In Russian - its kind.

Imperfect verb

Most of the units of this have opposing forms. For example, create - create, sign - sign, etc. If we compare the members of these pairs, we can see that, despite the similarity of the lexical meaning, they have something different. This difference is the aspect of the verb. The first member of these pairs represents an imperfect second - has the form of a perfect variant.

The verb in the perfect version can answer such questions: what to do? What did you do? what will he do?

Perfective forms often have the meaning of the completeness of the action, they call limited processes, they indicate the result of the action that has already happened. For example: the boy recovered.

The imperfective verb names the action developing, lasting, not limited, and also indicates the repetition and duration of the process. For example: the boy is recovering.

The category of the species is in close relationship with the category of time. So, the imperfect form of the verb has the forms of all three tenses, and the perfect form has only forms in the future and the past. Since the present tense characterizes a process that continues at the moment of speech, developing and continuing, and the perfect form represents an action limited in development.

Most often, the verbs of the Russian language form a pair according to the specific feature. That is, two forms have the same semantic meaning, but differ in grammatical form: teach - teach, curl - curl.

There are also single ones. Unpaired ones carry the meaning of an action limited in its development: to wake up, to run. The unpaired imperfect ones denote an action that is unlimited in its development: to sentence, to sympathize, to dwell. There are also two-species verbs that combine the meanings of the perfect and imperfect categories: to execute, examine, injure.

Imperfect participles

The verb form, which has the meaning of an additional action, which combines the features of a verb and an adverb, is a gerund. This part of speech is of two types: perfect and imperfect. In the second form, a process is almost always called, which occurs at the same time as the action of the verb-predicate. Rarely, such a participle denotes a preceding or subsequent action. For example: twice a year she visited the capital and, returning from there, spoke loudly about the miracle. And this part of speech of the perfect form usually means the previous action.

A unit of this part of speech of the imperfect form is formed using the suffix -а (-я) from the stem in the present tense. For example, follow - follow.

Not all groups of verbs have this form. Among them:

Verbs with a stem in the present tense, which consists of consonants (crumpled);

Verbs in -and (pour) with a monosyllabic stem;

Verbs with the suffix -nu (wither);

Verbs in -a (call) with a monosyllabic stem in the infinitive.

If the verb has the suffix -va-, then the participle is formed from the infinitive stem: create - create - creating.

In modern Russian, it is a paired (binary) opposition of the perfect and.

Perfective verbs denote an action limited by an internal limit.

Perfective verbs can have the following particular meanings:

1. Specific actual value.

Indicates a single action in its entirety: entered, wrote, shouted.

• - I has entered, the old man was reading a newspaper in an armchair ...
• (A. N. Tolstoy)

2. Total value.

Indicates the integrity of an action united by a common result or goal; lexical indicators of type are used twice, thrice, several times and etc.

• Bulat-Tuganovskiy knocked three times short and decisive.
• (A. I. Kuprin)
• Mum baked a lot pancakes.

3. Cash-effective value.

The main thing is the end result of the action: the student came, the father returned.

• - You probably cold in my dancing shoes.
• (V. A. Soloukhin)

Grammatical features of perfective verbs

1. The perfective verbs will have two forms - and. They don't have forms. This is explained by the incompatibility of the grammatical meanings of the perfect form and the present tense.

2. Perfective verbs form synthetic forms of the future tense: look - look, sew - sew.

• write - write vsh oh, write nn th
• tell - story vsh uy, story nn th

4. Verbs of the perfect form form: say - tale in, look - look in, plant - plant in write - write in .

General information

The verb denotes an action, answers the questions what to do? what to do?

In Russian, verbs are divided into perfective or imperfective:

Perfect form of the verb. Answer the question what to do? What did you do? what will they do? what will I do? and denote an action limited in its duration or having an internal limit, completeness.

I went for an interview on Saturday.

Born and raised in Sayanogorsk.

Imperfect form of the verb. Answer the question what to do? what have you been doing? what do they do? what do i do? and denote an action without time limit, long-term or repetitive.

I was at home in Bishkek.

I. Bernstein himself considered his concept to be synthetic.

Difficult cases.

There are verbs that combine in one form the meaning of the perfect and imperfect form. Their appearance is determined from the context.

For example, the words: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova(t), -irova(t): influence, use, automate, telegraph, etc.

