately fell into an armchair. By evening, the prince died in severe suffering. The doctors who performed the embalming of his body stated the cessation of blood circulation due to obesity of the heart.

The body of the prince was brought to Russia and buried in the family crypt of the village of Ivanovskoye. The heir Tsesarevich Alexander Alexandrovich attended the funeral of the prince; from the Caucasus came deputations from the highlanders and the Kabardian regiment.

A. L. Zisserman, "Field Marshal Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky". - His own, "Twenty-five years in the Caucasus." - N. F. Dubrovin, "History of the war and domination of the Russians in the Caucasus." - D. I. Romanovsky, "The Caucasus and the Caucasian War." - His own, "Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky and the Caucasian War. Historical Sketch" (Russian Antiquity, 1881, vol. XXX). - Notes by V. A. Insarsky (Russian Antiquity, 1894 and 1895). - R. Fadeev, "Sixty Years of the Caucasian War". - H. H. Chichagov, "Shamil in the Caucasus and in Russia". - I. I. Oreus, "Count N. I. Evdokimov". - M. Ya. Olshevsky, "The actions of the Russian troops in Asia Minor in 1853-1854." - P. S. Nikolaev, "Memories of Prince A. I. Baryatinsky" (Historical Bulletin, 1885, No. 6). - K. A. Borozdin, "Transcaucasian memories". - A. Fadeev, "Memoirs".

(Polovtsov)

Baryatinsky, Prince Alexander Ivanovich

(1814-1879) - he was brought up at home, at the age of 17 he entered the school of guards ensigns and cavalry junkers with enrollment in the cavalry regiment; On November 8, 1833, he was promoted to cornet of the life-cuirassier Heir to the Tsarevich (now Her Majesty) regiment; in March 1835 he was sent to the Caucasus, participated with honors in the affairs of the Trans-Kuban highlanders, was wounded by a bullet in the side - and upon his return to St. Petersburg in the same year he was awarded a golden saber with the inscription "For Courage". On January 1, 1836, B. was appointed to be under the heir to the Tsarevich (later Emperor Alexander II), and on March 24, 1845, by the highest command, he again went to the Caucasus, was appointed to command the 3rd battalion of the Kabardian Chasseurs Regiment, with whom he took part in all the outstanding deeds undertaken in the summer the same year of the expedition to Dargo. Special distinctions were shown to them on June 13 during the defeat of Shamil's crowds near ss. Gogatl and Andy. Wounded by a bullet in the shin of his right leg right through, he remained in the ranks - and as a reward for his deeds he received the Order of St. George 4th class. Upon returning to St. Petersburg in early 1846, B. was fired abroad to improve his deranged health; but passing through Warsaw, he received, on behalf of the field marshal, Prince. Paskevich commanded a flying detachment assigned to pursue and exterminate the Krakow rebels. This order was successfully completed by B. in 5 days. On February 27, 1847, upon his return to Russia, he was appointed commander of the Kabardian Jaeger Regiment - and then took a permanent part in military operations in Chechnya. On June 23, 1848, he especially distinguished himself in the battle of Gergebil, for which he was awarded the rank of major general with the appointment of his imp. majesty. In October 1850, Mr.. B. was appointed commander of the Caucasian Reserve Grenadier Brigade; in the winter of the following year, he participated in the actions of the Chechen detachment, and near the Mezeninsky glade, he utterly defeated the superior enemy forces attacking him. On April 2, 1851, B. was appointed commander of the 20th infantry. division and correcting the post of head of the left flank of the Caucasian line - and with this, at the same time, a wider field for independent actions opened up for him, which revealed his brilliant talents quite clearly. The energetic and at the same time systematic course of action that he held in Chechnya - the main arena of Shamil's activity, the gradual but steady movement forward with the firm consolidation of Russian power in the once occupied spaces - all this represented, as it were, a new era in the Caucasian war. On January 6, 1853, B. was appointed adjutant general, and on July 5 of the same year - correcting the post of chief of the main headquarters of the troops in the Caucasus, and after that he was approved in this position. In October 1853, due to illness, Prince. Bebutov, was sent to Alexandropol to supervise the corps operating on the Turkish border; On July 24, 1854, he took part in the brilliant battle of Kyuryuk-Dara, for which he was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd class. On June 6, 1855, B. was appointed to be a member of E.I. Majesty, and then he was entrusted with temporary command of the troops in Nikolaev and the surrounding area. From January 1, 1856, he was the commander of the Guards Reserve Infantry Corps, and in July of the same year he was appointed commander-in-chief of a separate Caucasian corps (later called the Caucasian Army) and correcting the position of the Caucasian governor; in his last position, he was approved on August 26, 1856 for production in the general. from infantry. Entering the administration of the region, throughout the space of which an endless war was waged, costing Russia huge sacrifices in people and money, Prince. B. turned out to be quite at the height of his appointment. The unity of actions directed towards one common goal, the steady consistency in their conduct, the choice of such associates as D. A. Milyutin and N. E. Evdokimov (see these names) - all this was crowned with brilliant results. After 3 years, upon the appointment of B. as governor, the entire eastern Caucasus was conquered and the hitherto elusive Shamil was taken prisoner. These merits brought the book. B. Order of St. George 2nd class. and St. Andrew the First-Called with swords. Simultaneously with decisive actions on the East. In the Caucasus, an energetic war was also waged in the western part of this region, which led to the subjugation of many tribes living between the rivers. Laboy and Belaya. For new successes, B. was promoted to field marshal general and appointed chief of the Kabardian infantry. a shelf. Continuous military activity and work on the management of the region completely upset his health and stopped the brilliant career of the prince: on December 6, 1862, he was dismissed, according to a petition, from his posts, leaving him a member of the State Council. In 1871, Mr.. B. enrolled in Her Majesty's cuirassier regiment and was appointed chief of the 2nd rifle battalion. The German emperor also honored the merits of B., appointing him chief of the hussar regiment No. 14 of the German army. B. spent the last days of his life abroad and died in Geneva in the 48th year of service.