Cannons from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to dock - order(what are they doing?)-> imperfect form of the verb

Would you like me to order a rug?- command(What will I do?)-> perfect form of the verb

In all cases of doubt, choose the answer Other and write in the comments: lack of context.

37. Types of the verb. Modern theory of species value. Mechanism of speciation in OC. Species chains. Formation of correlative species pairs. Two-way verbs.

The category of species, which replaced the rich system of Russian times, was not clearly delimited from the category of time in the works of a number of scientists (N.I. Grech, A.Kh. Vostokova, etc.). OH. Vostokov in the "Russian Grammar" identified three types: non-final (imperfect), perfect and multiple. In addition to three types, he identified eight forms of time. He failed to distinguish between the categories of species and time.

G. Pavsky in "Philological Observations" puts forward the theory of three degrees of duration, which was later supported by K.S. Aksakov and N.P. Nekrasov. “In verbs, degrees mean a measure of duration and scope of action,” wrote G. Pavsky. Valuable in this theory was the interpretation of the category of species as a category expressing a qualitative difference in the nature of an action.

A.A. Potebnya, having adopted the theory of degrees of duration (he singles out four degrees of duration), goes further than his predecessors. Potebnya connects the degrees of duration with the perfection and imperfection of the action, but does not identify them.

In the works of G.K. Ulyanova, F.F. Fortunatova, A.A. Shakhmatova, A.M. Peshkovsky, V.V. Vinogradov and other scientists supported the theory of two types - perfect and imperfect. Much attention was paid to the study of the species formation system and the definition of the grammatical-semantic side of the aspect category. The category of a species began to be understood as a category that expresses not a quantitative, but a qualitative characteristic of an action. However, there is still no consensus on the issue of defining the category of a species and on the difference between a perfect and an imperfect species.

Some scientists considered the species as a category that denotes the distribution of action in time (A.Kh. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Potebnya, A.M. Peshkovsky), others emphasized the way the action proceeds in defining the type (A. Boldyrev, A .A. Shakhmatov, V.A. Bogoroditsky), others considered the species as a category expressing the action in relation to its limit, result (V.V. Vinogradov and many modern researchers).

The concept of the form. View is the CC, indicating the limited/unlimited action. The limit is the point after which the action does not develop (Maslov, Vinogradov). The aspect category is inherent in all forms of the verb. Verbs decided and I decided denote the same action, but differ grammatically. Verb I decided perfect form, it denotes an action that ended with the achievement of a result and is completed. In this verb, an indication of the limit, the boundary of the action is grammatically expressed, therefore the action I decided conceived as limited in its course. Verb decided imperfect form, it does not contain an indication of the internal limit, the boundary of the action, its completeness. Therefore, the aspect category expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the internal limit of the action. Imperfect species denotes the action in its course, without indicating the limit, the boundary of the action ( moaning, getting old etc.). Perfect view denotes a bounded action at some point in its execution: made a noise(starts making noise) made some noise(noisy for a while); noisy(completion of the action).

Among the imperfective and perfective verbs, verbs are widely represented as their subspecies. multiple(imperfect form) and single(perfect form). Multiple verbs denote the duration, repetition or repetition of an action: shake, shake etc.; single - one-time and instantaneous action: jump off, throw out etc.

In the group of imperfective verbs, verbs denoting movement, movement in space and having two forms are distinguished: a) non-multiple verbs denoting a single movement that takes place in one specific direction: run, drag, lead, carry, drive, ride, go, roll, climb, fly, carry, swim, crawl, drag; b) multiple verbs denoting movement or continuous, but multidirectional, or unidirectional, but intermittent: run, wander, drive, carry, drive, ride, walk, roll, climb, fly, wear, swim.

The main grammatical differences of the species relate to the meanings and forms of time:

1) imperfective verbs have the forms of the present, past and future tenses; perfective verbs have no present tense;

2) for imperfective verbs, the future tense is complex ( I will do), and for perfective verbs - simple ( I will do);

3) imperfective verbs form real and passive present participles, perfective verbs do not have these participles;

4) the imperfective participle most often denotes an action simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate, and the perfect participle is the preceding action.

Speciation. When forming forms of a verb, the original form, with a few exceptions, is a verb with the meaning of an imperfect aspect. Speciation of verbs is carried out according to strict laws.