(Brockhaus)

Baryatinsky, Prince Alexander Ivanovich

Field Marshal General, winner of Shamil, b. May 2, 1815; received an excellent education at home, and his father persistently wished "not to make him either a military man, or a courtier, or a diplomat." But the 16-year-old B. was a passionate attraction to the military. career having endured a serious struggle with his relatives, he, with the assistance of Imp. Alexandra Fedorovna, achieved admission to the Cavalier Guard settlement (1831). In the first years of his officer service B. led a very absent-minded and frivolous way of life, which incurred the displeasure of Imp. Nicholas I. Then B. went to the Caucasus - the then "school of characters" - and took part in the autumn expedition of General Velyaminov to the land of the Natukhai, commanding a hundred Cossacks, 21 September. In 1835, he was seriously wounded at gunpoint. bullet in the right side, where the bullet remained until the end of his life, and almost got captured. This wound forced B. to return to St. Petersburg. for treatment. The rewards for these first feats were: the rank of lieutenant, a golden saber with the inscription. "For courage" and the appointment to be under the Heir Tsarevich Vel. Book. Alexandra Nikolaevich. Taking a foreign vacation (1835-38) and subsequently, while traveling in the West. Europe with the Heir Tsesarevich, B. carefully tried to replenish his education: he read a lot, listened to lectures at universities, became close to scientists and collected a library of foreigners. essays about Russia. Burdened by social life, in 1845, already in the rank of colonel, he asked for a new business trip to the Caucasus. Commanding the 3rd battalion of the Kabardian settlement, he participated in the Dargin expedition of Prince. Vorontsov against Shamil and during the occupation of the Andean Heights (July 14, 1845) heroically knocked out the highlanders with his battalion from the fortifications they occupied. positions, causing enthusiastic approval of the commander in chief, Prince. Vorontsov. The reward for this deed, in which B. again b. wounded, was a horde. St. George 4th class. The need for wound treatment forced B. to go abroad again. vacation. Feb 28 1847 B. b. appointed flig.-adjut. and the commander of the Kabardian settlement. As a regimental commander, B. was very demanding, mercilessly strict in relation to military discipline, extremely attentively entered into all the little things of the regimental economy and the life of soldiers and officers. At the same time, spending his own large funds on the regiment (for example, he armed the regiment with fittings at his own expense), B. made the center of the entire life of the regiment from his apartment. During the 3-year command of the Kabardian regiment, B. took part with him in a number of battles. affairs. At the same time, B. found time to study the Caucasus, got acquainted with Russian. and foreign. literature about him, made a number of strategic reports to the commander-in-chief. and admin. character, highly valued book. Vorontsov. At the beginning of 1850 B. fell out of favor with Imp. Nicholas I, who was dissatisfied with the fact that the prince did not want to carry out what he had planned in the highest court. spheres of the plan - his marriage to M. V. Stolypina. In order to protect himself in the future from attempts to arrange his personal life, B. took a decisive step: he transferred the majorat, which he owned as the eldest in the family, to his brother, as a result of which he immediately ceased to be a "rich fiancé", stopped his secular acquaintances, deliberately "simplified "and devoted all his time to Ch. arr. the study of issues related to his beloved Caucasus, comprehensively considering the plan for its final conquest and ways to appease it. Expulsion from the command of the regiment and being "out of work" without a specific service. appointments weighed heavily on B. But fate soon again threw him into the Caucasus: in May 1850 he b. appointed to be with the Caucasian army and accompany the heir to the Tsarevich; at the end of 1850 he b. appointed commander of the Caucasian Grenadier Brigade. 1851-53 B. spent in Chechnya, persistently and systematically subordinating it to Russian rule; from this period of B.'s activity, it should be noted that with his participation the expedition to Bol. Chechnya (summer and winter 1851-52), the defeat of Naib Talgik near the Churtugaev crossing and the occupation of the Khobi-Shavdon heights in the south. Chechnya (winter 1852-53). B.'s actions, first as a commander of the brigade, and then, from the spring of 1851, as the head of the lion. flank, were of a sharply offensive nature and were distinguished by very small losses, thanks to the constant use of a system of covert detours, as well as careful and skillful reconnaissance, and were accompanied by the laying of new roads and forest clearings. In parallel, B. should b. devote a lot of time to administration. the device of the conciliated Chechens and the organization of the military-national. management. In 1853, Mr.. B. Vorontsov was elected to the post of head of the chief. headquarters of the Caucasus. army (in place of Kotzebue), promoted to lieutenant general, granted adjutant general and received, so. image., the opportunity to implement their plan for the conquest of the Caucasus. However, the war of 1853-55. with Turkey involuntarily suspended the active nature of our military. actions in the Caucasus, and in the fight against Shamil had to be limited solely to concerns about preserving the acquisitions already made, turning the main. attention to the new enemy. This enemy of the book. The Bebutovs were defeated at Ku-ryup-Dar (June 24, 1854); B. took part in this case and b. awarded an order. St. George 3rd step. Not getting along with the deputy of the deceased Prince. M. S. Vorontsova - N. N. Muravyov (1855), B. left for St. Petersburg, where his departure from the Caucasus was initially not very favorably received by the young Sovereign, but B., who was distinguished by great dexterity and knowledge of "court passages ", soon managed to regain the full location of the Emperor and on July 20, 1856, after a brief command of the reserve guards. corps, was appointed commander of Kavkazsk. corps and viceroy of His Imperial Majesty in the Caucasus, which was his long-standing dream. Produced 26 Aug. in generals from infantry, he arrived in October in Kavkazsk. army, which met with great enthusiasm his appointment, and began his activities with a laconic but significant order to the troops: "Warriors of the Caucasus. Looking at you and marveling at you, I grew up and matured. From you and for your sake I am happy with the appointment to be your leader, and I will work to justify such mercy, happiness and great honor for me. May God help us in all enterprises for the glory of the Sovereign." The energetic order was followed by the energetic actions of the new commander-in-chief, which in 3 years brought to an end almost a century of struggle. B. clearly realized that it was no longer possible to delay the liquidation of the military. actions in the Caucasus: the struggle cost enormously. funds, prevented the start of cultural work in the new "pearl of the Russian crown" and did not allow creating an inexhaustible source of states from this rich region. income. In addition, the unreconciled Caucasus provided fertile ground for all agitators hostile to Russia - British, Persian, Turkish, and others. Part of B. elected D. A. Milyukov (chief of his staff) and N. I. Evdokimov (chief of the left wing). Then followed the direction of all efforts to fulfill the planned military plan. actions. This plan is essential, the features boiled down to the following: a decisive attack on the east. mountaineers from Chechnya and at the same time constraining the blockade line that already existed near them. For this purpose, Evdokimov was supposed to strike at Shamil in Chechnya and from there penetrate into Dagestan, having previously occupied Salataviya. On the part of the Lezghin line, it was supposed to constantly and systematically weaken the highlanders by ruining recalcitrant villages, not allowing them to reinforce Shamil. Actions on Zap. Caucasus, until the end of the struggle with Shamil, were recognized as secondary. This program was steadily and successfully carried out by B. in 1858-59. and ended with the isolation of Shamil in Vedeno. B. repeatedly personally traveled around those operating on the East. The troops of the Caucasus, always knew how to inspire them, urged private commanders to greater speed and energy in their operations. At the same time, these detours, with their brilliance, pomp and generosity of the commander in chief, made an impressive impression on the highlanders, inspiring them with special respect for the representative of the Russian Tsar. In class on 1 April 1857 Evdokimov Vedenya and Shamil's flight to Dagestan B. decided in the summer of the same year from 3 sides to launch an offensive in the East. Dagestan and finally break the imam. He personally reported this plan to Alexander II in St. Petersburg. and received full approval of his proposals; at the same time, B. expressed to the Sovereign full confidence that the days of Shamil's rule were numbered and that he would become our prisoner that same summer. Indeed, in Aug. In 1859, under the personal leadership of the commander-in-chief, the last act of the struggle against Shamil was played out at Gunib. B. announced this in Kavkazsk. army with the following laconic order: "Gunib is taken. Shamil is captured. Congratulations to the Caucasian army." B.'s success brought him many high awards: for successful operations in July 1859, which resulted in the conquest of Avaria, Koysubu and others - hordes. St. George 2nd class, for Gunib - horde. St. Andrew the First-Called, for actions in the West. Caucasus in 1858-59 - appointment as chief of the Kabardian regiment. Finally, in 1859, Mr.. B. was promoted to field marshal general. This last award was greeted by the troops with great jubilation and was considered, in the words of co-timers, "a reward for the entire Caucasus." In 1860, Mr.. B. engaged in urgent work on the military.-administrative. the device of the conquered region, took measures to pacify the rebellious outbreaks that appeared in some places among the highlanders and unrest among the Black Sea Kaz. troops caused by its abolition. In the same year, in essence, the entire war was completed. and states. B.’s activities: in May, due to his poor health, he left the Caucasus on a long vacation and never returned to his post: in the fall of 1862, he petitioned the Sovereign to dismiss him from his post, indicating himself a successor in the person of Vel . Book. Mikhail Nikolaevich. Dec. In 1862, B.'s request was granted with an extremely gracious rescript, with the award of a diamond. signs of the orders. St. Andrew the First-Called and appointment as a member of the State Council. From that time on, B., tormented by attacks of an old disease (gout), remained out of work until his death, maintaining friendly relations with Imp. Alexander, from whom he continued to repeatedly receive signs of gracious attention ... During this period of his life, B. was keenly interested in some modern military men. and political questions, expressing original opinions. So, in 1866, during the Austro-Prussian. war, B. believed that Russia should closely unite with Prussia to defeat Austria, which he intended to divide into 3 parts: from Hungary to form independent. state, give the Slavic lands to Russia, and the German lands to Prussia. To discuss this plan in Tsarskoye Selo was assembled, according to Vysoch. led., a secret committee, which, however, did not share the views of B. - The military system. management, carried out by gr. D. A. Milyutin, met with strong opposition from B.: he sharply criticized her "bureaucracy" and protested against the excessive derogation of the power of the commander in chief in the "Regulations on the field command and control of troops in wartime", expressing ideas on this score that were partly implemented later in the "Regulations on the field. management" (1890). Before the beginning of the Russian-Turkish. wars of 1877-78 there was an assumption about the appointment of B. commander-in-chief of the Russian. army, but did not materialize. In 1878, outraged by the humiliation of Russia at the Berlin Congress, B. himself turned to Ymper. Alexander with an offer of his services for a future war and b. summoned to St. Petersburg, where, with his participation, a plan of possible wars was discussed. actions. 25 Feb. 1879 book. B. died in Geneva; he is buried in his birth. estate - the village of Ivanovsky (Lgovsky district, Kursk province.). (A. L. Zisserman, Field Marshal Prince A. I. Baryatinsky; D. I. Romanovsky, Prince A. I. B. and the Caucasian War, "Russian Star.", 1881; V. L. Insarsky M. Ya. ", 1894; P. S. Nikolaev, Reminiscences about the book. A. I. B., "Ist. Vestn.", 1885, XII; see other sources for the biographies of B. in "Russian . Biogr. Words.", Vol. II, pp. 542-543).

Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky, who was Rurikovich in the fifteenth generation, was born and raised in an atmosphere of unprecedented luxury. Few in Russia possessed such a fortune, which his father bequeathed to him. In order not to lose his honor, he refused it, preferring to achieve another - great, according to his concepts, honor - the honor of being a warrior who valiantly fought for Russia.

In 1811, Prince Ivan Ivanovich Baryatinsky became one of the wealthiest people in Russia, inheriting numerous estates and about 35,000 serfs. Almost immediately after this event, the Privy Councilor, Chamberlain and Master of Ceremonies of the court of His Imperial Majesty Paul I decided to leave the public service in order to completely immerse himself in family life, which, I must say, he succeeded, and finally indulge in his favorite activities, because there was never enough time for that. And he had a lot of interests, passions and spiritual inclinations. Memoirs and archival documents depict Ivan Ivanovich as a European-educated nobleman, a lover of sciences, arts, a talented musician and even an agronomist.

So, inspired by complete freedom, he decided to build himself a new estate on the Ivanovskoye estate, twenty-five miles from the city of Rylsk, in the Kursk province. Huge funds and excellent taste helped Ivan Ivanovich in a short time to create a majestic palace and park ensemble in a remote province.

“The rooms in the estate numbered in the hundreds,” recalled an eyewitness, “and each of these rooms amazed with the luxury of decoration, collections worthy of kings, collections of paintings by famous Italians and French, an atmosphere of festivity, openness, artistic sophistication and at the same time high aristocracy.” And yet, Baryatinsky considered his main wealth to be his lovely wife Maria Fedorovna, nee Keller, whose name he named his famous estate, as well as seven children: three girls and four boys. They, appearing in Maryino into the world one after another, imperceptibly for the eyes of their parents grew up in its 180 rooms and halls. The father of a large family, born in Paris, became famous for his beauty from a very young age. In the French capital there was even a shop with a sign that featured his portrait, accompanied by the inscription "At the Russian handsome man." And all the children born in this marriage quite adequately supported the reputation of the “beautiful Baryatinskys”. They were very friendly with each other and lived in complete harmony with their parents and the world around them. Then no one knew that the most brilliant future awaited the first-born of the spouses - Alexander, who was born in 1815. Despite the fact that the prince did not want to see his eldest son as either a military man or a courtier, he received an excellent education at home.

When Alexander was 10 years old, Prince Ivan Ivanovich died. Maria Fedorovna suffered the death of her husband hard, but the worries that fell on her shoulders made her gather all her spiritual strength and continue to live for the sake of her children. When Alexander was 14, Maria Fedorovna took him, along with her second son Vladimir, to Moscow for "improvement in the sciences." Both brothers were brought up by the well-known English teacher Evans at that time, who taught young men "classics and literature." And yet, two years later, Alexander expressed a desire to enter the military service and in June 1831, upon arrival in St. Petersburg, he was assigned to the school of guards ensigns and cavalry cadets with enrollment in the Cavalier Guard Regiment. And almost immediately he began to show a completely inexplicable restlessness, indiscipline and, as a result, “poor success in the sciences.” Negligence in teaching turned into negligence in the service. The disciplinary regimental book was full of records of penalties for all sorts of "pranks". As a result, the young prince Baryatinsky gained the fame of a reveler, a rake, a participant in drinking parties and scandalous stories. None of the money generously given out by my mother was enough to pay the eternal gambling debts. Once, Pushkin and his friend Sergei Sobolevsky helped Baryatinsky to get out of such a debt.