The process of forming the verb CB from the verb HB is perfectivation. On the contrary, it is an imperfection. In the process of speciation of verbs, the formation of specific chains occurs (the sum of consecutive binary oppositions of the verbs HB and NE, formed from one original verb). The classical full VC consists of 4 links: HB - SV - NV - SV.

1st link - the initial form is the non-prefixed verb HB, if there is one in the language. Most non-prefixed verbs are HB (exception: give, child, lie down, sit down, stand up, buy).

2nd link - the verb SV, formed from the 1st link in one of the ways (prefix - paint - paint; suffix - push - push; changing the suffix a to and - decide - solve; pre6-suffixal or prefix-postfixal - drink - get drunk; some are formed suppletive - say - say). All verbs with a non-derivative stem (buy, lie down, sit down, give) also belong to the 2nd link.

3rd link - verbs of the secondary HB, formed from the verbs CB (by adding the suffixes yva / iva - rewrite - rewrite (besides yva with the meaning of the secondary HB there is a homonym with the meaning of a long past multiple action - sat - sat - no speciation); by adding the suffix a / ya - to captivate - to captivate; by transferring stress - to sleep off - to sleep off; with the help of the suffix Eva - to extend - to extend; in different ways from non-prefixed ones - to sit down - to sit down).

4th link - from the prefixed verbs HB of the 3rd link with the help of a secondary prefix. Usually prefixes are used for - completeness, excessive action; by - coverage by the action of many objects. The formation of a species pair between the 3rd and 4th link is impossible, because the prefix always introduces a derivational value (pull out - pull out).

A complete species chain consists of 4 links: color - color - color - colorize. However, all levels of this system in the RL are not always filled, they remain unfilled for various reasons, the main one being the lack of demand by the speakers. Verbs of the 4th link overly concretize the action, therefore, they are more often used in colloquial, dialectal speech and vernacular. Sometimes the VC starts from the 2nd link, because. 1st fell out (to oblige - to oblige). If in the first and second link the prefix has only a species value, then the 3rd link is not formed. In VC, speciation is intertwined with word formation (shout - shout - scream - VC is interrupted - pure word formation). Most of all correlative relations between pairs of the 2nd and 3rd links - suffixes are most of all grammaticalized, but there are cases when the LZ is complicated (wave - wave). The aspect category is distinguished by the almost complete absence of purely grammatical means.

Species pairs of verbs. When verbs of one kind are formed from another by means of prefixes, two results are possible: a) the addition of a prefix to an imperfective verb introduces the meaning of the prefix into the meaning of the verb, as a result of which the lexical meaning of the original verb changes and the formed perfective verb does not correspond in meaning to the non-prefixed verb (cf. : fly - fly over, take off etc.); b) the addition of a prefix, creating the meaning of the perfect aspect of the original verb, does not change the lexical meaning of the verb, as a result of which the non-prefixed (original) and prefixed (derivative) verbs differ only in appearance and constitute correlative aspectual pairs (cf .: go blind - go blind, dine - dine etc.). In the latter case, the prefix loses its lexical meaning and turns into a grammatical means of form formation. This phenomenon is observed especially often in relation to prefixes: o- (ob-, obo-), by; s- (co-): to blind, to please, to anger, to build, to make; less often - for; y; on the; vz-: strangle, drown, sharpen, sweat; and very rarely from; at; you; time-: frighten, prepare, grow up, stir up.

Most Russian verbs form correlative pairs of imperfective and perfective form. The most productive type of such formation is the aspectual pair of perfective prefixed verbs and their corresponding imperfective prefixed verbs with the suffix -yva- (-iva-)(cf.: cut out - cut out). When correlative aspectual pairs of this type are formed, it is possible (as an additional aspect indicator) to alternate root vowels o//a if the verb of the perfect form has an accent not on the root vowel (cf .: build up - build up, accumulate - accumulate). alternation o//a is not stable if the perfective verb has an accent on the root sound [o], formations with [a] are possible in the literary language ( double, arrange, master, challenge, cajole, touch, honor etc.) and formations with [o] ( disturb, condition, preoccupy, disgrace, vulgarize, sum up, amuse, scatter, wrinkle, legitimize, empower, strengthen, hasten). Such parallel forms are characteristic of different styles of the literary language.