It was almost impossible to imagine him in the fire and soot of battle, but as much as you like - in the parade rebuilding on the Champ de Mars or in a whirlwind of a waltz with another seductress. Nicholas I had heard a lot about the willful behavior of the young prince, moreover, he became aware that “Baryatinsky was very patronized by one of the emperor’s daughters ... Since the relationship between them went a little further than is permissible, then Emperor Nicholas, making sure of this personally, he sent Prince Baryatinsky to the Caucasus ... ". Very little is known about this novel by Prince Alexander. Baryatinsky, obviously, seriously carried away by the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, did not at all consider himself an unworthy party - the blood of Rurikovich flowed in his veins.

In the literature about Baryatinsky, one can read that he was exiled to the Caucasus at the will of the emperor, but there is also an opinion that he went there of his own free will. One way or another, but in the spring of 1835, the 20-year-old Prince Alexander Ivanovich, being in the rank of cornet of the Life Cuirassier Heir to the Tsarevich Regiment, arrived in the area of ​​military operations. And almost immediately plunged into a completely different life. For almost two decades, a fierce war has been going on in the Caucasus. “Whole generations of heroes passed here,” wrote V.A. Sollogub, - there were fabulous battles. There was a whole chronicle of heroic deeds, a whole oral Russian Iliad ... And many unknown victims were brought here in the mountain silence, and many people, whose names and merits are known only to God alone, lay down in the mountain silence.

By the time the well-born cornet Baryatinsky arrived in the Caucasus, the population of this region, in all likelihood, had firmly forgotten about the words of the Russian Emperor Alexander I, addressed at one time to the highlanders who voluntarily joined Russia: “Not for increasing strength, not for self-interest , not to extend the limits of an already vast empire in the world, we accept the burden of government, but in order to establish justice, personal and property security and give everyone the protection of the law. It turned out that the entire Caucasus became a united front, that region where the life of a Russian soldier and officer became an accident, and death became an ordinary, everyday thing.

Years passed, and the continued flow of blood and insignificant successes in the "pacification" of the hostile region gave rise to an attitude towards the Caucasus as a place of useless death. Many people were afraid of this region and tried to avoid it. The beauties of nature, repeatedly sung by our best poets, contrasted with that mortal anguish, sometimes with horror, that Russians in uniform experienced here. These feelings, probably, could be overcome by an effort of will, but not to experience at all is impossible. Many were losing their nerves. In his essay “Caucasian”, Mikhail Lermontov, a classmate of Baryatinsky at the cadet school, wrote: “... He (a Caucasian officer. - Approx. Author) wants to go home, and if he is not wounded, he sometimes does this: during a shootout, he lays his head behind a stone, and puts his legs "for retirement"; this expression is there consecrated by custom. The beneficent bullet hits the leg and he is happy. Retirement with a pension is coming out ... "

Baryatinsky clearly had no intention of chasing this kind of pension - under the solid cloth of his officer's uniform was a solid human breed. There, in the warring Caucasus, it was impossible to hide either for a surname or for wealth, there all these earthly privileges were not taken into account. Baryatinsky, as if tearing off the scab of the capital's pampering and idle talk, climbed into the hottest places. His courage was called "remarkable." During numerous skirmishes with the highlanders, he "repeatedly received penetrating bullet wounds", they said that "Prince Baryatinsky's stomach is like a sieve."

His courage, endurance and ability to endure pain steadfastly and patiently amazed even his battle comrades who had seen a lot. However, this phenomenon could be explained. There was a case when, when he was still in St. Petersburg, Lermontov, in a narrow comradely circle, expressed the idea that "a person who has the strength to fight mental ailments is not able to overcome physical pain." Hearing this, Baryatinsky, “taking off the cap from the burning lamp, took the glass in his hand and, without adding speed, with quiet steps, the pale man walked across the whole room and put the lamp glass on the table whole, but his hand was burned almost to the bone, and for several weeks he wore it on a leash, suffered from a severe fever.

A severe wound from a rifle bullet in his right side, which remained there, by the way, until the very end of his life, returned Baryatinsky to St. Petersburg. From the Caucasus, he arrived as a lieutenant, awarded the Golden Weapon "For Courage" honorary for every Russian officer. In 1836, after undergoing a course of treatment, he was appointed to be under the Sovereign Heir Tsesarevich. The three years he spent traveling with his heir across Western Europe brought them extremely close and laid the foundation for many years of friendship with the future Emperor Alexander II.

Upon his return to St. Petersburg, scorched by the fire of the Caucasian battles, the handsome Baryatinsky again quickly entered the big fashion. P.V. Dolgorukov writes in Petersburg Essays: “Baryatinsky was a brilliant groom in every respect; all the mothers who had adult daughters in the market unanimously sang all kinds of akathists to him, and in the highest circle of St. Petersburg it was accepted as an irrefutable axiom: "Alexander Baryatinsky is such a brilliant young man!"

However, the heir to the majestic Maryino and other family treasures, the handsome hero of the Caucasian War, who became the adjutant of His Imperial Highness in 1839, held firm. Nothing could obscure in his mind the pictures of the warring Caucasus - he could not, and did not want to forget his faithful and experienced comrades in arms.

In March 1845, already in the rank of colonel, Baryatinsky again arrived in the Caucasus. As a battalion commander of the Kabardian regiment, he took part in the Dargin expedition, organized by the Russian command against the troops of Imam Shamil. From day to day, gradually and perhaps even gradually, his rich experience, which later became indispensable, began to take shape not only as a military officer, but as a person who at some point discovered in himself a genuine interest in the life and customs of those people for whom this region was their homeland. Baryatinsky began to seriously study the character, customs and traditions of the highlanders. This, in turn, forced him to take a critical look at the attitude towards the Caucasus of the highest St. Petersburg military authorities, as well as at how the policy towards the Caucasians should be built. And in this Baryatinsky was helped to a large extent by the experience of the outstanding "Caucasians", the commanders A.P. Ermolov and M.S. Vorontsov.

In the fierce battle that took place during the capture of the Andean Heights, Baryatinsky, for the umpteenth time, having shown miracles of officer valor, aroused genuine admiration for the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian troops, Count Vorontsov, who presented him for this fierce battle to George IV degree. And the same battle brought him another serious wound - a bullet hit him in his right leg, but he did not leave the battlefield, continuing to fight to the end.

And again - Petersburg, and again - an irresistible longing for the abandoned Caucasus. Alexander Ivanovich, undoubtedly, realized that it was this harsh region that reborn him as a person. Conquered by the greatness of the spirit of people who did their masculine work here in the name of the state, he considered it an honor to forever merge with this military system. There was even an outward rejection of Baryatinsky from his former self. V.A. Insarsky, manager of his Maryino estate, wrote to what extent he was shocked by the appearance of the returned prince: he cut off his famous blond curls, wrinkles already lay on his stern and serious face. He walked slightly bent over, leaning on a stick. He was rarely seen in social drawing rooms now. The people who flooded them became completely uninteresting to him. If Baryatinsky appeared somewhere, it was mainly in the theater or at musical evenings, of which he remained a fan, as in past years.

In February 1847, he was appointed commander of the same Kabardian regiment, with which, over the years spent in the theater of operations, he had already become related, besides, he was promoted to the rank of adjutant wing, and in June 1848, having approximately distinguished himself in Battle of Gergebil, has already become a major general with enrollment in the retinue of His Imperial Majesty. However, the emperor, having duly appreciated the military merits of the prince, quite unexpectedly for the latter, decided to “benefactor” him completely, namely: to marry a bride of the Stolypin family chosen by him personally. According to the tsar, it was difficult to find a better match for the beautiful maid of honor with the fabulous wealth of the prince.

Having met Baryatinsky's mother at one of the balls, Nikolai informed her that the prince was allowed an extraordinary vacation, and asked her to write to her son about it. However, the true intentions of the emperor have already become known to some ...

When Baryatinsky reached Tula, his brother Vladimir was waiting for him there. Alexander Ivanovich now knew the reason for the royal "mercy". Week after week, and he still did not appear in St. Petersburg, referring to a sudden illness. When the aforementioned vacation finally came to an end, Baryatinsky informed the tsar that, endlessly thanking His Majesty for the trust placed in him, he was returning to combat disposition, and would come to see his relatives some other time. The seriously enraged emperor sent a courier after the disobedient with a notice about the extension of the vacation. But Baryatinsky, foreseeing such a development of events, simply rushed like a bullet to the Caucasus, although the tsar's envoy still managed to catch up with him in the Stavropol province. The prince was forced to write a letter to the tsar, in which he expressed bewilderment about why he deserved such attention from His Majesty, and along the way noticed that, being near the place of service, he considered it absolutely inappropriate to turn back.

But Nikolai was not like that to abandon his plan. Rumors swirled around St. Petersburg that the emperor was terribly angry with the prince. His terrified mother wrote to her son about her worries. There is nothing to do: just before the very new year of 1850, Baryatinsky finally appeared in St. Petersburg. Then he locked himself in his palace for two days, and then, having ordered the sleigh to be loaded with gifts, he told his mother that he would go to congratulate his little nephews, the children of brother Vladimir. Arriving at his brother’s house, Alexander Ivanovich, along with the rest of the gifts, placed an envelope made of thick paper on the green paw of a smart Christmas tree and said: “And this is for you, brother ...”

The next day, Petersburg was buzzing like a beehive - everyone passed on each other stunning details about the contents of the envelope. It turned out that there were papers on the right to own the richest inheritance that belonged to Alexander Ivanovich, received by him from his father as the eldest son. The prince voluntarily and with a light heart gave up all movable and immovable property, including the priceless Maryinsky Palace with all its countless treasures.

In return, the prince stipulated for himself "100 thousand rubles, payment of debts of 136 thousand rubles, an annual rent of 7,000 rubles" and - this is already a joke - "as needed for one cashmere dressing gown." So, in an instant, this richest man in Russia turned into a simple serviceman, living on government salaries. It is clear that the matter of marriage was instantly upset. Baryatinsky remained true to the family motto: "God and honor." He himself was internally, and not without reason, proud of this act and in a moment of frankness once said to a friend: “I did not succumb to the sovereign himself. And what a sovereign! .. "

In the summer of 1856, Baryatinsky was appointed commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps and first (since July 1, 1856) "correcting the position of Viceroy", and already in August of the same year - Viceroy of the Caucasus with promotion to general from infantry. If Nicholas I were alive, he would never, in spite of any merits, not become the first person in the Caucasus. But, having taken the throne after the death of his father, the new monarch Alexander II simply did not see "for the role of the Russian proconsul in the East" a more suitable person than Baryatinsky.

For Alexander Ivanovich it was a great honor and a great responsibility. “I will work to justify the great mercy, happiness and great honor for me.” He understood that the protracted bloody confrontation in the Caucasus required an end, and a victorious end. But how, by what means, by what forces?

Baryatinsky proposed dividing the Caucasus into military districts, placing commanders at the head of each. All of them were given great rights, but a special emphasis was placed on initiative and the ability to take responsibility. It was also proposed to urgently increase the number of troops concentrated in the Caucasian theater. Initially, Baryatinsky's initiatives did not meet with support from both the military and financial departments. Where to get money from? And is it time for decisive action? Will these measures spoil relations with Europe? Wouldn't it be more profitable to mothball this ill-fated war until better times? Under pressure from the ministers, Alexander II also hesitated - no joke, Baryatinsky asked for almost a third of the country's military budget for Caucasian affairs. But here the “proconsul” himself went on the offensive against the monarch. What he was talking about looked almost like an ultimatum - one should treat the Caucasian war as a matter of the highest state importance or, abandoning it, put an end to Russian influence in this region. Sluggish, scattered and weak military operations will only compromise Russia in the eyes of the Caucasian population, which is ready to join only the one who wins. And Russia must win. Then peaceful Chechens and Dagestanis will see in her a reliable defender, which will finally undermine Shamil's influence. To stay in the Caucasus according to the principle "not peace - not war" means to cross out the results of many years of efforts by the Russian state to leave the Caucasus behind. And Alexander yielded to this pressure, promising all kinds of support.

Baryatinsky switched to powerful offensive tactics. Each military operation was developed and discussed to the smallest detail. The commander-in-chief despised those supposedly victorious attacks on the enemy, which did not give the Russian troops any strategic advantages, but brought considerable and senseless losses. Now the main task for him was to pacify the Caucasus with minimal losses and as quickly as possible, and also to neutralize encroachments on the Caucasian territories of England, Persia and Turkey, who also sought to extend their influence to them. By the end of the summer of 1858, Greater and Lesser Chechnya were occupied, and Shamil, with the remnants of his loyal troops, was forced to retreat to Dagestan. Soon, massive offensives were launched on its territory, and in August 1859 the final act of the long-term drama known as the "Caucasian War" took place. The last refuge of Imam Shamil, located on Mount Gunib-Dag, was surrounded by a dense ring, there was nowhere to wait for help to those who settled in the mountains. On August 25, the assault on the village of Gunib took place, Shamil surrendered to the mercy of the winner.