An equally productive type of aspect pairs of verbs is the ratio of non-prefixed imperfective verbs and non-prefixed perfective verbs with the suffix - well (th)(cf.: push - push) and the ratio of non-prefixed and prefixed verbs with prefixes of grammatical meaning (cf. to praise - to praise, to do - to do, to be shy - to be shy etc.).

In the circle of unproductive formation of species pairs, the following groups are distinguished: 1) decide - decide, decorate - decorate etc.; 2) bake - bake, get off - get off etc.; 3) avoid - avoid, get used to - get used to etc.; 4) to fill - to fill, to wash off - to wash off, to survey - to survey etc.; 5) paired verbs that differ only in the place of stress (cf .: cut - cut) and 6) paired verbs expressed in words with different stems (suppletive forms): speak - say(others see above).

Verbs that do not have pairs of another form. Unpaired imperfective verbs include: a) non-prefixed verbs with a suffix -yva- (-iva-) with a multiplicity value. In the modern literary language, such verbs are used exclusively in the form of the past tense with the meaning of prescription of the action: he used to say, he sat, he saw, etc.; b) prefixed verbs (book character) with suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -a, -e, -i plead, regret on- and suffix -yva-(-iva-) cough, look and etc.; with prefixes under-, at- and suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -va- and etc.; with prefix re- and affix -sya and etc.

on- think, hold on behind- and on- re-, from-, to- -well- gush, burst -and-: need, find yourself.

Unpaired imperfective verbs include: a) non-prefixed verbs with a suffix -yva- (-iva-) with a multiplicity value. In the modern literary language, such verbs are used exclusively in the form of the past tense with the meaning of prescription of the action: he used to say, he sat, he saw, etc.; b) prefixed verbs (book character) with suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -a, -e, -i with the meaning of the process, not limited to the achievement of the result: plead, regret and etc.; c) verbs with a prefix on- and suffix -yva-(-iva-) with the meaning of multiple, intermittent action: cough, look and etc.; with prefixes under-, at- and suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -va- with an accompanying action value: to whistle, to whistle, to speak and etc.; with prefix re- and affix -sya with the meaning of duration and reciprocity of action: to squabble, to shoot and etc.

Unpaired perfective verbs include: a) verbs with a prefix on-, denoting the limitation of action in time: lie down, sit down, dream etc., as well as with several prefixes think, hold on and others belonging to the colloquial style; b) verbs with prefixes behind- and on- with start value: walk, roar, run, pour and etc.; c) verbs with prefixes re-, from-, to- with the meaning of completeness, effectiveness of the action: to make noise, to interrogate, to spoil and etc.; d) verbs with a suffix -well- with the meaning of intensive onset of action: gush, burst etc. and e) some verbs with the suffix -and-: need, find yourself.

Two-way verbs. Verbs that combine the meanings of the perfect and imperfect form are two-species, but in the conditions of the context they can act with a meaning characteristic of one form. These are verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): organize, telephone etc.; some verbs with suffixes -a(t), -i(t), -e(t): promise, marry, marry, execute, say, injure, command.

In some verbs, the difference in aspectual meaning is associated with a certain lexical meaning; compare: Naro d ... crowdfledbehind us(P.) (imperfect) - Someonefledfrom Moscow, and it was ordered to detain everyone(P.) (perfect form), and sometimes it is expressed only in separate forms (cf .: gave birtha - perfect look and genusand la- imperfect species).

Why do we need a verb form?

We all know how many verb tenses there are in English. Or in French. Or in Spanish. This has its own unconditional charm - but certain difficulties also lurk. How can you remember all this - the past simple, the past continuous, the past, connected with the present, the past perfect and imperfect, the past ... And if we are talking about Romance languages, then a number of Modo Subjuntivo / Subjonctif forms must be added to what has been said, expressing all the same , but with the addition of a touch of subjectivity ...

In this regard, the Russian language - drum roll should sound here - is much, well, simply incomparably simpler! We have only three tenses: past, present, future. However, let's stop jubilation and think: how could we fully express our thoughts if everything was limited to this? Why, then we would not be interested in talking at all!

And so that our thought is formed precisely, beautifully, interestingly, variously - the Russian language has an excellent means: it has a kind of verb! And in this sense, the form of the verb is our best friend, and not at all a blood enemy. Contrary to the popular point of view, the aspect of the verb was created not to hopelessly complicate our life, but to make it easier and more beautiful.

What is the form of the verb and how to learn it?