I must say that the name of Baryatinsky among the highlanders was already widely known and pronounced with respect - he was invariably generous, fair, with sincere respect for Caucasians who were able to work, and not bandit. Baryatinsky acted like a far-sighted and experienced diplomat, without offending the national feelings of the highlanders and more than once setting examples of complete trust in honest and efficient people. He constantly helped the local population with money, food, and medicines. Apparently, that is why Shamil, surrounded in Gunib, vainly appealed to the inhabitants of the village to lie down as one, but not to give himself into the hands of the infidels. This was Shamil's answer to Baryatinsky's offer to surrender and not to waste the women and children hiding behind the walls of this mountain village. The assault that had begun showed Shamil that his position was hopeless. The Russians gave another quarter of an hour for reflection. Of course, nothing prevented Baryatinsky from destroying the beast driven into his lair, but a surrendered Shamil was much more preferable for Baryatinsky than a dead one. It is easy to understand his feelings when they reported from the fortress: “Shamil laid down his arms. Shamil will go out to the Russians." For three years, Baryatinsky managed to pacify the rebellious land.

Now the date of August 25, 1859 is firmly forgotten. For Russia of that time, what was happening in Gunib was of epochal significance. At three o'clock in the afternoon the army of many thousands rejoiced. Above the heads of these people fluttered the victory banners of the state - the idea that they are doing a great state cause, probably, was the guarantee that "victory will be ours." The echo of the cannons of Baryatinsky, saluting the coming peace, reached Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, and all cities. Prince Alexander Ivanovich for the capture of Shamil received the highest military rank - field marshal. He was 44 years old...

Field Marshal Baryatinsky remained in the Caucasus for another three years. It was hard to expect that like this, having achieved everything, Alexander Ivanovich would remain resting on his laurels without adding some other bold line to his biography. And so it happened. The 45-year-old field marshal and viceroy of the Caucasus fell in love passionately, as happens only in his youth, although he had to pay dearly for this feeling. Baryatinsky always had a big game: in order not to marry one woman, he had to part with his wealth in order to marry another - with the post of governor of the Caucasus. In May 1860, Alexander Ivanovich left the Caucasus on a long vacation abroad due to "disordered health." This wording hid the dramatic vicissitudes of his personal life: if anything did not come true, then it was his dreams of love "not for marital pleasure, but in order to drink tea with his wife." No, it was about love.

Here is what the famous politician Count Sergei Yulievich Witte wrote about this story: “... Among his adjutants was Colonel Davydov; he was married to Princess Orbeliani. Princess Orbeliani was not tall, with a rather ordinary figure, but with a very expressive face of the Caucasian type ... Baryatinsky began to court the wife of his adjutant Davydov. Since, in general, Prince Baryatinsky was very fond of courting ladies, no one thought that this courtship would end in something serious. This courtship ended (in reality) with the fact that one fine day Baryatinsky left the Caucasus, to a certain extent having kidnapped the wife of his adjutant.

The viceroy, like a highlander, stole and hid the beloved Georgian princess wherever the strict Russian laws on this matter could not take her away from him. This is what, in essence, was hidden behind the words "treatment abroad." It is clear that this flight with someone else's wife did not imply a quick return. It was necessary to give up on a career: Baryatinsky resigned, but received it only in 1862. He had to stand at gunpoint: the offended husband came to demand satisfaction. A field marshal fighting a duel is an extraordinary case for the turbulent Russian history. The duel for a long time blocked Baryatinsky's return to Russia, for which he terribly yearned.

With Elizaveta Dmitrievna, nee Princess Jambakur-Orbeliani, they lived for almost 20 years. The prince died in Geneva, but bequeathed to be buried in the Kursk province, in his family village of Ivanovskoye, which was done. On his tombstone with the Baryatinsky family coat of arms and the motto "With God and Honor" is inscribed: "General Field Marshal. Adjutant General Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky. Genus. May 2, 1815. He died February 25, 1879.

Today we bring to the attention of our esteemed readers a story about a collector, whose collection is almost completely preserved in the funds of the Historic. From our stories about personal collections kept in the GPIB, you already know that the study of private collections is often difficult because of their fragmentation and dispersal in different repositories; we can recall the libraries of Chertkov and Khludov, divided between the GPIB and the State Historical Museum. The Baryatinsky collection was transferred to our library almost in full and became the object of the most interesting research carried out in the Department of Rare Books of the GPIB. But we will talk about the collection itself and about the research below, but for now let's turn to the history of its collector.

Unknown artist. Portrait of A.I. Baryatinsky.

The name of Field Marshal Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky, as a rule, is found in studies on military history. Even in articles devoted to him as a collector, a significant place is given to the description of his military career. We will also touch on this topic, because we are talking about the "conqueror of the Caucasus", but basically we will try to talk about his more peaceful hobbies.
In biographical works about Baryatinsky, it is reported that this princely family goes back to Mikhail Chernigov, who died in the Horde, and then to Rurik. Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky was born in 1815. His father, Ivan Ivanovich, an Englishman, a passionate collector of rarities, music, manuscripts and works of art, planned a civilian career for his eldest son, but Alexander refused to enter Moscow University and resolutely chose the military path. Was it due to a prophecy written immediately after his birth? Ivan Ivanovich Baryatinsky was associated with Masonic circles, and after the birth of his first child, an unknown person left a horoscope drawing on the threshold of the princely house in the Maryino estate. From the prediction, it was precisely the prophecies about the victories in the East and about the charity of the captive that came true. Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky, field marshal, completed the Caucasian War, and his prisoner, Imam Shamil, lived in the Kaluga estate of the Baryatinskys.
But the time of the Caucasus has not yet come, and so far the heir to the richest princely family enters the school of guards ensigns and cavalry cadets, while not forgetting about the life of secular youth, noisy revels, novels. So, the incident that took place in the apartment of Prince Trubetskoy, where a company of young officers from different regiments gathered, among which were A.I. Baryatinsky and M.Yu. Lermontov. The conversation turned to the willpower of a person, and Lermontov began to insist that a person is able to fight only with mental suffering, but not with physical pain. Baryatinsky silently approached the cap of the burning lamp, took hold of it, and carried it around the room for quite some time. The prince's hand was burned almost to the bone, kept on a bandage for two months, and "two plausible stories were reported to the authorities: about extinguishing the stove in the guardhouse and about the imprudent taking of a red-hot poker out of absent-mindedness." Choose whichever suits your taste.
The adventures of Baryatinsky became widely known in St. Petersburg, not without reason the literary critic R.G. Nazirov in the article “On the Question of Stavrogin’s Prototype” wrote that the young Prince Baryatinsky, a reveler, a rake and a duellist, served as the prototype for the heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.S. Leskov and L.N. Tolstoy.
Alexander Baryatinsky's stay in St. Petersburg ended quite typically for that time: he was sent to the Caucasus, to the active army. In fairness, we note that the young prince himself chose the path to the East in order to avoid the final displeasure of Emperor Nicholas I. This was in March 1835; Prince is 20 years old.
In the Caucasus, Baryatinsky was a hero: he was wounded, he was between life and death for two days, his exploits were reported to St. Petersburg, after which the emperor made the prince a lieutenant and awarded him a golden weapon for bravery. Alexander Ivanovich went abroad for treatment and in 1838-1839 accompanied his heir, the future Emperor Alexander II, on a journey through Europe. Then and there, Baryatinsky became close to Count Joseph Villegorsky. They had known each other for a long time - they coexisted with estates in the Kursk province. Baryatinsky and Villegorsky set out to collect a library of foreign writings about Russia and a Museum of items related to Russia. Still, it's amazing how the theme of Rossic attracted our collectors of the middle of the 19th century: Chertkov, Golitsyn, Baryatinsky and Vilegorsky ...
Gathering did not interfere with a military career: Alexander Ivanovich returned to the Caucasus as a colonel in 1845, an aide-de-camp and commander of the Kabardian regiment in 1847, in 1850 he was a major general and division commander. In 1853 - adjutant general and chief of staff, in 1856, at the age of 41 - commander of a separate Caucasian corps and governor of the Caucasus.

Adjutant General Prince A.I. Baryatinsky. V.F. Timm, "Russian Art Sheet".

In 1859, as a result of active hostilities against the mountaineers, Imam Shamil was captured, and the most fierce stage of the Caucasian War ended. The war with the Adyghe tribes of the Western Caucasus continued until 1864, but Baryatinsky, promoted to field marshal general, was no longer in the army by that time. In 1862, at his personal request, he was removed from the post of governor of the Caucasus, his health was deteriorating. In 1879, Prince Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky left for Geneva, where he died in February 1879.
We have outlined the external - career and very prosperous - outline of the life of Alexander Baryatinsky, but still we cannot refrain from retelling several entertaining episodes, indicating that, despite the highest positions and the most interesting ideas of book collecting, the prince remained true to himself - twenty years old.
The huge, richest estate of his father, Maryino - a monument of economic, agricultural, land management, architectural art - was, in accordance with the will of I.I. Baryatinsky, turned into a majorate and, according to the law, went to his older brother, our hero. In 1850, Alexander Ivanovich came to his brother Vladimir on Christmas Eve and hung a Christmas present on the Christmas tree - an envelope with documents on the transfer of the orphanage in his favor. Baryatinsky went to the Caucasus and asked for himself in return "100 thousand rubles, payment of debts of 136 thousand rubles, an annual rent of 7,000 rubles and, as needed, for one cashmere dressing gown," the documents said. Don't be confused by the amounts: given the size of the fortune given to his brother and the income received from Maryin, Alexander asked for mere trifles.
Contemporaries assumed that the field marshal's departure from the active army in 1860 was connected not only with his state of health, but also with his "amorous history." Prince Baryatinsky fell in love with the wife of his own adjutant Davydov, fought a duel with him, left the Caucasus with E.D. Davydova, was able to marry her only in 1863 and lived the rest of his days as an exemplary family man.
Prince Baryatinsky, unlike Chertkov, had no direct relation to science, but, being a passionate bibliophile, he collected an excellent library, the contours of which are clearly traced in the GPIB collections. Baryatinsky's friendship with Iosif Vil'egorsky was of great importance for bibliophilia. Both of them paid unflagging attention to their enterprise - the foundation of the museum, which they called "Russian Collection". Joseph Vilegorsky, competing with a friend, collected 12,000 volumes, mainly on the history of Russia. Friends agreed that in the event of the death of one of them, the library would be bequeathed to another. Whims of fate: Baryatinsky risked his life in the Caucasus, but Vilegorsky was the first to die, and his collection became the first contribution to the then small Baryatinsky collection.
The "Russian collection" was supposed to include books and museum exhibits related to the history of Russia and the Slavic peoples. The main place in the project was given to the library-cabinet with a selection of books. The correspondence between Baryatinsky and Villegorsky has been preserved, from which you can learn many valuable details: about how they used the services of antiquarians, bibliophiles and acquaintances who were simply knowledgeable in art and rarities, about how Baryatinsky attracted hired librarians to classify books (and at the time of the correspondence to him was 24 years old!), about how special orders were planned for Russian artists... Even about how to resist other collectors, despite their status: “I don’t write to you what exactly it is and where it is, because if Zhukovsky finds , then he will immediately force the Grand Duke to buy "...
In the future, already without Vilegorsky, Baryatinsky acquired the most valuable collections of famous researchers, and, even without being a scientist, created an excellent multidisciplinary library. It featured publications covering various aspects of Russian history. In many ways, such a multidisciplinary acquisition was facilitated by the principles of collecting Baryatinsky - the purchase of collections of famous scientists.

As part of the Baryatinsky library, researchers usually note five large collections; let's characterize them briefly.
In 1839, Baryatinsky received 12,000 volumes of Vil'egorsky, mainly the Slavica and Rossica departments "with very valuable writings on Russia." Unfortunately, it is currently impossible to identify specimens that were previously part of this collection, since they do not have owner marks. In 1841, the collection of I.A. Gulyanov, Russian Orientalist. This library was collected in France and was a valuable collection of Oriental studies, linguistics and Egyptian history. In 1860, a significant part of the collection of P.M. Stroeva. With this collection, the Baryatinsky library was enriched with research on national history, ancient Russian literature, and Russian law. Around 1873, a collection of books on Slavic studies by the famous ethnographer and collector of Russian folk songs A.F. was bought from the heirs. Hilferding. Of particular value were editions with autographs of persons who gave books to the owner. In 1874, in Geneva, the widow of the bibliographer and bibliologist V.I. Kasatkin for 45 thousand francs, 25 thousand volumes of his library and a collection of prints were bought. Kasatkin took an active part in the "Bibliographic Notes" edited by A.N. Afanasyev. It is believed that the Kasatkin collection is the most valuable of all those included in the Baryatinsky library. It included early printed editions, old books, engravings and - an amazing combination - revolutionary editions. IN AND. Kasatkin from 1862 was a political emigrant, was involved in the case of "London propagandists", was sentenced to the deprivation of all the rights of the state.
It is with the Baryatinsky library that the project of reconstruction of private collections, launched in 2000 in the Department of Rare Books of the GPIB, is connected. This work was based on more than 60 years of experience of the Department in the formation and exemplar description of its collection. Back in the 20s of the 20th century, six thematic book collections were formed at the State Museum of Modern Art, which are now replenished in the Department of Rare Books of the State Public Library for Books: binding, rarity, design, cover, inscriptions, bookplates.
The last two features - inscriptions and bookplates - help to determine the ownership of the copies. All copies of the collection of the Department of Rare Books are described in detail, the information is recorded not only in the form of records, but also in specialized file cabinets. For example, since 1923 a card catalog of author's inscriptions has been maintained.
In the process of working on books from the Baryatinsky collection, a considerable number of copies were identified with the owner's signs of a number of well-known bibliophiles of the late 18th - early 19th centuries (not counting those whose collections were acquired by the prince). We are talking about books that belonged to Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov, Vladimir Nikolayevich Akinfov, Platon Petrovich Beketov.