Forget that the form of the verb is a complex grammatical topic. In my life I have taught Russian to several hundred students. From the most different countries, from all, it seems, continents. And therefore I know that the bulk of the problems with the form of the verb can be completely removed if the meaning and use of the forms are clearly explained and consolidated from the very beginning. In doing so, it is important to follow two conditions.

Condition one:

First you need to master and thoroughly consolidate the basics of this grammatical topic, and only then turn to more complex special cases.

Condition two:

Verb pairs (in the sequence “imperfective-perfective” - this is how they will be written in any textbook, grammar manual, and so on) must be memorized. Even if you're lazy, even if you don't feel like it, there's nothing you can do about it. The verb, especially in the everyday sphere, is the organizing center of the sentence. Give it enough attention at the initial stage - and you will never regret it. Of course, at first we will talk about a relatively small number of verbs (in this case, you need to be able to actively use all grammatical forms, that is, both the imperfect form and the perfect form in the present, past and future tense), but gradually the list should expand.

In this article, we will talk about the basics of the topic. "kind of verb".

All verbs in Russian have the form: either imperfect (NSV) or perfect (CB). That is, every time you use a verb when building a phrase, you choose not only the time, but also the type of the verb. Without a form, a verb in Russian does not exist!

NSV verbs express an action in the course of its course. CB verbs denote an action limited by a limit (often we define this as "result").

Compare:

He is reading book(NSV): We imagine a person sitting at a table in a library or at home in a comfortable armchair. In front of him is an open book, he runs his eyes through page after page - that is, before our eyes unfolds process, course of action .

He read book(SV): Reading finished, book closed and put aside, maybe already back on the shelf or in the library. Before us - limit, result, end of action .

That is, when building your own sentence with this or that verb, you will first have to decide which type of verb to choose: imperfect or perfect. So, the English verb read corresponds to the aspect pair "read (NSV) / ​​read (SV)". If you want to say something about the process of an action, you will form the appropriate form from the infinitive "read" (NSV); if about a completed action that has a result - from "read" (CB). [The infinitive is the base form of the verb, the form you find in the dictionary].

Let's consider one more example with a new aspect pair: write (SV)/write (SV).

She is writes letter(NSV) - process, course of action: lines appear one after another on a sheet of paper.

She is wrote and the letter is two hours(NSV) - we again have the process of action, but this time it is relegated to the past. From this sentence, we learn that for a certain time an unknown girl sat with a sheet of paper and a pen at the table or in front of the computer. We do not know how this process ended. Was the letter completed? Has it been sent to the recipient? The proposal does not provide answers to these questions.

The situation is fundamentally different in the following example:

She is wrote letter(SV). This sentence tells us that the action has been terminated, and a specific result has been reached: the letter is finished, lying on the table in an envelope, or already sent.

The Russian language has a small number of two-spectrum verbs (that is, verbs that can be used both in the meaning of NSV and in the meaning of SV) and a certain number of single-spectrum verbs (that is, verbs that do not have an aspect pair and are used only in one form). We will not dwell on them now, it would be somewhat premature. Now we will talk about verbs that form aspect pairs- because it is precisely these verbs in the Russian language that are the majority, and at the initial stage it is very important to understand the difference between the perfect and imperfect forms of the verb and learn how to use them in speech.

Formation of perfect and imperfect forms

By way of education verbs that form aspect pairs, can be divided into three groups:

2. suffixes, for example: to tell - tell

3. suppletive, for example: speak - say

Let's take a closer look at each of the groups.

1. What happens with the verbs of the first group is called the word "perfection". It means that the perfect aspect ("perfect", hence the name) is formed from the imperfect aspect by adding a prefix or prefix (pro-, s-, po-, you-, etc.). It is impossible to guess with the help of which prefix the perfect form will be formed! Therefore, verb pairs can only be memorized. So, remember the minimum program:

read - about read write - on the write, draw on the draw, draw - on the draw, do with do, photograph with take pictures, sing - with sing dance - with dance, play with play, know how with be able, be able with can, have with eat (something specific; e.g. eat an apple), eat - on eat, drink - on drink, drink - you drink (something specific: for example, drink a glass of juice), wash - on wash (or you wash), call - on call, think on think knock - on knock, donate on give, kiss - on kiss, have breakfast - on breakfast, lunch on lunch, dinner - on have dinner, meet on meet, change on change (or about change), look - on watch, listen - on listen, put - on put, know at know, see at see, hear - at hear, cook at cook, wait on wait, pay behind pay (or about to pay) and finally learn - you learn.