Baryatinsky's library consisted of numerous thematic sections. Each copy included in the book collection was provided with a colored sticker at the bottom of the spine with a printed serial number. Each section had its own color:
silver - periodicals;
green - history, philosophy;
pink - literature;
red - military affairs;
black - religion;
orange - esotericism, chemistry, alchemy;
white - geography;
burgundy - dictionaries and grammars of various languages.
Also on the books of the Baryatinsky library there are stickers of gray, blue and blue colors.

Thus, the library, declared at the beginning of the collection as part of the cabinet on Russian history, eventually turned into a department that best illustrates the development of publishing and printing in Russia in the 18th-19th centuries.
Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky bequeathed his library to his younger brother, Viktor, who remained in Maryino and next to him - in the estates of Grunovka and Ivanovskoye. Victor Ivanovich Baryatinsky (1823 - 1904), a sailor, a participant in the battle of Sinop and the defense of Sevastopol, the commander of the brig "Eney", remained - despite all military labors - "a man of childish purity of soul and an artist to the marrow of his bones" and of all four sons of I. AND. Baryatinsky was the least committed to military service. He retired early, participated in excavations in Tauric Chersonese, was interested in theology, and was engaged in the improvement of the Kursk estates of the princes Baryatinsky. Under his leadership, Maryino received a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris as an exemplary farm.

Viktor Ivanovich collected his own collection: about 25 thousand volumes on the history of weapons and uniforms of the Russian army, individual regiments. In 1887, in accordance with the will of his brother Alexander, he transferred his collection, adding his own, to the Historical Museum in Moscow.

The library of Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky, kept in the funds of the GPIB, is an amazing example of how one and the same person successfully served Russia in completely different fields of activity - on the fields (or, more correctly, in the mountains) of battles, in book collecting, in compiling a complete collection materials on Russian and Slavic history. Now the Baryatinsky collection is both a model and a "testing ground" for scholars involved in the history of private libraries in Russia, the principles of their formation and acquisition, interpenetration and absorption of book collections.

Literature:
1. Fedorov S. A. "Maryino" of the princes Baryatinsky. - Kursk, 1994.
2. Mukhanov V.M. Field Marshal Prince A.I. Baryatinsky (life path, military-administrative and social activities): abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences (07.00.00, 07.00.02). - M., 2005. - 29 p.
3. Vorobieva E.V. "Russian collection" of Prince A. I. Baryatinsky: From idea to implementation // Library in the context of history: materials of the 5th Intern. scientific conf., 21-23 Oct. 2003 - M., 2003. - S. 405 - 417.

Prince Ivan Ivanovich Baryatinsky(1767 - June 15, 1825, Ivanovskoye, Kursk province) - a well-known Angloman and agronomist from the Baryatinsky family, a large landowner, creator of the Maryino estate near Rylsk. The only heir to his father, the famous diplomat I. S. Baryatinsky. In 1806-12. Russian ambassador to the court of the King of Bavaria in Munich.

Biography

By birthright, he belonged to the very top of Russian society. Grandson of Field Marshal Prince Holstein. Mother Catherine came from the house of Glücksburg; her half-brother is the great-grandfather of the Danish king Christian IX.

In 1780, he was enrolled as a lieutenant of the Yekaterinoslav cuirassier regiment and Potemkin's adjutant, and in 1790 he was granted the rank of chamber junker and transferred to the Semyonovsky regiment. A captain since 1795, he volunteered for the army operating in Poland, on January 1, 1795 he was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class.

In 1799, Paul I granted him the patrimonial command of the Order of Malta, but then, due to a collision with Rostopchin, he was removed from the court. Alexander I granted Baryatinsky in 1801 as a real chamberlain and assigned him to a mission in London, where he married the daughter of Lord Sherborne.

Promoted to Privy Councilor in 1804, he was appointed envoy to Bavaria in 1806. Here, in 1813, he married the German countess Maria Keller (1793-1858), with whom he lived until the end of his life and had seven children - four sons and three daughters.

He was recalled in 1812, after which he left the service and settled in his Kursk estate, the village of Ivanovsky, the center of his vast possessions (he had more than 20 thousand souls in the Kursk and Kharkov provinces). Baryatinsky devoted his whole life to organizing estates and putting into practice the agronomic knowledge he acquired during his travels abroad. Relations with the peasants were established on reasonable grounds. A few years spent in England made Baryatinsky an Angloman, and in his activities he set himself as a model of an English rich and educated, well-born landlord who cares about his household and the education of the people.

In his beloved Ivanovsky, he built a magnificent palace, named after his wife Maryin, where one could find everything that could give wealth combined with refined taste. Baryatinsky lived openly, he had a theater and an orchestra. Neighbors, well-known musicians, the brothers Count Vielgorsky, took part in his concerts. Baryatinsky himself was so fond of music that he reproached himself for wasting time and therefore forbade teaching music to his sons, whose upbringing was one of his main concerns.

In 1815, his eldest son was born, and already in that year he drew up a program for his upbringing, and in 1821 wrote "Conseils mon fils ain" ("Advice to the eldest son"). Baryatinsky sought to make his son, first of all, an honest person and a good Christian, and then develop independence and efficiency in him in order to prepare him for the role of a large landowner, who should improve the life of his peasants and have a useful influence on neighboring landowners. An educated, intelligent, gifted man, Prince Baryatinsky was one of the most brilliant representatives of the highest court society.

According to the testimony of Prince A. Czartoryzhsky, he was distinguished by wit, sometimes quite caustic. Count P. X. Grabbe describes his appearance as follows: he was a tall, prominent, thin man, with regular features, short-cropped hair with gray hair; "a quick, impatient gesture, a common expression of a secular person and nobility." Baryatinsky died on June 15, 1825. He was buried in the family crypt in the crypt of the Intercession Church on the territory of the Maryino estate near the village of Ivanovskoye. In the 1930s, the grave was looted and the ashes burned.