Exception: buy (NSV) - buy (SV)!

1. The second group behaves in exactly the opposite way. Here “imperfection” occurs, and the direction is reversed: a prefix is ​​added to the perfect aspect - and thus an imperfect aspect (“imperfect”) appears. As in the case of the first group, what kind of suffix we need to form the aspect pair of each particular verb cannot be either guessed or deduced logically. Therefore, we remember the minimum program:

give - give, get tired - get tired, get up - get up, open - open, forget - forget, tell - tell, show - show, consider - consider, ask - ask, decide - decide, study - study, receive - receive, repeat - repeat, throw - quit, finish - finish, answer - answer, send - send, congratulate - congratulate, understand - understand, hug - hug, start - start, remember - remember, choose - choose. Well, if you have already learned this, then you can rest - rest!

1. The verbs of the third group behave in a very special way and do not obey any rules. The only thing that can be said about them is that the imperfective form and the perfective form of these verbs are completely different from each other. Therefore, these verbs just need to be learned by heart. Don't be discouraged, there aren't many of them.

speak - say, take - take, put - put, seek - find, catch - catch.

Verb aspect in the present, past and future tense

Already at the initial stage of learning the Russian language, it is very important to understand and remember:

● imperfective verbs have three tense forms: present, past, future, for example:

I'm reading a magazine;

Yesterday I read a magazine.

● perfective verbs have only two forms of tense: past and future, for example:

I read your letter;

Tomorrow I will read your letter.

This is due to the meaning of species: the perfect species denotes an action limited by a limit, and the imperfect species denotes a process. In the present tense, we are always dealing with the process, and never with the result (compare: I read, you watch, he eats...). The limit, or result, may either have already been reached (in which case we use the past tense, for example: " He ate an apple”), or will be reached in the future (then the future tense will be used, for example: “ He will eat an apple»).

Basic meanings of verb types

In order to understand and remember the meanings of the verb types in Russian well, analyze which ones are in your native language, and which ones you just need to remember.

There are three main meanings for NSV: the first one is “process/duration/duration of action”, the second one is “regular/repeated action” and the third one is “fact”, while the NE has two meanings – “result” and “once” (we will combine them into one meaning, as the line between them is often blurred).

Compare:

The first and second values ​​of the NE, as well as the single value of the NE, usually do not present difficulties for foreign students: it is enough to understand the logic once and remember one or two simple examples.

He read, read the novel - and finally read(in the first part of the sentence, NE is used, since it is about the process of action; in the second - CB, since the action is completed).

He opened, opened the door - and finally opened(same situation: NSV-SV).

In the morning he looks through the newspapers(Used NE as regular action is being described).

He will read this book in two days(used ST, future tense: the sentence tells us that the result will be reached in two days).

He plays tennis every week(regularity = NSV).

In addition, these species meanings can be accompanied by certain words to facilitate the selection of the desired form. Let's write them in the form of a table:

Difficulties for foreigners are usually caused by the third value of the NE, designated as "fact". Therefore, I advise you to immediately pay attention to it, listen more and remember how the Russians use it, and also fix the use of this meaning with a large number of examples. For example:

Last night I washed, soaps dishes, cooked dinner and then watched TV set.

Happy me walked to the Hermitage, and then dined with a Russian friend in the same cafe.

Thanks, I don't want coffee, I already drank coffee this morning.

From these sentences, you get general information about what your interlocutor was doing. In this case, you are not interested in whether this or that action was completed, whether this or that result was obtained.

It is important to understand that in these sentences it is possible to replace the NE with the meaning "fact" with the NE with the value "result". In this case, the tone of the phrase will inevitably change (foreigners often do not take this change in meaning into account). Saying " I did the laundry, washed the dishes, cooked dinner", the Russian means - cheers, I'm done, I'm free! " I went to the Hermitage”- it means that for a long time I could not get there, and finally I went, what happiness!

After you learn the aspect pairs and do the practice exercises, you will no longer feel insecure when using the verb aspects. And our professional teachers of Russian as a foreign language will be happy to help you make the process of learning Russian fun and effective. On our website, you can choose a teacher and order a free trial lesson with him.